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Article

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amidine, Amide, Urea and Isocyanate Derivatives of the Amino-closo-dodecaborate Anion [B12H11NH3]−

by
Yuanbin Zhang
1,2,†,
Yuji Sun
1,†,
Tao Wang
1,
Jiyong Liu
1,
Bernhard Spingler
3 and
Simon Duttwyler
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
2
Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123137
Submission received: 1 November 2018 / Revised: 14 November 2018 / Accepted: 16 November 2018 / Published: 29 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Derived from Polyhedral Boron Clusters)
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Abstract

:
The synthesis and structural characterization of new derivatives of [B12H12]2− is of fundamental interest and is expected to allow for extended applications. Herein we report on the synthesis of a series of amidine, amide, urea and isocyanate derivatives based on the amino-closo-dodecaborate anion [B12H11NH3]−. Their structures have been confirmed by spectroscopic methods, and nine crystal structures are presented.

1. Introduction

The closo-dodecaborate dianion [B12H12]2− (1, Figure 1) is an icosahedral boron cluster with 12 identical B–H vertices, and it possesses unique properties such as spherical electron delocalization and high thermal/chemical stability [1,2,3,4]. It is considered a 3D analogue of benzene, and applications of [B12H12]2− as well as its derivatives have been found in many fields, such as weakly coordinating anions [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], medicinal chemistry [15,16,17], catalysis [18,19], ligand design [20,21,22] and supramolecular chemistry [23,24,25,26,27].
Since the isolation of 1 in 1960 [28], many routes to substituted closo-dodecaborate anions have been reported via the construction of B–N, B–O, B–S, B–Hal or B–C bonds [29], and the ammonium dodecaborate [B12H11NH3]− (2) serves as one of the fundamental building blocks for further functionalization [30]. Monoanionic 2 can be synthesized from the reaction of 1 with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (H2N-SO3H) on a multi-gram scale [30,31,32]. The –NH3 site can be deprotonated under basic conditions and then combined with acyl chlorides, carbodiimides or aldehydes to afford the corresponding amides 3 [33,34,35,36,37], guanidines 4 [34] and imines 5 [38]. Dodecaborate amidines 6 have not been explored yet, and urea derivatives 7 were unknown until we recently found that the reaction of 2 with dialkylcarbamoyl chlorides ClC(O)NMe2 or ClC(O)NEt2 affords the corresponding {B12}-substituted N,N-dialkyl ureas [39]. The isocyanate derivative 8 was originally synthesized from the reaction of the carbonyl derivative [B12H11(CO)]− with NaN3 but characterized only by 11B-NMR and IR spectroscopy [40]. Herein we present: (1) the synthesis of three new {B12}-based amidines 6 with two crystal structures; (2) six crystal structures of {B12}-based amides 3 and a simple approach for the interconversion between their dianionic and monoanionic forms; (3) the synthesis of two new {B12}-based aromatic ureas 7; (4) a new route to isocyanate 8 and its crystal structure.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of {B12}-based Amidinium Ions

Amidine derivatives based on the {B12} cluster have not been reported before, and in the following, methods to synthesize them are presented. Combination of dimethyl formamide with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride afforded the chloroiminium intermediate, which upon attack by [B12H11NH2]2− afforded 6a (Scheme 1a). This reaction allowed for the isolation of the desired product; however, the yield of 40% was moderate, and furthermore extension of the substrate scope by this method did not appear convenient. Using a related strategy, we found that the carbonyl group of {B12}-based amides can be activated by pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, and subsequent attack by amines would then lead to {B12}-based amidinium ions (Scheme 1b). Following this approach, products 6b and 6c were isolated in excellent yields of 91% and 100%, respectively.
Single crystals of 6a and 6c were obtained from acetonitrile solutions, and ORTEP representations of 6a and 6c are displayed in Figure 2. Observed distances (Å) are B1–N1 1.520(2), N1–C1 1.3078(18), C1–N2 1.3092(19), N2–C2 1.451(2) and N2–C3 1.4662(19) for 6a; B1–N1 1.534(4), N1–C1 1.312(4), C1–N2 1.331(4), C1–C2 1.485(4) and N2–C8 1.420(4) for 6b. These structural features are similar to those of typical organic amidinium ions; in addition, the coordination geometry around C1 is perfectly trigonal-planar for both products with a sum of angles of 360°. The torsion angles N1-C1-N2-C2 and N1-C1-N2-C3 of 6a are 0.0(2) and –175.35(15)°, respectively, indicating coplanarity of the amidine and the dimethylamino moieties. On the other hand, 6b is more twisted with a torsion angle N1-C1-N2-C8 of 154.4(3)°.

2.2. Synthesis of {B12}-based Amides

{B12}-based amides 3 were originally synthesized by other groups [33,34,35,36]. The products were isolated in their O-protonated form 3-H, and there was only one crystal structure reported, namely 3a-H with R = Ph (Scheme 2). Our group recently modified the reaction conditions, and the products were obtained in up to 95% yields in the O-deprotonated form 3 after chromatography on silica gel [36]. Our approach uses smaller amounts of acyl chlorides and a slight excess of sodium hydride base, which results in the isolation of the dianionic form (for this study, 3a–d were resynthesized according to [37] in order to probe their solid-state structures). Adjustment of the pH value with diluted hydrochloric acid during the work-up or after isolation leads to 3-H in their O-protonated form. Back-conversion to 3 can be achieved by dissolution in MeCN, treatment with Et3N and distillation of all the volatiles. Pyridine-substituted 3e was synthesized as a new product. Since purification by chromatography proved difficult, it was isolated as 3e-H in 50% yield upon acidic work-up and recrystallization from methanol. Conversion to 3e occurred quantitatively using the above-mentioned procedure. In contrast to previously described amides, protonation of 3e takes place at the pyridine ring, indicating the higher basicity of the heterocycle as compared to the amide moiety. The 11B{1H}-NMR spectra of 3b, 3b-H, 3e and 3e-H are shown in Figure S1 as representative examples to demonstrate the effect of protonation. For R = Ph (3a), 4-F-C6H4 (3b), 4-I-C6H4 (3c) 4-MeO-C6H4 (3d-H), 2-pyridyl (3e) and 2-pyridyl-H (3e-H), crystal structures were elucidated, and selected structural features are discussed below.
Single crystals of 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d-h, 3e and 3e-H were obtained from acetonitrile, acetone, acetonitrile-acetone or acetonitrile-methanol solutions. ORTEP representations are displayed in Figure 3, and a summary of structural parameters is given in Table 1, including data for O-protonated 3a-H, originally reported by Gabel and coworkers [34]. The seven compounds can be grouped into the series 3a/3b/3c/3e/3e-H and 3a-H/3d-H. For the former series, distances (Å) fall within B1–N1 1.51–1.52, N1–C1 1.31–1.33 and C1–O1 1.23–1.25. These compounds thus exhibit strong structural resemblence to classical organic amides. For the latter pair, observed ranges (Å) are B1–N1 1.53–1.58, N1–C1 1.26–1.30 and C1–O1 1.31–1.34. These values are consistent with O-protonation, leading to a more pronounced allyl cation-type equalization of bond lengths. On the other hand, all seven products share two features: The central carbon atom C1 has perfect trigonal-planar geometry with a sum of angles of 360°. Furthermore, the torsion angles O1-C1-C2-C3 (O1-C1-C2-N2 for 3e-H) fall in the range of –18° to +32° and indicate a certain degree of conjugation between the aromatic rings and the N1-C1-O1 π system.

2.3. Synthesis of {B12}-based Ureas

{B12}-based ureas with N{B12},N′(aryl) substitution have not been reported before. The synthetic strategy to prepare dodecaboranyl N,N-dialkyl ureas recently reported by our group involved the combination of 2 with dialkylcarbamoyl chlorides [39]. We wondered whether aromatic isocyanates could be used instead of carbamoyl chlorides to achieve the new substitution pattern, given the commercial availability of many ArNCO reagents. We found that the reaction of 2 with aromatic isocyanates under basic conditions directly leads to the formation of the corresponding urea derivatives of the structure {B12}NH-C(O)-NHAr. Thus, the transformations with commercially available PhNCO and 4-Cl-C6H4NCO cleanly gave products 7a and 7b in yields of 90% and 91% (Scheme 3). They were isolated by precipitation upon cation exchange to [NBu4]+ or [PPh4]+ and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

2.4. Synthesis of Dodecaboranyl Isocyanate

Isocyanates are important intermediates in organic synthesis that are used in the manufacture of, e.g., agrochemicals and polyurethanes [41]. Only one publication by Alam and coworkers from 1989 mentioned the isolation of dodecaboranyl isocyanate 8 [40]. It was prepared via the reaction of [B12H11(CO)]− with NaN3 and analyzed by 11B-NMR and IR spectroscopy. However, further characterization was not given, and in particular the crystal structure was not reported. Because the isocyanate moiety serves as versatile functional group handle capable of providing access to a number of novel {B12}-based derivatives, we were interested in resynthesizing 8. However, multiple attempts to reproduce the original procedure were not successful in our laboratory, and we therefore sought to establish an alternative route. Since dodecaboranyl N,N-dialkyl ureas can be prepared easily [39], their thermal fragmentation appeared as an attractive strategy. Indeed, treatment of 2 with base and ClC(O)NMe2 to give the intermediate urea, followed by heating in water, afforded 8 in 25% overall yield (Scheme 4). The yield of this sequence is rather low, and efforts to improve the protocol are ongoing.
In acetonitrile-d3 solution, the 11B NMR shifts of 8 were −7.7, −15.4, −16.7 and −19.3 ppm, while 1H NMR resonances appeared at 1.23, 0.97 and 0.75 ppm. The NCO 13C NMR signal could not be detected unambiguously; it is known from organic isocyanates that this signal can be very broad and difficult to observe. Interestingly, 8 is inert towards air and moisture. Solutions in acetone, kept under ambient conditions, remained unchanged over six months. The IR spectrum showed characteristic absorbtions at 2479 cm−1, 2308 cm−1 and 1438 cm−1 stemming from B–H, νasymmetric(NCO) and νsymmetric(NCO) stretchings, respectively (Figure 4a) [42].
Colorless single crystals of 8 were obtained from acetone solution. X-Ray diffraction revealed distances (Å) of B1–N1 1.499(3), N1–C1 1.138(3) and C1-O1 1.186(3), clearly indicating the two double bonds of the N=C=O moiety (Figure 4b). This finding is in agreement with the angle N1-C1-O1 of 176.5(3)°, showing almost linear geometry of the isocyanate group. The B1-N1-C1 angle of 163.1(3)° is also quite large, while no unusual structural features were observed for the {B12} cluster.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

If not otherwise specified, reagents and organic solvents were commercially available and used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were prepared by passage through activated Al2O3 and stored over 3 Å molecular sieves. CD3CN and CD2Cl2 were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories and filtered through Al2O3 prior to use. [B12H12]2− and [B12H11NH3]− salts and dodecaborate amides 3a–e were prepared according to the literature [10,36].
Glassware for air-sensitive reations was dried at 150 °C and allowed to cool in a vacuum. Reactions carried out in a glovebox were run under a nitrogen atmosphere with O2, H2O < 1 ppm.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using silica gel 60, F254 with a thickness of 0.25 mm. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 (200–300 mesh).
Low-resolution ESI-MS data were recorded on Advion Expression CMS instrument (Advion, Ithaca, NY, USA). High-resolution MS data were recorded using IT-TOF detection (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Accurate mass determination was corrected by calibration using sodium trifluoroacetate clusters as a reference.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were performed on an Oxford Diffraction Gemini A Ultra diffractometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with an 135 mm Atlas CCD detector and using Mo K-a radiation.
NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 500 spectrometer (1H NMR 500.13 MHz, 13C NMR 125.77 MHz, 11B NMR 160.46 MHz) or a Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) (1H NMR 400.13 MHz, 13C NMR 100.62 MHz, 11B NMR 128.38 MHz) at the temperature indicated. Data are reported as follows: Chemical shift in ppm, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, dd = doublet of doublets, etc.), coupling constant J in Hz, integration, and (where applicable) interpretation. Signals were referenced against solvent peaks (1H: residual CHD2C(O)CD3 = 2.05 ppm, residual CHD2CN = 1.94 ppm, residual CHDCl2 = 5.32 ppm, 13C{1H}: CD3C(O)CD3 = 29.84 ppm, CD3CN = 1.32 ppm, CD2Cl2 = 53.32 ppm). 11B and 11B{1H} NMR spectra were calibrated against external BF3*Et2O = 0 ppm (BF3*Et2O capillary in C6D6).

3.2. Experimental Section

Synthesis of [Et3NH](3e-H): In a glovebox filled with N2, a 20 mL vial was charged with [Et3NH][B12H11NH3] (212.4 mg, 0.817 mmol, 1 equiv), NaH (138.2 mg, 5.758 mmol, 7 equiv) and a stir bar. THF (4 mL) and DMF (4 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min until there was no H2 evolution anymore. Then pyridine-2-carbonyl chloride hydrochloride PyCOCl·HCl (220.2 mg, 1.237 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was slowly added. The conversion was complete after stirring for 5 h. The flask was transferred out of the glovebox. H2O (4 mL) was added, and the pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 2–3 with 1 M aqueous HCl. [NEt3H]Cl (300 mg, 2.180 mmol, 2.7 equiv) was added, and the reaction mixture was extracted with MeCN/EtOAc (1:2 v/v). The organic layers were concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by recrystallization from methanol to afford yellowish crystals of [Et3NH][3e-H] (150 mg, 50%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 8.96 (s, 1H, anionic NH), 8.90–8.86 (m, 1H, Py H), 8.18–8.14 (overlapping m, 2H, Py H), 7.89–7.72 (m, 1H, Py H), 6.63 (t, 1H, JNH = 52 Hz, NH), 3.27 (s, 1H, NH), 3.20–3.15 (m, 6H, cationic N–CH2), 1.47 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.24 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 9H, cationic CH3), 1.20 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.13 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 166.7, 149.5, 143.9, 141.5, 129.8, 124.5 (6 anionic signals), 48.0, 9.2 (2 cationic signals). 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN): δ = –7.6 (1B, B–N), –15.3 (5B, B–H), –15.7 (overlapping signals, 6B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C6H17B12N2O]− 263.2430. Found: 263.2459.
Transformation of [Et3NH](3e-H) to [Et3NH]2(3e): A 20 mL vial was charged with [Et3NH][3e-H] (50 mg) and a stir bar. MeCN (3 mL) and Et3N (0.5 mL) were added, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then the stir bar was removed, and the solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator and dried overnight under vacuum at 80 °C to afford compound [Et3NH]2[3e] in quantitative yield. This method can also be applied for the transformation of other compounds 3-H to 3 quantitatively. 11B{1H} NMR spectra of 3b, 3b-H, 3e and 3e-H are displayed in Figure S1. 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 8.56 (broad signal, 1H, Py H), 8.09–8.00 (m, 1H, Py H), 7.99–7.80 (overlapping m, 2H, Py H and amide N–H), 7.50–7.38 (m, 1H, Py H), 4.63 (broad t, 2H, JNH = 52 Hz, N–H from cation), 3.25–3.01 (m, 12H, cationic N–CH2), 1.34 (s, 5H, B–H), 1.24 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 9H, cationic CH3), 1.03 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 0.89 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 166.2, 152.9, 149.0, 138.5, 126.4, 122.2 (6 anionic signals), 47.8, 9.1 (2 cationic signals). 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN): δ = –5.3 (1B, B–N), –15.3 (5B, B–H), –16.4 (5B, B–H), -18.7 (1B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C6H17B12N2O]2− 131.1226. Found: 131.1254.
Synthesis of amidine [Et3NH](6a): In a glovebox, a dry 20 mL vial, equipped with a stir bar, was charged with [Et3NH][B12H11NH3] (102 mg, 0.40 mmol, 1 equiv). Then anhydrous DMF (1 mL) was added. The vial was transferred to a fumehood, and dry Et3N (1.0 mL, 7.20 mmol, 18 equiv) was added to the solution under N2 protection. Then 2,4,6-trimethylphenylcarboxylic acid chloride (110 mg, 0.60 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with an aqueous [Et3NH]Cl solution (2 mL H2O + 2 equiv [Et3NH]Cl); the pH value at this point was ca. 7–8. The mixture was extracted with DCM/MeCN = 4: 1 (8 × 10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, and the solution was filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The cloudy residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent DCM/MeCN = 10:3, fraction size 20 mL). The combined eluates were concentrated on a rotary evaporator and dried under vacuum at 60 °C overnight to afford compound [Et3NH][6a] as a colorless solid (50.4 mg, 40%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ 7.76 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H, N=CH–N), 6.41 (broad signal, 1H, N–H), 3.13 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H, cationic N–CH2), 3.08 (s, 3H, anionic N–CH3), 2.83 (s, 3H, anionic N–CH3), 1.26 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.24 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 9H, cationic N–CH2CH3), 1.03 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 0.85 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ 157.3 (N=C–N), 48.0 (cationic CH2), 43.1, 35.7 (two N–C signals), 9.2 (cationic CH3). 11B{1H} NMR (160 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ −4.2 (1B, B–N), −14.5 to −17.0 (10B, B–H), −19.0 (1B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C3H19B12N2]−: 213.2738. Found: 213.2762.
Synthesis of amidine [Et3NH](6b): A dry 20 mL vial, equipped with a stir bar, was charged with [Et3NH]2[B12H11NHCOC6H5] (101 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1 equiv). Then anhydrous MeCN (3 mL) was added, and dry Et3N (0.3 mL, 2.16 mmol, 9.8 equiv) was added to the solution under N2 protection. Pentafluorophenylcarboxylic acid chloride (80.0 mg, 0.35 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added at 25 °C. The temperature was raised to 50 °C. After 30 min, aniline (61 mg, 0.66 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred for another 4 h and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The cloudy residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent DCM/MeCN = 4:1, fraction size 20 mL). The combined eluates were concentrated on a rotary evaporator and dried under vacuum at 60 °C overnight to afford compound [Et3NH][6b] as a yellow solid (87.7 mg, 91%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2, 23 °C): δ 10.00 (s, 1H, N–H), 7.53–7.48 (m, 1H, phenyl H), 7.41–7.35 (overlapping m, 4H, phenyl H), 7.24-7.09 (overlapping m, 3H, phenyl H), 7.03–6.78 (overlapping broad signal and m, 3H, phenyl H and N–H), 6.65 (broad signal, 1H, N–H) 3.29–3.22 (m, 6H, cationic N–CH2), 1.62 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 9H, cationic N–CH2CH3), 1.22 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.05 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). This spectrum contained small signals at 7.18, 6.71 and 6.67 ppm ascribed to residual aniline. 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ 165.6 (N=C–N), 138.1, 133.2, 131.3, 130.4, 130.1, 129.9, 127.5, 125.6 (8 aryl signals), 48.3 (cationic N–CH2), 9.4 (cationic N–CH3). This spectrum showed small signals at 149.1, 130.2, 118.3 and 115.6 ppm ascribed to residual aniline. 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD2Cl2, 23 °C): δ −5.8 (1B, B–N), −13.5 to −16.5 (10B, B–H), −17.4 (1B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C13H23B12N2]−: 337.3056. Found: 337.2382.
Synthesis of amidine [Et3NH](6c): A dry 20 mL vial, equipped with a stir bar, was charged with [Et3NH]2[B12H11NHCOC6H3Cl2] (177 mg, 0.33 mmol, 1 equiv). Then anhydrous MeCN (3 mL) was added, and dry Et3N (0.45 mL, 3.25 mmol, 9.8 equiv) was added to the solution under N2 protection. Pentafluorophenylcarboxylic acid chloride (128 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.7 equiv) was added at 25 °C. The temperature was raised to 50 °C. After 30 min, N,N-dimethylethylamine (88 mg, 1.00 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred for another 4 h, and 1 M aqueous HCl (5 mL) was added. The suspension was extracted with EtOAc/MeCN 3:1 (5 × 10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, and the solution was filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The cloudy residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent DCM/MeCN = 4:3, fraction size 20 mL). The combined eluates were concentrated and dried under vacuum at 60 °C overnight to afford compound [Et3NH][6c] as a yellow solid (132 mg, 100%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ 8.54 (broad signal, 1H, N–H), 7.59–7.55 (overlapping m, 3H, aryl H), 7.46 (broad signal, 1H, N–H), 6.98 (very broad signal, 1H, N–H), 3.43 (dt, J = 7.2 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH2), 3.24 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH2), 2.77 (s, 6H, N–CH3), 1.41 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.12 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.06 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ 161.9 (N=C–N), 134.6, 134.2, 129.8, 129.2 (4 aryl signals), 56.9, 44.8, 40.0. 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN, 23 °C): δ −6.9 (1B, B–N), −13.0 to −18.0 (overlapping signals with peaks at −15.2 and −16.1 ppm, 11B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C11H27B12Cl2N3–H]−: 400.2699. Found: 400.2714.
Synthesis of urea [NBu4]2(7a): In a glovebox filled with N2, a 20 mL vial was charged with [Et3NH][B12H11NH3] (260 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1 equiv), NaH (53 mg, 2.2 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and a stir bar. THF (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min until there was no H2 evolution anymore. Phenyl isocyanate (238 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2 equiv) was slowly added. The conversion was complete after stirring for 5 h. The flask was transferred out of the glovebox. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and H2O (10 mL) was added. The aqueous solution was heated to 50 °C, and [NBu4]Br (677 mg, 2.1 mmol, 2.1 equiv) was added. A white solid precipitated immediately and was collected by filtration. It was dried under vacuum overnight to afford [NBu4]2[7a] as a colorless microcrystalline product (685 mg, 90%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 8.52 (broad s, 1H, anionic NH), 7.41 (d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ph H), 7.18 (dd, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz, 7.6 Hz, Ph–H), 6.83 (t,1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ph–H), 3.96 (broad s, 1H, NH), 3.25–3.01 (m, 16H, cationic N–CH2), 1.67-1.50 (m, 16H, cationic N-CH2CH2), 1.41–1.27 (overlapping m and s, 21H, cationic N–CH2CH2CH2 and B–H), 1.04 (s, 5H, B–H), 0.95 (t, 24H, J = 7.3 Hz, cationic CH3), 0.85 (s, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 158.6, 142.8, 129.5 (overlapping signals), 121.2, 59.2, 24.3, 20.3, 10.8. 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN): δ = –5.0 (1B, B–N), –15.4 (5B, B–H), –16.2 (5B, B–H), –19.3 (1B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C7H18B12N2O]2− 138.1320. Found: 138.1331.
Synthesis of urea [PPh4]2(7b): This product was prepared in a similar manner to [NBu4]2[7a], using 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate (307 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2 equiv) and [PPh4]Br (881 mg, 2.1 mmol, 2.1 equiv). [PPh4]2[7b] was obtained as a colorless microcrystalline solid (869 mg, 91%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 8.59 (s, 1H, anionic NH), 7.95-7.85 (m, 8H, cationic H), 7.81–5.58 (overlapping m, 32H, cationic H), 7.41–7.28 (m, 2H, Ph–H), 7.13–6.96 (m, 2H, Ph–H), 4.00 (s, 1H, N–H), 1.33 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 1.07 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 0.88 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 158.4, 141.7, 136.4 (d, JP,C = 2.4 Hz, cation CH), 135.6 (d, JP,C = 10 Hz, cation CH), 131.3 (d, JP,C =13.0 Hz, cation CH), 129.2, 124.9, 119.6, 118.8 (d, JP,C = 89 Hz, cation Cq). 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN): δ = −5.0 (1B, B–N), −15.5 (5B, B–H), −16.2 (5B, B-H), −19.2 (1B, B–H). High-resolution ESI-MS (negative mode, MeOH): m/z calcd for [C7H17B12N2OCl]2− 155.1125. Found: 155.1133.
Synthesis of isocyanate [MePPh3]2(8): In a glovebox filled with N2, a 50 mL round-bottom flask was charged with Cs[B12H11NH3] (594 mg, 2.0 mmol, 1 equiv), NaH (144 mg, 6.0 mmol, 3 equiv) and a stir bar. DMF (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 10 min until there was no H2 evolution anymore. Then ClC(O)NMe2 (6 equiv) diluted in DMF (2 mL) was slowly added by an Eppendorf pipet. The conversion was complete after stirring for 4 h. The flask was transferred out of the glovebox, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in H2O (10 mL) at ca. 90 °C, giving a slightly yellow solution. The solution was stirred at 80–100 °C for 1 h, and [MePPh3]Br (1.29 g, 5 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was added. A white precipitate formed, and it was was collected by filtration. Purification by column chromatography (eluent DCM/MeCN 4:3) afforded [MePPh3]2[8] as a colorless solid (369 mg, 25%). 1H{11B} NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 7.90–7.83 (m, 6H, cationic CH), 7.76–7.62 (overlapping m, 24H, cationic CH), 2.83 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 6H, CH3), 1.23 (broad signal, 5H, B–H), 0.97 (broad signal, 5H, B-H), 0.75 (broad signal, 1H, B–H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CD3CN): δ = 136.1 (d, JP,C= 3.0 Hz, cation CH), 134.2 (d, JP,C= 11 Hz, cation CH), 131.1 (d, JP,C= 13 Hz, cation CH), 120.4 (d, JP,C= 89 Hz, cation Cq), 9.37 (d, 1JP,C= 58 Hz, cation CH3). The N=C=O carbon atom could not be detected unambiguously. 11B{1H} NMR (128 MHz, CD3CN): δ = −7.74 (1B, B–N), −15.4 (5B, B–H), −16.7 (5B, B–H), −19.6 (1B, B–H). Mass-spectrometric characterization of this product proved difficult; the results that were obtained by negative-mode ESI-MS are shown in Figure S2, along with the IR spectrum in Figure S3.
Additional figures, X-ray crystallographic data and copies of NMR spectra are provided in the Supporting Information file; see “Supplementary Materials”.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the synthesis and characterization of a series of compounds based on the amino-dodecaborate anion 2 has been achieved, including amidinium ions 6, amides 3, ureas 7 and dodecaboranyl isocyanate 8. The new products have been fully characterized spectroscopically, and solid-state structures have been elucidated for nine derivatives. Amidinium ions 7 are reported for the first time, as well as aromatic ureas of the structure {B12}NH-C(O)-NHAr. A facile method for the interconversion of the dianionic and monoanionic form of amides 3 has been developed, which is of relevance in view their different physical properties, in particular solubility and crystallinity. A fragmentation-based approach to dodecaboranyl isocyanate 8 was developed, which is expected to provide access to novel {B12} derivatives by subsequent nucleophilic addition to the NCO group or by pericyclic reactions. The transformations leading to 6, 7 and 8 extend the synthetic toolbox to produce boron clusters for applications in various areas.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: Supporting Information file with experimental procedures and spectroscopic data. Crystal structures have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC1861483–1861492. They are available free of charge from www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk.

Author Contributions

Y.Z. and Y.S. carried out the majority of the synthetic work and contributed equally; T.W. conducted additional experiments; J.L. and B.S. solved the X-ray crystal structures; Y.Z. and S.D. wrote the manuscript; S.D. supervised the study.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21472166), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 project 2015CB856500) and the Chinese “1000 Young Talents Plan”.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Not available.
Molecules 23 03137 g001 550
Figure 1. General structures of the parent closo-dodecaborate dianion [B12H12]2− and its derivatives.
Figure 1. General structures of the parent closo-dodecaborate dianion [B12H12]2− and its derivatives.
Molecules 23 03137 g001
Molecules 23 03137 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of {B12}-based amidinium ions 6a–c using (a) the chloroiminium intermediate derived from dimethylformamide and (b) pentafluorophenylbenzoyl chloride as activating agent.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of {B12}-based amidinium ions 6a–c using (a) the chloroiminium intermediate derived from dimethylformamide and (b) pentafluorophenylbenzoyl chloride as activating agent.
Molecules 23 03137 sch001
Molecules 23 03137 g002 550
Figure 2. Crystal structures of (a) 6a and (b) 6b; cations and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity, and thermal ellipsoids are displayed at the 30% level.
Figure 2. Crystal structures of (a) 6a and (b) 6b; cations and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity, and thermal ellipsoids are displayed at the 30% level.
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Molecules 23 03137 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of {B12}-based amides 3 and interconversion between their dianionic and monoanionic forms; compounds 3a–d were prepared according to [37].
Scheme 2. Synthesis of {B12}-based amides 3 and interconversion between their dianionic and monoanionic forms; compounds 3a–d were prepared according to [37].
Molecules 23 03137 sch002
Molecules 23 03137 g003 550
Figure 3. Crystal structures of (a) 3a, (b) 3b, (c) 3c, (d) 3d-H, (e) 3e and (f) 3e-H; cations and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity, and thermal ellipsoids are displayed at the 30% level.
Figure 3. Crystal structures of (a) 3a, (b) 3b, (c) 3c, (d) 3d-H, (e) 3e and (f) 3e-H; cations and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity, and thermal ellipsoids are displayed at the 30% level.
Molecules 23 03137 g003
Molecules 23 03137 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of {B12}-based ureas 7.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of {B12}-based ureas 7.
Molecules 23 03137 sch003
Molecules 23 03137 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Synthesis of isocyanate 8.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of isocyanate 8.
Molecules 23 03137 sch004
Molecules 23 03137 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) IR spectrum and (b) crystal structure of [MePPh3]2[B12H11NCO]; cations in the crystal structure omitted for clarity, thermal ellipsoids displayed at the 30 % level.
Figure 4. (a) IR spectrum and (b) crystal structure of [MePPh3]2[B12H11NCO]; cations in the crystal structure omitted for clarity, thermal ellipsoids displayed at the 30 % level.
Molecules 23 03137 g004
Table
Table 1. Selected bond lengths and angles for 3a, 3a-H 3b, 3c, 3d-H, 3e and 3e-H.
Table 1. Selected bond lengths and angles for 3a, 3a-H 3b, 3c, 3d-H, 3e and 3e-H.
Distance [Å]/Angle [°]3a 13a-H 23b3c3d-H3e3e-H
B1–N11.520(6)1.534(4)1.516(4)1.512(5)1.577(7)1.516(3)1.524(3)
N1–C11.324(6)1.295(7)1.320(4)1.327(4)1.263(7)1.306(2)1.316(3)
C1–O11.250(5)1.314(2)1.238(3)1.227(4)1.343(8)1.234(2)1.232(3)
C1–C21.496(6)1.471(2)1.500(4)1.500(5)1.466(17)1.502(3)1.512(3)
Σ(C1)359.9359.9360.0360.0359.9360.0360.0
O1-C1-C2-C3 3–17.8(3)–9.95(13)–15.6(4)32.0(3)–4.9(4)5.77(2)7.4(3)
1 Parameters of one of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit; 2 data from reference [34]; 3 torsion angle O1-C1-C2-N2 for 3e-H.

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Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, T.; Liu, J.; Spingler, B.; Duttwyler, S. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amidine, Amide, Urea and Isocyanate Derivatives of the Amino-closo-dodecaborate Anion [B12H11NH3]−. Molecules 2018, 23, 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123137

AMA Style

Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang T, Liu J, Spingler B, Duttwyler S. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amidine, Amide, Urea and Isocyanate Derivatives of the Amino-closo-dodecaborate Anion [B12H11NH3]−. Molecules. 2018; 23(12):3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123137

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Yuanbin, Yuji Sun, Tao Wang, Jiyong Liu, Bernhard Spingler, and Simon Duttwyler. 2018. "Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amidine, Amide, Urea and Isocyanate Derivatives of the Amino-closo-dodecaborate Anion [B12H11NH3]−" Molecules 23, no. 12: 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123137

APA Style

Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Liu, J., Spingler, B., & Duttwyler, S. (2018). Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amidine, Amide, Urea and Isocyanate Derivatives of the Amino-closo-dodecaborate Anion [B12H11NH3]−. Molecules, 23(12), 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123137

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