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Article

6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridylmetal (Fe and Co) Complexes as Highly Active Precatalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: Influence of Metal and/or Substituents on the Active, Thermostable Performance of Their Complexes and Resultant Polyethylenes

by
Wenhua Lin
1,2,
Liping Zhang
1,*,
Jiahao Gao
2,
Qiuyue Zhang
2,
Yanping Ma
2,
Hua Liu
2 and
Wen-Hua Sun
2,3,*
1
School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
2
Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3
State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(18), 4244; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184244
Submission received: 29 August 2020 / Revised: 11 September 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 / Published: 16 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Induced Molecule Activation and Coupling Reactions)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A series of 6-arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridines and their iron(II) and cobalt(II) complexes (Fe1–Fe5, Co1–Co5) were synthesized and routinely characterized as were Co3 and Co5 complexes, studied by single crystal X-ray crystallography, which individually displayed a distorted square pyramidal or trigonal bipyramid around a cobalt center. Upon treatment with either methyluminoxane (MAO) or modified methyluminoxane (MMAO), all complexes displayed high activities regarding ethylene polymerization even at an elevated temperature, enhancing the thermostability of the active species. In general, iron precatalysts showed higher activities than their cobalt analogs; for example, 10.9 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 by Co4 and 17.0 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1 by Fe4. Bulkier substituents are favored for increasing the molecular weights of the resultant polyethylenes, such as 25.6 kg mol−1 obtained by Co3 and 297 kg mol−1 obtained by Fe3. A narrow polydispersity of polyethylenes was observed by iron precatalysts activated by MMAO, indicating a single-site active species formed.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Late-transition metal precatalysts have made great progress toward ethylene polymerization since the pioneering studies initiated by Brookhart and Gibson [1,2,3,4,5,6]. In addition to the α-diimino-nickel and palladium precatalysts [7,8,9,10,11,12], iron and cobalt precatalysts have showed a higher activity in ethylene polymerization and generated polyethylenes with highly linear structures [13,14,15,16,17,18]. However, the poor thermostability of iron and cobalt precatalysts and broad molecular weight distribution of obtained polyethylenes impeded further applications in the industry [19,20].
Though new frameworks have been developed for ligands supporting iron and cobalt species in ethylene polymerization, the model precatalysts (A, Scheme 1), namely the Gibson–Brookhart catalyst [1,2,3], are extensively investigated and improved catalytic performances through finely turning the steric and electronic influences of ligands used [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. For example, benzhydryl-substituted precatalysts (B, Scheme 1) maintained high activities at the reaction temperature up to 80 °C [32,33], which fixed the critical problem regarding the thermostability of their analogs (A, Scheme 1) [1,2]. The successful precatalysts [32,33], in correcting the simulation results, provided evidence that the steric hindrance of ligands enhanced the thermal stability but decreased the catalytic activity of their complexes [34]. In our benzhydryl-modification [32,33], the phenylethyl-substituted precatalysts (C, Scheme 1) also improved the thermostability and maintained reasonable activities in ethylene polymerization [29]. Using naphthalenamine derivatives instead of anilines, the precatalysts (D, Scheme 1) also showed good catalytic performances regarding both thermostability and catalytic activity [13,26], showing positive influences in comparison to precatalyst B [32,33]. Subsequently, 2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalenamine derivatives were recently developed for N,N-bidentate iron and cobalt complexes as active precatalysts for diene polymerization [35], and the substituent at the ortho-position of the N-aryl group heavily affected the catalytic performance. The 6-arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl) naphthalen-1-yl)imino pyridine derivatives and their iron and cobalt chlorides (E, Scheme 1) have been extensively synthesized and characterized. The title complexes show high activities in ethylene polymerization along with a good thermostability. The metal (iron or cobalt) and steric influences of ligands have been investigated and reported herein.

2. Results

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

The 6-arylimino-2-acetylpyridine derivatives (S1–S4, Scheme 2) were prepared according to a previous procedure [36,37,38], and further reacted with 2-(1-phenylethyl)-1-naphthalenamine to form the bis(imino)pyridine ligands 6-arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine (L1–L4, Scheme 2) with a reasonable isolated yield (Scheme 2). The 2,6-bis((2-(1-phenylethyl) naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine (L5) was obtained by reacting 2,6-diacetylpyridine with 2 equivalent of 2-(1-phenylethyl)-1-naphthalenamine. All iron (II) and cobalt (II) complexes were prepared by the stoichiometric reaction of the ligands (L1–L5, Scheme 2) with FeCl2·4H2O or CoCl2·6H2O, respectively, and further characterized by FT IR spectroscopy. Compared to free ligands (L1–L5), the stretching vibrations of C=N bonds in these iron and cobalt complexes have shifted to lower wavenumbers (1632–1640 cm−1 vs. 1615–1621 cm−1), which is consistent with the effective coordination between the metal (II) and imino nitrogen atoms [39]. The molecular structures of complexes Co3 and Co5 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

2.2. X-ray Crystallographic Studies

Single crystals of Co3 and Co5 (Figure 1) of suitable quality for the X-ray determinations were grown by the slow diffusion of diethyl ether into a solution of the corresponding complex in dichloromethane at room temperature. Co3 and Co5 comprise a single cobalt center surrounded by three nitrogen atoms of a tridentate ligand (N1, N2, and N3) and two chlorides (Cl1 and Cl2) to form a pentacoordinate geometry. Three nitrogen atoms and a Cl2 atom of Co3 formed a basal plane, and the cobalt atom lay at a distance of 0.586 Å above this basal plane (Figure 1a). The dihedral angle of the naphthyl plane and the basal plane is 74.71°, and 80.75° for the angle between the benzene plane and the basal plane. Co5 displayed C2 molecular symmetry (Figure 1b), and two naphthyl planes were close vertical to the pyridyl frame plane with dihedral angles are 78.50° and 85.39°, respectively. Two benzene substituents planes on naphthyl planes. Similar to many bis(imino)pyridine-cobalt complexes, the Co-Npyridyl bond length of two complexes [Co3: 2.050(4) Å; Co5: 2.021(4) Å] is shorter than their exterior Co-Nimino ones [2.170(4)-2.294(4) Å], indicating good donor property of the central pyridine [13,14]. Other selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 1 and more detail can be seen in Supplementary Materials.

2.3. Ethylene Polymerization

Previous achievements have approved the efficiency of both MAO and MMAO cocatalysts in activating the iron or cobalt precatalysts for ethylene polymerization [40,41,42,43]. Therefore, the title metal complexes have been screened for their catalytic performances towards ethylene polymerization with the assistance of either methyluminoxane (MAO) or modified methyluminoxane (MMAO).

2.3.1. Ethylene Polymerization by Co1–Co5

Co2/MAO was first selected as a precatalyst system to optimize ethylene polymerization parameters and the results were collected (Table 2). The temperature was the first considered parameter. The polymerization reactivity was significantly increased from 1.89 to 8.32 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 as the temperature elevated from 50 to 70 °C (run 1–3, Table 2), due to the reactant molecule becoming more active at higher temperatures. The polymerization reactivity was then decreased to 4.16 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 (run 4–5, Table 2) with a temperature that continued to increase to 90 °C at a lower concentration of ethylene in toluene and decomposed cobalt active species at this temperature [44].The molecular weight of the polyethylenes obtained reduced from 26.4 to 14.6 kg mol−1 as the polymerization temperature increased (run 1–5, Table 2), indicating a faster termination of polymer chains at the increased temperature [45,46].
In comparison to the previous cobalt models described in Scheme 1 (A, 60 °C; B, 40 °C; D, 30 °C), the Co2 shows a higher thermostability with the optimum temperature (70 °C) due to the positive influence of the bulky substituent at N-aryl groups. Moreover, the molecular weights of the resultant polyethylenes are well maintained, with only 7% decreasing within the temperature from 60 to 80 °C.
The parameter of the Al/Co molar ratio was then optimized. The catalytic activity was increased from 1.72 to 8.32 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 as the Al/Co increased from 2000 to 2500, but slightly decreased to 6.98 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 as the ratio further increased to Al/Co = 3000, resulting in the optimized molar ratio of Al/Co = 2500 (run 3, 6–9, Table 2). The molecular weight of the obtained polyethylenes decreased from 24.0 kg mol−1 (Al/Co = 2000) to 10.1 kg mol−1 (Al/Co = 3000), and the result was similar to previous reports [47,48].
The polymerization was conducted over different running times at 70 °C (run 3, 10–13, Table 2), in order to evaluate the lifetime of the Co2/MAO. The catalytic reactivity was quite prominent (13.8 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1) at 5 min, suggesting the active species were quickly formed [49]. Then the catalytic activity gradually decreased as the polymerization time prolonged, but still reached up to 4.82 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 at 60 min.
Other precatalysts (Co1, Co3–Co5) were employed to catalyze ethylene polymerization at the optimized polymerization conditions (run 14–17, Table 2). All the complexes showed high activity during ethylene polymerization at 70 °C with an order Co4 > Co1 > Co5 > Co2 > Co3, which was affected by both the electron effect and steric effect [50,51]. Co4 had most electron-donating methyl groups but the lowest steric hindrance around the metal center resulted in the highest activity while Co3 with bulky isopropyl groups displayed the lowest activity [30]. Co5 showed a closed activity with Co4 and Co1 for bulky o-sec-phenyl-substituted aryl groups in ligands and donated more electrons [52,53,54]. The molecular weight of the polyethylenes obtained by cobalt complexes was also affected by their ligand structure. The molecular weight of polyethylenes catalyzed by cobalt complexes decreased in the order Co3 > Co5 > Co2 > Co1 > Co4, which was consistent with the literature, which previously reported that the bulky steric substituent of the N-aryl group usually produces a higher molecular weight of polyethylenes because bulky substituents prevent the deactivation of active species [46,55]. Moreover, the current model of the cobalt precatalysts displays a higher activity than previous models of cobalt complexes in Scheme 1. For example, the activity of Co4/MAO goes up to 10.9 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1, while the activity of its analog (D) (Scheme 1) is 4.15 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 at their optimized conditions.
The system of the Co1–Co5/MMAO was employed to further explore the catalytic behavior during the ethylene polymerization process. All of these complexes displayed a high activity at an elevated temperature (70 °C). For the Co1–Co5/MMAO system, the catalytic activity decreased in the order Co4 > Co1 > Co2 > Co5 > Co3, and the molecular weight of the polyethylenes obtained decreased in the order Co3 > Co5 > Co2 > Co1 > Co4. The melting temperature of all the polyethylenes was around 130 °C, suggesting that polyethylenes had a high linear microstructure [56,57]. To confirm the microstructure of the polyethylenes obtained, the 1H NMR and 13C NMR of the polyethylenes were carried out and the polyethylenes showed a high linear microstructure with the vinyl-end group (Figure 2). This vinyl-end group was formed by β-H eliminate during ethylene polymerization.

2.3.2. Ethylene Polymerization by Fe1–Fe5

Subsequently, the ethylene polymerizations were conducted by the iron complexes with MMAO as a cocatalyst. Initially, the Fe2/MMAO system was used to optimize the polymerization conditions (run 1–4, Table 3). The polymerization activity first increased and then decreased by varying the polymerization temperature from 60 to 90 °C, and the highest activity (16.5 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1) was observed at 70 °C. A better thermostability with an optimized temperature of 70 °C would be a favorable advantage for industrial considerations [57]. From the GPC curves (Figure 3a), the molecular weight decreased as the polymerization temperature increased, and all samples displayed a unimodal distribution of molecular weight except for one sample obtained at 60 °C. The molecular distribution index demonstrated that there was a narrow distribution of molecular weights obtained at a higher temperature (PDI = 1.60–2.45, run 2–4, Table 3) but a broad one observed at a lower temperature (PDI = 4.62, run 1, Table 3). Such a phenomenon was common in catalytic systems—i.e., that there are multi-active species at lower temperatures while single-active species at higher temperatures [58,59]—including bulky substituents.
The polymerization conditions were further optimized by varying the Al/Fe molar ratio from 2000 to 3000 (run 2, 5–7, Table 3). Similar to the previous cobalt complex behavior, the catalytic activity initially increased from 15.8 to 16.5 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1 as the Al/Fe molar ratio increased from 2000 to 2500, and then decreased to 13.0 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1 as the Al/Fe molar ratio further increased to 3000. The molecular weight decreased from 6.64 to 4.31 kg mol−1, and all the samples displayed a narrow molecular weight distribution (Figure 3b), highlighting the single active site of the Fe2/MMAO system at 70 °C.
The lifetime of Fe2/MMAO was assessed by varying the polymerization time from 5 to 60 min (run 6, 8–11, Table 3). It was worth mentioning that a high activity (up to 56.9 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1) was observed at 5 min, indicating that the active species was formed very quickly [57]. By prolonging the polymerization time from 5 to 30 min, the high activity was significantly decreased to 16.5 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1). Additionally, the activity of Fe2/MMAO declined to 8.81 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1, further extending the polymerization time to 60 min. Such a result would be attributed to the higher viscosity of the polymerization solution which restricted active species to coordinate with ethylene.
Fe1–Fe5/MMAO were then employed as catalysts to catalyze ethylene polymerization (run 6, 12–15, Table 3). Fe1–Fe5/MMAO showed a higher activity (8.81–17.0 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1) at 70 °C, which was higher than most of the previous analogs (B–D, Scheme 1) (B, 70 °C, 9.51 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1; C, 70 °C, 10.9 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1; D, 70 °C, 15.8 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1; Scheme 1). The activity decreased in the order Fe4 > Fe1 ≈ Fe2 > Fe5 > Fe3, and the order of activity was affected by both the electron effect and steric effect of ligands. All samples showed a really narrow distribution (PDI = 1.48–1.70) with low molecular weights (2.83–5.39 kg mol−1, Figure 4a), meaning the single-site active species of Fe1–Fe5/MMAO. All the polyethylenes show a melting temperature in the range of 129.1–134.6 °C, indicating the highly linear microstructure [56,57]. Their 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra at an elevated temperature were measured and demonstrate the linear property of resultant polyethylenes.
The activities of iron precatalysts (8.81–17.0 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1, Fe1–Fe5/MAO) are generally higher than their cobalt analogs (7.01–10.9 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1, Co1–Co5/MAO). For example, the Fe2/MAO at 70 °C reaches 16.7 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1, compared to the Co2/MAO with 8.32 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1. Meanwhile the resultant polyethylene catalyzed by Fe2/MAO has a molecular weight of 4.93 kg mol−1, compared with the polyethylene catalyzed by Co2/MAO, which has a molecular weight of 19.6 kg mol−1. Furthermore, the polyethylene catalyzed by Co2/MAO significantly shows a vinyl-end group (Figure 2), but the polyethylene catalyzed by Fe2/MAO indicates a saturated end group (Figure 5). The metal center characterizes the microstructure of resultant polyethylene. Herein, polyethylenes with vinyl-ends are favorably produced by cobalt precatalysts.
The Fe1–Fe5/MAO system was also employed to further investigate the ethylene polymerization behavior (run 16–20, Table 3). The activity decreased in the order Fe4 > Fe2 > Fe5 > Fe1 > Fe3 (15.8–2.58 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1), and the molecular weight of polyethylenes decreased in the order Fe3 > Fe5 > Fe2 > Fe1 > Fe4 (291–10.7 kg mol−1). Different than Fe1–Fe5/MMAO, the molecular weight of polyethylenes catalyzed by Fe1–Fe5/MAO was higher with a broader molecular weight distribution. These different ethylene polymerization behaviors affected by cocatalysts may be ascribed to the different active species’ structure nature formed by different cocatalysts [60]. From the GPC curves (Figure 4b), all the samples displayed a unimodal distribution, which illustrates a stable active site during polymerization.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Considerations

All the experimental manipulations of air- and/or moisture-sensitive compounds were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen by the use of standard Schlenk techniques. Freshly distilled toluene was used for the polymerization runs that had previously been dried over sodium for approximately 10 h before distillation under a nitrogen atmosphere. Methylaluminoxane (MAO, 1.46 M in toluene) and modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO, 1.93 M in heptane) were provided by Albemarle Corp (Charlotte, NC, USA). High purity ethylene was provided by the Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Company and used as received. Other reagents were purchased from Alderich (Beijing, China), Acros (Beijing, China), or local suppliers. The 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic measurements for the organic compounds were performed on Bruker DMX 400 MHz instruments (Beijing, China) at room temperature using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. All the chemical shifts and coupling constants are given in ppm and Hz, respectively. Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were performed on a Flash EA 1112 microanalyzer (Beijing, China). The FT IR spectra were recorded using a PerkinElmer System 2000 FT IR spectrometer (Beijing, China). The molecular weights and molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) of the polyethylenes were measured using a PL-GPC220 instrument (Beijing, China) at 150 °C with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the solvent. Data collection and processing were performed using Cirrus GPC Software (Agilent PL-Cirrus Software, Beijing, China) and Multi-Detector Software (Agilent PL-Cirrus Software, Beijing, China). The calibrants employed for construction of the conventional calibration (Polystyrene Calibration KitS-M-10) were provided by PL Company (Beijing, China). The true average molecular weights of the polyethylenes were attained by inputting the Mark–Houwink constants of polyethylenes; K (0.727) and α (40.6) were provided by PL Company (Beijing, China). The sample was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mg mL−1. The DSC traces and melting points of the polyethylenes were obtained from the second scanning run on a PerkinElmer TA-Q2000 DSC analyzer (Beijing, China) under a nitrogen atmosphere. During the procedure, a sample of about 4.0–6.0 mg was heated to 160 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C min−1, followed by 5 min at 150 °C to remove the thermal history and then cooled at a rate of 20 °C min−1 to −20 °C. The compound 2-arylimino-6-acetylpyridines (S1–S4) was prepared according to our previous reports [36,37,38].

3.2. Synthesis of 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine (L1–L5)

3.2.1. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine (L1)

In this reaction, S1 (3.4 mmol) and 2-phenethyl-1-naphthylamine (2.9 mmol) were added into a flask with 20 mL of toluene. When the temperature of the reactor reached 110 °C, 0.17 g p-TsOH was added into this reactor. After 6 h, the product was purified by column chromatography on aluminum oxide to afford the product as yellow solid in 14% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 8.61 (d, J = 7.76 Hz, 1H); 8.52 (m, 2H); 7.77 (t, J = 7.99, 1H); 7.85 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1H); 7.59–7.48 (m, 3H); 7.43 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 1H); 7.12–7.08 (m, 8H); 7.0–6.93 (m, 2H); 4.33 (m, 1H), 2.25 (d, J = 10.28 Hz, 3H); 2.18 (s, 3H); 2.08 (m, 9H); 1.70 (d, J = 7.23 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 170.08, 167.26, 155.25, 148.75, 146.54, 144.86, 136.91, 132.80, 129.30, 128.98, 128.24, 127.91, 127.68, 125.82, 125.62, 125.42, 124.97, 124.03, 123.21, 122.98, 122.64, 122.31, 40.45, 39.08, 21.97, 17.96, 16.45. FT IR (cm−1): 3056 (m), 3023 (m), 2962 (m), 2928 (m), 2873 (m), 1698 (s), 1639 (s), 1601 (s), 1565 (s), 1507 (s), 1449 (w), 1361 (s), 1297 (m), 1258 (s), 1233 (m), 1180 (w), 1118 (s), 1094 (m), 1073 (w), 1022 (w), 955 (m), 902 (m), 863 (m), 814 (s), 797 (s), 765 (s), 744 (s), and 697 (s). Anal. Calcd for C35H33N3: C, 84.81, H, 6.71, N, 8.48; found: C, 84.98, H, 6.50, N, 8.52%.

3.2.2. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine (L2)

Similar to the synthesis L1, L2 was obtained as yellow solid in 18% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 8.62 (d, J = 8.01 Hz, 2H); 8.49 (t, J = 7.21 Hz, 1H); 8.20–8.18 (m, 1H); 7.94–7.92 (m, 1H); 7.51–7.41 (m, 4H); 7.26–7.25 (s, 2H); 7.24–7.00 (m, 7H); 4.26 (m, 1H); 2.51–2.49 (m, 4H); 2.16 (d, J = 7.22 Hz, 3H); 1.62 (t, J = 7.32 Hz, 3H); 1.47 (s, 3H); 1.30–1.06 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 170.10, 166.86, 155.26, 147.79, 146.52, 136.92, 132.80, 131.17, 128.98, 128.23, 128.14, 128.04, 127.68, 125.95, 125.81, 125.62, 125.42, 124.98, 124.03, 123.34, 123.20, 122.99, 122.33, 122.27, 40.43, 24.64, 21.95, 16.81, 13.76. FT IR (cm−1): 3057 (s), 2964 (s), 2931 (s), 2872 (s), 1632 (s), 1567 (s), 1494 (s), 1453 (w), 1405 (w), 1360 (s), 1321 (m), 1300 (m), 1259 (s), 1246 (s), 1196 (w), 1149 (s), 1122 (s), 1101 (m), 1026 (w), 962 (m), 906 (m), 877 (m), 866 (m), 817 (s), 777 (s), 733 (s), 714 (s). Anal. Calcd for C37H37N3: C, 84.86, H, 7.12, N, 8.02; Found: C, 84.55, H, 7.21, N, 8.24%.

3.2.3. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine (L3)

Similar to the synthesis of L1, L3 was obtained as a yellow solid in a 15% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 8.63–8.49 (m, 3H); 8.03–7.95 (m, 2H); 7.69–7.35 (m, 4H); 7.19–7.09 (m, 8H); 4.34 (m, 1H); 2.79 (m, 5H); 1.71 (s, 3H); 1.16 (m, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 170.15, 167.08, 155.30, 155.10, 146.54, 144.91, 136.96, 135.83, 132.85, 129.04, 128.27, 128.18, 127.96, 127.72, 125.84, 125.74, 125.66, 125.46, 125.04, 124.08, 123.66, 123.41, 123.26, 123.06, 122.36, 40.45, 39.09, 28.40, 28.38, 28.34, 23.29, 17.16. FT IR (cm−1): 3060 (m), 2960 (s), 2925 (m), 2869 (m), 1698 (s), 1632 (s), 1579 (w), 1567 (s), 1497 (s), 1453 (s), 1435 (w), 1361 (s), 1319 (m), 1300 (m), 1238 (s), 1190 (s), 1149 (w), 1121 (s), 1102 (w), 1057 (w), 995 (m), 744 (s), 733 (s), 713 (m), 699 (s), 674 (m). Anal. Calcd for C39H41N3: C, 84.89, H, 7.49, N, 7.62; Found: C, 84.64, H, 7.56, N, 7.80%.

3.2.4. Synthesis of 6-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine (L4)

Similar to the synthesis L1, L4 was obtained as yellow solid in an 18% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 8.64 (d, J = 7.12 Hz, 1H); 8.55 (t, J = 6.87 Hz, 2H); 8.01 (t, J = 7.77 Hz, 1H); 7.88 (d, J = 8.08 Hz,1H); 7.69 (m, 2H); 7.59 (t, J = 9.09 Hz, 1H); 7.53 (d, J = 8.42 Hz, 1H); 7.42 (m, 4H); 7.30 (m, 3H); 4.38 (m, 1H); 2.18 (s, 12H); 1.73 (d, J = 7.22 Hz, 3H); 1.61 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 170.30, 152.49,145.65. 137.41, 128.72, 128.27, 127.52, 126.38, 125.68, 125.55, 125.01, 124.86, 123.40, 122.69, 120.34, 118.32, 40.18, 25.51, 22.08, 21.77, 18.45, 18.39. FT IR (cm−1): 2964 (s), 2900 (s), 1698 (s), 1640 (s), 1565 (s), 1507 (m), 1491 (s), 1449 (s), 1406 (m), 1362 (s), 1297 (m), 1259 (m), 1233 (s), 1074 (m), 1025 (w), 954 (m), 902 (m), 864 (m), 815 (m), 798 (s), 744 (s), 732 (m), 698 (s), 672 (m). Anal. Calcd for C36H35N3: C, 84.83, H, 6.92, N, 8.24; Found: C, 84.77, H, 6.85, N, 8.38%.

3.2.5. Synthesis of 2.6-bis(2-(1-Phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine (L5)

The 2,6-diacetylpyridine (1 mmol) and 2-phenethyl-1-naphthylamine (2 mmol) were added into a flask with 20 mL of toluene. When the temperature of the reactor reached 110 °C, 0.17 g of p-TsOH was added into this reactor. After 6 h, the product was purified by column chromatography on aluminum oxide to afford the product as a yellow solid in a 21% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): 8.09–8.01 (m, 2H); 7.87–7.81 (m, 3H); 7.69–7.35 (m, 10H); 7.16–7.06 (m, 8H); 4.40–4.33 (2H); 1.74–1.72 (s, 6H); 1.54–1.53 (d, J = 7.20 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ 170.31, 169.62, 146.57, 145.73, 138.74, 137.38, 137.02, 133.11, 132.84, 128.73, 128.47, 128.17, 127.94, 127.71, 127.52, 126.38, 125.80, 125.49, 125.23, 124.94, 124.68, 124.09, 123.39, 122.83, 122.69, 122.55, 120.43, 118.45, 40.61, 40.31, 25.65, 21.78, 16.95. FT IR (cm−1): 3026 (m), 2959 (m), 2923 (m), 2870 (m), 1699 (m), 1640 (s), 1566 (m), 1492 (m), 1450 (m), 1413 (m), 1362 (s), 1297 (m), 1235 (s), 1120 (m), 1097 (m), 1067 (m), 1024 (m), 904 (m), 816 (s), 738 (s), 697 (s), 639 (s), 591 (s). Anal. Calcd for C45H39N3: C, 86.92, H, 6.32, N, 6.76; Found: C, 86.98, H, 6.55, N, 6.47%.

3.3. Synthesis of 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridyl-cobalt dichloride (Co1–Co5)

3.3.1. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-cobalt dichloride (Co1)

In this reaction, L1 (0.2 mmol), CoCl2 6H2O (0.19 mmol) and 10 mL ethanol was added into a Schlenk tube. After a reaction of 6 h, the ethanol was removed and the product was washed by ether. Finally, the product was collected by a filter to afford a yellow solid in a 64% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3399 (s), 3061 (m), 3022 (m), 2967 (m), 2918 (m), 2870 (m), 1685 (w), 1621 (s), 1587 (s), 1508 (m), 1491 (s), 1469 (m), 1450 (m), 1427 (w), 1370 (s), 1308 (w), 1262 (s), 1213 (s), 1162 (w), 1099 (s), 1060 (w), 1026 (w), 904 (s), 817 (s), 768 (s), 746 (s), 700 (s). Anal. Calcd for C35H33Cl2CoN3: C, 67.21, H, 5.32, N, 6.72; Found: C, 67.42, H, 5.47, N, 6.64%.

3.3.2. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-cobalt dichloride (Co2)

Similar to the synthesis of Co1, Co2 was obtained as yellow solid in 57% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3676 (m), 2969 (s), 2901 (s), 1620 (s), 1584 (s), 1507 (w), 1493 (m), 1449 (s), 1426 (w), 1393 (w), 1372 (s), 1321 (m), 1262 (s), 1208 (s), 1066 (w), 1057 (w), 1026 (s), 976 (w), 904 (m), 868 (s), 808 (s), 768 (s), 745 (s), 702 (s). Anal. Calcd for C37H37Cl2CoN3: C, 68.00, H, 5.71, N, 6.43; Found: C, 67.82, H, 5.89, N, 6.53%.

3.3.3. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine-cobalt dichloride (Co3)

Similar to the synthesis of Co1, Co3 was obtained as a yellow solid in a 68% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3473 (m), 2959 (s), 2922 (m), 2866 (m), 2160 (m), 1619 (s), 1582 (s), 1566 (w), 1508 (s), 1491 (s), 1451 (s), 1371 (s), 1260 (s), 1204 (s), 1176 (m), 1156 (w), 1100 (m), 1058 (m), 1024 (s), 946 (m), 829 (s), 797 (s), 805 (s), 773 (s), 767 (s). Anal. Calcd for C39H41Cl2CoN3: C, 68.72, H, 6.06, N, 6.16; Found: C, 68.69, H, 5.94, N, 6.22%.

3.3.4. Synthesis of 6-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-cobalt dichloride (Co4)

Similar to the synthesis of Co1, Co4 was obtained as a yellow solid in a 67% yield. FT IR (cm−1) 3389 (s), 3061 (w), 3027 (w), 2965 (w), 2918 (w), 1621 (s), 1586 (s), 1567 (w), 1508 (w), 1450 (s), 1428 (w), 1370 (s), 1262 (s), 1220 (s), 1157 (w), 1101 (m), 1061 (m), 1026 (s), 904 (m), 855 (s), 817 (s), 769 (s), 746 (s), 701 (s). Anal. Calcd for C36H35Cl2CoN3: C, 67.61, H, 5.52, N, 6.57; Found: C, 67.76, H, 5.74, N, 6.51%.

3.3.5. Synthesis of 2.6-bis((2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-cobalt dichloride (Co5)

Similar to the synthesis of Co1, Co5 was obtained as a yellow solid in a 68% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3473 (m), 3065 (m), 2959 (s), 2922 (m), 2865 (m), 2160 (m), 1619 (s), 1582 (s), 1567 (w), 1508 (m), 1491 (w), 1451 (s), 1430 (w), 1372 (s), 1336 (w), 1321 (w), 1311 (w), 1260 (s), 1205 (s), 1176 (w), 1156 (w), 1100 (m), 1058 (m), 1025 (s), 976 (w), 946 (w), 905 (m), 866 (m), 829 (s), 814 (s), 805 (s), 797 (s), 767 (s), 747 (s), 714 (s), 704 (s). Anal. Calcd for C45H39Cl2CoN3: C, 71.91, H, 5.23, N, 5.59; Found: C, 69.98, H, 5.24, N, 5.47%.

3.4. Synthesis of 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridyl-iron dichloride (Fe1–Fe5)

3.4.1. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-iron dichloride (Fe1)

In this reaction, L1 (0.2 mmol), FeCl24H2O (0.19 mmol) and 10 mL of ethanol was added into a Schlenk tube. After a reaction of 6 h, the ethanol was removed and the product was washed by ether. Finally, the product was collected by a filter to afford blue solid in 41% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3420 (s), 3066 (m), 2968 (m), 2932 (m), 2157 (w), 1647 (w), 1621 (s), 1589 (s), 1491 (s), 1450 (s), 1370 (s), 1337 (w), 1263 (m), 1203 (s), 1108 (w), 1060 (m), 1026 (m), 910 (w), 769 (s), 748 (s), 714 (s), 701 (s). Anal. Calcd for C35H33Cl2FeN3: C, 67.54, H, 5.34, N, 6.75; Found: C, 67.39, H, 5.74, N, 6.51%.

3.4.2. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine-iron dichloride (Fe2)

Similar to the synthesis of Fe1, Fe2 was obtained as a blue solid in a 75% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 2970 (s), 2900 (s), 1621 (s), 1587 (s), 1584 (s), 1491 (s), 1449 (s), 1370 (s), 1262 (m), 1208 (s), 1057 (m), 1027 (m), 905 (w), 807 (m), 823 (m), 768 (s), 749 (s). Anal. Calcd for C37H37Cl2FeN3: C, 68.32, H, 5.73, N, 6.46; Found: C, 68.39, H, 5.86, N, 6.67%.

3.4.3. Synthesis of 6-(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine-iron dichloride (Fe3)

Similar to the synthesis of Fe1, Fe3 was obtained as a blue solid in a 90% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 2962 (s), 2900 (s), 1615 (s), 1580 (s), 1491 (s), 1450 (s), 1423 (m), 1372 (s), 1308 (m), 1268 (m), 1203 (s), 1099 (m), 1058 (m), 1027 (m), 828 (m), 812 (m), 797 (w), 767 (s), 748 (s), 714 (m), 704 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C39H41Cl2FeN3: C, 69.04, H, 6.09, N, 6.19; Found: C, 69.18, H, 5.97, N, 6.25%.

3.4.4. Synthesis of 6-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)imino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridine-iron dichloride (Fe4)

Similar to the synthesis of Fe1, Fe4 was obtained as a blue solid in a 46% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 2971 (s), 2901 (s), 1620 (s), 1588 (s), 1508 (m), 1492 (s), 1407 (m), 1394 (w), 1370 (s), 1250 (m), 1204 (s), 1066 (m), 1028 (m), 903 (m), 822 (m), 748 (s), 701 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C36H35Cl2FeN3: C, 67.94, H, 5.54, N, 6.60; Found: C, 67.87, H, 5.65, N, 6.72%.

3.4.5. Synthesis of 2.6-bis(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)iminopridine-iron dichloride (Fe5)

Similar to the synthesis of Fe1, Fe5 was obtained as a blue solid in a 55% yield. FT IR (cm−1): 3058 (m), 3025 (m), 2960 (m), 2922 (m), 2868 (m), 1838 (s), 1619 (s), 1574 (s), 1492 (s), 1430 (s), 1365 (m), 1299 (s), 1241 (m), 1207 (w), 1132 (w), 1108 (m), 1077 (m), 1030 (m), 998 (m), 964 (w), 909 (w), 872 (m), 813 (w), 781 (s), 741 (s), 697 (s). Anal. Calcd for C45H39Cl2FeN3: C, 72.20, H, 5.25, N, 5.61; Found: C, 72.34, H, 5.48, N, 5.63%.

3.5. X-ray Crystallographic Studies

Single crystals of Co3 and Co5 suitable for the X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by layering a dichloromethane solution of the corresponding complex with ethyl ether at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. With graphite monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 170.00(10)K or CuKα (λ = 1.54184 Å) at 169.99(14)K, the cell parameters were obtained by the global refinement of the positions of all collected reflections. The intensities were corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects and empirical absorption. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2. All hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions. Structure solution and structure refinement were performed using the SHELXT-97 package [61,62]. The free solvent molecules present within the crystal structures were removed by using the SQUEEZE option of the crystallographic program PLATON [61,62]. Detail of the X-ray structure determinations and refinements are provided in Table 4. X-ray crystallographic data in Calibration Index File (CIF) for the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) 2024895 (Co2) and 2024896 (Co5) are available free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.

3.6. General Procedure for Ethylene Polymerization under 10 Atm Pressure

The polymerization at an ethylene pressure of 10 atm was carried out in a 250 mL stainless steel autoclave (Dalian Sanling Electronic Manufacture, Dalian, China) equipped with an ethylene pressure control system, a mechanical stirrer, and a temperature controller. The autoclave was evacuated and backfilled with ethylene three times. When the required temperature was reached, the precatalyst (2.0 µmol) was dissolved in toluene (25 mL) in a Schlenk tube and injected into the autoclave containing ethylene (1 atm) followed by the addition of more toluene (25 mL). The required amount of cocatalyst (MAO and MMAO) and additional toluene was 100 mL. The autoclave was immediately pressurized with an ethylene pressure of 10 atm and the stirring commenced. After the required reaction time, the reactor was cooled with a water bath and the ethylene pressure vented. Following quenching of the reaction with 10% hydrochloric acid in ethanol, the polymer was collected and washed with ethanol and dried with a vacuum oven at 60 °C and weighed.

4. Conclusions

A series of iron and cobalt complexes supporting by 6-arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl) naphthalen-1-yl)iminopyridine ligands (L1–L5) were synthesized and characterized. On the activation with either MMAO or MAO, cobalt precatalysts showed high activities up to 10.9 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 at an elevated temperature. Their activities are in the order as Co4 > Co1 > Co5 > Co2 > Co3, meanwhile the molecular weights of the resultant polyethylenes decreased in the order Co3 > Co5 > Co2 > Co1 > Co4, which was interpreted as the electron-donating ligands enhancing the catalytic activity and the steric hindrance decreasing the catalytic activity, producing polyethylene with a higher molecular weight. In comparison to the cobalt precatalysts, their iron analogs Fe1–Fe5/MMAO displayed higher activities up to 17.0 × 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1 when polymerizing ethylene and produced highly linear polyethylenes with lower molecular weights in the range of kg mol−1 and with a narrow polydispersity. In the case of using MAO as the cocatalyst, the polyethylenes obtained by Fe1–Fe5/MAO showed higher molecular weights up to 291 kg mol−1 with boarder polydispersity, indicating the multispecies of active sites. All precatalysts achieved a good thermostability and were positively influenced by the new modifications of the tridentate ligands.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/18/4244/s1, X-ray crystallographic data for Co3 and Co5. CCDC: 2024895 (Co3), 2024896 (Co5).

Author Contributions

Design of the study and experiments, L.Z. and W.-H.S.; synthesis and catalysis, W.L., J.G., and Y.M.; the single crystal X-ray diffraction, Q.Z. and H.L.; manuscript, L.Z. and W.-H.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21801098 and 21871275).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

ORTEPOak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot
CIFCalibration Index File
GPCGel Permeation Chromatography
MAOMethylauminoxane
MMAOModified methylaluminoxane
PDIPolydispersity index
TmMelting temperature

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Sample Availability: Samples of the organic compounds and complexes are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 04244 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Structural variations in bis(imino)pyridine-iron and cobalt chloride precatalysts (A–E).
Scheme 1. Structural variations in bis(imino)pyridine-iron and cobalt chloride precatalysts (A–E).
Molecules 25 04244 sch001
Molecules 25 04244 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis route of the ligands (L1–L5) and their complexes Fe1–Fe5 and Co1–Co5.
Scheme 2. Synthesis route of the ligands (L1–L5) and their complexes Fe1–Fe5 and Co1–Co5.
Molecules 25 04244 sch002
Molecules 25 04244 g001 550
Figure 1. ORTEP drawing of Co3 (a) and Co5 (b) with thermal ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 1. ORTEP drawing of Co3 (a) and Co5 (b) with thermal ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Molecules 25 04244 g001
Molecules 25 04244 g002 550
Figure 2. The NMR spectrum of the polyethylenes obtained by Co2/MMAO at 70 °C (run 19, Table 2).
Figure 2. The NMR spectrum of the polyethylenes obtained by Co2/MMAO at 70 °C (run 19, Table 2).
Molecules 25 04244 g002
Molecules 25 04244 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylenes by Fe2/MMAO various temperature (run 1–4, Table 3); (b) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylene by Fe2/MMAO various ratio of Al/Fe (run 2 and 5–7, Table 3).
Figure 3. (a) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylenes by Fe2/MMAO various temperature (run 1–4, Table 3); (b) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylene by Fe2/MMAO various ratio of Al/Fe (run 2 and 5–7, Table 3).
Molecules 25 04244 g003
Molecules 25 04244 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylenes by Fe1–Fe5/MMAO (run 6, 12-15, Table 3); (b) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylene by Fe1–Fe5/MAO various ratio of Al/Fe (run 16–20, Table 3).
Figure 4. (a) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylenes by Fe1–Fe5/MMAO (run 6, 12-15, Table 3); (b) GPC curves of the resultant polyethylene by Fe1–Fe5/MAO various ratio of Al/Fe (run 16–20, Table 3).
Molecules 25 04244 g004
Molecules 25 04244 g005 550
Figure 5. The NMR spectrum of polyethylenes obtained by Fe2/MMAO at 70 °C (run 6, Table 3).
Figure 5. The NMR spectrum of polyethylenes obtained by Fe2/MMAO at 70 °C (run 6, Table 3).
Molecules 25 04244 g005
Table
Table 1. Selected bond lengths and angles for Co3 and Co5.
Table 1. Selected bond lengths and angles for Co3 and Co5.
Co3Co5 Co3Co5
Bond Lengths (Å)
Co1-N12.170(4)2.294(4)Co1-Cl12.3093(16)2.2511(15)
Co1-N22.050(4)2.021(4)Co1-Cl22.2555(16)2.2357(14)
CO1-N32.196(4)2.212(4)
Bond Angles (deg)
N1-Co1-N274.16(16)73.56(15)N2-Co1-Cl189.35(12)120.48(13)
N1-Co1-N3141.24(15)149.89(14)N2-Co1-Cl2152.82(13)124.83(13)
N1-Co1-Cl1101.50(12)96.36(11)N3-Co1-Cl199.67(12)98.87(12)
N1-Co1-Cl2100.67(12)96.71(11)N3-Co1-Cl297.61(12)100.34(11)
N2-Co1-N374.01(17)76.32(16)Cl1-Co1-Cl2117.74(7)114.48(6)
Table
Table 2. Polymerization screening using Co1–Co5 a.
Table 2. Polymerization screening using Co1–Co5 a.
RunPrecat.Al/CoT (°C)t (min)PE (g)Act. bMwcMw/MncTm (°C) d
1Co2250050301.891.8926.44.86131.8
2Co2250060304.234.2320.24.77130.4
3Co2250070308.328.3219.64.41131.4
4Co2250080305.745.7418.84.83130.8
5Co2250090304.164.1614.64.53131.6
6Co2200070301.721.7224.04.82130.0
7Co2225070304.814.8121.14.96131.8
8Co2275070307.157.1519.44.11131.4
9Co2300070306.986.9810.13.34131.3
10Co225007053.4413.818.84.68131.1
11Co2250070155.1910.418.94.46131.0
12Co2250070459.236.1621.14.62131.7
13Co2250070609.644.8223.84.75130.7
14Co12500703010.210.215.16.56129.3
15Co3250070307.017.0122.62.19131.8
16Co42500703010.910.914.36.50128.9
17Co5250070309.249.2421.84.90131.0
18 eCo1250070305.275.2717.16.39130.2
19 eCo2250070304.714.7121.84.26130.9
20 eCo3250070302.912.9125.62.63133.4
21 eCo4250070305.615.6117.06.27129.9
22 eCo5250070304.684.6823.44.82131.8
a Conditions: 2 µmol cobalt, 100 mL toluene, 10 atm C2H4, methyluminoxane (MAO) as cocatal. b Values in units of 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1. c Determined using GPC, Mw: kg mol−1. d Determined using DSC; e methyluminoxane (MMAO) as cocatal.
Table
Table 3. Polymerization screening using Fe1–Fe5 a.
Table 3. Polymerization screening using Fe1–Fe5 a.
RunPrecat.Al/FeT (°C)t (min)PE (g)Act. bMwcMw/MncTm (°C) d
1Fe22500603016.416.420.84.62131.7
2Fe22500703016.516.59.012.45130.4
3Fe2250080309.749.743.591.60130.1
4Fe2250090300.6300.6301.081.68128.2
5Fe22000703015.815.86.641.73130.5
6Fe22750703016.716.74.931.55130.0
7Fe23000703013.013.04.311.56129.0
8Fe227507059.4856.94.241.55128.0
9Fe22750701512.825.64.541.60129.2
10Fe22750704517.511.64.841.57129.8
11Fe22750706017.68.815.781.50130.5
12Fe12750703016.516.54.721.54129.1
13Fe3275070308.818.815.321.48129.8
14Fe42750703017.017.02.831.70129.2
15Fe52750703015.515.55.391.56129.4
16 eFe1275070309.059.0543.27.16132.6
17 eFe22750703014.414.449.06.69132.8
18 eFe3275070302.582.5829127.8134.6
19 eFe42750703015.815.810.71.69131.0
20 eFe5275070309.299.2956.74.71132.5
a Conditions: 2 µmol iron complexes, 100 mL toluene, 10 atm C2H4, MAO as cocatal; b Values in units of 106 g(PE) mol−1 (Fe) h−1. c Determined using GPC, Mw: kg mol−1. d Determined using DSC; e MMAO as cocatal.
Table
Table 4. Crystal data and structure refinement for Co3 and Co5.
Table 4. Crystal data and structure refinement for Co3 and Co5.
Co3Co5
CCDC No.20248952024896
Empirical formulaC78H82Cl4CoN6C45H39Cl2CoN3
Formula weight1363.15751.62
Temperature/K169.99(14)170.00(10)
Crystal systemtriclinicmonoclinic
Space groupP1P21/c
a/Å10.9022(2)13.0704(7)
b/Å11.4855(2)19.0887(9)
c/Å17.2387(3)16.5809(7)
α/°74.805(2)90
β/°74.746(2)98.492(4)
γ/°68.494(2)90
Volume (Å3)1904.26(7)4091.5(3)
Z14
DCalcd. (g cm−3)1.1891.220
μ (mm −1)5.0340.583
F(000)714.01564.0
Crystal size (mm3)0.5 × 0.19 × 0.150.3 × 0.25 × 0.19
RadiationCuKα (λ = 1.54184)MoKα (λ = 0.71073)
2Θ range (°)5.406 to 151.2566.868 to 57.49
Index ranges−13 ≤ h ≤ 13, −14 ≤ k ≤ 14, −21 ≤ l ≤ 16−16≤ h ≤15, −22 ≤ k ≤ 25, −22 ≤ l ≤ 18
Reflections collected2354534131
Independent reflections10720 [Rint = 0.0381, Rsigma = 0.0431]9259 [Rint = 0.0740, Rsigma = 0.0817]
Data/restraints/parameters10720/3/8259259/0/464
Goodness of fit on F21.0401.031
Final R indexes [I ≥ 2σ (I)]R1 = 0.0454, wR2 = 0.1119R1 = 0.0852, wR2 = 0.2379
Final R indexes (all data)R1 = 0.0505, wR2 = 0.1217R1 = 0.1302, wR2 = 0.2606
Largest diff. peak/hole (e Å−3)0.59/−0.351.39/−0.68

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Lin, W.; Zhang, L.; Gao, J.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, Y.; Liu, H.; Sun, W.-H. 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridylmetal (Fe and Co) Complexes as Highly Active Precatalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: Influence of Metal and/or Substituents on the Active, Thermostable Performance of Their Complexes and Resultant Polyethylenes. Molecules 2020, 25, 4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184244

AMA Style

Lin W, Zhang L, Gao J, Zhang Q, Ma Y, Liu H, Sun W-H. 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridylmetal (Fe and Co) Complexes as Highly Active Precatalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: Influence of Metal and/or Substituents on the Active, Thermostable Performance of Their Complexes and Resultant Polyethylenes. Molecules. 2020; 25(18):4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184244

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Wenhua, Liping Zhang, Jiahao Gao, Qiuyue Zhang, Yanping Ma, Hua Liu, and Wen-Hua Sun. 2020. "6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridylmetal (Fe and Co) Complexes as Highly Active Precatalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: Influence of Metal and/or Substituents on the Active, Thermostable Performance of Their Complexes and Resultant Polyethylenes" Molecules 25, no. 18: 4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184244

APA Style

Lin, W., Zhang, L., Gao, J., Zhang, Q., Ma, Y., Liu, H., & Sun, W. -H. (2020). 6-Arylimino-2-(2-(1-phenylethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-iminopyridylmetal (Fe and Co) Complexes as Highly Active Precatalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: Influence of Metal and/or Substituents on the Active, Thermostable Performance of Their Complexes and Resultant Polyethylenes. Molecules, 25(18), 4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184244

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