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Article

Co2 and Co3 Mixed Cluster Secondary Building Unit Approach toward a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework with Permanent Porosity

by
Meng-Yao Chao
,
Wen-Hua Zhang
* and
Jian-Ping Lang
*
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2018, 23(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040755
Submission received: 28 February 2018 / Revised: 19 March 2018 / Accepted: 22 March 2018 / Published: 25 March 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Molecular Materials)
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Abstract

:
Large and permanent porosity is the primary concern when designing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for specific applications, such as catalysis and drug delivery. In this article, we report a MOF Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14 (1, H3BTB = 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene; DEF = N,N-diethylformamide) via a mixed cluster secondary building unit (SBU) approach. MOF 1 is sustained by a rare combination of a linear trinuclear Co3 and two types of dinuclear Co2 SBUs in a 1:2:2 ratio. These SBUs are bridged by BTB ligands to yield a three-dimensional (3D) non-interpenetrated MOF as a result of the less effective packing due to the geometrically contrasting SBUs. The guest-free framework of 1 has an estimated density of 0.469 g cm−3 and exhibits a potential solvent accessible void of 69.6% of the total cell volume. The activated sample of 1 exhibits an estimated Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 155 m2 g−1 and is capable of CO2 uptake of 58.61 cm3 g−1 (2.63 mmol g−1, 11.6 wt % at standard temperature and pressure) in a reversible manner at 195 K, showcasing its permanent porosity.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Creating large and permanent porosity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a prerequisite for particular applications, such as catalysis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7], drug delivery [8,9,10,11,12,13], as well as the study of fundamental host-guest phenomena, including enzyme [14,15,16,17], protein [18], water [19,20,21,22], and nanoparticle [23,24,25,26,27,28,29] encapsulation. However, during the formation of MOFs with targeted porosity, there exists a trade-off between the pore size and framework stability, viz., the shorter ligands generally support stable MOFs with limited porosity, while the longer ligands prefer porous frameworks with limited scaffold stability [30]. For the latter, framework interpenetration often commences as a means to reduce the global energy which manifests Aristotle’s postulation that “Nature abhors a vacuum” [31,32,33,34,35,36].
Chemists are able to solve the interpenetration issue during the synthesis to obtain highly porous MOFs from bulkier ligands, either following the mathematical suggestion [37] or by genuine experimental design [33]. Two factors can be considered from an experimental design perspective, namely, the metal nodes and the ligand struts. From the metal perspective, switching the metal nodes from single metal ion (M), paddle-wheel (M2) to bulky clusters, such as pinwheel M3 (e.g., MIL-101) [38], tetrahedral M4 (e.g., MOF-5) [39], hexanuclear M6 (e.g., UiO-66) [40], polymeric [-M-O-] chain SBUs (e.g., MOF-74) [41], among others [42,43], effectively circumvent interpenetration by providing high connectivity of the metal nodes to enhance the steric congestion.
From the ligand perspective, designing an organic ligand alone by increasing its bulkiness to prevent interpenetration and to obtain highly porous MOFs is challenging, and may instead lead to the formation of MOFs with reduced porosity. To this end, two methods are widely practiced to obtain highly porous MOFs. The first method involves the in situ replacement of an existing ligand from the as-synthesized MOF with a similar (usually longer) one, taking advantage of the kinetic lability of the metal-ligand association in solvents [44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. Hupp et al. termed this process as solvent-assisted linker exchange (SALE) [48]. It is notable that even the most robust MOFs, such as UiO-66, MIL-53, and ZIF (e.g., CdIF-4 with RHO topology), are susceptible to SALE in the solution state because of the small energy difference generated by different linker derivatives results in a dynamic situation [49,51,52]. The other more direct approach concerns the use of mixed ligands with different length/angularity but with similar coordination preference to reduce the effective packing of the molecule to achieve non-interpenetrated MOFs with high porosity [53,54].
The limitations of SALE and mix-ligand approach are also obvious. As SALE involves competitive binding of one ligand for the other, usually driven by the difference of the pKa values of the two ligands, the parent MOF should be porous enough to allow the incoming ligands to diffuse into the pores, yet labile enough to allow the competitive binding, and ultimately robust enough to maintain the framework connectivity throughout the exchange process so that the MOFs are not undergoing decomposition or dissolution-recrystallization to yield the undesired complexes [55,56,57]. As for the mix-ligand process, there is a potential risk that each linker forms their own preferred MOFs to achieve the energy minimum of the reaction system [54,58].
By analogy to the mix-ligand approach, the mix-SBU approach also serves to prevent the structure interpenetration to yield stable MOFs with high porosity. An existing and reliable mix-SBU approach is the bottom-up MOF engineering from pre-formed cluster units. For example, Zaworotko et al. [59] adapted the pinwheel [M3(μ3-O)(O2CR)6] cluster as the SBU to further construct MOFs for targeted applications. Li et al. [60] demonstrated the compatibility of a triangular Cu3-pyrazolate SBU with paddle-wheel Zn2 and tetrahedral Zn4 SBUs to yield a class of mixed-cluster MOFs. These MOFs feature a notable reversible redox switch between CuI3(PyC)3 and CuII3(μ-OH)(PyC)3(OH)3 (H2PyC = 4-pyrazolecarboxylic acid) with the retention of the SBU geometry. The Cu3 cluster SBU thus functions as an electron reservoir during the catalytic oxidation of CO/aromatic alcohols, and the decomposition of H2O2.
To this end, the formation of mix SBUs in one MOF remains scarce, presumably because of the usually less compatible geometries of two or more high-connecting SBUs in one MOF. Zhao et al. [61] reported highly porous MOFs respectively sustained by [Cu12I12] + [Gd3] and [Cu3I2] + [Gd4] cluster SBUs for the carboxylation reactions of CO2 with terminal alkynes under mild conditions. In this paper, we explore the synthesis of a mix-SBU MOF by using Co(NO3)2·6H2O as the metal source and H3BTB as the ligand in DEF (H3BTB = 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene; DEF = N,N-diethylformamide). We chose CoII because the tetrahedral and octahedral Co2+ were demonstrated to coexist in equilibrium via the stabilization of oxygen donor ligands [62]. It is therefore not uncommon that the tetrahedral and octahedral Co2+ coexist in one SBU of the MOFs [63,64]. We select a large and triangular H3BTB as the ligand because it typically forms non-interpenetrated MOFs. DEF is further selected because it is less volatile compared with DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and will guarantee the stability of the MOF for subsequent material characterizations. Thus the one-pot solvothermal reaction of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and H3BTB in DEF yielded the 3D MOF of Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14 (1) in a high yield of 87%. The guest-free framework of 1 has an estimated density of 0.469 g cm−3 and features a potentially 69.6% solvent accessible volume. The gas adsorption studies of 1 indicated that it reversibly uptakes CO2 over N2 and demonstrated permanent porosity.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Material Characterization of MOF 1

MOF 1, characterized to have a general formula of Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14, has been prepared as block purple crystals from a facile one-pot reaction of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and H3BTB in DEF under mild reaction conditions (Figure S1). The isolation yield of MOF 1 reaches as high as 87% (based on Co). MOF 1 is stable in MeOH, EtOH, and DMF but experiences a rapid decomposition when immersed in H2O. The FT-IR spectrum of 1 contains a sharp peak at 1385 cm−1, diagnostic of the presence of NO3− [65]. The FT-IR spectrum further features peaks at 2975 cm−1, 2930 cm−1, and 1643 cm−1, corresponding to the presence of –CH3, –CH2–, and –C=O functionalities and hence the DEF solvate [66]. These observations corroborate the structure deduced from the X-ray crystallographic analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates a continuous mass loss of 1 before ca. 500 °C (Figure 1). The first weight loss before 200 °C is likely due to the solvate evaporation, while the second weight loss between 200–500 °C is due to the framework decomposition. Given the large pore percentage (69.6%) of the material and the complexity of solvates included (both coordinated and free DEF and H2O), it is not possible to assign the correct ratio of solvents within the pore.
The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of MOF 1 indicate its crystalline nature with a primary match between the experimental and that of the simulated (Figure 2). However, the intensities of these peaks do not match well. This is typically due to either the different orientation of the crystallites in the bulk material or the pore filling effect [67,68]. The pore filling effect describes that the diffraction intensity deviation (either enhanced or reduced) exists between the solvent-free (simulated) and solvated (experimental) samples [57,68].

2.2. Crystal Structure Analysis of MOF 1

MOF 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, and its structure features a Co3 cluster and two types of Co2 clusters in a 1:2:2 ratio. As shown in Figure 3a, the Co3 cluster (based on Co1 and Co2) exhibits a center-of-inversion coincides Co1 and has an hourglass shape. The central Co1 is associated with six O atoms from four bridging COO− (μ2-η1:η1) and two chelating-bridging COO− (μ2-η1:η2) to yield an octahedral coordination with Co1–O bond lengths in the range of 2.048(6)–2.157(6) Å (Table 1). On the other hand, Co2 and its equivalent Co2A (−x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 2) are associated with two O atoms from a pair of bridging COO− (μ2-η1:η1) and a chelating-bridging COO− (μ2-η1:η2), in addition to a terminally coordinated aqua to yield square pyramidal coordination geometries. The Co2–O and Co2A–O bond lengths are in the range of 1.962(6)–2.151(6) Å (Table 1). The bond lengths of Co1–O, Co2–O, and Co2A–O, in turn, suggest that the oxidation states for Co1, Co2, Co2A are +2 instead of +3 which would otherwise give a shorter Co–O bond length of ca. 1.90 Å [69]. The Co–O distances are comparable to those Co3 cluster SBUs in MOFs, such as [EMIm]2[Co3(ip)4] (EMIm = 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium; H2ip = isophthalic acid) (1.991(4)–2.386(4) Å) [70] and [Co3(BPT)2(DMF)(bpp)] (H3BPT = biphenyl-3,4′,5-tricarboxylic acid, bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane) (1.978(4)–2.152(3) Å) [71]. Each Co3 SBU is thus coordinated to six BTB ligands, which in turn further associated with 12 Co2 SBUs, of which six are based on Co3 and Co4, and the other six based on Co5 and Co6. It is notable that among the six BTB ligands associated with the Co3 SBU, two are functioning as the in-plane ligands propagating the structure within the (101) plane, while the other four are largely responsible for the epitaxial propagation of the structure along the [010] direction (Figure 3a,b,e).
The dinuclear Co2 SBUs based on Co3 and Co4, Co5 and Co6 are similar except the terminal coordinated solvates (Figure 3c,d). In each of the Co2 SBU, a pair of Co atoms are bridged by two bridging COO− (μ2-η1:η1) and one chelating-bridging COO- (μ2-η1:η2). Apart from this similarity, Co3–Co6 are further bonded to disordered NO3−/H2O (Co3 and Co4), NO3−/H2O/DEF (Co5 and Co6) (see X-ray crystallography section for detailed disorder manipulation). Each Co2 SBU thus extended to six cluster SBUs, including three Co3, two equivalent Co2 SBUs, as well as one alternative Co2 SBU. From a topological sense, the Co3 SBU serves as a 6-connecting node, while the two types of Co2 and three independent BTB ligands all serve as 3-connecting nodes. The Co3 and two types of Co2 SBUs are interconnected by BTB ligands to give a complexed 3D non-interpenetrated structure with the topological symbol of (62∙86∙106∙12)Co3(6∙82)Co2(6∙82)Co2(6∙82)BTB(6∙8∙10)BTB(6∙8∙10)BTB as suggested by the OLEX program (Figure S3) [72]. It should be noted that compositionally similar Co-BTB MOFs featuring mixed Co3 and Co2 cluster SBUs are reported but with totally different topology [73]. When looking along the [010] direction (Figure 3e) and the crystallographic a direction (Figure 3f), small parallelogram and large oval-shaped pores are feasible. These pore volumes sum up to 19,398.6 Å3 per unit cell, which occupied 69.6% of the total cell volume (27,861.0 Å3) as calculated by the Platon program [74]. As a result, a guest-free scaffold of MOF 1 features a low density of 0.469 g cm−3 (Table 2).

2.3. Gas Adsorption Behavior of MOF 1

The pore surfaces of MOF 1 are decorated with charged/polar NO3−/H2O/DEF, an ideal trait of an absorbent for N2 and CO2 with quadruple moments of 1.52 × 10−26 esu cm2 and 4.30 × 10−26 esu cm2 [75,76]. The sample activation was guided by the TGA results (Figure 1). To maintain the framework integrity of MOF 1 for subsequent porosity measurement, the sample activation temperature and pressure were set to 323 K and 10−2 kPa. The solvents in the pores were quickly exchanged with CHCl3 twice before transferring to the instrument for further activation. We observed no obvious absorption of N2 at 77 K (Figure 4) but notable uptake of CO2 at 195 K for MOF 1. This presumably results from the larger kinetic size of N2 (3.64 Å) than CO2 (3.30 Å) [75,77]. In addition, the surface crack of the crystals is also a potential limiting factor for the differentiation of gas uptake, as demonstrated by Matzger et al. [78,79] using the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Furthermore, CO2 exhibits a significant quadrupole moment than N2, which makes it more susceptible to induce interactions with MOFs, such as association with open metal sites, involving in hydrogen bonding, etc. [80]. In our case, we found that the TGA of the activated sample exhibits similar scaffold decomposition temperature as that of the as-synthesized (Figure 1), but its PXRD pattern becomes amorphous (Figure S2), suggesting some collapse of the crystal under the activation condition and may ultimately lead to the reduction of the pore size to exclude the N2 uptake. MOF 1 exhibited a type I CO2 adsorption profile with steep uptake in the low-pressure region, typical of a microporous material with open channels in the degassed phase [45,81,82,83]. The CO2 adsorption isotherm for MOF 1 exhibits a negligible hysteresis upon desorption, an indication of the scaffold rigidity. While being fully aware that N2 is the most utilized probe molecule to estimate the BET surface areas, other probes, such as Ar and CO2, may also serve as useful alternative to determine the BET surface areas, particularly for those MOFs featuring ultramicropores [84,85]. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of MOF 1 can be roughly estimated based on the CO2 adsorption data in the linear range (P/P0 < 0.07) to be 155 m2 g−1. MOF 1 also adsorbs up to 58.61 cm3 g−1 CO2 (2.63 mmol g−1, 11.6 wt % at standard temperature and pressure, STP), comparable with the respective data found for the 3D MOFs of [Zn(iso-hmn)] (1.63 mmol g−1; 7.23 wt % at STP; iso-hmn = 2-(hydroxymethyl)isonicotinate) [81], [Cd3(BTB)2(bpe)(H2O)2] (3.94 mmol g−1; 17.3 wt % at STP; bpe = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) [45], and Mn(2,6-ndc) (3.0 mmol g−1; 13.0 wt % at STP; ndc = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) [86]. It is also notable that the activated samples of MOF 1 exhibit nearly no CO2 uptake at 273 K and 298 K (Figure 4).

3. Synthesis and Material Characterization

3.1. General

Co(NO3)2·6H2O (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, ≥98.5%), benzene-1,3,5-tribenzoic acid (H3BTB, >98.0%, TCI), N,N-diethylformamide (DEF, >99.0%, TCI) were commercially available and used without further purification. IR spectrum was measured on a Varian 1000 FT-IR spectrometer (Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) as KBr disks (400–4000 cm−1). Elemental analyses for C, H, and N were carried out on a Carlo-Erba CHNO-S microanalyzer (Carlo Erba, Waltham, MA, USA). The Thermogravimetric Analyzer was used at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1 under a nitrogen gas flow in an Al2O3 pan. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were recorded with a Bruker D8 GADDS (General Area Detector Diffraction System) micro-diffractometer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with a VANTEC-2000 area detector (Bruker AXS GmbH, Germany) with Φ rotation method. The gas adsorption-desaorption isotherms were recorded using BELSORP-max (MicrotracBEL Corp., Osaka, Japan). The sample was air dried in the fume hood and exchanged with CHCl3 twice before transferring to the instrument for activation. The sample was heated to proper temperature under a vacuum of 10−2 kPa for 36 h. The evacuated sample tube was weighed again, and the sample mass was determined by subtracting the mass of the previously. The N2 and CO2 isotherms were measured using a liquid nitrogen bath (77 K), dry ice/acetone (195 K), and cooling machines EtOH/H2O (v/v = 1:1) as coolant (273 K and 298 K), respectively.

3.2. Synthesis of Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14 (MOF 1)

A mixture of Co(NO3)2·6H2O (34.8 mg, 0.12 mmol) and H3BTB (35.2 mg, 0.067 mmol) in 6 mL DEF was placed into a 15 mL glass tube and sealed. The tube was transferred into a programmed oven and heated from 25 °C to 85 °C over 4 h and then maintained at this temperature for 72 h before slow cooling to 25 °C (48 h from 85 °C to 25 °C) to yield purple crystals (37.5 mg, 87% based on Co). IR (400–4000 cm−1, KBr disks): 3427 (s), 2975 (vw), 1643 (s), 1608 (s), 1541 (m), 1400 (vs), 1385 (vs), 1125 (m), 1017 (w), 855 (w), 780 (m), 706 (w), 617 (w), 505 (vw). Anal. Calcd. (%) for Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14 (after activation): C 52.12, H 3.54, N 2.12; found: C 56.28, H 5.62, N 3.41.

3.3. X-Ray Crystallography for MOF 1

The single crystal of MOF 1 was analyzed on a Bruker D8 Quest CCD X-ray diffractometer with graphite monochromated Mo Kα (λ = 0.71073 Å) radiation. Refinement and reduction of the collected data were achieved by the program Bruker SAINT with absorption correction (multi-scan) applied [87]. The structure was solved by direct method and refined on F2 by full-matrix least-squares techniques with SHELXTL-2013 [88]. In 1, each BTB ligand contains one disordered phenyl group with relative ratios of 0.56/0.44, 0.56/0.44, and 0.60/0.40 refined for the two components. The Co3 coordination site is associated with 0.25 NO3− (contains N3)/0.75 H2O, and 0.33 NO3− (contains N4)/0.67 H2O. The Co4 coordination site is associated with 0.5 NO3− (contains N1)/0.25 NO3− (contains N2)/0.25 H2O. Similar to that for Co3, each of the coordination site for Co5 and Co6 is associated with 0.33 NO3− (contains N4)/0.67 H2O. In addition, each coordination site for both Co5 and Co6 is also associated with 0.50 DEF /0.50 H2O. A large amount of spatially delocalized electron density (1408 electrons) in the lattice was found but acceptable refinement results could not be obtained for this electron density. The solvent contribution was then modeled using SQUEEZE in the Platon program suite [89]. Crystallographic data for MOF 1 has been deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) as supplementary publication number of 1,826,274. These data can be obtained free of charge either from the CCDC via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44 1223 336033; E-mail: [email protected]) or from the Supporting Information. A summary of the key crystallographic data is listed in Table 1, and the selected bond lengths are listed in Table 2.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have prepared and characterized a porous 3D MOF (MOF 1) sustained by a Co3 and two types of Co2 mixed cluster SBUs. The activated sample of MOF 1 exhibits CO2 gas uptake at 195 K and permanent porosity. In contrast, MOF 1 showed negligible N2 uptake at 77 K, as well as CO2 at 273 K and 295 K, indicating the collapse of the MOF scaffold, probably due to the improper activation. In our future work, we will employ a more effective activation method such as supercritical CO2, to obtain MOFs with high surface areas. The ionic nature of MOF 1 with solvent-like or weakly associated NO3− in its pores coupled with its wide pore opening may further allow solution-based anion exchange for the removal of environmentally relevant anions, such as TcO4− [90], Cr2O72− [91], induced by better size match between these anions and the host framework. We are currently exploring this anion exchange possibility of MOF 1.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Figure S1: The photo of as-synthesized MOF 1 crystals. Figure S2: The PXRD pattern of MOF 1 after BET test showing its amorphous nature., Figure S3: The topological network of MOF 1 by considering the Co3 SBU as a 6-connecting node, while the two types of Co2 SBUs, as well as three independent BTB ligands as 3-connecting nodes.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21531006 and 21671143).

Author Contributions

Meng-Yao Chao conducted the experiments; Meng-Yao Chao, Wen-Hua Zhang, and Jian-Ping Lang conceived the idea and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds Co11(BTB)6(NO3)4(DEF)2(H2O)14 are available from the authors.
Molecules 23 00755 g001 550
Figure 1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of the as-synthesized and activated samples of metal−organic framework (MOF) 1 showing the continuous weight loss before ca. 500 °C.
Figure 1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of the as-synthesized and activated samples of metal−organic framework (MOF) 1 showing the continuous weight loss before ca. 500 °C.
Molecules 23 00755 g001
Molecules 23 00755 g002 550
Figure 2. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of MOF 1 showing the simulated (black) and the experimental (red) patterns.
Figure 2. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of MOF 1 showing the simulated (black) and the experimental (red) patterns.
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Molecules 23 00755 g003a 550Molecules 23 00755 g003b 550
Figure 3. The structure of MOF 1 showing the Co3 secondary building unit (SBU) supported by Co1 and Co2 viewing from two directions (a,b), the Co2 SBU supported by Co3 and Co4 (c), the Co2 SBU supported by Co5 and Co6 (d), the 3D network viewing along the [010] direction (e), and the 3D network viewing from the crystallographic a direction (f). All H atoms are omitted. For (a–e), only one of the disordered portion of the BTB ligand is depicted (H3BTB = 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene), and for (c,d), only one disordered portion of the coordinated anion/solvent is depicted. Color legends: Co (magenta), O (red), N (blue), C (black).
Figure 3. The structure of MOF 1 showing the Co3 secondary building unit (SBU) supported by Co1 and Co2 viewing from two directions (a,b), the Co2 SBU supported by Co3 and Co4 (c), the Co2 SBU supported by Co5 and Co6 (d), the 3D network viewing along the [010] direction (e), and the 3D network viewing from the crystallographic a direction (f). All H atoms are omitted. For (a–e), only one of the disordered portion of the BTB ligand is depicted (H3BTB = 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene), and for (c,d), only one disordered portion of the coordinated anion/solvent is depicted. Color legends: Co (magenta), O (red), N (blue), C (black).
Molecules 23 00755 g003aMolecules 23 00755 g003b
Molecules 23 00755 g004 550
Figure 4. N2 (77 K) and CO2 (195 K, 273 K, and 298 K) sorption isotherms for MOF 1 with pressures of up to 1 bar. The black square and red circle represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 195 K, the blue and pink triangles represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 273 K, the green square and the dark blue triangle represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 298 K, while the purple triangle and dark purple hexagon represent N2 absorption and desorption. P0 is the saturated vapor pressure of the adsorbates at the measurement temperatures.
Figure 4. N2 (77 K) and CO2 (195 K, 273 K, and 298 K) sorption isotherms for MOF 1 with pressures of up to 1 bar. The black square and red circle represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 195 K, the blue and pink triangles represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 273 K, the green square and the dark blue triangle represent CO2 absorption and desorption at 298 K, while the purple triangle and dark purple hexagon represent N2 absorption and desorption. P0 is the saturated vapor pressure of the adsorbates at the measurement temperatures.
Molecules 23 00755 g004
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data and refinement parameters for MOF 1.
Table 1. Crystallographic data and refinement parameters for MOF 1.
ParameterValue
Molecular formulaC172H112Co11N6O64
Formula weight3934.90
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Space groupP21/n
a (Å)27.295(3)
b (Å)36.845(4)
c (Å)29.289(3)
β (°)108.940(2)
V (Å3)27,861(5)
Z2
ρcalc (g cm−3)0.469
F(000)3990
µ (mm−1)0.347
Total reflections483,464
Unique reflections49,039
Observed reflections21,553
Rint0.1868
Variables 1138
R1 a0.1225
wR2 b0.2201
GOF c1.130
ρmax/ρmin(e Å−3)1.864/−2.042
a R1 = Σ||Fo| − |Fc||/Σ|Fo|, b wR2 = {Σ[w(Fo2 − Fc2)2]/Σ[w(Fo2)2]}1/2, c GOF = {Σ[w(Fo2 − Fc2)2]/(n − p)}1/2, where n is the number of reflections, and p is total number of parameters refined.
Table
Table 2. Selected bond distances of MOF 1 involving the Co centers.
Table 2. Selected bond distances of MOF 1 involving the Co centers.
Co(1)–O(1)#12.048(6)Co(1)–O(1)2.048(6)Co(1)–O(7)2.077(5)
Co(1)–O(7)#12.077(5)Co(1)–O(13)2.157(6)Co(1)–O(13)#12.157(6)
Co(2)–O(2)#11.962(6)Co(2)–O(8)1.984(5)Co(2)–O(22)2.051(5)
Co(2)–O(14)2.122(5)Co(2)–O(13)2.151(6)Co(3)–O(12)#22.034(5)
Co(3)–O(17)#32.056(5)Co(3)–O(30)2.082(7)Co(3)–O(9)2.093(5)
Co(3)–O(26)2.104(6)Co(3)–O(34)2.132(7)Co(4)–O(11)#21.989(6)
Co(4)–O(18)#31.994(5)Co(4)–O(19)2.102(7)Co(4)–O(10)2.136(4)
Co(4)–O(9)2.186(4)Co(4)–O(46)2.20(3)Co(4)–O(20)2.228(7)
Co(5)–O(5)#42.007(5)Co(5)–O(15)2.060(5)Co(5)–O(3)#52.077(5)
Co(5)–O(44)2.082(6)Co(5)–O(35)2.100(7)Co(5)–O(43)2.195(8)
Co(6)–O(16)2.032(5)Co(6)–O(6)#42.048(5)Co(6)–O(45)2.059(6)
Co(6)–O(3)#52.137(5)Co(6)–O(39)2.149(7)Co(6)–O(4)#52.236(4)
Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: #1 –x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 2; #2 x − 1/2, −y + 3/2, z − 1/2; #3 x − 1, y, z; #4 –x + 2, −y + 1, −z + 2; #5 –x + 3/2, y − 1/2, −z + 3/2; #6 −x + 3/2, y + 1/2, −z + 3/2; #7 x + 1/2, −y + 3/2, z + 1/2; #8 x + 1, y, z.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chao, M.-Y.; Zhang, W.-H.; Lang, J.-P. Co2 and Co3 Mixed Cluster Secondary Building Unit Approach toward a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework with Permanent Porosity. Molecules 2018, 23, 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040755

AMA Style

Chao M-Y, Zhang W-H, Lang J-P. Co2 and Co3 Mixed Cluster Secondary Building Unit Approach toward a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework with Permanent Porosity. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):755. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040755

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao, Meng-Yao, Wen-Hua Zhang, and Jian-Ping Lang. 2018. "Co2 and Co3 Mixed Cluster Secondary Building Unit Approach toward a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework with Permanent Porosity" Molecules 23, no. 4: 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040755

APA Style

Chao, M. -Y., Zhang, W. -H., & Lang, J. -P. (2018). Co2 and Co3 Mixed Cluster Secondary Building Unit Approach toward a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework with Permanent Porosity. Molecules, 23(4), 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040755

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