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Article

New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives

by
Jordi Borràs
1,
Julie Foster
2,
Roxana Kashani
2,
Laura Meléndez-Alafort
3,
Jane Sosabowski
2,
Joan Suades
1,* and
Ramon Barnadas-Rodríguez
4,*
1
Departament de Química, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
2
Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 5P, UK
3
Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
4
Unitat de Biofísica/Centre d’Estudis en Biofísica, Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082373
Submission received: 22 March 2021 / Revised: 15 April 2021 / Accepted: 16 April 2021 / Published: 19 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technetium and Rhenium in Chemistry and Their Advanced Applications)
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Abstract

:
The zinc dithiocarbamates functionalized with folic acid 2Zn and 3Zn were synthesized with a simple straightforward method, using an appropriated folic acid derivative and a functionalized zinc dithiocarbamate (1Zn). Zinc complexes 2Zn and 3Zn show very low solubilities in water, making them useful for preparing Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals with a potentially high molar activity. Thus, the transmetallation reaction in water medium between the zinc complexes 2Zn or 3Zn and the cation fac-[99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+, in the presence of the monodentate ligand TPPTS, leads to the formation of the 2 + 1 complexes fac-[99mTc(CO)3(SS)(P)] bioconjugated to folic acid (2Tc and 3Tc). In spite of the low solubility of 2Zn and 3Zn in water, the reaction yield is higher than 95%, and the excess zinc reagent is easily removed by centrifugation. The Tc-99m complexes were characterized by comparing their HPLC with those of the homologous rhenium complexes (2Re and 3Re) previously synthesized and characterized by standard methods. Preliminary in vivo studies with 2Tc and 3Tc indicate low specific binding to folate receptors. In summary, Tc-99m folates 2Tc and 3Tc were prepared in high yields, using a one-pot transmetallation reaction with low soluble zinc dithiocarbamates (>1 ppm), at moderate temperature, without needing a subsequent purification step.

1. Introduction

The bioconjugation of biomolecules to metallic fragments is an important topic with a wide range of potential applications, in particular, the development of new metal drugs for diagnosis and therapy [1,2,3]. In this context, we are developing a new approach based on a transmetallation reaction between zinc complexes and transition metal atoms [4,5,6]. The transmetallation reaction has been applied for many years as a useful reaction for preparing new compounds by the simple transfer of one ligand between different metals [7,8,9]. The Zn(II) complexes are particularly useful for this goal because it is well-known that the transmetallation reaction between Zn(II) and transition metals is usually favored from the thermodynamic point of view, due to the higher stability of bonds with a metal in dn configuration (n = 1–9) compared with those to a metal in a d10 configuration as Zn(II) [4,5,6,10].
Our strategy is based on using a functionalized Zn(II) dithiocarbamate complex (complex 1Zn, Figure 1) which contains succinimidyl ester groups that make possible bioconjugation to a wide range of biomolecules [4,5,6]. This complex can be considered a useful tool for the bioconjugation of transition metals because it can be conjugated to biomolecules with a very simple experimental procedure. The obtained zinc complex allows for the formation of the bioconjugated complex with the desired transition metal by applying the simple transmetallation reaction. It should be highlighted that this compound has already been employed by another research group for preparing bioconjugated gold complexes [11], which is a very different goal to our research objectives.
Our approach is focused on preparing of Tc-99m complexes for radiopharmaceutical applications. The Tc-99m radionuclide is widely used for in vivo SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging because it is easily accessible from 99Mo/99mTc generators, it shows an appropriate half-life (≈ 6 h) and it has very suitable emission properties and detectable gamma rays [12,13,14]. A key point that should be kept in mind in the radiopharmaceutical chemistry of bioconjugated complexes with Tc-99m is that the concentration of this radioactive metal in the labeling reactions is very low (10−6–10−8 M), and consequently, although the concentration of the derivatized biomolecule used in the labeling reaction to form the corresponding metal complex could be very low, it is usually several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of the radioactive metal [15]. Hence, to avoid receptor site saturation, the concentration of the unlabeled derivatized biomolecule should be as low as possible at the end of the process. Using Zn-dithiocarbamates is useful for this goal because they show very low solubilities in water, so the concentration of unlabeled biomolecule stays very low in the reaction medium (water) and the insoluble Zn-dithiocarbamate can be easily removed by filtration. In addition, Zn-dithiocarbamates are useful compounds for transmetallation reactions, a property that has been reported for different applications [4,5,6,10,11,16].
In previous papers, we have shown the viability of this approach with the homologous rhenium complexes and with Tc-99m in the usual experimental conditions employed for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals [4,5,6]. In this paper we have studied the viability of this approach for preparing the folate derivatives of rhenium and technetium-99m for radiopharmaceutical applications. Folic acid (Figure 2) is a vitamin (B9) necessary for cell growth because it is involved in the synthesis of purine and thymine nucleotides and the synthesis of the amino acid methionine [17,18]. The fast growth and proliferation of cancer cells requires a high consumption of folic acid, and, for this reason, the folate receptors are over-expressed in many cancer cells (ovarian, breast, cervical, nasopharyngeal and colon) [19,20]. Consequently, different methods to label folic acid with Tc-99m have been studied by different research groups [21,22,23,24,25,26]. In the present paper, we report the preparation of two new Zn(II) complexes bioconjugated to folic acid, using two different linkers between the folic acid and the dithiocarbamate group. We studied the transmetallation reaction of these complexes with rhenium and technetium-99m. Preliminary biological studies of the new Tc-99m complexes were also made to analyze whether these compounds could lead to new radiopharmaceuticals with high molar activity.

2. Results

2.1. Zinc Complexes

The first step to obtain the bioconjugated zinc complexes was to derivatize the folic acid in order to obtain a molecule that contains a primary amino group, which can lead to the formation of the peptide bond with the activated ester groups of complex 1Zn. Thus, the folic acid derivatives shown in Figure 3 were synthesized by using previously reported methods [27,28].
These organic compounds were characterized by the usual spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, and all data are consistent with those previously reported [27,28]. These compounds were chosen because they contain both an amine group that allows the biomolecule to be linked with complex 1Zn, and a spacer that is useful to distance the folate group from the metal center, to limit the possible steric hindrance of the metallic center in the interaction with the folate receptor. Furthermore, we chose two derivatives with different polarities (see Figure 3). The top molecule contains an alkylic chain, and the bottom molecule contains a polyether chain. The use of two different linkers is interesting to compare the behavior of the possible radiopharmaceuticals in vivo, since it is well-known that more polar compounds show a lower interaction with blood proteins and favor elimination by renal excretion [24,29,30].
The next step was the reaction of the two compounds of Figure 3 with the zinc complex 1Zn to yield the new zinc complexes bioconjugated with folic acid 2Zn and 3Zn, as shown in Scheme 1.
These reactions were performed in similar experimental conditions to those previously reported [4,5]. The only modifications were that the solvent was changed to DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) because folic acid shows low solubility in DMF and the reaction time was longer. The final products 2Zn and 3Zn were easily separated from unreacted folic acid because the new zinc complexes are less soluble in water than folic acid. The two new complexes were characterized by the usual spectroscopic and spectrometric methods (1H, 13C NMR, IR and HRMS can be found as Supplementary Materials). Thus, the 1H NMR spectra are consistent with the formation of the bioconjugated zinc complexes, showing the characteristic signals of the isonipecotic ring after bioconjugation (4.83–4.86 ppm, assigned to the two equatorial protons) and the absence of the signals of the reagent 1Zn. Furthermore, the presence of the characteristic aromatic signals of folic acid fragment and the absences of the signal of the primary amine group are in accordance with the hypothesis that the folic derivative has reacted and it is not present as a contaminant in the final products. The 13C NMR spectra are also consistent with the formation of the two new complexes, showing the characteristic signal of the dithiocarbamate group at 203.2 ppm and all expected signals of the different organic groups. Finally, the elemental analysis is in accordance with the calculated stoichiometry, and the analysis of the two compounds by ESI-HRMS shows the expected signals for 2Zn (m/e; 787.1798; [M] − L− − 2H+) and 3Zn (m/e; 1579.4329; [M] − H+) in agreement with the theoretical calculated values (787.1792 and 1579.4293, respectively).

2.2. Rhenium Complexes

Before studying the transmetallation reaction with Tc-99m, it is necessary to synthesize and characterize the homologous rhenium complexes. Tc-99m complexes are prepared at a high dilution of Tc-99m: The concentration is so low (10−6–10−8 M) that it is not possible to use standard methods to analyze the complexes. However, it is well-known that they can be characterized by comparing their retention times in HPLC with those of their homologues rhenium complexes because they show similar retention times [12,13,14,31]. The fac-[Re(CO)3Br3]2− reagent was chosen for this purpose because it is useful for synthesizing rhenium carbonyl complexes homologues of the Tc-99m complexes obtained with the cation fac-[99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+ [32,33]. This Tc-99m complex is particularly useful for preparing new radiopharmaceuticals because the easy substitution of the labile water molecules leads to very inert and stable Tc-99m complexes that are useful for radiopharmaceutical purposes [32,33].
Complexes 2Re and 3Re were synthesized by using a similar method to that previously reported [4,5,6] for the transmetallation reaction between the bioconjugated zinc complexes, the rhenium metal complex [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] and the mono-dentated ligand TPPTS (triphenylphosphine trisulphonate), by means of the 2 + 1 reaction shown in Scheme 2. The co-ligand TPPTS was selected as monodentate ligand because it forms very stable complexes with Tc-99m and it increases the hydrophilicity of the complex, favoring its excretion by the renal-urinary system [34,35]. This monodentate ligand has also been used in other studies of Tc-99m with folate derivatives [22,23,25].
Complexes 2Re and 3Re were characterized by common spectroscopic and spectrometric methods (1H, 13C, 31P NMR, IR and HRMS can be found as Supplementary Materials). One of the most characteristic signals of the formation of the 2 + 1 complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(SS)(P)] is a signal in the 31P NMR spectra at around 17 ppm, assigned to the TPPTS ligand coordinated to the metal in this coordinative set, which is observed for both metal complexes. Another symptomatic signal, which shows that the transmetallation reaction has occurred, is the absence of the signal assigned to the equatorial protons of the isonipecotic group that are nearest to the dithiocarbamate fragment in the zinc complexes 2Zn and 3Zn (4.83–4.86 ppm), and the presence of a new signal with a shift of around 0.7 ppm (4.05–4.12 ppm). This shift has been previously observed after similar transmetallation reactions [4,5,6]. The IR spectroscopy is also very revealing because the signals of the rhenium carbonyl fac-[Re(CO)3Br3]2− cannot be observed in the ν(CO) region, and they are substituted by the characteristic pattern of the fac-[Re(CO)3(SS)(P)] coordinative set [4,5,6,36]. Finally, ESI-HRMS shows the expected rhenium fragment in the negative region (m/e; 2Re: 1541.1235 calculated for [M] − Na+, found 1541.1226; 3Re: 775.0620 calculated for [M] − 2Na+, found 775.0614).
In order to obtain more information about the possibilities of the transmetallation reaction with rhenium, we made a study with experimental conditions close to those used for preparing radiopharmaceuticals. Thus, the transmetallation reaction was carried out in a water medium at a low concentration (20 ppm) of the cationic complex fac-[Re(H2O)3(CO)3]+ (Scheme 3). The analysis of the reaction mixture by ESI-HRMS, after separation of the unreacted 2Zn complex by centrifugation, confirmed the formation of the expected bioconjugated rhenium complex 2Re. These results indicate that this reaction is viable for preparing the homologous Tc-99m. They are also informative about possible studies for preparing the metal complexes with the β-emitting radionuclides Re-186/Re-188, which are useful for therapeutic purposes [29,37,38].

2.3. Technetium-99m Complexes

The Tc-99m complexes 2Tc and 3Tc (Scheme 4) were prepared under the experimental conditions commonly used for synthesizing Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals. Reactions were carried out by adding a suspension of a small amount of the appropriate zinc complex (2Zn and 3Zn, ~1 mg) and monodentate ligand (TPPTS) to an aqueous solution of [99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+ and posterior heating at moderate temperatures (45–65 °C) for a short time (~25 min). After the suspension had cooled down, it was centrifuged, and the obtained water solution was ready to be used for the biological studies. The low reaction temperature and the short reaction time make this procedure appropriate for preparing Tc-99m compounds for radiopharmaceutical purposes, since long reaction times are incompatible with the decay of the radionuclides.
Figure 4 shows the chromatograms of 2Tc and 3Tc compared with those of the rhenium homologues 2Re and 3Re. As can be observed, the retention times of the homologous complexes are very similar, and the small differences are due to the different times that the sample needs for arriving to the two different detectors (UV-detector for rhenium complexes and gamma ray–detector for Tc-99m complexes). Hence, this result confirms that the homologous Tc-99m complexes 2Tc and 3Tc can be obtained by the simple transmetallation reaction with 2Zn and 3Zn. Furthermore, the yields of the radiosynthesis were higher than 95% in both cases, without any purification procedure. It was only necessary to centrifuge the reaction mixture to remove the excess of the insoluble zinc compound to obtain a water solution useful for biological studies. This is a simple procedure that could be used for preparing new radiopharmaceuticals [4,5,6].
In the Introduction, it was highlighted that a relevant point of the transmetallation reaction with zinc dithiocarbamate complexes is the low solubility of the zinc dithiocarbamates. This fact makes the bioconjugation of the Tc-99m possible in a medium with a very low concentration of the unlabeled biomolecule, increasing the molar activity (defined as the ratio between the radioactivity of a labeled biomolecule and the total amount of the biomolecule in moles [39]) of the potential radiopharmaceuticals. Thus, the water solubilities of complexes 2Zn and 3Zn were measured by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES), obtaining very low values for both complexes (2Zn, <0.2 ppm because is below the detection limit of the equipment; 3Zn, 0.61 ppm). These results confirm that it is possible to prepare 2Tc and 3Tc with high yields in a medium with a very low concentration of the unlabeled biomolecule.

2.4. Serum Stability Studies

The stability of the coordinative set [99mTc(CO)3(SS)(P)] in amino acid media and serum has been previously demonstrated [6]. However, the stability of 2Tc and 3Tc was assessed in serum to confirm their stability in physiological conditions before carrying out the in vitro studies.
Compounds 2Tc and 3Tc were added to fresh mouse serum and incubated at 37 °C for 6 h. Aliquots were removed at time points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h, and the proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. The RCP (radiochemical purity) of each aliquot was measured by RP-HPLC. The results (Figure 5) showed that 2Tc and 3Tc complexes have enough stability in serum to perform the in vitro and in vivo studies.

2.5. In Vitro Binding Assays

In vitro studies of the binding affinity of radiocompounds 2Tc and 3Tc with cells were carried out on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells characterized by their overexpression of the folate receptor [40,41]. Cells were grown in media free of folic acid in order to avoid the blocking of the folate receptors. The comparison of blocked and unblocked binding assays carried out in parallel demonstrated only a minimal statistically significant difference (see Figure 6), which indicates low specific binding to the folate receptors. However, the non-specific binding determined on blocked cells was higher than that reported by other bioconjugated folate Tc-99m complexes [21,25].

2.6. Biodistribution Studies

Six-week-old female athymic mice bearing a SKOV3 tumor on the right flank (n = 3) were used for bio-distribution studies. Animals were injected with a high molar activity solution of 2Tc or 3Tc and sacrificed 4 h post-injection. Considering the activity injected and the solubilities of 2Zn and 3Zn the values of molar activity calculated were 6.7 × 102 MBq/nmol and 2.1 × 103 MBq/nmol for complexes 2Tc and 3Tc, respectively. These values are higher than 3.7 × 102 MBq/nmol (10 Ci/μmol), the highest molar activity value reported for 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals as far as we know. [42].
The results in Table 1 show that both radiocomplexes were highly accumulated in the intestines due to the lipophilic nature of the 99mTc(CO)3 core, which promotes the hepatobiliary excretion of the radiocompound [30,43,44]. Nevertheless, the incorporation of the polar ligand TPPTS to the 2Tc and 3Tc radiocompounds increases their hydrophilic character, which enhances their renal clearance. Consequently, the significant kidney uptake is due to both the presence of folate receptors in this organ [45] and the renal clearance of the complexes.
Tumor uptake is only from two to four times higher than muscle, which are quite low values to be considered good diagnosis agents. These results are consistent with the low specific binding to the folate receptors found in vitro and could be associated with the molecular structure of the complexes. In order to improve the specific binding and the tumor uptake, further studies involving changing the complex structure are necessary.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

All reactions were performed under nitrogen, using standard Schlenk tube techniques. Complex 1Zn [4], and folic acid derivatives [CAS 62682-21-7] [27] and [CAS 1099829-15-8] [28] were synthesized by using previously reported methods. The NMR spectra were recorded in the Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain), on a Bruker DPX-250, DPX-360 and AV400 instruments. Infrared spectroscopy, microanalyses and mass spectrometry measurements were performed by the Servei d’Anàlisi Química del Departament de Química (UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain). Attenuated total reflection infrared spectra (ATR-IR) were registered in Tenson 72 equipment from Bruker. Microanalysis was performed with Thermo Fisher Scientific Flash EA 2000 CHNS equipment, and zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) with the equipment optima 4300DV System (Perkin-Elmer). High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) analyses were recorded by means of liquid chromatography equipment 1200 RR from Agilent Technologies, coupled with a microTOF-Q time-of-flight detector from the company Bruker Daltoniks.

3.2. Synthesis of 2Zn

Folic acid derivative [CAS 62682-21-7] (2.38 g, 4.4 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (55 mL) by slightly heating. Complex 1Zn (1.22 g, 1.8 mmol) and DIPEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine; 1.7 mL, 9.9 mmol) were added to the previous solution, and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature, overnight. After the addition of 150 mL of THF, the product was precipitated as a yellow solid. It was collected by filtration and washed with a basic water solution (NaOH; pH 9–10) (4 × 15 mL) and acetone (2 × 20 mL). Yield: 2.37 g (85%). IR (ATR, cm−1): 3294 (N-H); 1604 (C=O); 3271 (N-H); 1490 (C-N, S2CN). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 8.64; 7.65; 6.66 (10H, ArH); 8.01; 7.81 (6H, RNHCOR); 6.92 (s, 2H, ArNH-R); 4.86 (d, 4H, S2CNCH,eq); 4.49 (d, 2H, ArCH2NHAr); 4.31 (s, 2H, NHCHCOOH); 3.02 (s, 4H, OCNHCH2CH2); 2.24–2.06 (m, 8H, COOHCHCH2CH2CO); 1.76 (s, 4H, S2CNCH2CH,eq); 1.59 (s, 4H, S2CNCH2CH,ax); 1.36–1.09 (16H, alkyl). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 203.2 (S2CN); 175.5 (COOH); 173.8 (RCONH, isonipecotic); 172.3 (CH2CH2CONH); 166.6–166.1 (HNCOCN, pteridine ring) and CONH (aminobenzoic acid); 156.6 (NH2CNHN, pteridine ring); 151.1 (HNC, aminobenzoic acid); 148.8 (NHCCHN, pteridine ring); 129.1 (HNCCHCHCCONH (aminobenzoic acid) and NHCOCN (pteridine ring)); 121.9 (ArCCONH, aminobenzoic acid); 111.7 (HNCCHCHCCONH, aminobenzoic acid); 53.8 (NHCCOOH); 51.0 (S2CNCH2); 46.3 (ArCH2NHAr); 32.2–15.2 (alkyl). ESI-HRMS (negative mode, m/z): calcd. for C32H39N10O6S2Zn ([M] − L− − 2H+), 787.1792, found 787.1798. Anal. Elem for C64H82N20O12S4Zn·3H2O: C, 48.9; H, 5.65; N, 17.5. Experimental: C, 48.8; H, 5.82; N, 17.5.

3.3. Synthesis of 3Zn

Folic acid derivative [CAS 1099829-15-8] (2.5 g, 4.4 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (30 mL) by slightly heating. Complex 1Zn (1.22 g, 1.8 mmol) and DIPEA (1.5 mL, 8.8 mmol) were added to the previous solution, and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature, overnight. After the addition of 95 mL of THF, the product was precipitated as a yellow solid. It was collected by filtration and washed with a basic water solution (NaOH; pH 9–10) (3 × 20 mL) and acetone (2 × 20 mL). Yield: 2.56 g (88%). IR (ATR, cm−1): 3282 (N-H); 1604 (C=O); 1510 (C-N, S2CN). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 8.64; 7.63; 6.65 (10H, ArH); 8.02; 7.93; (s, 6H, RNHCOR)); 6.93; (s, 2H, ArNHR); 4.83 (d, 4H, S2CNCH,eq); 4.49 (d, 4H, ArCH2NHAr); 4.32 (s, 2H, NHCHCOOH); 3.19 (b, 24H, OCNHCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NHCO); 2.30–2.17 (m, 8H, COOHCHCH2CH2CO); 1.79 (s, 4H, S2CNCH2CH,eq); 1.56 (s, 4H, S2CNCH2CH,ax). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 203.2 (S2CN); 174.0 (RCONH, isonipecotic); 172.4 (CH2CH2CONH); 166.6 (HNCOCN, pteridine ring; CONH, amino-benzoic acid); 156.7 (NH2CNHN, pteridine ring); 151.4 (HNC, amino-benzoic acid); 149.0 (NHCCHN, pteridine ring); 129.5 (HNCCHCHCCONH, amino-benzoic acid; NHCOCN, pteridine ring); 121.8 (ArCCONH, amino--benzoic acid); 111.9 (HNCCHCHCCONH, amino-benzoic acid); 69.9–69.5 (RCH2OCH2CH2OCH2R); 65.6 (OCNHCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NHCO); 53.8 (NHCCOOH); 51.3 (S2CNCH2); 46.4 (ArCH2NHAr); 29.0 (COOHCHCH2CH2CONH); 19.5 (S2CNCH2CH2); 15.8 (COOHCHCH2CH2CONH). ESI-HRMS (negative mode, m/z): calcd. for C64H81N20O16S4Zn ([M] − H+), 1579.4293, found 1579.4329. Anal. Elem for C64H82N20O16S4Zn·2H2O: C, 47.5; H, 5.36; N, 17.3. Experimental: C, 47.6; H, 5.54; N, 17.1.

3.4. Synthesis of 2Re

The precursor [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] (89 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in degassed DMSO (2.5 mL) and added to a solution of 2Zn (100 mg, 66.1 μmol) in also degassed DMSO (2 mL). The red resulting mixture was heated at 110 °C for 1 h. Next, TPPTS (69 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added, and the resulting suspension was heated for two additional hours. After cooling down the reaction solution at room temperature, 75 mL of absolute ethanol:methanol (3:1) mixture was added to yield a yellow precipitate, which was then collected by centrifugation and washed with cold ethanol (3 × 10 mL). Yield: 127 mg (70%). IR (ATR, cm−1): 3328 (NH); 2017, 1919; 2017 (C≡O); 1604 (C=O); 1501 (C-N, S2CN). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 8.65; 7.79–7.48; 6.65 (17H, ArH); 8.01; 7.81; 6.98; (s, 3H, RNHCOR); 4.48 (d, 2H, ArCH2NHAr); 4.26 (s, 1H, NHCHCOOH); 4.05 (dd, 2H, S2CNCH,eq); 3.02 (s, 4H, OCNHCH2(CH2)4CH2NHCO); 2.21 (s, 2H, S2CNCH2CH,eq); 1.82 (m, 4H, COOHCHCH2CH2CO); 1.59 (s, 2H, S2CNCH2CH,ax). 31P NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 17.3, also observed 17.1. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 193.1 (CO); 172.3 (CH2CH2CONH); 166.9 (HNCOCN, pteridine ring; CONH, amino-benzoic acid); 151.3 (HNC, amino-benzoic acid); 149.2–148.3 (NHCCHN, pteridine ring); 134.9–122.0 (TPPTS); 111.4 (HNCCHCHCCONH, amino-benzoic acid); 51.8 (S2CNCH2); 46.3 (ArCH2NHAr); 29.4–25.5 (alkyl). ESI-HRMS (negative mode, m/z): calcd. for C53H53N10O18S5Na2PRe ([M] − Na+), 1541.1235, found 1541.1226. Retention time RP-HPLC (min): 11.4.

3.5. Synthesis of 3Re

The precursor [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] (127 mg, 0.16 mmol) was added to a solution of 3Zn (150 mg, 0.095 mmol) in degassed DMSO (1 mL), and the resulting solution was heated at 110 °C for 1 h. At that point, TPPTS (98 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added to the previous red solution, which was then heated for an additional 2 h. At the end of the reaction, the solution was cooled at room temperature, and then absolute ethanol (10 mL) was added to the mixture to promote product precipitation, which was then collected by centrifugation and washed with cold ethanol (2 × 10 mL). Yield: 159 mg (70%). IR (ATR, cm−1): 3311 (NH); 2020, 1923; 1896 (C≡O); 1607 (C=O); 1510 (C-N, S2CN). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 8.64; 7.82–7.45; 6.65 (13H, ArH); 7.98; 7.83; 6.98; (s, 3H, RNHCOR); 4.48 (d, 2H, ArCH2NHAr); 4.37 (s, 1H, NHCHCOOH); 4.12 (dd, 2H, S2CNCH,eq); 3.17 (s, 12H, OCNHCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NHCO); 2.23 (s, 2H, S2CNCH2CH,eq); 1.96–1.80 (m, 4H, COOHCHCH2CH2CO); 1.62 (s, 2H, S2CNCH2CH,ax). 31P-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ in ppm): 16.9, also observed 16.6. 13C-NMR (DMSO d6, δ in ppm): 149.1 (NHCCHN, pteridine ring); 129.5–121.9 (TPPTS); 112.4 (HNCCHCHCCONH, amino-benzoic acid); 69.3 (RCH2OCH2CH2OCH2R); 51.3 (S2CNCH2); 46.4 (ArCH2NHAr); 27.9–25.6 (alkyl). ESI-HRMS (negative mode, m/z): calcd. for C53H53N10O20S5NaPRe ([M] − 2Na+), 775.0620, found 775.0614. Retention time RP-HPLC (min): 11.9.

3.6. Preparation of Tc-99m Complexes

Na [99mTcO4] was eluted and provided by CADISA and Barts Health NHS Trust from a 99Mo/99mTc generator, using 0.9% saline solution. The precursor fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ was synthetized either with the Isolink kit (Coviden) or with an alternative method [46]. Briefly, in a 20 mL vial was added sodium potassium tartrate (15 mg), NaBH4 (6.5 mg) and Na2CO3 (6.0 mg), and then the vial was carefully sealed and flushed for 15 min with CO. Finally, 1 mL of NaTcO4 (37 MBq) was added and heated to 90 °C for 25 min. For both methods, after the heating period, the vial was cooled down to room temperature, and the pH was adjusted to approximately 7.0 with HCl 0.1 M. The radiochemical yield was evaluated with an RP-HPLC.
For the preparation of Tc-99m complexes 2Tc and 3Tc, 100 µL of fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ (10−6–10−8 M) was added to a suspension of the zinc dithiocarbamate compound (2Zn or 3Zn) (150 µL, 10 mg/mL), previously sonicated for 15 min, with 10 µL of the solution of the TPPTS (10−3 M). The resulting suspension was heated to 40–65 °C for 25 min. Afterwards, the reaction mixture was cooled down, and the solid was removed by centrifugation. Retention time RP-HPLC (min): 11.5 (2Tc); 12.4 (3Tc). Radiochemical yields: 96% (2Tc); 98% (3Tc).

3.7. Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

The HPLC system featured at Barts Cancer Institute is a Beckman HPLC system Gold 128 with solvent module and a 166 UV detector module (monitoring at 280 nm). Radioactivity was detected by using a gamma-detector (Raytest). Compounds were separated on a Jupiter 5 µm C4 from company Phenomenex. Reverse phase analysis was carried out by using: (A) aqueous 0.1 M TEAP (triethylammonium phosphate solution) and (B) acetonitrile. Method: 0–5 min, 5% B; 3–15 min, 5–75% B; 15–20 min, 75% B; 20–25 min, 75–5% B; 25–28 min, 5% B. Flow rate: 1 mL min−1.

3.8. Determination of Solubilities of Zinc Compounds

A suspension in water (10 mL) of the appropriate zinc precursor (2Zn or 3Zn) was heated at 40 °C for 1 h. Afterwards, the suspension was filtered through a 0.2 µm and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 min. Finally, the solution was diluted in 1% HNO3, and the zinc content was analyzed by means of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES).

3.9. Serum Stability Studies

Mice blood (4 mL) was centrifuged at 3000 rpm; the supernatant obtained (600 µL) was added to a 150 µL of the radiocompound solution (2Tc or 3Tc) and incubated at 37 °C. At each time point (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h), aliquots of 150 µL were taken and added to 150 µL of acetonitrile, to precipitate the proteins. Each sample was stirred for 5 min and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed by RP-HPLC to evaluate the stability of the radiocompound.

3.10. Cell Culture

SKOV-3 cells (human ovarian adenocarcinoma) were cultured as monolayers at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The study was performed with free-folate culture medium FFRPMI (modified RPMI, without folic acid, vitamin B12 and phenol red) supplemented with 10% (v/v) of FBS as the only source of folic acid. Cells were harvested in 75 cm2 flasks; when they achieve 80% of confluence, the medium was removed and cells were washed with the PBS buffer (10 mL). Then, 2 mL of trypsin-EDTA was added, and the flask was left in the incubator for 3 min, to remove cells from the flask wall. Finally, 4 mL of fresh media was added to deactivate the trypsin; cells suspensions were then diluted (1:3) and transferred into a new flask. This procedure was repeated approximately 2 or 3 times a week, depending on the dilution factor.

3.11. Binding Assay

To a PBS solution with 2.7 × 106 cells in 0.5 mL, 250 µL (KBq) of the radiocomplex (2Tc or 3Tc) was added, and then the mixture was incubated for 1.5 h at 37 °C. Then samples were centrifuged, and the pellets were washed three times with PBS. Blocking assay were carried out in parallel, adding to 2.7 × 106 cells 250 µL radiocompound and 200 µL of folic acid (3 mM), at the same time, in order to block the folate receptors. Finally, the activity in all the pellets was measured with a gamma counter. The cell uptake of the radiocompound was given by the formula % uptake = (counts of cells/total counts) × 100. All the experiments were done in triplicate.

3.12. Biodistribution Studies

Three nude mice (6 weeks old) fed with a folate-free rodent diet were inoculated subcutaneously with a suspension of SKOV3 Cells (5 × 106 cells in 100 μL PBS with 100 μL of Matrigel) into the right flank, 15–17 days before the study. Biodistribution studies were carried after injection of 200 µL of the radiocomplex (2Tc or 3Tc) (7–12 MBq) into the tail vein. Animals were sacrificed 4 h post-injection; all the interested organs and tissues were explanted, weighted and measured with a gamma counter. The uptake was expressed as a percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue. All experiments on animals were approved by the QMUL Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body and were carried out under UK Home Office Project License PPL70/7493.

4. Conclusions

This study confirmed that 1Zn is a very useful tool for the conjugation of biological molecules to transition metals. Using this compound, it was possible to obtain the zinc folate complexes 2Zn and 3Zn with a simple and convenient reaction, in which the products can be isolated as pure products of the reaction medium by precipitation.
In addition, the study demonstrates the viability of the transmetallation reaction between bioconjugated zinc complexes and the technetium tricarbonyl cation to prepare Tc-99m compounds, which could be used for radiopharmaceutical purposes. Tc-99m folates 2Tc and 3Tc were prepared with high yields from 2Zn and 3Zn in a reaction medium that contains an extremely low concentration of the zinc reagents (lower than 1 ppm). The structures of 2Tc and 3Tc were corroborated by comparing them with the HPLC data of their homologous rhenium complexes 2Re and 3Re. Therefore, it was concluded that this approach based on the transmetallation reaction with low soluble zinc complexes makes it possible to prepare Tc-radiopharmaceuticals with high molar activity in a simple one-pot reaction at a low temperature, without a posterior purification step.
However, the in vitro and in vivo studies of Tc-99m folates 2Tc and 3Tc have shown a low specific uptake in tumor cells. This problem could be caused by the 3D molecular structure of the folate complexes that prevents its binding to the folate receptor. Further studies should be carried out to study how to modify the molecular structure, in order to increase the linker length, to improve the folate receptor recognition.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Figure S1: Spectroscopic data for 2(Zn) (1H and 13C NMR). Figure S1: Spectroscopic data for 2(Zn) (1H and 13C NMR). Figure S2: Spectroscopic data for 2(Zn) (IR). Figure S3: Spectrometric data for 2(Zn) (HRMS). Figure S4: Spectroscopic data for 3(Zn) (1H and 13C NMR). Figure S5: Spectroscopic data for 3(Zn) (IR). Figure S6: Spectrometric data for 3(Zn) (HRMS). Figure S7: Spectroscopic data for 2(Re) (1H and 13C NMR). Figure S8: Spectroscopic data for 2(Re) (31P). Figure S9: Spectroscopic data for 2(Re) (IR). Figure S10: Spectrometric data for 2(Re) (HRMS). Figure S11: Spectroscopic data for 3(Re) (1H and 13C NMR). Figure S12: Spectroscopic data for 3(Re) (31P). Figure S13: Spectroscopic data for 3(Re) (IR). Figure S14: Spectrometric data for 3(Re) (HRMS).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.B., J.S. (Joan Suades) and R.B.-R.; methodology, J.B., J.S. (Jane Sosabowski) and J.S. (Joan Suades); investigation, J.B., J.F. and R.K.; analysis of results, J.B., L.M.-A., J.S. (Jane Sosabowski), J.S. (Joan Suades) and R.B.-R.; writing—original draft preparation, J.B., L.M.-A. and J.S. (Joan Suades); writing—review and editing, J.B., L.M.-A., J.S. (Joan Suades) and R.B.-R.; visualization, J.B., L.M.-A. and R.B.-R.; supervision, J.S. (Joan Suades), L.M.-A., J.S. (Jane Sosabowski) and R.B.-R.; project administration, J.S. (Joan Suades), L.M.-A. and J.S. (Jane Sosabowski); funding acquisition, J.B., J.S. (Joan Suades) and R.B.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Spanish MINECO-FEDER, grant numbers BIO2015-67358-C2-2-P and CTQ2015-70371-REDT, and by Generalitat de Catalunya, grant number 2017SGR-795.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the QMUL Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body, under UK Home Office Project License PPL70/7493.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article and supplementary material.

Acknowledgments

We thank to Imma Ponte (Departament de Bioquímica, UAB) for allowing us to use the laboratory for handling radioactive substances.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

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Molecules 26 02373 g001 550
Figure 1. Molecular structure of 1Zn.
Figure 1. Molecular structure of 1Zn.
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Figure 2. Folic acid.
Figure 2. Folic acid.
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Figure 3. Folic acid derivatives.
Figure 3. Folic acid derivatives.
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Scheme 1. Synthesis of zinc complexes bioconjugated with folic acid (2Zn and 3Zn).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of zinc complexes bioconjugated with folic acid (2Zn and 3Zn).
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Scheme 2. Synthesis of rhenium complexes 2Re and 3Re.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of rhenium complexes 2Re and 3Re.
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Scheme 3. Synthesis of 2Re in water medium at low concentration (20 ppm).
Scheme 3. Synthesis of 2Re in water medium at low concentration (20 ppm).
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Scheme 4. Synthesis of Tc-99m complexes 2Tc and 3Tc.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of Tc-99m complexes 2Tc and 3Tc.
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Figure 4. Chromatograms of Tc-99m complexes (black color, radiometric detector; (left) 2Tc, (right) 3Tc) and their homologous rhenium complexes (red color, UV detector; (left) 2Re, (right) 3Re). UV signal of 3Re chromatograms was obtained from the complex prepared in DMSO at milligram level; therefore, only in this case is the peak at 10.0 min evident which corresponds to the presence of 3Zn.
Figure 4. Chromatograms of Tc-99m complexes (black color, radiometric detector; (left) 2Tc, (right) 3Tc) and their homologous rhenium complexes (red color, UV detector; (left) 2Re, (right) 3Re). UV signal of 3Re chromatograms was obtained from the complex prepared in DMSO at milligram level; therefore, only in this case is the peak at 10.0 min evident which corresponds to the presence of 3Zn.
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Figure 5. Stability study of complexes 2Tc and 3Tc in mouse serum (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Figure 5. Stability study of complexes 2Tc and 3Tc in mouse serum (mean ± SD; n = 3).
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Figure 6. Results of binding assay for 2Tc and 3Tc carried out on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.
Figure 6. Results of binding assay for 2Tc and 3Tc carried out on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.
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Table
Table 1. Biodistribution results of complexes 2Tc and 3Tc in athymic mice bearing a SKOV3 tumor at 4 h post-injection.
Table 1. Biodistribution results of complexes 2Tc and 3Tc in athymic mice bearing a SKOV3 tumor at 4 h post-injection.
Organs and Tissues2Tc3Tc
Tumor0.58 ± 0.060.48 ± 0.11
Intestine52.16 ± 4.2138.85 ± 1.41
Pancreas0.13 ± 0.030.12 ± 0.02
Spleen0.17 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.03
Kidney10.51 ± 1.7611.77 ± 1.87
Stomach1.63 ± 0.101.49 ± 0.20
Liver2.88 ± 0.372.41 ± 0.25
Heart0.31 ± 0.050.24 ± 0.03
Lung0.62 ± 0.130.76 ± 0.16
Blood0.39 ± 0.070.67 ± 0.15
Muscle0.14 ± 0.040.24 ± 0.04
Data depict the amount of tracer uptake (%ID/g) and are presented as an average from 3 animals ± SEM.
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Borràs, J.; Foster, J.; Kashani, R.; Meléndez-Alafort, L.; Sosabowski, J.; Suades, J.; Barnadas-Rodríguez, R. New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives. Molecules 2021, 26, 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082373

AMA Style

Borràs J, Foster J, Kashani R, Meléndez-Alafort L, Sosabowski J, Suades J, Barnadas-Rodríguez R. New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives. Molecules. 2021; 26(8):2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082373

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borràs, Jordi, Julie Foster, Roxana Kashani, Laura Meléndez-Alafort, Jane Sosabowski, Joan Suades, and Ramon Barnadas-Rodríguez. 2021. "New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives" Molecules 26, no. 8: 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082373

APA Style

Borràs, J., Foster, J., Kashani, R., Meléndez-Alafort, L., Sosabowski, J., Suades, J., & Barnadas-Rodríguez, R. (2021). New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives. Molecules, 26(8), 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082373

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