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Article

Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding

by
Marko Šakarašvili
1,†,
Lukas Ustrnul
1,†,
Elina Suut
1,
Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
1,
Kamini A. Mishra
1,
Nele Konrad
1,
Jasper Adamson
2,
Victor Borovkov
1,* and
Riina Aav
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
2
Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2022, 27(3), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030937
Submission received: 12 November 2021 / Revised: 19 January 2022 / Accepted: 25 January 2022 / Published: 29 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Aggregation in Supramolecular Systems)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In order to investigate the ability of bis(zinc octaethylporphyrin) (bis–ZnOEP) to discriminate cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils (cycHC[n]) of different shapes and sizes, the self-assembly of barrel-shaped chiral cycHC[n] with bis–ZnOEP was studied by various spectroscopic methods (absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR). While the binding of 6-membered cycHC[6] induced a tweezer-like conformation followed by the formation of anti-form of bis–ZnOEP upon further addition of cycHC[6], the interaction of 8-membered cycHC[8] is more complex and proceeds through the featured syn-to-anti conformational change of bis–ZnOEP and further intermolecular self-assembly via multiple noncovalent associations between cycHC[8] and bis–ZnOEP. Whilst bis–porphyrins are known to be effective chemical sensors able to differentiate various guests based on their chirality via induced CD, their ability to sense small differences in the shape and size of relatively large macrocycles, such as chiral cycHC[6] and cycHC[8], is scarcely examined. Both studied complexes exhibited characteristic induced CD signals in the region of porphyrin absorption upon complexation.

1. Introduction

Porphyrins and their derivatives are one of the cornerstones of life; they are responsible for storing and transporting oxygen [1], photosynthesis [2], and enzyme-catalyzed reactions [3,4]. Synthetic derivatives have a wide range of applications, e.g., catalysis, photodynamic therapy, and sensing [5,6,7,8,9]. The versatility of porphyrin application can be significantly improved by metal insertion and/or covalently linking two porphyrin rings into a bis–porphyrin structure. The corresponding linker(s) may provide conformational flexibility or rigidity and thus make it possible to vary the distance between corresponding cores [10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. The most exciting aspect of bis–metalloporphyrins is their ability to recognize enantiomers of various monodentate and bidentate chiral molecules [11,17,18,19,20,21,22] related to the general phenomenon of chiral information transfer from guest to host, which is also employed by other sensing systems [23,24,25,26]. Typically, upon the host–guest interaction, a noticeably strong circular dichroism (CD) signal in the region of porphyrin absorption is induced. This is because the bis–porphyrin molecule must accommodate its conformation to the guest’s chiral structure, hence resulting in chirality transfer from a chiral guest to achiral bis–porphyrin [18]. Moreover, the intensity of the signal can be further enhanced by exciton coupling (EC) caused by the through space interaction between corresponding electronic transitions of a bis–porphyrin [10,27]. As a result, bis–metalloporphyrins can be sensitive not only to the stereochemistry of a guest but also to the bulkiness and shape of its substituents. Such properties were well described on the widely studied bis–porphyrin structure with a simple flexible ethane link between two porphyrin rings: bis(zinc(II) octaethylporphyrin) (bis–ZnOEP) [18,28,29].
In a noncoordinating solvent, bis–ZnOEP favors a remarkably stable syn face-to-face conformation (Figure 1) due to strong π–π interactions between the porphyrin rings [18]. Upon the binding of an external guest, the π–π interactions are disrupted, and bis–ZnOEP can be rearranged into two major conformations: (1) tweezer-like conformation with a guest positioned between two porphyrin rings, a conformation especially favored in the complexes with bidentate guests, and (2) opened anti conformation with two porphyrin rings separated from each other in an almost parallel arrangement, a conformation typical for complexation with monodentate guests. If the guest is chiral, induced CD (ICD) can be observed with an intensity related to EC. In turn, EC exhibits a parabola-like dependence on the dihedral angle between the porphyrin cores with no EC for the dihedral angles of 0° and 180° [28,30,31,32]. The tweezer conformation with a chiral guest conventionally provides strong EC and intense ICD, due to the exceptional rigidity and unidirectional helicity of the formed supramolecular complex. However, in the case of a more flexible anti conformation, ICD may strongly depend upon the corresponding complex geometry, which can be parallel (no EC) or slightly distorted to form a screw structure (relatively weak EC) [31,33,34,35].
Recently, we reported that carbonyl groups of (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers of barrel-shaped macrocycles, cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils (cycHC[n], n = 6, 8) (Figure 1), can externally bind multiple zinc porphyrins through the Lewis acid-base interactions and subsequently induce chirality at the porphyrin core [36]. A family of cycHC[n]s consists of chiral and nonchiral (n = 6, 8, 12) members [37,38,39,40] and features, analogous to all single bridged cucurbiturils [41,42], binding anions inside the macrocycle cavity. Additionally, cycHC[n]s bind hydrogen bond donors and electron-rich organic molecules [43,44]. Upon complexation of chiral cycHC[n]s with achiral and CD silent zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) in CH2Cl2, an ICD signal is observed in the region of the porphyrin Soret band [36]. This inspired us to explore further complexation and chirogenesis with bis–ZnOEP due to its aforementioned binding and chirality sensing abilities. Moreover, the complexation of bis–ZnOEP with relatively large multidentate molecules, such as cycHC[n]s, has not yet been studied. Thus, we present a binding study employing various spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis absorption, fluorescence (FS), CD, NMR), including variable temperature (VT) and time-dependent measurements to characterize the corresponding supramolecular complexes of bis–ZnOEP with enantiomerically pure cycHC[6] and cycHC[8], which have six and eight available urea binding sites, respectively.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Binding of Bis–ZnOEP with CycHC[6] and CycHC[8]

The binding properties of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[n]s were evaluated by 1H-NMR and UV-vis titrations using only (R,R)- enantiomers of chiral macrocycles. A stepwise addition of cycHC[6] to the syn form of bis–ZnOEP in CD2Cl2 shows the shielding of the meso-α protons of bis–ZnOEP (Figure 1 and Figure 2A). However, the addition of two equivalents of macrocycle was followed by the deshielding of the same signal in the presence of higher equivalency, which clearly indicates the presence of more than one structural transformation. The change in chemical shifts of signals is influenced by cycHC[6] binding and subsequent conformational switching of bis–ZnOEP. The conformational changes of bis–ZnOEP are generally evaluated by 1H-NMR signals from the meso-β protons (Figure 1 and Figure 2B). In syn conformation, the meso-β protons experience a strong ring-current effect from the neighboring porphyrin ring and, due to the symmetry-related magnetic equivalency, provide a shielded broad singlet. Upon binding an external guest, the geometry of bis–ZnOEP changes; the influence of the ring-current effect of the porphyrin core causes deshielding, and due to symmetry loss, the signal is split [29,45]. These trends were observed in the case of cycHC[6], where chemical shifts of meso-β protons split and are deshielded by 0.69 ppm (Figure 2B), which clearly indicates that the bis–ZnOEP syn form opens upon complexation with cycHC[6]. Similar behavior was found for the complex formation of cycHC[8] with bis–ZnOEP, namely that the porphyrin meso-protons exhibited deshielding and splitting in the case of meso-β protons (Figure 2D) and shielding in the case of meso-α protons (Figure 2C). However, for cycHC[8], the changes of chemical shifts were to a lesser extent, and the reverse deshielding of the chemical shift of the meso-α proton was not observed (Figure 2C).
Titration experiments revealed that the maximum observed shift of meso-β protons were 0.17 ppm with cycHC[8] and 0.69 ppm with cycHC[6], whilst the signal of the meso-α proton shifted by 0.02 ppm in the presence of 15 equivalents of cycHC[8] and only 2 equivalents of cycHC[6]. Assuming that the extent of chemical shift change is caused by the abundance of complexed species, a seemingly weaker binding of cycHC[8] compared to that of cycHC[6] can be deduced. This is in line with our previously published study [36], wherein mono ZnOEP interacted with both cycHC[n]s through the same supramolecular mechanism; cycHC[6] was bound approximately five times stronger than cycHC[8].
The UV-vis titrations of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[6] show bathochromic shifting of the porphyrin B band λmax from 397 to 402 nm upon complexation. Additionally, further red-shifted absorptions appear at 418 and 437 nm (Figure 3A). These electronic transitions indicate the formation of a tweezer-like complex; they appear closely similar to the previously published complexation study for bis–ZnOEP with amino alcohols [35], where three well-resolved transitions were exhibited at 407 nm, as the main band, and at 418 and 435 nm, as corresponding shoulders.
Surprisingly, UV-vis titration of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[8] showed a clear difference between the binding of two homologous macrocycles (Figure 3A,B). In particular, the complexation with cycHC[8] induced a decrease in the B band at λmax 397 nm and appearance of the transition at 424 nm. This gave the absorption spectra of a contrastingly different shape at the same equivalents of cycHC[8], as compared to cycHC[6]. Moreover, the saturation of the complex formation with cycHC[8] was seemingly reached at 1500 equivalents, while for cycHC[6], more than 2000 equivalents were needed (Supplementary Materials pages S11–S15).
The 1H-NMR and UV-vis titration data of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[6] were evaluated using the Bindfit online tool [46,47]. Only the 1:2 binding model gave a reasonable correlation between the experimental data and fitted the binding isotherm for both titration methods. The fitting of the 1H-NMR titration data (Supplementary Materials pages S3–S5) provided the corresponding association constants K1 = 1650 ± 180 M−1 and K2 = 183 ± 2 M−1, and the fitting of UV-vis titration data showed the binding strength of the same magnitude with K1 = 4550 ± 470 M−1 and K2 = 92 ± 1 M−1 (Supplementary Materials pages S11–S13). The association constants obtained by both methods clearly indicate a negative cooperativity of the binding process, meaning that the binding of the first cycHC[6] molecule diminishes the binding of the second one. Such behavior is also typical for bis–ZnOEP forming a 1:1 tweezer-like complex with bidentate guests [35]. However, an excess of the bidentate guest forces bis–ZnOEP to adopt a 1:2 anti conformation. Apparently, the second guest binding is less favorable due to additional energy needed to break interactions with the first guest molecule and also the conformational change of bis–ZnOEP. It should be noted that in the case of the guests that give 1:1 complex in anti conformation, the binding of the second guest has positive cooperativity. This is because the intramolecular interactions in bis–ZnOEP are destroyed, and the subsequent syn-to-anti conformational change occurs upon the binding of the first guest. Therefore, the second guest molecule can be freely bound to the second porphyrin core and has no additional constraints. Hence, as the negative cooperativity was observed, and on the basis of spectral data obtained, we can assume that the 1:1 complex with cycHC[6] has a tweezer-like conformation. Moreover, with K1 in the 103 M−1 range and K2 being roughly 2–3 orders of magnitude smaller, the values correspond well with the previously described binding of smaller bidentate chiral guests, which formed the corresponding tweezer structure [35].
However, the evaluation of the 1H-NMR and UV-vis titration data for the bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[8] complex was unsuccessful with 1:2 binding models, and a reasonable fit was achieved only in the NMR concertation range (mM) for 1:1 binding with K1 = 198 ± 5 M−1. Therefore, a different mechanism of the binding of cycHC[8], as compared to cycHC[6], should be considered. Additionally, certain time-dependent changes during the UV-vis titration experiments with cycHC[8] were noted.

2.2. Time-Dependent Behavior of Complexes

The evaluation of the stability of cycHC[n] complexes in time was checked by measuring the UV-vis spectra of bis–ZnOEP immediately after the single addition of 2000 (or more) equivalents of cycHC[8] and cycHC[6] to provide sufficient abundance of the complex (see mole fractions on page S11) and compared with the data from the UV-vis titration first (pure bis–ZnOEP) and last points (complexed bis–ZnOEP) for the same macrocycles. The titration last points were measured approximately 1 h after the first addition and had the same equivalents of a guest as in the comparative single addition experiment (Figure 4A,B). In the case of cycHC[6], the binding outcome was the same in both experiments (titration and single addition). As less pronounced changes in time were observed for the complex of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[6], we can conclude that the complex formation equilibrium is relatively fast within the measurement timeframe.
Conversely, in the case of the cycHC[8] complex, the distinct differences were spotted between the final spectrum of titration and single addition of the same equivalents of cycHC[8] (Figure 3B and Figure 4B, 0 h). The single addition (Figure 4B, 0 h) caused a lesser initial change in the spectrum, and noticeable spectral changes occurred in time (Figure 4B, 25 h), indicating a kinetically slow process. After 2 h, the spectra from a single addition experiment became similar to the last titration point (Figure 3B and Figure 4B, 2 h). After 24 h, further changes in the UV-vis spectra became negligible. Therefore, one can conclude that a relatively slow and concurrent kinetics of the complexation of cycHC[8] with bis–ZnOEP prevents the successful evaluation of association constants by the standard procedure.
To further study the kinetic process, additional CD and fluorescence spectra of bis–ZnOEP after a single addition of cycHC[n] were measured. In the case of cycHC[6], minor changes in the spectra were noted. The ICD spectra (Figure 4C) exhibit a complex spectral profile consisting of three Cotton effects as a result of EC between two pairs of the porphyrin electronic transitions in bis–ZnOEP. The latter observation proves interaction with chiral cycHC[6] and corresponding helical distortion of bis–ZnOEP. The fluorescence spectrum in the presence of cycHC[6] showed the emissions of the complex at 611 nm, the Q(0,0) band, and at 660 nm, the Q(0,1) band (Figure 5A), which also support the formation of a tweezer-like complex as was suggested based on the UV absorption spectra. There are apparent similarities to the previously published complexes with small molecules that form tweezer-like structures [29].
Analogous to UV-vis data, a distinct complexation character of bis–ZnOEP with cycHC[8] was also observed in CD and fluorescence spectral data (Figure 4B,D and Figure 5B). The presence of the ICD signal of bis–ZnOEP upon mixing with cycHC[8] at the starting point (0 h) proves the formation of a chiral complex (Figure 4D). Although the shape of ICD is changed in time, all recorded spectra lack strong EC, resembling monosignate ICD of previously studied monomeric ZnOEP in complexes with cycHC[n] [36]. This along with the fact that the intensity of ICD remains low in time clearly indicates that chiral induction is apparently caused by unsymmetrical deformation of the individual porphyrin moieties at the nearly parallel-oriented porphyrin cores rather than by a unidirectional helical arrangement of the whole bis–ZnOEP molecule [48]. Moreover, a distinct contrast in the intensity and shape of the CD spectra of corresponding cycHC[6] and cycHC[8] complexes is additional evidence of the specific chiroptical selectivity of bis–ZnOEP as a chirality sensor for large chiral macrocycles (Figure 4C,D). Notably, further UV-vis kinetic experiments at higher concentration (3.4 × 10−5 M) of bis–ZnOEP also fully support this conclusion (see Supplementary Materials pages S16–S18 and S23).
Interestingly, the emission spectrum exhibited a negligible change directly after adding cycHC[8] to bis–ZnOEP (Figure 5B). However, the emission spectrum drastically changed after 25 h when the complex stabilized; it exhibited two distinct bands with the smaller Q(0,1) band at 632 nm and main Q(0,0) band at 585 nm of a higher intensity as compared to that at 0 h. These observations also suggest that the syn-to-anti conformational switching of bis–ZnOEP leads to fluorescence firing as the porphyrin cores become more spatially separated and hence less interactive. Similar changes have been also evidenced in previous studies [35]. This assumption is additionally supported by the similarity of the emission spectra shapes of monomeric ZnOEP and bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] with the Q(0,0) and Q(0,1) bands of ZnOEP appearing at 577 and 628 nm, respectively (Figure 5B and Supplementary Material pages S24–S26). Moreover, upon the binding of cycHC[8], the shape of the ZnOEP emission spectrum remained the same (Supplementary Material page S26).
The substantial change in time of bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] UV-vis, CD, and FS spectra should arise either from slow syn-to-anti conformational change of bis–ZnOEP or aggregation of the host–guest complex. The time-dependent 1H-NMR measurements of the bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] complex were performed in the 1:1 ratio and in excess of cycHC[8] to follow the conformational changes of bis–ZnOEP upon complexation. In addition, similar analysis of the bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[6] complex was performed for comparison (see Supplementary Material page S28). Spectra were collected immediately after mixing and then 20 days later for solutions containing 1 equivalent of cycHC[n] and after 24 h for solutions containing excess of 8 equivalent of cycHC[n]. Time-dependent changes in the chemical shifts and signal shapes were not observed in neither of the complexes; however, the split in meso-β proton signals in excess of cycHC[n] clearly indicated opening of the syn-conformation of bis–ZnOEP in both cycHC[n] complexes (Figure 2 and Supplementary Material pages S3–S6 and S28) with comparably fast rate.
The observed difference in time-dependent behavior of the bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] supramolecular system in the UV-vis, CD, and FS measurements, as compared to the NMR measurements, can be related to a substantial difference in the sample concentrations (μM and mM, respectively) and in excess of cycHC[8] (2000 and 8 equivalents, respectively). The low binding constant of bis–ZnOEP to cycHC[8] and relatively small excess of cycHC[8] in the NMR study might hinder the formation of the assembled species, as indicated by other methods.

2.3. Variable Temperature 1H-NMR and Fluorescence Experiments

To find a process responsible for the time-dependent changes, two VT experiments were performed.
Firstly, a stability and reversibility of the aggregate formation together with the thermodynamic parameters of the complex formation were studied by VT 1H-NMR of a samples containing 1:1 ratio of bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[n] (Figure 6 and Supplementary Materials pages S29–S30). Upon cooling down to 253 K, all the signals of bis–ZnOEP and both cycHC[n]s exhibited changes in chemical shifts, which can be related to the increased abundance of complexes due to a stronger binding at lower temperature. However, larger changes were observed in the presence of cycHC[6] complex in comparison to cycHC[8] (Figure 6A,B, respectively). The line broadening, caused by the slow exchange between complexed and noncomplexed species or aggregates, was most prominent in the shift of meso-β proton at 8.2 ppm in both samples; nevertheless, the coalescence point was not passed, and therefore, thermodynamic parameters could not be evaluated in this study.
Upon heating the samples from 253 back to 298 K, the observed changes were immediately reversed and resulted in the same 1H-NMR spectrum as observed prior to cooling (Figure 6). Therefore, the formation of new species that could be clearly identified as aggregates were not proven at mM concentration.
Secondly, the influence of temperature on the syn-to-anti conformational change was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, as a method used for a µM concentration region. Samples containing mixtures of bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[8] were brought and kept at the temperature of 248, 295, and 308 K immediately after the samples preparation and then measured at 295 K (Figure 7). Based on the previous UV-vis experiments, it was estimated that maintaining the samples at different temperatures for 2–8 h should be sufficient to observe their differences; hence, samples were measured 5 h after the mixing of compounds. Importantly, the emission spectra were measured at 295 K; therefore, the observed differences can be attributed only to the time spent at different temperatures. The obtained results thus clearly show that at higher temperatures, the expected transformation of emission spectra progressed faster. This means that the conformational change from syn-to-anti form contributes in the kinetically slow process, stabilizing after approximately 24 h at room temperature. However, as noted above, the changes in emission spectra cannot be simply attributed only to the conformational change as opening of the syn conformation was relatively fast according to the NMR studies. Therefore, the aggregation of the complexes where bis–ZnOEP is in the anti conformation can be proposed at μM concentration range.

2.4. Proposed Self-Assembly Mechanism

The following binding and self-assembly mechanisms for the bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[n] complexes were proposed based on the above-discussed experimental results (Figure 8).
The interaction of bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[6] resembles the complexation of bis–ZnOEP with small bidentate guests [35]. Furthermore, the observed negative cooperativity is in line with the formation of a tweezer-like 1:1 complex, in which a molecule of cycHC[6] is placed between two porphyrin moieties and fixed by two coordination bonds. The further addition of cycHC[6] leads to the formation of 1:2 complex, which is in the anti form (Figure 8A). In the case of cycHC[8], the self-assembly process is more complicated due to the presence of a slow kinetic process at µM concentration. Minor changes in absorption and fluorescence maximum wavelength and intensity shortly after mixing (Figure 4B and Figure 5B) suggest that the first binding (process I. at Figure 8B) is relatively weak and bis–ZnOEP is likely to preserve the syn conformation. Further time evolution in fluorescence proves the opening of bis–ZnOEP (II. and III.) via the kinetically slow process into the anti conformation, in which two porphyrin moieties are apart from each other, and as no EC was observed in CD, the angle between them is close to 180°. In addition, an aggregation (III.) of the complex would be the more probable explanation [49] for the slow process as opening of the syn conformation was proven to be fast by NMR studies. Nevertheless, syn-to-anti interconversion kinetics can be influenced by the concentration.
As both macrocycles are chemically analogous, the observed differences in binding mechanisms must be related to structural inequalities, such as bulkiness, shapes, and the number of binding sites. While the heights of cycHC[6] (12.4 Å) and cycHC[8] (11.9 Å) are similar, the diameters (d) and shapes obviously differ as a consequence of a differing number of monomers in cycHC[n] (Figure 8, Supplementary Material pages S31–S32). However, the diameter of bis–ZnOEP aromatic rings (12 Å) is comparable in size to measures of cycHC[n] (see Supplementary Material pages S31–S32). Clearly, a larger volume of cycHC[8] may lead to increased steric hindrance and preference for the opened anti conformation. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that the interaction between bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[8] is directed by the macrocycle size and steric hindrance caused by the ethyl groups of bis–ZnOEP.
Nevertheless, a probable relation between the guest’s bulkiness and kinetics of bis–porphyrin’s spectral changes at μM concentrations cannot explicitly explain why cycHC[8] could exhibit further aggregation while cycHC[6] does not. Although the binding of cycHC[6] proceeds through the tweezer-like complex—which is unsuitable for aggregation—an excess of both cycHC[n] leads to the final anti conformation, where both porphyrin rings of bis–ZnOEP are bound to the guests. This situation is essentially the same in the 1:2 anti complex and in the aggregate. Hence, the probable ability to aggregate with cycHC[8] but not with cycHC[6] can arise from the difference in shape and position of additional binding sites. As one can deduce from the ICD spectra, the specific geometry of bis–ZnOEP·cycHC[8] complexes is close to parallel, while bis–ZnOEP·cycHC[6] exhibits a helical distortion. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the geometry of one complex is suitable for aggregate formation, whereas the other is not. However, we are currently undertaking further study to elucidate the detailed structure of observed complexes, mechanism of self-association, and chirogenic processes and will report our findings in due course.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

Unless otherwise stated, all reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received. Compounds prepared in our laboratories were bis–ZnOEP [50], (S,S) and (R,R)-cycHC[8] [38], (S,S) and (R,R)-cycHC[6] [37] and were prepared in all cases according to the procedures described in the literature. All solutions were prepared using Hamilton® Gastight syringes (Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA); those syringes were also used for all additions during UV-VIS and NMR titrations. To ensure precise measurement in sample preparation, the mass of solvent and its density were used along with volumetric glassware. Samples were weighed on a microbalance with an accuracy of 6 μg (Radwag® MYA 11.4Y, Radom, Poland). The NMR and UV-vis titrations, as well as other experiments using methods nonsensitive to chirality of complexes, were performed only with enantiopure (R,R)-cycHC[n] since the same binding for (S,S)-enantiomers is expected. Titration data were fitted using Bindfit software [46,47]. All the UV-vis, CD, and fluorescence spectra are presented in the range of wavelengths corresponding to absorption or emission of bis–ZnOEP, while cycHC[n]s have no bands in the same range (see Supplementary Materials page S27). The excess of 2000 or more equivalents of cycHC[n] used in single-addition experiments was necessary to secure sufficient abundance of complex in solution. The amount was rationalized based on the shape of UV-vis titration binding isotherms (seeming saturation in the case of cycHC[8]) and mole fractions based on the obtained association constants for cycHC[6]. We examined previously obtained crystal structures of bis–ZnOEP [51,52,53] and of cycHC[n] with ZnTPP [36] for their similarity to herein presented complexes. All distances were measured between the centers of corresponding atoms, and the van der Waals radius was then added.

3.2. Spectroscopic Measurements

1H-NMR experiments were measured using a QCI CryoProbe and DUL probe on a Bruker AVANCE III 800 MHz (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) spectrometer at a temperature of 298.15 K, except that time-dependent 1H-NMR and VT-NMR (253–298 K) were measured using 5 mm ID probe (Inverse Detect probe) on Agilent DD2 500 MHz spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). All NMR titrations were performed in either CD2Cl2 or CH2Cl2 containing 10% CDCl3 to lock. Data was processed with MestreNova (Version 14.1.2) software. The UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded with Varian Cary® 50 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The CD spectra were recorded with a Jasco J-1500 circular dichroism spectrophotometer (JASCO International Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). All the fluorescence measurements were recorded by Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). All spectroscopic measurements were performed in CH2Cl2, and concentrations and spectral data are available in further detail in Supplementary Materials.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the complex formation of bis–ZnOEP with bulky chiral multidentate cycHC[n] macrocycles was studied using UV–vis, CD, fluorescence, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy methods. Although cycHC[6] and cycHC[8] are chemically analogous and differ only in the number of binding sites, shape, and volume, bis–ZnOEP is able to differentiate between the two macrocycles by exhibiting a different behavior related to the self-assembly mechanism. Bis–ZnOEP forms a tweezer-like 1:1 complex with cycHC[6], which subsequently transforms into the opened 1:2 anti complex upon further addition of cycHC[6]. The evaluation of 1H-NMR and UV-vis titration data showed a negative cooperativity with the average association constants for both methods: K1 = 3200 M−1; K2 = 140 M−1. In contrast to cycHC[6], the interaction between bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[8] exhibited obscure host–guest interaction. This included the intermolecular binding itself and further time-dependent self-association, which prevented the evaluation of the corresponding association constants. This host–guest interaction includes the formation of the 1:1 syn complex between bis–ZnOEP and cycHC[8] followed by slow opening to the anti conformation, which is apparently driven by subsequent aggregate generation. Moreover, the specific cycHC[8]’s shape and larger number of binding sites leading to a different geometry of the complexes are associated with the presumed aggregate formation, which was not observed in the case of cycHC[6] complexes. Finally, this paper confirms that bis–ZnOEP is able to recognize cycHC[n]s and their enantiomers. Chiral cycHC[6] induces noticeably intense CD employing exciton coupling, therefore indicating a helical distortion of the whole bis–ZnOEP molecule, whilst chiral cycHC[8] induces only weak and monosignate CD, with exciton coupling absent apparently due to nearly parallel orientation of the porphyrin cores of bis–ZnOEP. In conclusion, this work clearly demonstrated an advanced sensory ability of bis–ZnOEP to recognize large macrocyclic systems, such as cycHC[n]s, and that the complexation-induced aggregation of porphyrins can lead to the formation of new chiral materials.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded online. General information; 1H NMR titrations: Figures S1–S7, Tables S1–S3; UV-Vis titrations: Figures S8–S12, Tables S4 and S5; Spectroscopic UV-Vis and fluorescence kinetics: Figures S13–S31; UV-Vis and CD of pure cycHC[n]: The highest intensity UV-Vis maxima for cycHC[n] in CH3CN are reported previously in literature [54] and are following: for cycHC[6] λmax = 196 nm and for cycHC[8] λmax = 197 nm. Figure S32; 1H NMR time dependent change: Figures S33 and S34; Variable temperature in 1H NMR: Figures S35 and S36; Structural analysis of cycHC and bis–ZnOEP: Figures S37 and S38.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.U., R.A. and V.B.; methodology, M.Š, L.U., R.A. and V.B.; formal analysis, M.Š., L.U., R.A. and V.B.; investigation, M.Š., N.K. and J.A.; resources, K.A.M., J.V.N. and E.S.; data curation, M.Š.; writing—original draft preparation, M.Š. and L.U.; writing—review and editing, M.Š., L.U., K.A.M., J.V.N., E.S., N.K., J.A., V.B. and R.A.; visualization, M.Š. and L.U.; supervision, R.A., V.B. and L.U.; funding acquisition, R.A. and L.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Estonian Research Council Grants (PRG399, PSG400, and MOBJD592); the European Regional Development Fund (CoE 2014-2020.4.01.15-0013, and CoE TK134); Estonian Research Council (TT4); and H2020-FETOPEN 828779 (INITIO).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not available.

Informed Consent Statement

Not available.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Vitālijs Rjabovs and Indrek Reile for their help on setting up the NMR experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are available from the corresponding authors.

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Molecules 27 00937 g001 550
Figure 1. On top: structure of bis–ZnOEP in syn, tweezer, and anti conformations, and beneath: structures of (R,R)- and (S,S)-cycHC[n].
Figure 1. On top: structure of bis–ZnOEP in syn, tweezer, and anti conformations, and beneath: structures of (R,R)- and (S,S)-cycHC[n].
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Figure 2. 1H-NMR spectra of bis–ZnOEP upon addition of cycHC[6] in CD2Cl2: signals of (A) meso-α protons and (B) meso-β protons; and upon addition of cycHC[8] in CH2Cl2 and 10% CDCl3: signals of (C) meso-α and (D) meso-β protons.
Figure 2. 1H-NMR spectra of bis–ZnOEP upon addition of cycHC[6] in CD2Cl2: signals of (A) meso-α protons and (B) meso-β protons; and upon addition of cycHC[8] in CH2Cl2 and 10% CDCl3: signals of (C) meso-α and (D) meso-β protons.
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Figure 3. Absorption spectra of titration of bis–ZnOEP (3.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) with (A) (R,R)-cycHC[6] from 0 to 2000 equivalents and with (B) (R,R)-cycHC[8] from 0 to 2000 equivalents.
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of titration of bis–ZnOEP (3.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) with (A) (R,R)-cycHC[6] from 0 to 2000 equivalents and with (B) (R,R)-cycHC[8] from 0 to 2000 equivalents.
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Figure 4. (A) Absorption spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (2.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 3000 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[6] in time. (B) Absorption spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (3.0 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 2200 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[8] in time. (C) Change of CD spectra in time corresponding to the sample of bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[6] from absorption spectra A and for the complex with (S,S)-cycHC[6] measured at the same conditions. (D) Change of CD spectra in time corresponding to the sample of bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] from absorption spectra B immediately after single addition and after 25 h.
Figure 4. (A) Absorption spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (2.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 3000 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[6] in time. (B) Absorption spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (3.0 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 2200 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[8] in time. (C) Change of CD spectra in time corresponding to the sample of bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[6] from absorption spectra A and for the complex with (S,S)-cycHC[6] measured at the same conditions. (D) Change of CD spectra in time corresponding to the sample of bis–ZnOEP∙cycHC[8] from absorption spectra B immediately after single addition and after 25 h.
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Figure 5. (A) Fluorescence spectra (λex = 399 nm) of free bis–ZnOEP (2.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 3000 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[6] in time (λex = 404 nm). (B) Fluorescence spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (3.0∙10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 2200 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[8] in time (λex = 413 nm).
Figure 5. (A) Fluorescence spectra (λex = 399 nm) of free bis–ZnOEP (2.2 × 10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 3000 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[6] in time (λex = 404 nm). (B) Fluorescence spectra of free bis–ZnOEP (3.0∙10−6 M, CH2Cl2, 296 K) and after single addition of 2200 eq of (R,R)-cycHC[8] in time (λex = 413 nm).
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Figure 6. The selected areas of 1H-NMR spectrum of 1:1 ratio mixture of 1.0 × 10−3 M bis-ZnOEP and (A) (R,R)-cycHC[6] and (B) (R,R)-cycHC[8] at (from top to bottom): 298 (before cooling), 290, 285, 280, 275, 270, 253, and 298 K (after heating back to initial temperature).
Figure 6. The selected areas of 1H-NMR spectrum of 1:1 ratio mixture of 1.0 × 10−3 M bis-ZnOEP and (A) (R,R)-cycHC[6] and (B) (R,R)-cycHC[8] at (from top to bottom): 298 (before cooling), 290, 285, 280, 275, 270, 253, and 298 K (after heating back to initial temperature).
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Figure 7. Emission spectra (excited at 397 nm) of bis–ZnOEP (3 × 10−6 M) samples with 2000 equivalents of cycHC[8] measured at 295 K immediately after preparation and then again after being kept for 5 h at different temperatures.
Figure 7. Emission spectra (excited at 397 nm) of bis–ZnOEP (3 × 10−6 M) samples with 2000 equivalents of cycHC[8] measured at 295 K immediately after preparation and then again after being kept for 5 h at different temperatures.
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Molecules 27 00937 g008 550
Figure 8. The proposed binding mechanisms of bis–ZnOEP with (A) cycHC[6] described by obtained association constants and with (B) cycHC[8]. The 3D structures and diameters of cycHC[n]s are based on previously reported crystal structures [36]. Color coding: C—gray, H—light blue, O—red, and N—dark blue.
Figure 8. The proposed binding mechanisms of bis–ZnOEP with (A) cycHC[6] described by obtained association constants and with (B) cycHC[8]. The 3D structures and diameters of cycHC[n]s are based on previously reported crystal structures [36]. Color coding: C—gray, H—light blue, O—red, and N—dark blue.
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Šakarašvili, M.; Ustrnul, L.; Suut, E.; Nallaparaju, J.V.; Mishra, K.A.; Konrad, N.; Adamson, J.; Borovkov, V.; Aav, R. Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding. Molecules 2022, 27, 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030937

AMA Style

Šakarašvili M, Ustrnul L, Suut E, Nallaparaju JV, Mishra KA, Konrad N, Adamson J, Borovkov V, Aav R. Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030937

Chicago/Turabian Style

Šakarašvili, Marko, Lukas Ustrnul, Elina Suut, Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju, Kamini A. Mishra, Nele Konrad, Jasper Adamson, Victor Borovkov, and Riina Aav. 2022. "Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding" Molecules 27, no. 3: 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030937

APA Style

Šakarašvili, M., Ustrnul, L., Suut, E., Nallaparaju, J. V., Mishra, K. A., Konrad, N., Adamson, J., Borovkov, V., & Aav, R. (2022). Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding. Molecules, 27(3), 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030937

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