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Article

Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris

by
Chao-Min Wang
1,
Hsiao-Ting Chen
1,
Zong-Yen Wu
2,
Yun-Lian Jhan
1,
Ching-Lin Shyu
2 and
Chang-Hung Chou
1,*
1
Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
2
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2016, 21(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020139
Submission received: 24 December 2015 / Revised: 12 January 2016 / Accepted: 21 January 2016 / Published: 25 January 2016
(This article belongs to the Collection Herbal Medicine Research)
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Abstract

:
(1) Background: Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) is an important medicinal plant that has been historically used in “Dai” ethnopharmacy to treat infectious diseases in China. Although various pharmacological activities have been reported, the antimicrobial constitutes of A. scholaris have not yet been identified. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial constitutes from the leaf extract of A. scholaris and to assess the synergistic effects of isolated compounds with antibiotics against bacterial pathogens.; (2) Methods: The chemical constitutes isolated from the leaf extract of A. scholaris were structurally identified by NMR. The antibacterial and synergistic effect of compounds was assessed by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill assay.; (3) Results: Six pentacyclic triterpenoids were structurally identified as (1) lupeol, (2) betulin, (3) 3-hydroxy-11-ursen-28,13-olide, (4) betulinic acid, (5) oleanolic acid and (6) ursolic acid. Both oleanolic and ursolic acid showed antibacterial activity but were limited to Gram-positive bacteria. Ursolic acid showed a synergistic effect with ampicillin and tetracycline against both Bacillus cereus and S. aureus.; (4) Conclusion: These findings reflect that pentacyclic triterpenoids are the antibacterial chemicals in A. scholaris. The ability of ursolic acid to enhance the activity of antibiotics can constitute a valuable group of therapeutic agents in the future.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The Alstonia belonging to family Apocynaceae is widely distributed in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., commonly called blackboard tree, devil tree or milkwood pine, is a tropical evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia. Initially it was called Echites scholaris and the name of the scholaris species was derived from the usage of its wood as a blackboard for schools in Southeast Asia [1]. In China, the leaves of A. scholaris have been historically used in ‘‘Dai” ethnopharmacy to treat chronic respiratory diseases and infectious diseases [2]. On the other hand, A. scholaris are also used in traditional medicinal systems of India, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Africa and Australia [3]. The chemical constituents of Alstonia sp. have been extensively investigated and nearly 400 compounds were reported in Alstonia genus [4,5,6]. Extracts of A. scholaris processes a wide spectra of pharmacological activities including anti-plasmodial [7], hepatoprotective [8], anti-cancer [9], anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [10], anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic [4,11], anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic and expectorant activities [2]. Although recent studies on antimicrobial screening of A. scholaris demonstrate the potential antimicrobial activity of A. scholaris [12], the potent chemical constitutes with exact effective concentration have not yet been identified.
In the past decades, the antibiotic resistance of bacteria has emerged as a serious global problem in human and veterinary medicine. The abuse of antibiotics for non-prescription application has accelerated the generation of superbacteria that has become a critical issue. Thus, the development of new antibiotics or therapeutic strategies against multi-drug resistant bacteria is urgently needed. To pursue next generation therapeutics, several strategies, including isolating antimicrobial peptides from microorganisms, metal nanoparticles application and natural products from plant derived compounds, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and triterpenoids were necessary [13,14,15]. The plant-derived chemicals enhancing the bacteria susceptibility to other antibiotics have received increasing attention. Additionally, several terpenoids, diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids were also found to act synergistically with classes of antibiotics, indicating that plant-derived chemicals have the potential to be used as therapeutics to enhance the activity of antibiotic against multidrug-resistant pathogens [14,16,17].
Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the antibacterial constitutes from the leaf extracts of A. scholaris against several pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the synergistic interactions of ampicillin and tetracycline in combination with effective compounds against bacterial pathogens were also conducted. It is suggested that these compounds might have the potentiality for application in synergistic therapeutics with antibiotics in the future.

2. Results

2.1. Isolation and Identification of Triterpenoids from A. scholaris

The antibacterial constitutes of most effective fractions in EtOAc portion (fraction EA-8 and EA-12) (Table 1) were isolated by using column chromatography to obtain six pure compounds: compound 1 (5.3 mg), 2 (32.4 mg), 3 (23.5 mg), 4 (12.6 mg), 5 (40.7 mg) and 6 (102.2 mg). Purified compounds were subjected to spectroscopic identification by using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (Bruker Avance 400) and Mass (Bruker Daltonics Esquire HCT). Chemical structures of compounds 1–6 were illustrated in Figure 1.
Molecules 21 00139 g001 550
Figure 1. Pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated and identified from A. scholaris.
Figure 1. Pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated and identified from A. scholaris.
Molecules 21 00139 g001
Table
Table 1. Antibacterial activities of chemical fractions from the leaf extract of A. scholaris.
Table 1. Antibacterial activities of chemical fractions from the leaf extract of A. scholaris.
PathogensFractions
Hex *EABuOHAqEA-8EA-12
Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus0 #1087812
Enterococcus faecalis010881012
Listeria monocytogenes012107810
Bacillus cereus0161271422
Escherichia coli000000
Salmonella enterica000000
Pseudomonas aeruginosa000000
* Hex: hexane layer; EA: ethyl acetate layer; BuOH: butanol layer; Aq: aqueous layer; # Inhibition zone diameters (mm).

2.2. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of Triterpenoids on Bacterial Pathogens

As shown in Table 2, most strains except S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and B. cereus were susceptible to ampicillin. The MICs of ampicillin were considerably higher at 128 μg/mL for B. cereus and 512 μg/mL for highly resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In addition, only P. aeruginosa was resistant to tetracycline at concentration of 32 μg/mL. The MICs for other bacterial pathogens were between 1 to 4 μg/mL of ampicillin and 0.5 to 8 μg/mL of tetracycline, respectively. In comparison, no significant differences were observed in the susceptibility of all Gram-negative pathogens to natural triterpenoids. L. monocytogenes was sensitive to oleanolic acid and ursolic acid with MICs of 8 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, B. cereus was also sensitive to oleanolic acid and ursolic acid with MICs of 16 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. E. faecalis characterized by high sensitivity to the triterpenoids tested, with MICs of 4 μg/mL for oleanolic acid and 1 μg/mL for ursolic acid, respectively. Particularly, only ursolic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
Table
Table 2. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics and natural triterpenoids for different bacterial pathogens.
Table 2. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics and natural triterpenoids for different bacterial pathogens.
PathogensMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (μg/mL)
Antibiotics and Triterpenoids
Ap *Tet123456
Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus168>128>128>128>128>12816
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus5128>128>128>128>128>12864
Enterococcus faecalis24128>12812812841
Listeria monocytogenes12>128>128>128>12882
Bacillus cereus1284>128>128128128168
Escherichia coli40.5>128>128>128>128>128>128
Salmonella enterica18>128>128>128>128>128>128
Pseudomonas aeruginosa51232>128>128>128>128>128>128
* Ap: ampicillin; Tet: tetracycline; Compound 1: lupeol; 2: betulin; 3: 3-hydroxy-11-ursen-28,13-olide; 4: betulinic acid; 5: oleanolic acid; 6: ursolic acid.

2.3. Evaluation of Synergistic Effects

In the presence of triterpenoids combination with ampicillin against B. cereus and S. aureus, the interaction data in the form of the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) are listed in Table 3. The meaning of FICI as synergistic effect (≤0.5), additional or indifference effect (0.5–4) and antagonism effect (≥4), were described previously [18]. Both oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were synergistic with ampicillin and tetracycline against B. cereus with FICI values of 0.281 (UA + Amp), 0.25 (UA + Tet), 0.188 (OA + Amp) and 0.078 (OA + Tet), respectively (Table 3). These values were below 0.5 and indicative of synergistic effect. B. cereus was most susceptible to combinations of oleanolic acid with tetracycline. Ursolic acid also displayed synergistic activity against L. monocytogenes with FICI values of 0.125. However, oleanolic acid did not exhibit synergy with any of tested antibiotics against E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes. In the assay of triterpenoids in combination with ampicillin against E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes, none of the triterpenoids exhibited a synergistic effect with ampicillin.
Table
Table 3. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) calculated based on checkerboard assay indicating the interaction of triterpenoids with antibiotics against Gram-positive pathogens.
Table 3. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) calculated based on checkerboard assay indicating the interaction of triterpenoids with antibiotics against Gram-positive pathogens.
PathogensAgentsFICAFICBFICIOutcome
MSSAUA + Amp0.250.1250.375Synergy
UA + Tet0.1250.06250.188Synergy
MRSAUA + Amp0.250.1250.375Synergy
UA + Tet0.06250.0310.093Synergy
B. cereusUA + Amp0.250.0310.281Synergy
UA + Tet0.1250.1250.25Synergy
OA + Amp0.1250.06250.188Synergy
OA + Tet0.0150.0620.078Synergy
E. faecalisUA + Amp0.50.250.725Indifferent
UA + Tet0.1250.50.625Indifferent
OA + Amp112Indifferent
OA + Tet112Indifferent
L. monocytogenesUA + Amp0.50.06250.563Indifferent
UA + Tet0.06250.06250.125Synergy
OA + Amp112Indifferent
OA + Tet10.51.5Indifferent

2.4. Time-Kill Curve Assay

Time-kill assay was conducted to examine the synergistic effect of the combinations of triterpenoids and ampicillin on B. cereus and S. aureus. A reduction of >2 log10 in the cell count obtained in the presence of triterpenoids and antibiotics was interpreted as synergy [19]. After 24 h incubation, the combination of 1/2 MICs of ursolic acid with antibiotics remarkably inhibited the growth of MSSA and MRSA (Figure 2a,b). The combination of 8 μg/mL oleanolic acid with 64 μg/mL ampicillin or 2 μg/mL tetracycline also produced decrease in colony-forming unit (CFU) of >2 log10 against B. cereus (Figure 2c). A lesser effect of 4 μg/mL ursolic acid with 64 μg/mL ampicillin was observed against B. cereus. In summary, the results confirmed the synergy of ursolic acid with antibiotics against MRSA, MSSA and B. cereus (Figure 2).
Molecules 21 00139 g002a 550Molecules 21 00139 g002b 550
Figure 2. Time-kill curves of MSSA (a); MRSA (b) and B. cereus (c,d) with 1/2 MICs of antibiotics and triterpenoids. Ampicillin (Amp); Tetracycline (Tet); Ursolic acid (UA); Oleanolic acid (OA).
Figure 2. Time-kill curves of MSSA (a); MRSA (b) and B. cereus (c,d) with 1/2 MICs of antibiotics and triterpenoids. Ampicillin (Amp); Tetracycline (Tet); Ursolic acid (UA); Oleanolic acid (OA).
Molecules 21 00139 g002aMolecules 21 00139 g002b

3. Discussion

It is clear that methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has undoubtedly caused serious wounds and other infections during the last decade [20]. MRSA rates continue to increase rapidly in many regions, and there is a dynamic spread of strains across the globe [21]. Compared to MRSA, B. cereus produced a potent β-lactamase conferring marked resistance to β-lactam antibiotics [22]. Resistance of B. cereus to erythromycin, tetracycline, and carbapenem has also been reported [23]. In the rice-consuming countries, including Taiwan, Japan and Korea, the number of outbreaks caused by B. cereus is particularly higher than other countries [24,25,26,27]. Therefore, in the empirical management of B. cereus and MRSA infection, antimicrobials noted to be effective while awaiting antimicrobial susceptibility results for the isolates. To address this issue, several processes including enhancement of the antibacterial activity of antibiotics by plant-derived compounds have been undertaken to provide some guidance while awaiting isolate-specific susceptibility data [13,28,29].
Triterpenes existed abundantly in the plant and their biological activities, such as anti-HIV, antimicrobial, allelopathy, anti-tumor and anti-cancer activities were proposed [14,30,31,32,33]. In this study, ursolic acid showed specific antibacterial activity against B. cereus with MIC values of 2 μg/mL. The findings of this study indicated natural triterpenoids exhibited potential activity against Gram-positive pathogens, particularly B. cereus and S. aureus. However, none of the Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to natural triterpenoids in this study.
Ampicillin and tetracycline, agents of β-lactam and anti-translation classes, are inhibitors of the cell wall and protein biosynthesis. β-lactams block enzymes involved in the cell wall synthesis while tetracyclines prevent the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site on 30S ribosome [34]. The synergistic effect of triterpenoids and both ampicillin and tetracycline were also conducted in this study. As the structures of the pentacyclic triterpenoids are different from both these antibiotic agents, the pathways in the antimicrobial activity of ursolic acid may have a novel mechanism or target in B. cereus and S. aureus.
Studies on antimicrobial mechanisms of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid demonstrated that both of the pentacyclic triterpenoids can modulate resistance to two β-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin and oxacillin, in four bacterial pathogens [14]. Two 6-oxophenolic triterpenoids, zeylasteral and demethylzeylasteral, which were isolated from the root of Maytenus blepharodes, have antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis [35]. Those triterpenoids block cell division by inhibiting DNA synthesis and macromolecular synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, sesquiterpene farnesol can inhibit recycling of the lipid carrier of the murein monomer precursor and also reduce the secretion and activity of β-lactamase, thus contributing to increased susceptibility to β-lactams in methicillin-resistant S. aureus [36]. In this study, we found that both oleanolic acid and ursolic acid have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus and S. aureus. Our data suggest that triterpenoids in combination with ampicillin or tetracycline may lead to a synergistic effect theoretically. Their ability to enhance the activity of β-lactams could constitute a valuable group of therapeutic agents in the future.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials

The leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. were collected from the wild field in March, June, September, and December of 2011 and 2012. The field site is located in an A. scholaris forest near Mingdao University (N 23°52′15.17’’ and E 120°29’47.13’’), Changhua County, Taiwan. The plant species was identified by Dr. Tsai-Wen Hsu, key laboratory of High Altitude Experimental Station, Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute. The voucher specimens (2010-0118-Jhan) were deposited in the Chemical Ecology Lab., Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University.

4.2. Bioassay Guided Chromatography

All fractions were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) to reach a final concentration of 50 μg/μL. Sterile discs (6 mm), filled with 10 μL of each fraction, were placed on Muller-Hinton agar (MH agar). The bacterial inoculums were prepared from overnight broth culture in normal saline (0.85% of NaCl) in order to obtain an optical density ranging from 0.08 to 0.1 at 590 nm. DMSO was used as negative control. Ampicillin for bacteria was used as positive control. Bacterial growth inhibition was determined as the diameter of the inhibition zones around the discs. Diameters (mm) of the inhibition zone were measured and documented after incubation at 37 °C for 18–24 h.

4.3. Isolation and Identification of Triterpenoids

Five kilograms of air-dried leaves of A. scholaris were extracted with methanol thrice followed the standard extraction procedures [37]. The methanolic extract was concentrated to gain 395 g dry residue and then partitioned by hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol with H2O to the obtained portion of n-hexane (80.59 g), EtOAc (131.15 g), BuOH (37.59 g), and an aqueous layer (45.44 g). Bioassay guided chromatography was carried out for antibacterial compound isolation (Table 1). The EtOAc portion was subjected to a silica gel column in gradient elution of mixture solvent composed of hexane-ethyl acetate and led to 34 fractions (EA-1~EA-34). Fractions with antibacterial activities were further subjected to column chromatography for potent chemical constitute isolation. Fraction EA-8 (17.2 g) was separated via silica gel column with a hexane-ethyl acetate mixture as the eluent to obtain 23 subfractions (EA-8-1~EA-8-23) and compound 1 (5.3 mg) was purified from subfraction EA-8-4. Fraction EA-8-12 was further fractionated by another silica gel column with a hexane-ethyl acetate mixture (10:1) to give 21 subfractions (EA-8-12-1~EA-8-12-21). Compounds 2 (32.4 mg), 3 (23.5 mg) and 4 (12.6 mg) were isolated form fractions 8-12-4, 8-12-5 by reverse phase C-18 chromatography in gradient elution of MeOH–H2O (60% to 100%). In addition, Compound 5 (40.7 mg) and 6 (102.2 mg) were isolated from the effective fraction of EtOAc portion, fraction EA-12 (3.2 g), by reverse phase C-18 chromatography in gradient elution of MeOH–H2O (70% to 100%). Purified compounds were subjected to spectroscopic identification by using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (Bruker Avance 400) and Mass (Bruker Daltonics Esquire HCT). The isolated compounds were identified by comparison of spectra data with literature reported previously. Detail structure elucidation of six triterpenoids isolated from A. scholaris in this study was decribed in Supplementary Materials.
Lupeol (1): White crystal; ESI-MS m/z 449.6 [M + Na]+ (Calcd for C30H50O: 426.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.68 (1H, brs, Hβ-29), 4.56 (1H, brs, Hα-29), 3.16 (1H, dd, J = 11.2, 4.8 Hz, H-3), 2.36 (1H, dt, J = 12.9, 6.0 Hz, H-19), 1.68 (3H, s, Me-30), 1.03, 0.97, 0.95, 0.83, 0.79, 0.76 (Me-26, Me-23, Me-27, Me-25, Me-28, Me-24), 0.67 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz, H-5). 13C-NMR spectrum (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ C: 38.7 (C-1), 27.4 (C-2), 79.0 (C-3), 38.8 (C-4), 55.3 (C-5), 18.3 (C-6), 34.2 (C-7), 40.8 (C-8), 50.4 (C-9), 37.1 (C-10), 20.9 (C-11), 25.1 (C-12), 38.0 (C-13), 42.8 (C-14), 27.4 (C-15), 35.6 (C-16), 43.0 (C-17), 48.0 (C-18), 48.3 (C-19), 150.9 (C-20), 29.8 (C-21), 40.0 (C-22), 28.0 (C-23), 15.3 (C-24), 15.9 (C-25), 16.1 (C-26), 14.5 (C-27), 18.0 (C-28), 109.5 (C-29), 19.3 (C-30).
Betulin (2): White amorphous powder; ESI-MS m/z 465.6 [M + Na]+ (Calcd for C30H50O2: 442.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.68 (1H, brs, Hβ-29), 4.58 (1H, brs, Hα-29), 3.18 (1H, dd, J = 11.4, 4.8 Hz, H-3), 2.37 (1H, m, H-19), 1.68 (3H, s, Me-30), 1.02, 0.97, 0.96, 0.82, 0.76 (Me-26, Me-27, Me-23, Me-25, Me-24), 0.67 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz, H-5). 13C-NMR spectrum (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ C: 38.6 (C-1), 27.3 (C-2), 78.9 (C-3), 38.8 (C-4), 55.2 (C-5), 18.2 (C-6), 34.1 (C-7), 40.8 (C-8), 50.3 (C-9), 37.1 (C-10), 20.7 (C-11), 25.1 (C-12), 37.2 (C-13), 42.6 (C-14), 26.9 (C-15), 29.1 (C-16), 47.7 (C-17), 48.7 (C-18), 47.6 (C-19), 150.4 (C-20), 29.6 (C-21), 34.1 (C-22), 27.9 (C-23), 15.3 (C-24), 16.0 (C-25), 15.9 (C-26), 14.7 (C-27), 60.5 (C-28), 109.6 (C-29), 19.0 (C-30).
3-Hydroxy-11-ursen-28,13-olide (3): White amorphous powder; ESI-MS m/z 477.3 [M + Na]+ (Calcd for C30H46O3: 454.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ 5.98 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz, H-11), 5.62 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz, H-12), 3.41 (1H, dd, H-3), 1.19 (3H, s, Me-27), 1.17 (3H, s, Me-23), 1.15 (3H, s, Me-25), 0.96 (3H, s, Me-26), 0.87 (3H, s, Me-29), 0.82 (3H, s, Me-30), 0.75 (3H, s, Me-24). 13C-NMR spectrum (100 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ C: 36.5 (C-1), 25.8 (C-2), 77.9 (C-3), 39.4 (C-4), 55.0 (C-5), 19.2 (C-6), 31.9 (C-7), 41.9 (C-8), 53.3 (C-9), 38.5 (C-10), 133.6 (C-11), 129.3 (C-12), 89.5 (C-13), 42.1 (C-14), 27.8 (C-15), 23.1 (C-16), 45.1 (C-17), 60.4 (C-18), 38.1 (C-19), 40.2 (C-20), 30.9 (C-21), 31.4 (C-22), 28.3 (C-23), 16.1 (C-24), 19.2 (C-25), 19.1 (C-26), 15.8 (C-27), 179.3 (C-28), 17.8 (C-29), 18.1 (C-30).
Betulinic acid (4): White amorphous powder; ESI-MS m/z 455.3 [M − H]− (Calcd for C30H48O3: 456.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ 4.91 (1H, brs, Hβ-29), 4.74 (1H, brs, Hα-29), 3.53 (1H, m, H-19), 3.40 (1H, t, J = 8.0 Hz, H-3), 2.68 (1H, m, H-13), 2.58 (1H, d, J = 12.0, H-16), 2.21 (1H, m, H-21), 1.77 (3H, s, Me-30), 1.19, 1.05, 1.03, 0.98, 0.80 (Me-23, Me-27, Me-26, Me-24, Me-25). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ C: 39.2 (C-1); 27.9 (C-2); 77.8 (C-3); 39.2 (C-4); 55.6 (C-5); 18.4 (C-6); 34.5 (C-7); 40.8 (C-8); 49.4 (C-9); 37.2 (C-10); 20.9 (C-11); 25.8 (C-12); 38.3 (C-13); 42.5 (C-14); 29.9 (C-15); 32.5 (C-16); 56.3 (C-17); 47.4 (C-18); 49.4 (C-19); 151.0 (C-20); 30.9 (C-21); 37.2 (C-22); 28.3 (C-23); 16.1 (C-24); 16.0 (C-25); 19.1 (C-26); 14.6 (C-27); 178.5 (C-28); 109.6 (C-29); 19.1 (C-30).
Oleanolic acid (5): White amorphous powder; ESI-MS m/z 479.3 [M + Na]+ (Calcd for C30H48O3: 456.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz, pyridine-d5):δ 5.47 (1H, s, H-12), 3.42 (1H, dd, J = 5.6, 9.6 Hz, H-3), 3.31 (1H, dd, J = 10.4, H-18), 1.26 (3H, s, Me-27), 1.22, 1.03, 1.03, 1.00, 0.99, 0.93 (Me-23, Me-26, Me-30, Me-24, Me-29, Me-25). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ C: 38.8 (C-1); 28.0 (C-2); 78.0 (C-3); 39.3 (C-4); 55.7 (C-5); 18.7 (C-6); 33.2 (C-7); 39.6 (C-8); 48.0 (C-9); 37.3 (C-10); 23.6 (C-11); 122.4 (C-12); 144.8 (C-13); 42.1 (C-14); 28.2 (C-15); 23.7 (C-16); 46.6 (C-17); 41.9 (C-18); 46.4 (C-19); 30.9 (C-20); 34.2 (C-21); 33.2 (C-22); 28.7 (C-23); 16.5 (C-24); 15.6 (C-25); 17.5 (C-26); 26.1 (C-27); 180.4 (C-28); 33.2 (C-29); 23.7 (C-30).
Ursolic acid (6): White amorphous powder; ESI-MS m/z 479.3 [M + Na]+ (Calcd for C30H48O3: 456.3); 1H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz, pyridine-d5):δ 5.46 (1H, s, H-12), 3.43 (1H, dd, J = 6.8, 8.8 Hz, H-3), 2.62 (1H, d, J = 11.2, H-18), 1.22 (3H, s, Me-23), 1.21, 1.02, 1.02, 1.00, 0.97, 0.93 (Me-27, Me-26, Me-29, Me-24, Me-30, Me-25). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, pyridine-d5): δ C: 39.0 (C-1); 28.0 (C-2); 78.0 (C-3); 39.4 (C-4); 55.7 (C-5); 18.7 (C-6); 33.5 (C-7); 39.9 (C-8); 48.0 (C-9); 37.4 (C-10); 23.5 (C-11); 125.5 (C-12); 139.2 (C-13); 42.4 (C-14); 28.6 (C-15); 24.8 (C-16); 48.0 (C-17); 53.5 (C-18); 39.3 (C-19); 39.2 (C-20); 31.0 (C-21); 37.2 (C-22); 28.7 (C-23); 16.5 (C-24); 15.6 (C-25); 17.4 (C-26); 23.8 (C-27); 179.9 (C-28); 17.4 (C-29); 21.3 (C-30).

4.4. Bacterial Strains and Media

Eight pathogenic standard strains obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA) are Bacillus cereus (ATCC 9139), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35150), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13311), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, ATCC 29213), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 43300), which were employed to evaluate the antibacterial assay. All bacterial strains were cultured on nutrient agar (Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) or in nutrient broth (Difco).

4.5. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Determination

MICs were determined by the broth micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [38]. Detailed experimental processes were established according to previous reports [39]. Briefly, all bacteria strains were cultured on nutrient agar (Difco) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Bacterial inoculums were prepared in normal saline and diluted to give a final density of 5 × 105 cfu/mL by comparison with a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. All compounds were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma) and then in nutrient broth to reach a final concentration of 256 μg/mL. Serial two-fold dilutions were made in a concentration range from 0.25 to 128 μg/mL. In each microtiter plate (Corning, Lowell, MA, USA), all of the wells were examined by spectrophotometer at 600 nm for bacterial growth. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration at which no visible growth occurred in comparison with positive control. A column with the antibiotics (ampicillin and tetracycline) was used as a positive control. At least three independent determinations were repeated.

4.6. Synergistic Effects of Drug Combination

The antagonistic, indifferent or synergistic effect of triterpenoids in combination with antibiotics was determined by using the FICI.The growth medium was supplemented with various concentrations of compounds, ranging from 1/64 to 4 folds of MIC. The instruction of checkerboard assay reported previously [40] was described as the following. One plate was used to make antibacterial dilutions of antibiotics in the vertical orientation. Another one was used to make serial two-fold dilutions of triterpenoids in horizontal direction. Both dilutions were prepared in nutrient broth (50 μL per well). The plate of antibiotic was then transferred to plates with triterpenoids and 100 µL of bacterial suspension was added to each well to give a final density of 5 × 105 cfu/mL. The concentrations of antibiotics and triterpenoids were selected on the basis of the MIC values described previously. For testing the activity of antibiotics and triterpenoids, two formulas, FICA and FICB, were employed. FICA is the MIC of triterpenoid in the presence of antibiotic/MIC of triterpenoid alone, and FICB is the MIC of an antibiotic in the presence of triterpenoid/MIC of antibiotic alone. The formulas are given as follows:
FIC A = MIC of triterpenoid in the present of antibiotic MIC of triterpenoid alone
FIC B = MIC of antibiotic in the present of triterpenoid MIC of antibiotic alone
FICI is the sum of FICA and FICB. The meaning of FICI is represented as synergistic effect (≤0.5), indifference effect (0.5~4) and antagonism effect (≥4) [18].

4.7. Time-Kill Assay

The overnight cultures of S. aureus and B. cereus were prepared in nutrient broth and diluted to give a final density of 1.5 × 105 cfu/mL by comparison with a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. The bacteria were incubated with 1/2 MIC of triterpenoids and ampicillin alone or in combination. After 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 h incubation, 100 μL of bacterial aliquots were taken and spread onto nutrient agar for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. A reduction of >2 log10 in the cell count obtained in the present of triterpenoids and antibiotics was interpreted as synergy [19].

5. Conclusions

Six pentacyclic triterpenoids have been isolated from leaves of A. scholaris. Both oleanolic acid and ursolic acid showed antibacterial activity but were limited to Gram-positive bacteria. Ursolic acid showed a synergistic effect with ampicillin and tetracycline against both Bacillus cereus and S. aureus, respectively. The ability of pentacyclic triterpenoid to enhance the activity of β-lactams could constitute a valuable group of therapeutic agents in the future.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/21/2/139/s1.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by research grants from the National Science Council (NSC 99-2622-B-039-003-CC3) and Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 103-2621-B-039-002-MY2 and MOST 104-2811-B-039-019) in Taiwan awarded to C.-H.C. Technical assistance with chemical data analyses from Proteomics Research Core Laboratory, Office of Research & Development at China Medical University and Instrument Analysis Centers at the National Chung-Hsing University is greatly appreciated.

Author Contributions

C.-M.W. and C.-H.C. conceived and designed the experiments; C.-M.W., H.-T.C., Z.-Y.W. and Y.-L.J. performed the experiments; C.-M.W. analyzed the data; C.-H.C. and C.-L.S. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; C.-M.W. and C.-H.C. wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1–6 are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, C.-M.; Chen, H.-T.; Wu, Z.-Y.; Jhan, Y.-L.; Shyu, C.-L.; Chou, C.-H. Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules 2016, 21, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020139

AMA Style

Wang C-M, Chen H-T, Wu Z-Y, Jhan Y-L, Shyu C-L, Chou C-H. Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules. 2016; 21(2):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020139

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Chao-Min, Hsiao-Ting Chen, Zong-Yen Wu, Yun-Lian Jhan, Ching-Lin Shyu, and Chang-Hung Chou. 2016. "Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris" Molecules 21, no. 2: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020139

APA Style

Wang, C. -M., Chen, H. -T., Wu, Z. -Y., Jhan, Y. -L., Shyu, C. -L., & Chou, C. -H. (2016). Antibacterial and Synergistic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules, 21(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020139

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