Next Article in Journal
Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids
Next Article in Special Issue
Chemistry of Substituted Thiazinanes and Their Derivatives
Previous Article in Journal
Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction
Previous Article in Special Issue
Optimization and a Kinetic Study on the Acidic Hydrolysis of Dialkyl α-Hydroxybenzylphosphonates
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 25
Issue 21
10.3390/molecules25215205
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives

by
Samar El-Kalyoubi
1,* and
Fatimah Agili
2
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(21), 5205; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215205
Submission received: 17 September 2020 / Revised: 21 October 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 / Published: 9 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Chemistry Including Heteroatoms)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Ethyl 5-arylpyridopyrimidine-6-carboxylates 3a–d were prepared as a one pot three component reaction via the condensation of different aromatic aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate with 6-amino-1-benzyluracil 1a under reflux condition in ethanol. Additionally, condensation of ethyl 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetoacetate with 6-amino-1-benzyluracil in DMF afforded 6-acetylpyridopyrimidine-7-one 3e; a facile, operationally, simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of 8-arylxanthines 6a–f is reported by refluxing 5,6-diaminouracil 4 with aromatic aldehydes in DMF. Moreover, 6-aryllumazines 7a–d was obtained via the reaction of 5,6-diaminouracil with the appropriate aromatic aldehydes in triethyl orthoformate under reflux condition. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and mass spectra) and elemental analyses. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their anticancer activity against lung cancer A549 cell line. Furthermore, a molecular-docking study was employed to determine the possible mode of action of the synthesized compounds against a group of proteins highly implicated in cancer progression, especially lung cancer. Docking results showed that compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d were the best potential docked compounds against most of the tested proteins, especially CDK2, Jak2, and DHFR proteins. These results are in agreement with cytotoxicity results, which shed a light on the promising activity of these novel six heterocyclic derivatives for further investigation as potential chemotherapeutics.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Pulmonary cancer among the two sexes has been the leading cause of cancer lung death for many years and worldwide statistics on incidence and mortality vary widely [1,2,3]. The world’s high mortality rate from malignant tumors is attributed to the uncontrolled growth of cells in lung tissues and to the high metastatic ability of lung cancer [4,5]. Tobacco consumption is a significant lung cancer risk factor. Genetic susceptibility, diet, alcohol consumption, industrial exposures and air pollution are other factors [6]. Pulmonary cancer is primarily caused by the abnormal growth of either small or non-small lung cancer cells [7,8,9,10]. In 2015, 80–85% of cases of lung cancer worldwide were attributed to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [11]. The main treatment for early lung cancer is surgical resection. Radiation is one of the most common methods of treating tumors. In case of advanced diseases (stage IIIB and stage IV), radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are applied [1]. Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment methods for tumors [12,13]. However, current chemotherapeutic therapies appear to have several limitations, including a lack of tumor cell selectivity [14,15], significant toxic side effects on healthy tissue [16] and drug resistance [17] leading to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects.
The first form of antimetabolites introduced in the clinic 60 years ago was antifolate drugs [18,19]. Methotrexate (MTX) (B) is a folic acid (A) antagonist required for DNA synthesis, and has a therapeutic effect on many cancer cell types that over-express folate receptors on the surfaces of many of these cells (Figure 1) [20]. MTX inhibits the cellular folate metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in a competitive way. By inhibiting the enzyme target DHFR [21], MTX suppresses purine and pyrimidine synthesis. It acts on S-phase and prevents DNA synthesis [22,23]. The chemotherapeutic MTX is widely used in human malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, malignant lymphoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma and head and neck cancer [24,25,26,27]. MTX has been also widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through the release of adenosine-mediated suppression inflammation [28]. Clinical data supports the adenosine-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of MTX [29].
Chronic neurotoxicity can be caused by MTX [30]. It can also cause alveolitis and lung fibroblasting because of its pulmonary toxicity side effect [31,32]. Hoping to overcome the above mentioned chemotherapeutic limitations, a new series of pyridopyrimidines, xanthines and lumazines have been synthesized (Figure 1). All the newly synthesized compounds herein underwent a molecular-docking study and were screened for their anticancer activity against the A549 cell line.

2. Results

2.1. Chemistry

In this research, our strategy was directed towards developing new fused uracil derivatives of potential anticancer activity [33,34]. The desired starting materials, including 6-amino-1-benzyluracil 1a [35] and 5,6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil 4 [36] were synthesized according to the literature by conventional methods.
Ethyl 5-aryl-2-thiopyridopyrimidine-6-carboxylates were prepared by heating under reflux of 6-amino-1-methyl-2-thiouracil with ethyl 3-aryl-2-cyanoacrylate in absolute ethanol in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) [37]. Ethyl 5-aryl-2-pyridopyrimidine-6-carboxylates 3a–d were prepared in higher yields (60–84%) by refluxing compound 1a with different aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate in abs. ethanol containing TEA as a basic medium for 12 h as illustrated in (Scheme 1). The derivatives were crystallized from DMF/EtOH. Analogously, the treatment of compound 1a with ethyl 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetoacetate in DMF in the presence of TEA for 4 h gave 6-acetyl-5-arylpyridopyrimidine 7-one 3e (Scheme 1). The most interesting observation from comparing the 1H-NMR spectra of compounds 3a–d and compound 3e was the disappearance of both signals of CH-5 at δ 5.81 ppm and NH2 (6) at δ 5.97 ppm of the start 1a and the appearance of ethyl protons at position 6 in pyridopyrimidines 3a–d as triplet at δ 1.09–0.96 ppm for CH3 and quartet at δ 4.18–3.94 for CH2. A singlet signal occurred at δ 2.90 ppm for CH3 protons of acetyl group at position 6 in pyridopyrimidine 3e and a singlet signal at δ 7.88 ppm for NH (8). On the other hand, the IR spectra of these pyridopyrimidines, which displayed the stretching band of the two C=O groups (Amide I), was red-shifted within the range υ 1745–1723, 1684–1697 cm−1. We noted the strong asymmetric and symmetric NO2 stretching bands of the nitro group at υ 1551 and 1374 cm−1, respectively, in compound 3d. 13C-NMR spectra proves without doubt the formation of compounds 3a–d through the appearance of the upfield signals of ethyl group of ester at δ 14.02–13.43 ppm for CH3 and at δ 61.81–59.55 ppm for CH2, in addition to the presence of a signal at δ 18.13–17.52 ppm for CH3(7). While in comparison with the 13C-NMR spectra of compound 3e, it was observed that the signal of CH3 of acetyl group was δ 17.53 ppm.
The mechanism outlined in Scheme 2 seems to be the most plausible pathway through the Michael addition reaction via the formation of non-isolated Michael adduct intermediate that underwent intramolecular cyclization in protic solvent affording the corresponding 3a–d. On the other hand, Scheme 3 illustrates the mechanistic pathway for the formations of compound 3e via the formation of Michael adduct intermediate followed by cyclocondensation in aprotic solvent.
8-Aryl xanthines have been reported [36,38]. Herein, condensation of 5,6-diaminouracil 4 with different aromatic aldehydes in DMF under reflux for two to three hours afforded 8-aryl xanthine derivatives 6a–f (Scheme 4). The reaction proceeded through the nucleophilic attack of the amino group at position 5 of uracil 1b to the electrophilic center of the carbonyl group of the aromatic aldehydes followed by dehydration to form the intermediate Schiff base which undergoes intramolecular cyclization to afford 6a–f in good to excellent yield. The intrinsic significance of the IR spectra is that the presence of the stretching band of the 2 C=O groups (Amide I) within the range υ 1684, 1643 cm−1. 1H-NMR spectra prove the suggested xanthines 6a–f by the presence of both characteristic singlet signals for NH(9) at δ 14.46–13.23 ppm and NH(1) at δ 1139–10.94 ppm. The phenyl group protons appeared at δ 8.60–6.81 ppm. The clearance of the spectra from the signals at δ 6.78 ppm and at δ 5.79 ppm, characteristic for 2 NH2 protons of uracil 4 at position 5 and 6, respectively, supported the previous observation. Also, the 13C-NMR spectra and Mass spectra supported the previous expectation. With these results in hand, xanthines 6a–f became confirmed without a doubt.
Moreover, heating of 5,6-diaminouracil 4 with various aromatic aldehydes in triethyl orthoformate under reflux for 7–8 h afforded 6-aryllumazines 7a–d (Scheme 4). Structures 7a–d were inferred from their spectral data, and elemental analyses. 1H-NMR data for compound 7a–d showed a singlet signal at δ 12.01–11.29 ppm for NH-3 and a singlet signal at δ 8.71–8.70 ppm for CH-7 in lumazine ring. The IR spectrum revealed bands at the range of υ 3141–3127 cm−1 characteristic for NH. Compound 7b showed a characteristic band for OH at υ 3480 cm−1. The mechanistic pathway is illustrated via the reaction of the intermediate Schiff base 5 with triethyl orthoformate followed by intramolecular cycloaddition accompanied by elimination of EtOH (Scheme 5). The plausible mechanism was proved by isolating the intermediate Schiff base 5 with its interesting spectral data. Otherwise, compound 5 was refluxed with DMF afforded xanthine 6c, while refluxing with triethyl orthoformate afforded the lumazine 7b.

2.2. Biological Activity

Anticancer Evaluation

During initial cytotoxic screening for the tested compounds, we tested the activity of the compounds against two cell lines, which were lung (A549 cell line) and breast cancer (MCF7). The cytotoxic activity against lung cancer was potentially more promising than breast cancer. Therefore, we have selected the lung cancer cell line.
All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic effects on the human cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. The obtained IC50 values of the synthesized compounds were compared to well-known reference anticancer drug methotrexate under the same conditions using a colorimetric viability assay. IC50 values were determined from plots of a dose response curve of the concentration of test compounds required to kill 50% of cell population. The in vitro growth inhibition results showed that all the tested compounds have an inhibitory effect on the tumor cell line A549 in a concentration dependent manner. All the results are represented in Table 1 and Figure 2.
It was noticed that compounds 3b and 7d exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) in comparison with the reference drug methotrexate with IC50 values of 10.3 and 12.2 μM, respectively. Also, compounds 6c–6e and 7c showed potent antitumor activity against the Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) with IC50 values of 23.1, 26.3, 27 and 24.9 μM, respectively. The other compounds have less antitumor activity (Table 1 and Figure 2).

2.3. Computer-Aided Docking

To take one step further to determine the mode of action of the tested compounds, a molecular docking study was employed to determine the binding modes against series of proteins such as CDK2, BCL2, Jak2, P53 binding site in MDM2, and DHFR that are implicated significantly in cancer disease (Figures S1–S5). These targets were selected based on their potential roles in apoptosis regulation and limiting lung cancer progression, therefore, targeting these macromolecules provides potential benefits in lung cancer therapy. The co-crystal ligands were re-docked to assure the validity of the docking parameters and methods used to represent the position and orientation of the ligand detected in the crystal structure. The difference of RMSD value between co-crystal ligands to the original co-crystal ligand was <2 Å which approved the accuracy of the docking protocols and parameters [39].
The docking results depicted that all tested compounds showed poor binding affinity with BCL-2 protein, as the binding free energy of all tested compounds was higher than the binding free energy of co-crystalized ligands (ΔGb = −10.6 kcal/mol). In the same line, all tested compounds had low binding affinity with MDM2-P53 protein, except compounds 6d and 7c, as they had lower binding free energy (−8.3 kcal/mol, and −8.4 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to [(3R,5R,6S)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2-oxopiperidin-3-yl] acetic acid which is abbreviated as 13Q the co-crystalized ligand (ΔGb = −8.2 kcal/mol) (Table 2) (Supplementary Figures S2 and S4). Based on these results, the mode of action of the tested compound might not be related to both BCL-2 and MDM2-P53 proteins. All tested compounds showed high binding affinity against CDK2 proteins, as all tested compounds showed low binding free energies compared to both reference drug (ΔGb = −8.3 kcal/mol) and methotrexate (ΔGb = −7.6 kcal/mol), which implies a potential inhibitory effect of the tested compounds against the cyclin dependent kinase enzyme.
Based on the molecular docking study, we tested the proposed activity of the tested compounds against DHFR protein, which is the main target for MTX. Compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d were the best docked compounds against CDK2, Jak2, and DHFR proteins, which are displayed by low binding free energy (Table 2), hydrogen bond formation (Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5), and hydrophobic interaction (Figure 3 and Figure 4, Figures S6–S8) compared to reference ligand and methotrexate. These results are in agreement with the cytotoxicity assay as compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d showed lower IC50s (10.3 ± 0.2, 27.0 ± 1.1, 23.1 ± 0.6, 26.3 ± 1.3, 24.9 ± 1.2, 12.2 ± 0.3 µM, respectively) compared to methotrexate as a reference drug (36.3 ± 3.9 µM).

3. Experimental Part

3.1. Chemistry

All melting points were determined with an Electrothermal Mel.-Temp. II apparatus and were uncorrected. Element analyses were performed at the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology at Al-Azhar University. IR spectra were obtained in the solid state in the form of KBr discs using a Perkin-Elmer Model 1430 spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, Akron, OH, USA) and carried out in Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were recorded on Varian Gemini 400 MHz Spectrometer using DMSO-d6 as a solvent (Chemical shift in δ, ppm), Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Mass spectra were recorded on a DI-50 unit of Shimadzu GC/MS-QP 5050A (Kyoto, Japan) at the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology at Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. All reactions were monitored by TLC using precoated plastic sheets silica gel (Merck 60 F254) and spots were visualized by irradiation with UV light (254 nm). The used solvent system was chloroform: Methanol (9:1) & ethyl acetate: Toluene (1:1). 6-amino-1-benzyluracil 1a was prepared as the reported method [35], 6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil 1b was prepared as the reported method [36] and 5,6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil 4 was prepared as the reported method [36].

3.1.1. Ethyl 5-Aryl-1-benzyl-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate 3a–d

General method: A mixture of 6-amino-1-benzyluracil (0.3 g, 1.38 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1.38 mmol) and appropriate benzaldehyde derivatives (1.38 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) in the presence of TEA (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 12 h. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with ethanol and recrystallized from DMF/ethanol (2:1) and dried to give the desired compounds 3a–d (Scheme 1).
Ethyl 1-benzyl-5-phenyl-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (3a): Yield: 66%; m.p.: 201–203 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3186 (NH), 3055 (CH arom), 2920, 2847 (CH aliph), 1730, 1682 (2C=O), 1595 (NH bending), 694,748 (monosubstituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.81 (s, 1H, NH), 7.47–7.43 (m, 5H, arom), 7.30–7.22 (m, 5H, arom), 5.39 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.15–4.09 (q, 2H, CH2), 2.72 (s, 3H, CH3(7)), 0.99–0.96 (t, 3H, CH3); MS: m/z (%) = M+, 415 (100), 400 (11), 370 (9), 358 (8), 344 (10), 341 (7), 310 (14), 297 (3), 91 (14), 65 (3); Anal. calcd. for C24H21N3O4 (415.44): C, 69.39; H, 5.10; N, 10.11. Found: C, 69.13; H, 5.28; N, 10.34.
Ethyl 1-benzyl-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (3b): Yield: 60%; m.p.: 258–260 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3165 (NH), 3034 (CH arom), 2920, 2840 (CH aliph), 1745, 1697 (2C=O), 1603 (NH bending), 754 (o.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.92 (s, 1H, NH), 7.25–7.22 (m, 4H, arom), 7.11–7.03 (m, 3H, arom), 6.87–6.85 (d, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, arom.), 5.18 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.04–3.94 (q, 2H, J = 6.8, CH2), 2.64 (s, 3H, CH3(7)), 1.09–1.06 (t, 3H, J = 6.8, CH3); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 14.02, 17.52, 43.66, 59.55, 109.24, 125.82, 125.92, 126.97, 127.39, 128.17, 128.45, 129.57, 129.65, 131.32, 135.34, 137.72, 146.17, 149.76, 151.53, 151.56, 160.17, 165.20; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 452 (18), M+, 450 (76), 424 (34), 358 (2), 341 (7), 339 (7), 258 (3), 152 (2), 92 (5), 91 (100), 65 (11); Anal. calcd. for C24H20ClN3O4 (449.88): C, 64.07; H, 4.48; N, 9.34. Found: C, 63.89; H, 4.62; N, 9.51.
Ethyl 1-benzyl-5-(4-bromophenyl)-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (3c): Yield: 73%; m.p.: 217–219 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3117 (NH), 3031 (CH arom), 2948, 2845 (CH aliph), 1725, 1681 (2C=O), 1558 (NH bending), 838 (p.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.82 (s, 1H, NH), 7.70–7.68 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.38–7.36 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.30–7.29 (d, 2H, J = 4.4 Hz, arom.), 7.23–7.18 (m, 3H, arom), 5.3 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.19–4.13 (q, 2H, J = 6.8, CH2), 2.73 (s, 3H, CH3(7)), 1.05–1.02 (t, 3H, J = 6.8, CH3); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 13.43, 18.03, 44.62, 61.78, 108.26, 123.65, 125.39, 126.95, 127.14, 128.29, 130.01, 131.61, 137.26, 137.44, 150.30, 150.92, 151.87, 156.08, 161.53, 167.32; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 496 (12), M+, 494 (32), 490 (23), 387 (34), 341 (11), 292 (59), 265 (62), 129 (58), 72 (100), 69 (92); Anal. calcd. for C24H20ClN3O4 (494.33): C, 58.31; H, 4.08; N, 8.50. Found: C, 58.57; H, 4.23; N, 8.69.
Ethyl 1-benzyl-7-methyl-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (3d): Yield: 84%; m.p.: 190–192 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3215 (NH), 3050 (CH arom), 2965, 2869 (CH aliph), 1723, 1684 (2C=O), 1614 (C=C), 1551, 1374 (NO2), 755 (m.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.90 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.25 (s, 1H, arom),7.94–7.39 (m, 3H, arom), 7.32–7.16 (m, 5H, arom), 5.24 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.18–4.14 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH2), 2.88 (s, 3H, CH3(7)), 1.04–1.01 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 13.41, 18.13, 44.78, 61.81, 107.90, 123.18, 125.23, 126.94, 127.03, 127.22, 127.59, 128.29, 131.61, 136.43, 137.26, 137.44, 150.50, 150.98, 151.84, 156.12, 161.60, 167.45; MS: m/z (%) = M+, 460 (13), 430 (70), 391 (51), 360 (27), 345 (28), 343 (18), 234 (31), 209 (64), 182 (29), 173 (100), 172 (29), 69 (92); Anal. calcd. for C24H20N4O6 (460.43): C, 62.60; H, 4.38; N, 12.17. Found: C, 62.86; H, 4.54; N, 12.41.
6-Acetyl-1-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4,7(1H,3H,8H)-trione (3e): A mixture of 6-amino-1-benzyluracil (0.5 g, 2.3 mmol), ethyl 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetoacetate (2.3 mmol) was mixed in DMF (1.5 mL) in the presence of TEA (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 7 h. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was treated with methanol (10 mL). The formed precipitate was filtered off and recrystallized from DMF/ethanol (2:1) to afford 3e. Yield: 68%; m.p.: 260–262 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3448 (OH), 3186 (NH), 3047 (CH arom), 2924, 2846 (CH aliph), 1681 (C=O), 1589 (NH bending), 763 (o.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ13.98 (s, 1H, OH), 11.98 (s, 1H, NH), 8.19–8.17 (d, 1H, arom), 7.69 (s, 1H, NH 8), 7.67–7.61 (m, 3H, arom), 7.43–7.21 (m, 5H, arom), 5.45 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.90 (s, 3H, CH3(6)); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 17.52, 43.66, 103.73, 112.40, 116.16, 122.65, 124.73, 127.10, 127.75, 128.33, 132.03, 133.62, 137.22, 146.90, 150.29, 151.89, 153.86, 158.19, 160.37, 167.14; MS: m/z (%) = M+, 403 (84), 361 (29), 315 (24), 268 (19), 250 (100), 228 (23), 186 (48), 125 (87), 76 (53), 56 (30); Anal. calcd. for C22H17N3O5 (403.38): C, 65.50; H, 4.25; N, 10.42. Found: C, 65.89; H, 4.32; N, 10.51.
6-Amino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-[(E)-(4-chlorobenzylidene)amino]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (5): A mixture of 5,6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil (0.8 g, 2.0 mmol), 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (0.2 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) was heated under reflux for 45 min. After cooling, the formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol and dried in an oven to give (1.01 g). Yield: 87%; m.p.: 283–285 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3339, 3274 (NH2), 3184 (NH), 3078 (CH arom), 1691, 1643 (2 C=O), 822 (p.substituted phenyl), 748 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.92 (s, 1H, NH 3), 9.72 (s, 1H, CH), 7.52–7.50 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom.), 7.44–7.34 (m, 4H, arom), 7.27–7.25 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 6.99 (s, 2H, NH2 6), 5.24 (s, 2H, CH2); MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 391 (4), M+, 389 (14), 375 (5), 263 (10), 246 (92), 216 (30), 190 (13), 125 (100), 89 (59), 63 (18); Anal. calcd. for C18H14Cl2N4O2 (389.23): C, 55.54; H, 3.63; N, 14.39. Found: C, 55.62; H, 3.65; N, 14.53.

3.1.2. 8-Aryl-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-xanthine

8-Aryl-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione 6a–f

General method: Method A: To 5,6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil 4 (0.5 mmol), was added different aromatic aldehydes (0.5 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 2–3 h. After cooling, the formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with methanol and recrystallized from DMF/H2O 3:1) to give the desired compounds 6a–f in good yields. Method B: Compound 5 (0.2 g, 0.5 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was heated under reflux for 90 min. After cooling, the formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol and dried in an oven to afford 6c in a good yield.

3.1.3. 3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-8-phenylxanthine

3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-8-phenyl-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione (6a): Yield 83%; m.p.: >300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3334, 3224 (2NH), 3078 (CH arom), 2970, 2831 (CH aliph,), 1667 (C=O), 748 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 13.23 (s, 1H, NH 9), 10.94 (s, 1H, NH 1), 7.95–7.61 (m, 2H, arom.), 7.51–7.48 (m, 3H, arom), 7.35–7.32 (m, 3H, arom), 6.88–6.84 (m, 1H, arom), 5.07 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 43.0, 107.80, 125.39, 127.49, 127.50, 128.60, 128.69, 129.38, 131.46, 131.61, 133.31, 133.69, 149.78, 149.99, 154.62, 162.29; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 354 (4), M+, 352 (16), 331 (26), 312 (29), 286 (30), 239 (29), 110 (28), 98 (31), 84 (35), 83 (100); Anal. calcd. for C18H13ClN4O2 (352.78): C, 61.28; H, 3.71; N, 15.88. Found: C, 61.47; H, 3.87; N, 15.74.

3-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione

3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)xanthine (6b):Yield: 57%; m.p.: >300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3450 (OH), 3330, 3142 (2NH), 3027 (CH arom), 2922, 2819 (CH aliph.), 1667 (C=O), 1599 (NH bending), 841 (p. substituted phenyl), 766. (C–Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 13.55 (s, 1H, NH 9), 11.21 (s, 1H, NH 1), 9.96 (s, 1H, OH), 7.89–7.87 (d, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, arom.), 7.31–7.25 (m, 3H, arom), 7.04–7.02 (m, 1H, arom), 6.83–6.81 (d, 2H, J = 6.8, arom), 5.23 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 43.0, 107.6, 115.7, 119.57, 127.06, 127.48, 128.21, 128.78, 129.34, 131.51, 134.15, 149.87, 150.95, 154.62, 159.45, 163,29; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 370 (2), M+, 368 (4), 333 (22), 259 (24), 216 (12), 125 (100), 89 (26), 77 (3); Anal. calcd. for C18H13ClN4O3 (368.77): C, 58.62; H, 3.55; N, 15.19. Found: C, 58.74; H, 3.58; N, 15.34.

3-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-8-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione

3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-8-(4-chlorophenyl)xanthine (6c): Method A: Yield: 67% Method B: Yield: 85%; m.p.: >300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3311, 3142 (2NH), 3022 (CH arom), 2987, 2838 (CH aliph), 1682 (C=O), 1583 (NH bending), 830 (p.substituted phenyl), 740 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 13.99 (s, 1H, NH 9), 11.33 (s, 1H, NH 1), 8.06–8.04 (d, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, arom), 7.55–7.53 (d, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, arom), 7.30–7.07 (m, 3H, arom.), 7.06–7.05 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, arom), 5.24 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 43.06, 108.6, 127.11, 127.46, 128.02, 128.79, 129.08, 129.33, 131.49, 134.00, 134.83, 149.65, 150.89, 150.98, 154.69, 163.20; MS: m/z (%) = M + 4, 391 (0.25), M+2, 389 (0.75), M+, 387 (2), 353 (13), 351 (45), 175 (4), 138 (11), 127 (26), 125 (100), 89 (24); Anal. calcd. for C18H12Cl2N4O2 (387.21): C, 55.83; H, 3.12; N, 14.47. Found: C, 56.01; H, 3.19; N, 14.62.

3-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-8-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione

3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-8-(2-hydroxyphenyl)xanthine (6d): Yield: 58%; m.p.: >300; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3480 (OH), 3320, 3168 (2NH), 3026 (CH arom), 2910, 2831 (CH aliph,), 1668, 1643 (2C=O), 1583 (NH bending), 747 (o.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 13.85 (s, 1H, NH 9), 11.41 (s, 1H, NH 1), 9.55 (s, 1H, OH), 8.01–7.99 (d, 1H, arom.), 7.52–7.50 (m, 2H, arom), 7.31–7.25 (m, 3H, arom), 7.17–6.90 (m, 2H, arom), 5.26 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 42.30 (CH2), 108.10, 123.00, 125.20, 127.25, 127.55, 127.75, 128.16, 129.07, 129.38, 129.49, 131.30, 134.28, 149.79, 150.96, 154.21, 161.67, 162.33; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 370 (2), M+, 368 (0.98), 290 (4), 259 (34), 172 (21), 152 (5), 125 (100), 107 (16), 89 (28), 77 (11); Anal. calcd. for C18H13ClN4O3 (368.77): C, 58.62; H, 3.55; N, 15.19. Found: C, 58.72; H, 3.59; N, 15.31.

3-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione

3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-8-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthine (6e): Yield: 71%; m.p.: >300; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3329, 3155 (2NH), 3042 (CH arom), 2926, 2822 (CH aliph), 1685, 1664 (2C=O), 1573 (NH bending), 1518, 1338 (NO2), 854 (p.substituted phenyl), 745 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 14.36 (s, 1H, NH 9), 11.39 (s, 1H, NH), 8.32–8.30 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.52–7.50 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.33–7.25 (m, 3H, arom), 7.09–7.07 (d, 3H, J = 7.2, arom.), 5.25 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 43.45, 107.90, 124.25, 127.12, 127.46, 128.06, 128.30, 128.90, 129.34, 131.50, 134.82, 149.50, 150.90, 152.0, 154.23, 162.21; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 399 (0.46), M+, 397 (0.7), 324 (29), 283 (6), 166 (30), 150 (10), 127 (100), 91 (18), 67 (17); Anal. calcd. for C18H12ClN5O4 (397.21): C, 54.35; H, 3.04; N, 17.61. Found: C, 54.52; H, 3.12; N, 17.89.

8-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione

8-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)xanthine (6f): Yield: 62%; m.p.: > 300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3280, 3170 (2NH), 3091 (CH arom), 2998, 2802 (CH aliph), 1678, (C=O), 1583 (NH bending), 824 (p.substituted), 741 (C-Cl), 660 (C-Br); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 14.03 (s, 1H, NH 9), 11.35 (s, 1H, NH), 7.99–7.97 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.69–7.67 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, arom), 7.32–7.23 (m, 3H, arom.), 7.07–7.05 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, arom.), 5.23 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 42.90, 108.60, 127.08, 127.44, 128.17, 128.77, 130.69, 131.48, 131.94, 134.03, 136.24, 149.70, 150.90, 154.72, 157.32, 162.30; MS: m/z (%) = M + 4, 435 (0.87), M + 2, 433 (0.79), M+, 431 (5), 394 (5), 308 (14), 216 (13), 169 (19), 73 (100), 43 (12); Anal. calcd. for C18H12BrClN4O2 (431.67): C, 50.08; H, 2.80; N, 12.98. Found: C, 50.19; H, 2.77; N, 13.14.

6-Aryl-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

6-Aryl-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)lumazine7a–d: General method: Method A: A mixture of 5,6-diaminouracil 4 (0.5 mmol), appropriate aromatic aldehydes (0.5 mmol) and triethyl orthoformate (4.5 mL) was heated under reflux for 7–8 h. After cooling, the formed precipitate was collected by filtration, recrystallized from DMF/EtOH (2:1). Method B: Compound 5 (0.2 g, 0.5 mmol) in triethyl orthoformate (5 mL) was heated under reflux for 4 h. After cooling, the formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol and dried in an oven to afford 7a–d.

6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)lumazine (7a): Method A: Yield: 74%, Method B: Yield: 82%; m.p.: 250–252 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3141 (NH), 3070 (CH arom), 2976, 2860 (CH aliph), 1682, 1668 (2C=O), 1590 (NH bending), 898 (p.substituted phenyl), 748 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.99 (s, 1H, NH), 8.71 (s, 1H, CH-7), 7.28–7.26 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, arom), 7.11–6.96 (m, 4H, arom), 6.84–6.82 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, arom), 5.10 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 42.46, 107.28, 126.09, 127.45, 128.24, 128.58, 129.21, 129.35, 131.09, 131.48, 133.90, 137.61, 150.39, 151.12, 154.11, 155.89, 162.33; MS: m/z (%) = M + 4, 403 (0.70), M + 2, 401, (1), M+, 399 (2.45), 328 (3), 190 (25), 122 (100), 93(46), 65 (48); Anal. calcd. for C19H12Cl2N4O2 (399.23): C, 57.16; H, 3.03; N, 14.03. Found: C, 57.34; H, 3.11; N, 14.29.

1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lumazine (7b): Yield: 57%; m.p.: 280–282 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3480 (OH), 3127 (NH), 3025 (CH arom), 2914, 2856 (CH aliph), 1697, 1654 (2C=O), 1609 (C=C), 827 (p.substituted phenyl), 749 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.01 (s, 1H, NH), 10.53 (s,1H, OH), 8.71 (s, 1H, CH-7), 7.34–7.27 (m, 3H, arom), 7.13–7.09 (t, 1H, arom), 6.99–6.95 (t, 1H, arom), 6.87–6.83 (m, 3H, arom.), 5.10 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 42.97, 107.29, 125.35, 126.86, 127.45, 128.25, 128.94, 129.35, 131.49, 133.90, 137.62, 150.39, 151.12, 154.11, 155.89, 160.27, 162.34; MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 382 (0.58), M+, 380 (0.18), 281 (4), 270 (3), 253 (4), 242 (16), 241 (100), 210 (8), 198 (16), 125 (98), 99 (14), 89 (31), 71 (19); Anal. calcd. for C19H13ClN4O3 (380.78): C, 59.93; H, 3.44; N, 14.71. Found: C, 60.12; H, 3.49; N, 14.87.

1-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

1-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)lumazine (7c): Yield: 61%; m.p.: 252–254 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3423 (OH), 3179 (NH), 3051 (CH arom), 2911, 2850 (CH aliph), 1685 (C=O), 1583 (NH bending), 761 (o.substituted phenyl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.29 (s, 1H, NH), 10.25 (s,1H, OH), 8.70 (s, 1H, CH-7), 7.66–7.64 (d, 1H, arom), 7.53–7.50 (t, 1H, arom), 7.31–7.22 (m, 3H, arom.), 7.18–7.00 (m, 1H, arom), 6.98–6.82 (m, 2H, arom.), 5.09 (s, 2H, CH2); MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 382 (17), M+, 380 (19), 359 (37), 354 (60), 229 (100), 217 (50), 177 (24), 83 (21), 60 (42); Anal. calcd. for C19H13ClN4O3 (380.78): C, 59.93; H, 3.44; N, 14.71. Found: C, 60.19; H, 3.57; N, 14.95.

1-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

1-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)lumazine (7d): Yield: 95%; m.p.: 276–278 °C; IR (KBr) νmax (cm−1): 3179 (NH), 3034 (CH arom), 2912, 2858 (CH aliph), 1693 (C=O), 1600 (NH bending), 1548, 1397 (NO2), 869 (p.substituted phenyl), 751 (C-Cl); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 11.99 (s, 1H, NH), 8.70 (s, 1H, CH-7), 7.50–7.48 (d, 2H, arom), 7.31–7.22 (m, 4H, arom), 6.96–6.94 (d, 2H, arom), 5.09 (s, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 43.00, 107.28, 126.08, 126.89, 127.39, 128.23, 128.72, 129.28, 131.41, 133.99, 140.70, 149.10, 150.38, 150.98, 154.09 (C=O), 154.75, 161.96 (C=O); MS: m/z (%) = M + 2, 411 (0.78), M+, 409 (1.5), 347 (2), 303 (3), 256 (24), 150 (79), 72 (33), 44 (100); Anal. calcd. for C19H12ClN5O4 (409.78): C, 55.69; H, 2.95; N, 17.09. Found: C, 55.84; H, 2.94; N, 17.34.

3.2. Biological Activity

3.2.1. Anticancer Evaluation

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of the Prepared Compounds

Mammalian cell lines: A-549 cells (human Lung cancer cell line) were obtained from VACSERA Tissue Culture Unit (Cairo, Egypt). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), crystal violet and trypan blue dye were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). Fetal Bovine serum, DMEM, HEPES buffer solution, L-glutamine, gentamycin and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland).
Crystal violet stain (1%) was composed of 0.5% (w/v) crystal violet and 50% methanol then made up to volume with ddH2O.
Cell line Propagation: The cells were propagated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, HEPES buffer and 50 µM/mL gentamycin. All cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 and were subcultured two times a week [40,41].
Cytotoxicity evaluation using viability assay: For cytotoxicity assay, the cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a cell concentration of 1 × 104 cells per well in 100 µL of growth medium. Fresh medium containing different concentrations of the test sample was added after 24 h of seeding. Different concentrations of the tested chemical compound were added to 96-well, flat-bottomed microtiter plates (Falcon, Somerset, NJ, USA) using a multichannel pipette. The microtiter plates were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 for of 24 h. Triplicates from each concentration were conducted. Control cells were incubated without sample. After incubation of the cells at 37 °C for 24 h, the viable cells yield was determined by a colorimetric method [42,43,44].
Briefly, media were aspirated and the crystal violet solution (1%) was added to each well for 30 min. The stain was removed, and the plates were rinsed using tap water to remove the excess stain. Glacial acetic acid (30%) was added to the wells, mixed thoroughly, and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm using a Microplate reader (SunRise, TECAN, Inc., Mannedorf, Switzerland). The results were normalized to the background absorbance as baseline in wells without stain. Treated samples were compared with the cell control in the absence of the tested compounds. The cell cytotoxic effect of each tested compound was calculated. The viability of cells were determined from the formula [(ODt/ODc)] × 100% where ODt is the mean optical density of wells treated with the tested sample and ODc is the mean optical density of untreated cells. The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration was plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line for each compound. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) is the concentration of tested compound to stop the growth of 50% of initial cells. The IC50 values were determined from the dose response curve of each compound with the Graph pad Prism software package (San Diego, CA, USA).

3.2.2. Molecular Docking Study

The structures of all tested compounds including the co-crystalized ligands were modeled using the Chemsketch software (Toronto, ON, Canada) (http://www.acdlabs.com/resources/freeware/). The structures were optimized and energy minimized using VEGAZZ software (Milano, Italy), and saved as PDB format. Using AutoDockTools 1.5.6 (La Jolla, CA, USA), all compounds were converted to PDBQT format [45,46]. The optimized compounds were used to perform molecular docking against five proteins that represent vital targets for chemotherapeutic drugs, including cyclin dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), p53 binding site in MDM2 (P53) and Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The three-dimensional structure of the molecular target was obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) from the website (www.rcsb.org): CDK2 (PDB:1DI8, https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1DI8), BCL2 (PDB: 2O2F, https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2O2F), Jak2 (PDB: 5AEP, https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5AEP), P53 (PDB: 2LZG, https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2LZG), and DHFR (PDB: 4DFR, https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DFR). The steps for receptor preparation included the removal of heteroatoms (water and ions), the addition of polar hydrogen, and the assignment of charge. The active sites were defined using grid boxes of appropriate sizes around the bound cocrystal ligands. The docking study was performed using Autodock vina (La Jolla, CA, USA) [47] and Chimera (San Francisco, CA, USA) for visualization [48]. All docking procedures and scoring were recorded according to established protocols [46,49,50,51].

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a new, simple and convenient route for a one pot procedure or even a two or three component reaction. The reaction of 6-amino-1-benzyluracil with benzylidene acetoacetate affords pyridopyrimidine. On the other hand, the reaction of 5,6-diamino-1-2-chlorobenzyl)uracil with different aromatic aldehydes in DMF gave xanthines while the reaction of 5,6-diamino-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)uracil with different aromatic aldehydes and triethyl orthoformate under reflux condition afforded new lumazine derivatives in good yields. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vivo lung carcinoma inhibitory activity against cell line A549. Compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d exhibited the most lung carcinoma inhibitory effect compared with the reference drug methotrexate. Molecular-docking analyses revealed that compounds 3b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7c and 7d were the best docked ligands against most of the targeted proteins especially CDK2, Jak2, and DHFR proteins, as they displayed the lowest binding energies, critical hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions compared to co-crystalized ligands and methotrexate.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available, Figure S1: Free binding of energy values for the tested compounds docked against CDK2 protein binding site, Figure S2: Free binding of energy values for the tested compounds docked against BCL2 protein binding site, Figure S3: Free binding of energy values for the tested compounds docked against Jak2 protein binding site, Figure S4: Free binding of energy values for the tested compounds docked against –MDM2-P53 protein binding site, Figure S5: Free binding of energy values for the tested compounds docked against DHFR protein binding site, Figure S6: The interaction of the most promising compounds with CDK2 protein, (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction, Figure S7: The interaction of the most promising compounds with Jak2 protein, (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction, Figure S8: The interaction of the most promising compounds with DHFR protein, (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction.

Author Contributions

S.E.-K. formulated the research idea, conceived and prepared the manuscript; S.E.-K. and F.A. performed the experiments and analyzed the data; S.E.-K. wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work has been funded from our own money.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Mahmoud Elaasser for carrying out the biological evaluation of this work at the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology at Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The authors are also grateful to Mohamed Tantawy for carrying out the molecular modeling (Docking) for the new synthesized compounds at biochemistry division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki-Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Poofery, J.; Khaw-On, P.; Subhawa, S.; Sripanidkulchai, B.; Tantraworasin, A.; Saeteng, S.; Siwachat, S.; Lertprasertsuk, N.; Banjerdpongchai, R. Potential of Thai Herbal Extracts on Lung Cancer Treatment by Inducing Apoptosis and Synergizing Chemotherapy. Molecules 2020, 25, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Barta, J.A.; Powell, C.A.; Wisnivesky, J.P. Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Ann. Glob. Health 2019, 85, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Bray, F.; Me, J.F.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Zhou, C.; Zhu, Y.; Lu, B.; Zhao, W.; Zhao, X. Survivin expression modulates the sensitivity of A549 lung cancer cells resistance to vincristine. Oncol. Lett. 2018, 16, 5466–5472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Jiao, X.-Q.; Qian, X.-L.; Wu, L.; Li, B.; Wang, Y.; Kong, X.; Xiong, L.-X. microRNA: The Impact on Cancer Stemness and Therapeutic Resistance. Cells 2019, 9, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Malhotra, J.; Malvezzi, M.; Negri, E.; La Vecchia, C.; Boffetta, P. Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide. Eur. Respir. J. 2016, 48, 889–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Alkhatib, M.H.; Alyamani, S.A.; Abdu, F. Incorporation of methotrexate into coconut oil nanoemulsion potentiates its antiproliferation activity and attenuates its oxidative stress. Drug Deliv. 2020, 27, 422–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Alghamdi, H.I.; AlShehri, A.F.; Farhat, G.N. An overview of mortality & predictors of small-cell and non-small cell lung cancer among Saudi patients. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 2017, 7, S1–S6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Okuyama, A. Lung cancer incidence rates in the world from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents XI. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 48, 300–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Matsuda, T.; Machii, R. Morphological distribution of lung cancer from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol. X. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 45, 404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Zhang, Y.; Qin, Q.; Li, B.; Wang, J.; Zhang, K. Magnetic resonance imaging for N staging in non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac. Cancer 2015, 6, 123–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Chen, M.; Chen, S.; Zhu, F.; Wang, F.; Tian, H.; Fan, Z.; Ke, S.; Hou, Z.; Li, Y. Watson–Crick GC”-inspired supramolecular nanodrug of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil for tumor microenvironment-activatable self-recognizing synergistic chemotherapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 3829–3841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Dikshit, R.; Eser, S.; Mathers, C.; Rebelo, M.; Parkin, D.M.; Forman, D.; Bray, F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, E359–E386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Z.G.; Shin, D.M. Advances of Cancer Therapy by Nanotechnology. Cancer Res. Treat. 2009, 41, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Galluzzi, L.; Buqué, A.; Kepp, O.; Zitvogel, L.; Kroemer, G. Immunological Effects of Conventional Chemotherapy and Targeted Anticancer Agents. Cancer Cell 2015, 28, 690–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Weissman, I.L. Stem Cells: Biology, Transplantation, and Political Ethics1. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 2006, 150, 121–147. [Google Scholar]
  17. Ye, Q.; Liu, K.; Shen, Q.; Li, Q.; Hao, J.; Han, F.; Jiang, R.-W. Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer by Multi-Functional Flavonoids. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Yan, K.-H.; Lee, L.-M.; Hsieh, M.-C.; Yan, M.-D.; Yao, C.-J.; Chang, P.-Y.; Chen, T.-L.; Chang, H.-Y.; Cheng, A.-L.; Lai, G.-M.; et al. Aspirin antagonizes the cytotoxic effect of methotrexate in lung cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 2013, 30, 1497–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Fotoohi, A.K.; Albertioni, F. Mechanisms of antifolate resistance and methotrexate efficacy in leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma 2008, 49, 410–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Duthie, S.J. Folic-acid-mediated inhibition of human colon-cancer cell growth. Nutrition 2001, 17, 736–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Hider, S.L.; A Bruce, I.; Thomson, W. The pharmacogenetics of methotrexate. Rheumatology 2007, 46, 1520–1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Hashkes, P.J.; Becker, M.L.; Cabral, D.A.; Laxer, R.; Paller, A.S.; Rabinovich, C.E.; Turner, D.; Zulian, F. Methotrexate: New Uses for an Old Drug. J. Pediatr. 2014, 164, 231–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Levêque, D.; Becker, G.; Toussaint, E.; Fornecker, L.-M.; Paillard, C. Clinical pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in oncology. Int. J. Pharmacokinet. 2017, 2, 137–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Yoon, S.-A.; Choi, J.R.; Kim, J.-O.; Shin, J.-Y.; Zhang, X.; Kang, J.-H. Influence of reduced folate carrier and dihydrofolate reducatse genes on methotrexate-induced cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. Treat. 2010, 42, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Kim, A.; Lee, J.-E.; Jang, W.-S.; Lee, S.-J.; Park, S.; Kang, H.J.; Lee, S.-S. A combination of methotrexate and irradiation promotes cell death in NK/T-cell lymphoma cells via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling. Leuk. Res. 2012, 36, 350–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Pan, Z.; Yang, G.; He, H.; Zhao, G.; Yuan, T.; Li, Y.; Shi, W.; Gao, P.; Dong, L.; Li, Y. Concurrent radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate for treating leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors with adverse prognostic factors: A prospective and single-arm study. Int. J. Cancer 2016, 139, 1864–1872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Naidu, M.U.R.; Ramana, G.V.; Rani, P.U.; Mohan, L.K.; Suman, A.; Roy, P. Chemotherapy-Induced and/or Radiation Therapy-Induced Oral Mucositis-Complicating the Treatment of Cancer. Neoplasia 2004, 6, 423–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  28. Cronstein, B.N. Low-Dose Methotrexate: A Mainstay in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmacol. Rev. 2005, 57, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Tian, H.; Cronstein, B.N. Understanding the mechanisms of action of methotrexate: Implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bull. NYU Hosp. Jt. Dis. 2007, 65, 168–173. [Google Scholar]
  30. Watanabe, K.; Arakawa, Y.; Oguma, E.; Uehara, T.; Yanagi, M.; Oyama, C.; Ikeda, Y.; Sasaki, K.; Isobe, K.; Mori, M.; et al. Characteristics of methotrexate-induced stroke-like neurotoxicity. Int. J. Hematol. 2018, 108, 630–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Howard, S.C.; McCormick, J.; Pui, C.; Buddington, R.K.; Harvey, R.D. Preventing and Managing Toxicities of High-Dose Methotrexate. Oncologist 2016, 21, 1471–1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Saygin, M.; Ozturk, O.; Ozmen, O.; Ilhan, I.; Gonca, T.; Gumral, N.; Orhan, H.; Aslankoc, R. The impact of methotrexate on lung inflammatory and apoptotic pathway biomarkers—The role of gallic acid. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016, 84, 1689–1696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Guinan, M.; Benckendorff, C.; Smith, M.; Miller, G. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Nucleoside Analogues. Molecules 2020, 25, 2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. El-Kalyoubi, S.A.; Agili, F.A. A Novel Synthesis of Fused Uracils: Indenopyrimidopyridazines, Pyrimidopyridazines, and Pyrazolopyrimidines for Antimicrobial and Antitumor Evalution. Molecules 2016, 21, 1714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. El-Kalyoubi, S.; Fayed, E. Synthesis and evaluation of antitumor activities of novel fused tri- and tetracyclic uracil derivatives. J. Chem. Res. 2016, 40, 771–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. El-Kalyoubi, S.A.; Fayed, E.A.; Abdel-Razek, A.S. One pot synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of fused uracils: Pyrimidodiazepines, lumazines, triazolouracil and xanthines. Chem. Cent. J. 2017, 11, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Youssif, S.; Agili, F. ChemInform Abstract: One-Pot Synthesis of Fused 2-Thiouracils: Pyrimidopyrimidines, Pyridopyrimidines and Imidazolopyrimidines. Z. Nat. B 2008, 63, 860–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Marx, D.; Wingen, L.M.; Schnakenburg, G.; Müller, C.E.; Scholz, M.S. Fast, Efficient, and Versatile Synthesis of 6-amino-5-carboxamidouracils as Precursors for 8-Substituted Xanthines. Front. Chem. 2019, 7, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Tantawy, M.A.; El-Sherbeeny, N.A.; Helmi, N.; Alazragi, R.; Salem, N.; Elaidy, S.M. Synthetic antiprotozoal thiazolide drug induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells: Implications of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 and p53/caspases-dependent signaling pathways based on molecular docking and in vitro study. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2020, 469, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Gomha, S.M.; Riyadh, S.M.; Mahmmoud, E.A.; Elaasser, M.M. Synthesis and Anticancer Activities of Thiazoles, 1,3-Thiazines, and Thiazolidine Using Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(vinylpyridine) as Basic Catalyst. Heterocycles 2015, 91, 1227–1243. [Google Scholar]
  42. El-Sayed, A.S.A.; Yassin, M.A.; Ali, G.S. Transcriptional and Proteomic Profiling of Aspergillus flavipes in Response to Sulfur Starvation. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0144304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Ali, G.S.; Norman, D.; El-Sayed, A.S. Soluble and Volatile Metabolites of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs): Role and Practical Applications in Inhibiting Pathogens and Activating Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). Adv. Bot. Res. 2015, 75, 241–281. [Google Scholar]
  44. El-Sayed, A.S.A.; Ruff, L.E.; Ghany, S.E.A.; Ali, G.S.; Esener, S. Molecular and Spectroscopic Characterization of Aspergillus flavipes and Pseudomonas putida L-Methionine γ-Lyase in Vitro. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2017, 181, 1513–1532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Pedretti, A.; Villa, L.; Vistoli, G. VEGA—An open platform to develop chemo-bio-informatics applications, using plug-in architecture and script programming. J. Comput. Mol. Des. 2004, 18, 167–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Kattan, S.W.; Nafie, M.S.; Elmgeed, G.A.; Alelwani, W.; Badar, M.; Tantawy, M.A. Molecular docking, anti-proliferative activity and induction of apoptosis in human liver cancer cells treated with androstane derivatives: Implication of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2020, 198, 105604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Trott, O.; Olson, A.J. AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J. Comput. Chem. 2009, 31, 455–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Pettersen, E.F.; Goddard, T.D.; Huang, C.C.; Couch, G.S.; Greenblatt, D.M.; Meng, E.C.; Ferrin, T.E. UCSF Chimera–a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J. Comput. Chem 2004, 25, 1605–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Tantawy, M.A.; Sroor, F.M.; Mohamed, M.F.; El-Naggar, M.E.; Saleh, F.M.; Hassaneen, H.M.; Abdelhamid, I.A. Molecular Docking Study, Cytotoxicity, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Induction of Novel Chalcones Incorporating Thiadiazolyl Isoquinoline in Cervical Cancer. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2020, 20, 70–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Nafie, M.S.; Tantawy, M.A.; Elmgeed, G.A. Screening of different drug design tools to predict the mode of action of steroidal derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Steroids 2019, 152, 108485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. El-Far, A.H.; Tantawy, M.A.; Al Jaouni, S.K.; Mousa, S.A. Thymoquinone-chemotherapeutic combinations: New regimen to combat cancer and cancer stem cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 2020, 393, 1581–1598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 25 05205 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of folic acid, methotrexate and the proposed derivatives.
Figure 1. Structure of folic acid, methotrexate and the proposed derivatives.
Molecules 25 05205 g001
Molecules 25 05205 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Formation of pyridopyrimidines from 6-amino-1-benzyluracil.
Scheme 1. Formation of pyridopyrimidines from 6-amino-1-benzyluracil.
Molecules 25 05205 sch001
Molecules 25 05205 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Mechanistic pathway for the formation of ethyl pyridipyrimidine-6-carboxylate 3a–d.
Scheme 2. Mechanistic pathway for the formation of ethyl pyridipyrimidine-6-carboxylate 3a–d.
Molecules 25 05205 sch002
Molecules 25 05205 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Mechanistic pathway for the formation of 6-acetyl pyridipyrimidine-2,4,7-trione 3e.
Scheme 3. Mechanistic pathway for the formation of 6-acetyl pyridipyrimidine-2,4,7-trione 3e.
Molecules 25 05205 sch003
Molecules 25 05205 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Formation of xanthines and lumazines from 6-aminouracils.
Scheme 4. Formation of xanthines and lumazines from 6-aminouracils.
Molecules 25 05205 sch004
Molecules 25 05205 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Mechanistic pathway to the formation of 6-aryllumazines.
Scheme 5. Mechanistic pathway to the formation of 6-aryllumazines.
Molecules 25 05205 sch005
Molecules 25 05205 g002 550
Figure 2. Growth inhibition curves showing the human Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell line treated with the tested compounds at different concentrations compared to the reference drug methotrexate.
Figure 2. Growth inhibition curves showing the human Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell line treated with the tested compounds at different concentrations compared to the reference drug methotrexate.
Molecules 25 05205 g002
Molecules 25 05205 g003a 550Molecules 25 05205 g003b 550
Figure 3. The interaction of compound 6c with CDK2 protein compared to reference ligand (RL), (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction representation by blue color.
Figure 3. The interaction of compound 6c with CDK2 protein compared to reference ligand (RL), (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction representation by blue color.
Molecules 25 05205 g003aMolecules 25 05205 g003b
Molecules 25 05205 g004a 550Molecules 25 05205 g004b 550
Figure 4. The interaction of compound 7d with Jak2 protein compared to reference ligand (RL), (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction representation by blue color.
Figure 4. The interaction of compound 7d with Jak2 protein compared to reference ligand (RL), (A) 3D interaction, (B) hydrogen bond formation, and (C) hydrophobic interaction representation by blue color.
Molecules 25 05205 g004aMolecules 25 05205 g004b
Table
Table 1. In vitro inhibitory activity of tested compounds against the human Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) expressed as IC50 values μM ± standard deviation.
Table 1. In vitro inhibitory activity of tested compounds against the human Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) expressed as IC50 values μM ± standard deviation.
Tested CompoundsIC50 Values (μM)
3a237 ± 6.3
3b10.3 ± 0.2
3c349 ± 7.8
3d59.5 ± 2.5
3e246 ± 7.1
562.0 ± 2.4
6a54.0 ± 1.8
6b58.5 ± 1.7
6c27.0 ± 1.1
6d23.1 ± 0.6
6e26.3 ± 1.3
6f141 ± 3.9
7a86.1 ± 2.8
7b84.8 ± 3.4
7c24.9 ± 1.2
7d12.2 ± 0.3
Methotrexate36.3 ± 3.9
Table
Table 2. Binding Free energy for the tested compounds against docked proteins (CDK2, BCL2, Jak2, MDM2-P53, and DHFR) binding pockets in comparison to the co-crystallized ligands and methotrexate.
Table 2. Binding Free energy for the tested compounds against docked proteins (CDK2, BCL2, Jak2, MDM2-P53, and DHFR) binding pockets in comparison to the co-crystallized ligands and methotrexate.
Comp. NoCDK2BCL2Jak2MDM2-P53DHFR
PDB: 1DI8PDB: 2O2FPDB: 5AEPPDB: 2LZGPDB: 4DFR
ΔGb aΔGb aΔGb aΔGb aΔGb a
3a−8.5−7.8−7.6−7.6−8.7
3b−8.7−7.7−7.7−7.0−8.8
3c−8.9−7.8−7.7−7.0−8.6
3d−9.3−7.1−8.1−7.0−8.5
3e−8.6−7.7−8.7−7.7−8.7
5−8.8−8.5−9.5−7.8−8.2
6a-9.7-8.5-9.3-7.8-8.5
6b−9.6−8.5−9.6−7.9−8.6
6c−9.3−8.9−9.6−7.9−8.8
6d−10.1−8.5−9.4−8.4−8.6
6e−9.8−8.9−9.7−7.8−9.1
6f−9.0−8.9−9.6−8.0−8.6
7a−9.7−8.5−9.8−8.1−8.8
7b−9.2−8.5−9.7−7.8−8.6
7c−9.2−8.5−9.7−8.3−9.2
7d−9.5−8.8−9.8−7.6−8.7
Methotrexate−7.6−8.0−9.0−6.9−7.8
Reference ligand−8.3−10.6−9.1−8.2−7.8
a ΔGb: binding Free energy (kcal/mol).
Table
Table 3. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into CDK2 binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Table 3. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into CDK2 binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Comp. NoTypes of Interactions
Hydrogen BondingHydrophobic
NoLength ÅAA aAA a
3b12.040ASP86ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU298, LEU134, LEU83, LEU133, PHE80, PHE82
6c12.129LEU83ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU134, LEU83, LEU148, PHE80, PHE82
3.137LEU83
6d23.245LYS33ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU134, LEU83, LEU148, PHE80, PHE82
2.329ASP145
6e12.802LYS33ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU134, LEU83, PHE80, PHE82
7c23.350LEU83ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU134, LEU83, LEU148, PHE80, PHE82
1.998LEU83
7d12.499GLU12ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU134, LEU83, LEU298, PHE80, PHE82
RL b22.831LYS33ILE10, VAL18, VAL64, LEU148, LEU83, LEU134, PHE82
2.803LEU83
a AA: amino acids; b RL: Reference ligand.
Table
Table 4. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into Jak2 binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Table 4. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into Jak2 binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Comp. NoTypes of Interactions
Hydrogen BondingHydrophobic
NoLength ÅAA aAA a
3b0--LEU855, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, VAL911, PHE860, ILE982
6c12.940ARG980LEU855, LEU997, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, PHE860
6d13.179LEU932LEU855, LEU997, LEU982, LEU932, VAL863, VAL 911, ILE982
6e12.849ARG980LEU855, LEU997, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, VAL 911, ILE982
7c23.181PHE860LEU884, LEU997, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, VAL911, PHE860, PHE 895, ILE982
2.264ASP976
7d12.228ARG980LEU855, LEU997, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, VAL911, PHE860, ILE982
RL b23.631ARG980LEU855, LEU997, LEU983, LEU932, VAL863, VAL911, PHE860, ILE982
3.142LEU932
a AA: amino acids; b RL: Reference ligand.
Table
Table 5. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into DHFR binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Table 5. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction for the most promising tested compounds into DHFR binding pocket in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand.
Comp. NoTypes of Interactions
Hydrogen BondingHydrophobic
NoLength ÅAA aAA a
3b11.950ILE94ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, PHE31
6c12.482TRP22ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, PHE31
6d22.482MET20ILE115, ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, PHE31
2.200SER49
6e12.476SER49ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, PHE31
7c12.098TRY100ILE115, ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, PHE31
7d0--ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, PHE31
Methotrexate32.066SER49ILE115, ILE14, ILE5, ILE94, ILE50, LEU24, LEU28, LEU54, LEU8, VAL13, PHE31
2.135SER49
2.002THR46
a AA: amino acids.
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

El-Kalyoubi, S.; Agili, F. Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives. Molecules 2020, 25, 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215205

AMA Style

El-Kalyoubi S, Agili F. Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives. Molecules. 2020; 25(21):5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215205

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Kalyoubi, Samar, and Fatimah Agili. 2020. "Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives" Molecules 25, no. 21: 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215205

APA Style

El-Kalyoubi, S., & Agili, F. (2020). Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, Xanthine and Lumazine Derivatives. Molecules, 25(21), 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215205

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop