Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results
Variables | PPCM Patients n = 39 | Controls n = 50 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 25.9 ± 6.5 | 26.4 ± 6.2 | 0.674 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2 ± 3.9 | 21.9 ± 4.2 | 0.377 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 119 ± 26 | 126 ± 18 | 0.124 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 86 ± 19 | 83 ± 14 | 0.469 |
Hypotension (SBP < 100 mmHg) | 13 (33.3%) | 2 (4%) | <0.001 * |
Heart rate, beats/min | 108 ± 17 | 94 ± 16 | <0.001 * |
Log10 Family income/month, ₦ | 4.31 ± 0.31 | 4.28 ± 0.37 | 0.672 |
Log10 Education, years | 0.99 ± 0.21 | 0.97 ± 0.15 | 593 |
NYHA class | |||
I | 0 | 50 (100%) | <0.001 * |
II | 14 (35.9%) | 0 | |
III | 18 (46.2%) | 0 | |
IV | 7 (18.0%) | 0 | |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 13.4 ± 2.8 | 0.058 |
Serum sodium, mmol/L | 136.0 ± 5.5 | 140.4 ± 4.1 | <0.001 * |
Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 79.8 ± 21.9 | 73.3 ± 18.0 | 0.149 |
Anemia | 16 (41.0%) | 11 (22.0%) | 0.053 |
Serum albumin, g/dL | 32.4 ± 4.9 | 35.8 ± 7.3 | 0.061 |
Log10 ALT | 1.17 ± 0.47 | 1.27 ± 0.29 | 0.305 |
Log10 AST | 1.29 ± 0.40 | 1.43 ± 0.23 | 0.088 |
ACEI or ARB | 18 (46.2%) | 0 | - |
Digoxin | 37 (94.9%) | 0 | - |
Beta-blockers | 3 (7.7%) | 0 | - |
Spironolactone | 37 (94.9%) | 0 | - |
Nifedipine | 0 | 7 (14.0%) | - |
α-Methyl Dopa | 5 (12.8%) | 14 (28.0%) | 0.083 |
Thiazide diuretic | 10 (25.6%) | 8 (16.0%) | 0.261 |
Variables | PPCM Patients n = 39 | Controls n = 50 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Selenium, µg/L | 61.7 ± 14.9 | 118.4 ± 45.6 | <0.001 * |
Selenium <70 µg/L | 30 (76.9%) | 11 (22.0%) | <0.001 * |
Selenium <45 µg/L | 6 (15.4%) | 0 | - |
Ceruloplasmin, mg/dL | 43.9 ± 15.8 | 45.3 ± 15.7 | 0.682 |
Ceruloplasmin >60 mg/dL | 7 (18.0%) | 4 (8.0%) | 0.201 |
Multiparity | 29 (74.4%) | 42 (84.0%) | 0.296 |
Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 16 (41.0%) | 14 (28%) | 0.197 |
Traditional hot baths | 14 (35.9%) | 41 (82%) | <0.001 * |
“Kunun kanwa” | 9 (23.1%) | 39 (78%) | <0.001 * |
Twin pregnancies | 2 (5.1%) | 2 (4.0%) | 0.799 |
Rural residency | 18 (46.2%) | 7 (14.0%) | <0.001 * |
Variables | Patients Alive n = 17 | Deceased n = 6 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Selenium, µg/L | 63.3 ± 14.1 | 60.1 ± 13.5 | 0.634 |
Ceruloplasmin, mg/dL | 49.1 ± 13.2 | 39.4 ± 10.8 | 0.127 |
Age, years | 26.3 ± 5.9 | 26.0 ± 9.2 | 0.940 |
NYHA class | |||
II | 7 (41.2%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.280 |
III | 8 (47.1%) | 1 (16.7%) | |
IV | 2 (11.8%) | 2 (33.3%) | |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 112.8 ± 19.2 | 120.0 ± 32.3 | 0.525 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.8 ± 14.6 | 91.7 ± 24.0 | 0.169 |
Heart rate, beats/min | 107 ± 19 | 114 ± 13 | 0.379 |
Log10 income | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 0.003 * |
BMI, Kg/m2 | 21.1 ± 4.9 | 21.3 ± 2.4 | 0.933 |
Log10 creatinine | 1.86 ± 0.16 | 1.90 ± 0.15 | 0.622 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 13.0 ± 1.0 | 0.929 |
LVEDDi, mm/m2 | 40.4 ± 5.4 | 41.4 ± 4.4 | 0.683 |
LVEF, % | 33.3 ± 10.5 | 29.2 ± 12.8 | 0.446 |
ARB/ACEI | 8 | 4 | 0.646 |
Beta blockers | 1 | 1 | 0.481 |
Spironolactone | 15 | 6 | 1.000 |
Digoxin | 16 | 5 | 0.273 |
2.2. Discussion
2.2.1. Selenium Deficiency as PPCM Risk Factor
2.2.2. PPCM and Traditional Birth Practices Peculiar to Northern Nigeria
2.2.3. Other PPCM Risk Factors
2.2.4. Limitations
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Clinical Evaluation
3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Karaye, K.M.; Yahaya, I.A.; Lindmark, K.; Henein, M.Y. Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 7644-7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047644
Karaye KM, Yahaya IA, Lindmark K, Henein MY. Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(4):7644-7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047644
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaraye, Kamilu M., Isah A. Yahaya, Krister Lindmark, and Michael Y. Henein. 2015. "Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 4: 7644-7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047644
APA StyleKaraye, K. M., Yahaya, I. A., Lindmark, K., & Henein, M. Y. (2015). Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(4), 7644-7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047644