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Article

Unusual Product Distribution from Friedländer Reaction of Di- and Triacetylbenzenes with 3-Aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and Properties of New Benzo[g]quinoline-Derived Aza-aromatics

by
Moinul Karim
and
Yurngdong Jahng
*
College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(8), 12842-12851; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812842
Submission received: 23 July 2014 / Revised: 13 August 2014 / Accepted: 14 August 2014 / Published: 21 August 2014
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Diversity)
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Abstract

:
The Friedländer reactions of acetylbenzenes and 2-acetylpyridine with 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde afforded the corresponding 2-phenylbenzo[g]quinoline and 2-(pyrid-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoline, respectively. The same reactions of 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde with 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-di- and 1,3,5-triacetylbenzenes, however, afforded a series of corresponding (benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzenes as new N,C-bidentate and unexpected benzo[g]quinoline. Crystallinity, thermal properties, absorption and emission spectral properties of the products were studied.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The 2-phenylpyridine molecule is itself a monodentate ligand, of which the initial N-coordinated intermediate nevertheless undergoes cyclometalation of the C-H bond at the ortho-position with a variety of metals, especially d4 and d6 metals, to form the common N^C-bidentate cyclometalated five-membered rings [1]. The most intriguing properties of 2-phenylpyridine, especially in the area of organic light emitting devices (OLED), result from its ability [2,3] to form iridium complexes such as [Ir(N^C)3] [4,5,6], [Ir(N^C)2L]2+ (L = an additional N^N- [7,8,9], N^C- [10], N^O- [11], as well as O^O-bidentates [12,13], respectively), and [Ir(N^C)(N^N^N)L]+ (where L is an anionic monodentate ligand) [14]. 2-Phenylquinoline [15,16] and 2-phenylbenzo[g]quinoline (3aa) [17,18] have been introduced as benzo-fused analogs of 2-phenylpyridine to improve the luminescence intensity, efficiency, and/or lifetime. However, systematic studies on the preparation of the systems with benzo[g]quinoline (BQ) have not been pursued as yet.
The preparation methods of 3aa found in the literature, included a Grignard reaction of benzo[g]quinoline with phenylmagnesium bromide [19,20], a Pfitzinger reaction of 5,6-benzoisatin and acetone [21], a Friedländer reaction of acetophenone and 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde [22], and an electrophilic cyclization of 2-azido-3-(3-phenylprop-2-yn-1-yl)naphthalene [23]. The Friedländer reaction has, however, been one of the most effective methods for quinoline-based heterocycles, even though the preparation of some prerequisite o-aminoarenecarbaldehydes requires somewhat lengthy reaction sequence [24].
As a part of our interest in azapolyaromatics [25], we describe herein Friedländer reactions of acetylbenzene and polyacetylbenzenes with 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde for the synthesis of a series of benzo[g]quinoline-derived aza-aromatics and some properties of the resulting products.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Synthesis of the designed compounds was straightforward as shown in Scheme 1. The Friedländer reactions of a series of acetylbenzenes 1 with 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (2) in the presence of KOH afforded the desired products 3 in 12%–72% yields, except for 1b. Although reactions of acetylbenzene (1aa) and 2-acetylpyridine (1ab) with 2 afforded the Friedländer adducts 3aa and 3ab [26] in 72% and 86% yield, respectively, with a trace of as yet unidentifiable products, reactions of diacetylbenzenes 1b, 1c and 1d led somewhat unexpected results. The reactions between 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1b) and 2 resulted in formation of benzo[g]quinoline (4) in 40% yield as a major products without any trace of the expected 3b, while the reactions of 1,3- (1c) and 1,4-diacetylbenzene (1d) afforded the desired Friedländer products 3c and 3d in 63% and 12%, respectively, along with 4 in 24% and 33%, respectively. It should be noted that the reaction of 1d with excess (2.2 equiv.) 2 afforded the monocondensed 1-(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)-4-acetylbenzene (5) in 45% yield, which also led to formation of 3d and 4 in a similar ratio by subsequent Friedländer reaction with additional 2. The structure of 4 was confirmed by physical properties and comparison to the spectral data in the literature [27]. 1H-NMR showed two characteristic resonances for H2 and H3 of BQ moiety as a doublet of doublets at δ 8.97 (J2,3 = 4.3, J2,3 = 1.2 Hz) for H2 and δ 7.35 (J3,4 = 8.5, J2,3 = 4.3 Hz) for H3, respectively. Although the Friedländer reaction of 1b with 4-aminoacridine-3-carbaldehyde [28] and the reactions of triacetylmethane with o-aminoarenecarbaldehydes [29] resulted in similar type of unexpected products, a possible reaction mechanism for 4 remains to be clarified.
Molecules 19 12842 g004 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of benzo[g]quinoline-derived azaaromatics.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of benzo[g]quinoline-derived azaaromatics.
Molecules 19 12842 g004

2.2. Spectroscopic Properties

The ligands prepared could be readily characterized by 1H-NMR spectral data and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Selected proton resonances are summarized in Table 1. Even though it was not always possible to completely resolve and assign all the proton resonances, certain features were characteristic and diagnostic enough to provide crucial clues about the structures. Typically, H5 and H10 of the benzo[g]quinoline (BQ) moiety and H2 (and/or H6) in the phenyl (Ph) ring of 3 are the ones to allow easy assignment by comparing their chemical shifts and splitting patterns as well as numbers of protons. In 3aa, H5 and H10 of BQ were resonated at δ 8.65 and 8.76 as an one-proton singlet, respectively, while H2 and H6 of Ph at δ 8.36 as a two-proton doublet of doublet (J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz). Introducing an additional BQ moiety on benzene ring usually resulted in downfield-shift of these protons. Introduction of BQ moiety to C3 of the central benzene ring led to significant shift of H2 of Ph by 0.76 ppm resonating at δ 9.12 as a one-proton triplet (J = 0.8 Hz). In tri-substituted system 3e, H2 of Ph was resonated at δ 9.30 as a three-proton singlet due to the two adjacent N1’s of BQ moiety that is comparable to those of 1,3,5-tri(azaheteroar-2-yl)benzenes [28,30].
Table
Table 1. Selected proton resonances for compounds 3, 4 and 5.
Table 1. Selected proton resonances for compounds 3, 4 and 5.
H2 of PhH3 of PhH2 of BQH3 of BQH4 of BQH5 of BQH10 of BQ
3aa8.247.89--8.388.408.77
3ab-8.74 a-8.578.468.448.79
3c9.128.40--8.468.438.70
3e9.308.25--8.528.488.90
4--8.977.358.588.408.76
58.518.26–8.15-8.26–8.158.6898.698.81
Note: a This resonance corresponds to H3 of the pyridine moiety of 3ab.
UV absorption spectra of 3 and 5, and the parent 4 in EtOH (1 × 10−5 mol/L) were investigated, and the data are given in Figure 1 and Table 2. All compounds display intense absorption bands in the ultraviolet region 205–400 nm with extinction coefficients (ε) of ~105, which are assigned to spin-allowed 1LC transitions.
Table
Table 2. UV absorption and emission spectral data of 3, 4 and 5.
Table 2. UV absorption and emission spectral data of 3, 4 and 5.
Compoundλabs/nm (logε)λexcitλem
3aa205 (4.86) 228 (4.63) 257 (s, 4.60) 282 (4.91) 352 (3.81) 371 (3.96)282481
3ab a204 (4.70) 225 (4.83) 259 (s, 4.78) 287 (4.98) 351 (4.04) 370 (4.15)225488
3c205 (5.00) 228 (s, 4.80) 265 (s, 4.76) 286 (4.86) 371 (3.88)286470
3e209 (s, 4.78) 216 (4.81) 249 (4.36) 294 (4.28) 378 (3.43)294470
4203 (4.30) 227 (4.46) 253 (4.88) 272 (s, 4.08) 358 (3.66)253435
5205 (4.83) 216 (4.88) 232 (s, 4.76) 246 (4.72) 298 (4.90)298470
Note: a Excitation of the absorbance at 287 nm did not show any observable emission.
Molecules 19 12842 g001 550
Figure 1. UV absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of 3, 4, and 5 in EtOH (1 × 10−5 M) at 298 K. In PL spectra emission of 3ab was overlapped with that of 5, thus omitted for clarity.
Figure 1. UV absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of 3, 4, and 5 in EtOH (1 × 10−5 M) at 298 K. In PL spectra emission of 3ab was overlapped with that of 5, thus omitted for clarity.
Molecules 19 12842 g001
The photoluminescence (PL) of the compounds was studied in EtOH (1 × 10−5 mol/L) at room temperature and are given in Table 2. Excitation of the absorbance in the region 253–294 nm showed greenish blue light emissions in the range of 470–488 nm. The observed emission wavelength is somewhat dependent on the nature of the central benzene ring: Disubstituted ligands (3c, 3e, 5) showed emissions at 470 nm while monosubstituted ones (compounds 3aa, 3ab) showed them at 481 and 488 nm. The parent benzo[g]quinoline showed blue light emission at 435 nm. It should be noted that the emission of 3c and 3e were the relatively high compared to those (Figure 1).

2.3. Thermal and Structural Properties

The thermal behaviors of the compounds were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All the compounds showed a single sharp endothermic peak at the melting transition temperature (Tm) and exothermic peaks at the crystallization temperature (Tc) as shown in Figure 2. However, none of the compounds showed glass transition temperature (Tg). It should be noted that compounds 3aa and 5 showed temperature increasing during crystallization implying that super cooling may be accompanied during crystallization. As a result, all the compounds prepared have good thermal stability despite of being relatively low molecular weight organic compounds.
The crystallinity of the compounds prepared was analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and X-ray diffractograms are shown in Figure 3. All of X-ray diffractograms of the compounds showed numerous distinctive peaks indicating their crystalline nature.
Molecules 19 12842 g002 550
Figure 2. DSC of 3aa and 3c.
Figure 2. DSC of 3aa and 3c.
Molecules 19 12842 g002
Molecules 19 12842 g003 550
Figure 3. X-ray diffractograms of compounds prepared in powder state.
Figure 3. X-ray diffractograms of compounds prepared in powder state.
Molecules 19 12842 g003

3. Experimental Section

General Information

Melting points were determined using a Fischer-Jones melting points apparatus and are not corrected. UV spectra were recorded on a V550 spectrophotometer (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). IR spectra were obtained using a 1330 spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, city, state abbrev if US, country). NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker-250 spectrometer (Fällanden, Switzerland) or VNS600 FT-NMR (Varian, Australia) for 1H-NMR and 62.5 MHz for 13C-NMR and are reported as parts per million (ppm) from the internal standard TMS. Chemicals and solvents were commercial reagent grade and used without further purification. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) experiments were performed on a LCQ advantage-trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA). Elemental analyses were taken on a Hewlett-Packard Model 185B CHN analyzer (Hewlett Packard, Littleton, MA, USA). XRD analysis was performed by X-ray Diffractometer (Model: MPD for bulk, PANalytical, Wesybrough, MA, USA) with nickel-filtered CuKα radiation (30 kV, 30 mA) at 2θ angles from 10° to 90°, a scan speed of 10°/min and a time constant of 1 s. Thermal behaviors of the compounds were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetty (DSC Q200, TA Instrument, Wilminton, NJ, USA) with 1~2 mg of sample sealed in alumina in the range of 40–385 °C increasing temperature in a rate of 10 °C/min. An empty pan was used as a reference, and the DSC baseline, temperature, and enthalpy were calibrated. Starting 3-material aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (2) was prepared employing a previously reported method [15].
2-Phenylbenzo[g]quinoline (3aa). To a solution of an equimolar of acetylbenzene (1aa, 70 mg, 0.58 mmol) and 2 (100 mg, 0.58 mmol) in EtOH (40 mL) was added saturated KOH in EtOH (0.5–1 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 15 h. Evaporation of the solvent resulted in solid material which was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with CH2Cl2. The latter fractions [Rf = 0.42, CH2Cl2:EtOAc (5:1)] afforded the desired product (106 mg, 72%): mp 193–195 °C (lit. [11a] mp 188 °C; lit. [13] mp 190–192 °C). Tc 175.85 °C. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.77 (s, 1H, H10 of BQ), 8.40 (s, 1H, H5 of BQ), 8.39 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz, H4 of BQ), 8.24 (dd, 2H, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz, H2 and H6 of Ph), 8.10 (dd, 1H, J = 7.2, 0.8 Hz, H6/H9 of BQ), 8.03 (dd, 1H, J = 7.2, 1.8 Hz, H9/H6 of BQ), 7.89 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz, H3 of BQ), 7.57–7.46 (m, 5H, H7, H8 of BQ, H3, H4, H5 of Ph). 13C-NMR (62.5 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 157.99, 145.25, 139.83, 138.66, 134.93, 132.48, 131.09, 130.08, 129.43, 129.33, 128.56, 127.97, 127.84, 127.65, 127.28, 126.55, 119.78.
2-(Pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoline (3ab). Pale yellow needles [86%, Rf = 0.38, CH2Cl2:EtOAc (4:1)]: mp 149–151 °C (lit.21 mp 145–150 °C). Tc 113.38 °C. Unreported spectral data are as follows: 1H-NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.79 (s, 1H, H10 of BQ), 8.77 (dd, 1H, J = 4.8, 2.1 Hz, H6 of py), 8.74 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 1.2 Hz, H3 of py), 8.57 (d, 1H, J = 8.9 Hz, H3 of BQ), 8.46 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz, H4 of BQ), 8.14–8.04 (m, 2H, H6 and H9 of BQ), 7.92 (9td, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.8 Hz, H4 of py), 7.56–7.52 (m, 2H, H7 and H8 of BQ), 7.40 (ddd, 1H, J = 8.0, 4.8, 1.0 Hz, H5 of py). 13C-NMR (62.5 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.05, 156.41, 149.35, 144.55, 137.25, 137.16, 134.23, 132.21, 128.72, 128.33, 127.95, 126.62, 126.58, 126.41, 126.31, 124.43, 122.21, 118.78. MS (ESI) cacld for C18H13N2 [M + 1] 257, found 257. Anal. calcd for C18H12N2C, 84.35; H, 4.72; N, 10.93. Found C, 83.69; H, 4.80; N, 11.23.
1,2-Bis(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzene (3b). The same procedure described above for 3aa was applied to 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1b) to produce an as yet unidentifiable product (~30%) along with known benzo[g]quinoline (4): Pale yellow needles [40%, Rf = 0.4 (CH2Cl2:EtOAc = 3:1)]: mp 110–112 °C (lit. [17] mp 108–109 °C Spectral (1H- and 13C-NMR and IR) data were identical to those reported previously.
1,3-Bis(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzene (3c). Pale yellow needles [63%, Rf = 0.46, CH2Cl2:EtOAc (4:1)]: mp 308–311 °C. Tc 245.64 °C. 1H-NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.12 (t, 1H J = 0.8 Hz, H2 and H5 of Ph), 8.83 (s, 2H, H10 of BQ), 8.46 (d, 2H, J = 9.0 Hz, H4 of BQ), 8.44 (s, 2H, H5 of BQ), 8.40 (dd, 2H, J = 7.8, 1.8 Hz, H3 and H6of Ph), 8.14–8.05 (m, 4H, H6 and H9 of BQ), 8.06 (d, 2H, J = 9.0 Hz, H3 of BQ), 7.75 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz, H5 of Ph), 7.57–7.49 (m, 4H, H7 and H8 of BQ). 13C-NMR (62.5 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.86, 145.04, 140.52, 137.43, 134.54, 132.13, 129.72, 129.13, 128.82, 128.40, 127.96, 127.28, 126.61, 126.60, 126.22, 126.00, 119.19. MS (ESI) cacld for C32H21N2 [M + 1] 433, found 433. Anal. calcd for C32H20N2C, 88.86; H, 4.66; N, 6.48. Found C, 89.09; H, 4.58; N, 6.53. Benzo[g]quinoline (4): 24%.
1,4-Bis(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzene (3d). Pale yellow needles (12%) were obtained from a reaction mixture as precipitate: mp > 300 °C. This compound is not soluble either common organic solvents or HCl and thus unable to get spectral data Anal. calcd for C32H20N2C, 88.86; H, 4.66; N, 6.48. Found C, 88.97; H, 4.60; N, 6.43. 1-[4-(Benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-one (5): Pale yellow needles [45%, Rf = 0.65 (CH2Cl2:EtOAc = 3:1)]: mp 225–227 °C. Tc 197.73 °C. IR (KBr) υ 1678 cm−1. 1H-NMR (250 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.81 (s, 1H, H10 of BQ), 8.69 (s, 1H, H5 of BQ), 8.689 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz, H4 of BQ), 8.51 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, H2 and H6 of Ph), 8.26–8.15 (m, 5H, H3 and H5 of Ph, H3, H6, and H9 of BQ), 7.62–7.59 (m, 2H, H7 and H8 of BQ), 2.67 (s, 3H). MS (ESI) cacld for C21H15NO [M + 1] 298, found 298. Anal. calcd for C21H15NOC, 84.82; H, 5.08; N, 4.71. Found C, 84.59; H, 5.14; N, 4.78. Benzo[g]quinoline (4): 33%.
1,3,5-Tris(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzene (3e). Pale yellow needles [53%, Rf = 0.4, CH2Cl2: EtOAc (3:1)]: mp 352–354 °C. Tc 284.23 °C. 1H-NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.31 (s, 3H, H2, H4, and H6 of Ph), 8.90 (s, 3H, H10 of BQ), 8.52 (d, 3H, J = 8.7 Hz, H4 of BQ), 8.47 (s, 3H, H5 of BQ), 8.25 (d, 3H, J = 8.8 Hz, H3 of BQ), 8.15–8.06 (m, 6H, H6 and H9 of BQ), 7.56–7.53 (m, 6H, H7 and H8 of BQ). MS (ESI) cacld for C45H28N3 [M + 1] 610, found 610. Anal. calcd for C45H27N3C, 88.64; H, 4.46; N, 6.89. Found C, 88.89; H, 4.38; N, 6.79. Benzo[g]quinoline (4): 28%.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, (benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzene, 2-(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)pyridine, 1,3-di- and 1,3,5-tri(benzo[g]quinolin-2-yl)benzenes were prepared by Friedländer reactions of 3-aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde with the corresponding acetylbenzenes and 2-acetylpyridine. All compounds display three intense absorption bands in the ultraviolet region (205–400 nm) with extinction coefficients (ε) of ~105. Excitation of the absorbance in the region 253–294 nm showed greenish blue light emissions in the range of 470–488 nm. All the compounds showed crystalline nature and good thermal stabilities. Studies on the formation of Ir complexes and their properties are in progress and will be reported in the near future.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials (1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the selected compounds) can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/8/12842/s1.

Supplementary Files

Supplementary File 1

Acknowledgments

Financial support from National Research Foundation (2010-0012473) is gratefully acknowledged. MK is a recipient of BK scholarship (2013) from College of Pharmacy, Choongbuk National University.

Author Contributions

MK performed the practical work and participated in manuscript writing. YJ planned the experiments, supervised and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 3aa, 3ab, 3c, 3e, 4, and 5 are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Karim, M.; Jahng, Y. Unusual Product Distribution from Friedländer Reaction of Di- and Triacetylbenzenes with 3-Aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and Properties of New Benzo[g]quinoline-Derived Aza-aromatics. Molecules 2014, 19, 12842-12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812842

AMA Style

Karim M, Jahng Y. Unusual Product Distribution from Friedländer Reaction of Di- and Triacetylbenzenes with 3-Aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and Properties of New Benzo[g]quinoline-Derived Aza-aromatics. Molecules. 2014; 19(8):12842-12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812842

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karim, Moinul, and Yurngdong Jahng. 2014. "Unusual Product Distribution from Friedländer Reaction of Di- and Triacetylbenzenes with 3-Aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and Properties of New Benzo[g]quinoline-Derived Aza-aromatics" Molecules 19, no. 8: 12842-12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812842

APA Style

Karim, M., & Jahng, Y. (2014). Unusual Product Distribution from Friedländer Reaction of Di- and Triacetylbenzenes with 3-Aminonaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and Properties of New Benzo[g]quinoline-Derived Aza-aromatics. Molecules, 19(8), 12842-12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812842

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