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Article

Pyramiding Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in Tainung82 for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Using Marker-Assisted Selection

by
Yu-Chia Hsu
1,
Chih-Hao Chiu
2,
Ruishen Yap
1,
Yu-Chien Tseng
1 and
Yong-Pei Wu
2,*
1
Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
2
Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi 60014, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(4), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041281
Submission received: 3 December 2019 / Revised: 12 February 2020 / Accepted: 12 February 2020 / Published: 14 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Rice: Agronomically Important Traits)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Tainung82 (TNG82) is one of the most popular japonica varieties in Taiwan due to its relatively high yield and grain quality, however, TNG82 is susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) disease. The most economical and eco-friendly way to control BB disease in japonica is through the utilization of varieties that are resistant to the disease. In order to improve TNG82’s resistance to BB disease, five bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21) were derived from a donor parent, IRBB66 and transferred into TNG82 via marker-assisted backcrossing breeding. Five BB-resistant gene-linked markers were integrated into the backcross breeding program in order to identify individuals possessing the five identified BB-resistant genes (Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21). The polymorphic markers between the donor and recurrent parent were used for background selection. Plants having maximum contribution from the recurrent parent genome were selected in each generation and crossed with the recipient parent. Selected BC3F1 plants were selfed in order to generate homozygous BC3F2 plants. Nine pyramided plants, possessing all five BB-resistant genes, were obtained. These individuals displayed a high level of resistance against the BB strain, XF89-b. Different BB gene pyramiding lines were also inoculated against the BB pathogen, resulting in more than three gene pyramided lines that exhibited high levels of resistance. The five identified BB gene pyramided lines exhibited yield levels and other desirable agronomic traits, including grain quality and palatability, consistent with TNG82. Bacterial blight-resistant lines possessing the five identified BB genes exhibited not only higher levels of resistance to the disease, but also greater yield levels and grain quality. Pyramiding multiple genes with potential characteristics into a single genotype through marker-assisted selection can improve the efficiency of generating new crop varieties exhibiting disease resistance, as well as other desirable traits.

1. Introduction

As a carbohydrate-rich staple of more than half the world’s diet, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops on the planet. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that by 2050, overall global agricultural production may need to be increased by up to 70% to meet the dietary requirements of the world’s projected population of nine billion [1]. In order to satisfy the demand corresponding to the FAO’s projected population in 2050, global rice production would have to increase by nearly 42% over present-day levels [2]. Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a disease that poses one of the greatest threats to rice production worldwide. In Asia, BB has proven to be capable of reducing crop yields by as much as 50% [3] to 80% [4]. The disease, being systemic, affects the photosynthetic areas of plants, which results in a drastically lower yield. Although BB can be managed through the use of fungicides, enhancing the genetic resistance in rice is the most effective and ecological method of overcoming the threat posed by the disease.
To date, 42 BB resistance genes have been identified from diverse sources, of which Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21 are most frequently utilized in BB resistance breeding programs [5,6,7]. Although the BB resistance genes xa5 and xa13 are recessive in nature, abundant molecular marker resources allow for molecular marker-assisted breeding [8,9,10,11]. The xa5 gene encodes a mutated gamma subunit of basal transcription factor IIA 5 (TFIIAγ5), and along with the dominant resistance gene Xa7, has shown strong resistance to a virulent BB strain, Z-173, in China [11,12]. Another broad-spectrum recessive gene, xa13, was correlated with a plasma membrane protein conferring recessive resistance to PXO99 [13]. Xa21, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase-type gene, was identified from O. longistaminata; it is one of the most effective genes utilized in breeding programs designed to enhance the BB resistance of rice cultivars [8,14].
Conventional backcross breeding embedded with marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been successfully employed in developing crop varieties exhibiting agronomically important traits. The utility of MAS in pyramiding several resistance genes to develop a variety possessing broad-spectrum durable resistance has been successfully demonstrated against numerous pathotypes [6,15,16]; Jalmagna, a high-yield, deep-water rice variety, was improved for BB resistance by pyramiding three resistance genes, xa5 + xa13 + Xa21 [6]; a Korean elite japonica variety, Mangeumbyeo, improved with the introgression of the Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21 genes, which were shown to possess a wide range of resistance to BB [16]. Recently, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 genes were introgressed into the hybrid rice maintainer lines CO2B, BO23B and CO24B through MAS, which can form the basis to develop new, widely adaptable heterotic hybrids possessing resistance against the destructive diseases to which rice is vulnerable [17]. In addition, there have been several examples of MAS being utilized to successfully incorporate different genes which provide higher resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses (for example, the pyramiding of QTLs of submergence tolerance (Sub1A), leaf/neck blast (qBL1 and qBL11), brown planthopper (Bph3) and BB (xa5 and Xa21) in high-yielding and aromatic rice variety ‘Pink3′ [18]).
According to the annual report of the Council of Agriculture, of the 271,000 hectares of rice paddy fields in Taiwan, approximately 7% are affected by BB per year. Most Taiwanese japonica rice cultivars lack BB resistance genes [10], resulting in significant yield loss in fields severely infected by the disease. Pyramiding multiple R genes by MAS provides a rapid and precise way to develop a variety with wide-spectrum and durable resistance [19]. A set of 17 near-isogenic lines (NILs) in IR24 background, having single or two to four pyramided Xa genes, were included in the panel to serve as controls of known disease reactions [20]. IRBB66, carrying Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, in an indica rice IR24 genetic background, conferred strong resistance to races of BB. In the present study, five BB resistance genes were introgressed from IRBB66 into an elite japonica variety, ‘Tainung82′ (TNG82), using marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) and marker-assisted background analysis of selected backcross progenies using SSR markers. The aims of this study were to (i) develop five gene pyramiding lines using MAB, (ii) evaluate the effects of BB-resistant lines carrying different R genes after inoculation with BB strain, (iii) select individuals possessing agronomic traits and grain quality performance from the resulting BB-resistant lines. The development of BB-resistant lines with more than three genes pyramided has a promising future in molecular breeding of durable BB-resistant rice cultivars.

2. Results

2.1. Development of BC3F4 Pyramided Lines Using Marker-Assisted Breeding

Tainung82 is one of the most widely cultured elite japonica varieties in Taiwan, but it exhibits a high susceptibility to bacterial blight disease. In order to develop a BB-resistant japonica cultivar, TNG82 was used as the recurrent parent to backcross with IRBB66 for three generations, and then self-crossed to produce a BC3F4 population. The polymorphism was detected between donor parent IRBB66 and recurrent parent TNG82 with the markers Xa4F/4R, RM604F/604R, Xa7F/7-1R/7-2R, Xa13F/13R and Xa21F/21R for Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, respectively. In addition, the parents were screened with 216 rice microsatellite markers, of which 143 were polymorphic and 117 were used for background selection (Figure S1). The breeding scheme using molecular markers for the selection of the five BB-resistant genes is shown in Figure 1. During the breeding procedure, functional marker selection was practiced from the F1 generation until the BC3F2 generation. The plants possessing all five resistance genes were selected in each stage, of which only two progenies were advanced to the next generation. A total of two plants having all five BB resistance genes (Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21) were screened from 960 F2 plants and confirmed by lined molecular markers [10]. The two F2 plants were backcrossed to TNG82. A total of 53 of 147 BC1F1 plants containing different BB resistance genes were selected by MAS. The percentages of recurrent parent genome (%RPG) of BC1F1 ranged from 60% to 85%, with an average of 73.8% (Figure 2). Ten BC1F1 plants containing both the five BB resistance genes, as well as a high %RPG (average of 81.7%), were used for further backcrossing with TNG82.
A total of 50 of 1228 BC2F1 plants containing different BB resistance genes possessed the recurrent genome content of TNG82, ranging from 72% to 94%, with an average of 83% (Figure 2). The 20 selected BC2F1 plants, heterozygous for all five BB resistance genes and possessing a high %RPG (average of 87.3%), were selfed to obtain the BC2F2 population. The plants homologous for all five target genes were segregated with a Mendelian pattern (homozygous preference genotype = 1/4n). The four BC2F2 plants carrying five positive homozygous alleles of the donor genes, including Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, were screened from 5012 BC2F2 plants. Four BC2F2 plants showed recurrent genome content of TNG82 with %RPG of 92.05% (29), 84.3% (18), 83.1% (5) and 79.4% (43), with an average of 84.71% (Table S1). In the BC2F3 generation, 17 plants containing different BB resistance genes were used to confirm resistance reaction by inoculation with Xoo isolate XF89-b and evaluated for agronomic performance. Four BC2F3 plants with the five BB resistance genes were backcrossed to TNG82. In the BC3F2 generation, 16 of 685 plants containing the five BB resistance genes were identified and grown as BC3F3. These 16 five-gene-pyramided genotypes were selfed and evaluated for agronomic performance. The nine BC3F4 lines containing five BB resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21 (Figure 3) were selected and evaluated for agronomic performance in the field, as well as analyzed for grain quality.

2.2. Development of BC3F4 Pyramided Lines Using Marker-Assisted Breeding

The BC2F3 pyramided rice genotypes were evaluated for their resistance to BB in the field conditions using the Taiwanese Xanthomonase oryzae strain isolate, XF89-b. The resistance donor IRBB66, containing five BB resistance genes, showed shorter lesion lengths (mean lesion length of 0.43 cm), while the susceptible checks, TN1, TCS10, IR24 and TNG82, exhibited a range of longer lesion lengths, between 6.75 and 12.56 cm (Table 1, Figure 4). The genotypes having either BB resistance genes alone or more than two genes pyramided were shown to be moderately resistant, resistant, and highly resistant to the BB disease (Figure 5). In addition, the five-gene-pyramided BC2F3 genotypes exhibited a range of shorter lesion lengths, between 0.37 and 0.46 cm (Table 1). The five-gene-pyramided lines displayed higher levels of disease resistance and a broader resistance spectrum compared to both the parental rice variety, TNG82 and the genotypes possessing a single gene.

2.3. Development of BC3F4 Pyramided Lines Using Marker-Assisted Breeding

Nine five-gene-pyramided lines at the BC3F4 generation, along with the recurrent and donor parents, were evaluated in the first crop season of 2018 at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Taiwan. Significant variances were observed between the pyramided lines and parental rice genotypes for plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, panicles/plant, panicle weight, number of grains/panicle, 1000-seed weight, and single plant yield (Table 2). The recurrent parent, TNG82, recorded mean grain yield of 36.8 g/plant, while the donor parent, IRBB66, was 30.1 g/plant. Six of the nine five-gene-pyramided lines, CNYBB5R4-275, -276, -278, -279, -285 and -287, produced significantly higher grain yields per plant than the recurrent parent, which ranged from 37.1 to 44.5 g/plant, and displayed a similar phenotype to the donor parent TNG82 (Figure 6).
A significant difference was noted between the parental rice varieties and pyramided genotypes in grain quality traits (Table 3). The palatability among pyramided BC3F4 genotypes varied between 69.8 (CNYBB5R4-275) and 74.5 (CNYBB5R4-276). The protein content among pyramided BC3F4 genotypes varied between 6.4 (CNYBB5R4-276 and CNYBB5R4-286) and 7.4 (CNYBB5R4-272). The brown rice ratio for the five-gene-pyramided genotypes varied from 72.8% to 79.3%. The four genotypes, CNYBB5R4-272, -275, -276 and -278, were found to have higher head rice ratios, however, the amount of total milled rice was not significantly different from the recurrent parent, TNG82. The evaluation of agronomic traits in BC3F3 and BC3F4 provided us with an important selection criteria, which can select candidate lines with stable agronomic performances and resistance to disease.

3. Discussion

Conventional backcross breeding is the primary method used to develop highly BB-resistant rice cultivars, but it cannot accurately transfer multiple genes into the cultivar by phenotypic screening and the process requires a significant amount of time [21,22]. Modified backcross pyramid breeding, combined with molecular marker-assisted selection, has already been demonstrated to increase the precision and efficiency of breeding [23,24,25]. Due to the relatively large amount of work involved with the MAS process, the conventional backcross breeding approach has been widely adopted in breeding programs designed to breed for BB resistance [10,26,27,28].
To date, many rice cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance against Xoo isolates have been developed; Singh et al. (2001) pyramided three R genes, xa5, Xa13 and Xa21, in the indica rice cultivars PR106 and Jalmagna using MAS to enhance the bacterial blight resistance [6,15]; the four genes Xa4, xa5, Xa13 and Xa21 were introgressed into the recurrent parent lines Jyothi, IR50, Mahsuri, PRR78, KMR3 and Pusa 6B [26,29,30]; different BB-resistant genes, Xa7, Xa21, Xa22 and Xa23, were also transferred to an elite hybrid rice restorer line, Huahui 1035, in order to improve BB resistance and enhance rice yield [31].
In Taiwan, many japonica rice cultivars lack BB resistance, resulting in significant yield loss in severely infected fields. One such variety is Tainung82, which was released in Taiwan for commercial cultivation in 2006. TNG82 is described as a popular japonica rice variety, with high-yield potential (6–7 t/ha), excellent grain quality, various culinary applications, and relatively low grain protein content (4.5%–5.5%). As an extremely valuable yet BB-susceptible variety, TNG82 was selected as the focus of this study to increase BB resistance through the introgression of five BB-resistant genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21.
The primary purpose of backcross breeding is to transfer one or multiple genes of interest, linked to desirable traits, from donor parents into a base variety for improvement, a process which typically requires six to eight backcrosses to recover the recurrent parent’s phenotype [32]. However, in the MAS scheme, three to four generations of backcrossing is generally enough to achieve more than 99% of the recurrent parent genome [33]. The theoretical %RPG of each generation, BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4, were 75%, 87.5%, 93.8% and 96.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the %RPG can be improved by using MAS for background selection [16,34]. The 80% and 89% recovery rates following two and three backcrosses were obtained from three-BB-gene-pyramided BC2 and BC3 genotypes, via MAS [35]. Balachiranjeevi et al. (2015) transferred the BB gene, Xa21 and rice blast-resistant gene, Pi54, to DRR17A and were able to recover 73.4%, 84.8% and 93.4% RPG in the BC1, BC2 and BC3 generations, respectively.
In this study, the recurrent parent genome recovery rates in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 were 73.8%, 83% and 84.7% (Figure 2), respectively. Compared with the theoretical %RPG, a relatively low background recovery rate was obtained, however, the results were consistent with those found in previous studies [36,37]. Marker-assisted backcrossing can accelerate the breeding process and facilitate a speedy recovery for most of the recurrent genome within a few generations [38], however, the population size of each backcross generation, linkage drag, number of background markers used and genetic background between two parents are considered to be factors that reduce the efficiency of MAB and %RPG [32].
Bacterial blight is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice productivity in Asia. In Taiwan, rice production is frequently affected by BB in the second crop season, resulting in substantial yield loss. In recent years, BB has become a more prevalent threat, due to climate change [39]. XF89-b, a strong and stable Taiwanese epidemic pathogen, has also been used for genetic analysis and the mapping of BB-related resistance genes [40]. In our bioassays, artificial screening of BC2F3 progenies revealed that all genotypes containing at least one BB-resistant gene displayed a degree of increased resistance (Table 1, Figure 4). The BC2F3 progenies that pyramided more than three BB-resistant genes exhibited a very high level of BB resistance against the XF89-b strain, compared to parental lines (Figure 5). The lesion lengths were measured between 0.37 and 1.25 cm (Table 1). The data indicated that multiple BB-resistant genes pyramided in rice can improve resistance to Xoo. The BB pyramiding lines are expected to enhance the adaptability and durability necessary to provide resistance against the dynamic nature of the pathogen. In addition, the results suggest that the gene combinations containing the Xa21 gene were most resistant, as evidenced by shorter lesions lengths, followed by Xa4 + Xa21, Xa7 + Xa21 and xa13 + Xa21, while lines with Xa4 + xa5, xa5 + xa13 and Xa7 + xa13 were less effective. These results are consistent with previous studies, which have shown the presence of Xa21 to be correlated with high levels of persistent resistance against BB disease in rice [6,14,15,17,25]. Xa21 is the cell surface receptor, kinase, which is able to provide resistance to Xoo infections; Xa21 not only suppresses Xoo growth, but also triggers broad perturbation in rice transcriptomes and mediated signaling pathways, preventing Xoo infections [14].
The agronomic performance evaluation of BC3F4 derived in the genetic background of TNG82 revealed that all pyramided lines for most of the agro-morphological traits were, in general, similar to the recipient parent, TNG82. However, six candidate lines, CNYBB5R4-275, -276, -278, -279, -285 and -287, produced significantly higher grain yields per plant than the recurrent parent, which was further confirmed by the multilocation evaluation. In addition, three candidate lines, CNYBB5R4-276, -278 and -286, were not significantly different in palatability, protein, amylose, brown rice ratio, head rice ratio or total milled rice ratio, indicating that the BC3F4 pyramiding lines had grain quality consistent with TNG82. The data showed that there were no yield or grain quality reductions, but rather improvements, due to the pyramiding of the five BB-resistant genes.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials

The donor parent, IRBB66, contained five resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, which were introgressed from wild species in the background of IR24. IRBB66 was provided as a courtesy by the Genetic Resources Center (GRC) of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The recurrent parent was TNG82, an elite japonica cultivar with low protein content and good grain quality, but susceptible to bacterial blight disease. A cross was made between TNG82 and IRBB66, with F1 plants backcrossed thrice with TNG82 to obtain BC3F1 plants, which were selfed to obtain the BC3F4 progeny. Selection based on foreground, background and agronomic traits were practiced from BC1F1 to BC2F2 as a means of identifying lines similar to the recurrent parent.

4.2. Evaluation of Bacterial Blight Resistance

The parental varieties (IRBB66 and TNG82), susceptible varieties (Taichung Native 1 (TN1), Taichung sen 10 (TCS10)), BC2F2 and BC2F3 generation genotypes were pyramided with the five BB-resistant genes, with IR24 as control. Different combinations were evaluated for BB resistance under greenhouse and field conditions with the pathogen, X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Pathogen inoculation was performed at the maximum tillering stage in the field through the modified leaf clipping method, as previously described [41]. A strong Taiwanese epidemic pathogen isolate, XF89-b, was used in this study. The isolate was grown in 523 medium [42] with agitation at room temperature for two days. After adjusting the optical bacterial density to 109 CFU/mL with distilled water, the cultures were used to screen the rice plants for BB resistance. Approximately six leaves from one plant were clipped from the top 2–3 cm simultaneously. All inoculation was completed within 1 h following the preparation of bacterial suspensions. Lesion length for BB was scored after inoculation when the lesion of the susceptible variety, TN1, reached approximately 3/4 of overall leaf length (approximately 21–28 days). The resistance reaction was classified as highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), and susceptible (S) when the values of lesion length were recorded as 0–1 cm, 1.1–3 cm, 3.1–6 cm, 6.1–10 cm, and more than 10 cm, respectively [43,44].

4.3. Evaluation of Agronomic Traits

During the second and first crop season of 2017 and 2018, respectively, the 30-day-old seedlings of the BC3F3 and BC3F4 pyramided lines and both the parents were transplanted into three rows, with 27 plants per row, per entry, at 15 × 25 cm spacing, under a randomized complete-block design, with two replications at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute’s Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station Farm. Ten plants from each entry were recorded as one data replication. Single plant yield was recorded for the 16 BC3F3 genotypes as a basis for selection. In BC3F4, variables for agronomic traits were recorded for nine pyramided lines, including: plant height (cm), days to 50% flowering, panicle length (cm), panicles/plant, panicle weight (g), number of grains/panicle and 1000-seed weight (g), while single plant yield (g) was recorded on a whole-plot basis. In addition, the grain quality, including palatability, protein, amylose, brown rice ratio, head rice ratio and total milled rice ratio, was investigated and analyzed. For palatability analyses, the rice grains were hulled and ground into a fine flour. Approximately 33 g of rice flour was used for the palatability evaluation, which was performed by using a palatability analyzer system (Toyo Taste Meter, Model MA-30), in accordance with the manufacturer’s operation manual (TRCM Co., Toyo Rice Polishing Machine Factory, Japan), as previously described [45]. Protein and amylose contents were measured with a near-infrared spectrometer (AN820, Kett Electric Laboratory Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (Near Infrared Spectrometer, Foss Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Statistical analysis was performed with independent samples using least significant difference (LSD).

4.4. DNA Isolation and PCR Amplification

A rice genomic DNA extraction, with modification, was adopted for minipreparation [45]. Approximately 0.05 g of fresh leaf tissue from 6- to 8-week-old seedlings was homogenized with 300 μL extraction buffer (100 mM Tis-HCl, pH 9.0; 40 mM EDTA-2Na, pH 8.0; 1.67% SDS) at 30 1/s for 2 min by use of TissueLyser (Qiagen Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany). A total of 150 μL benzyl chloride was added to the homogenized tissue and vortexed. After incubation in a 50 °C water bath for 15 min, 150 μL of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) was added. Supernatants were saved after centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C, and 300 μL of ice-cold isopropanol was added to precipitate DNA. After centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 10 min, DNA pellets were saved and washed with 70% ethanol, air-dried and dissolved in 50 μL TE buffer.
A 10 μL PCR reaction containing 20 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 μM forward and reverse primers, 5 μL Multiplex PCR Master Mix (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA), and 1 μL Q-Solution (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA) was performed by use of a thermocycler (GeneAmp PCR System 9700, PerkinElmer Corp., Norwalk, CT, USA) at 95 °C for 15 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 30 s, 57 °C for 2 min, 72 °C for 2 min for 30 cycles; and 60 °C for 30 min for 1 cycle. Following PCR, 2 μL of amplified DNA products was separated by 6% polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) in 0.5 × TBE at 100 v (Dual Triple-Wide Mini-Vertical System, C. B. S. Scientific, CA, USA) for 60 min.

4.5. Marker Analysis

Five gene-specific primers, Xa4F/4R, RM604F/604R, Xa7F/7-1R/7-2R, Xa13F/13R, and Xa21F/21R, tightly linked to the resistance genes Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, respectively, were used to confirm the presence of the R genes in each generation. All markers in this study were published in the previous report [10]. In addition, a total of 36 and 44 markers of known chromosomal positions were used for genotyping in BC1F1 and BC2F1, respectively. In BC2F2, 117 markers, including 57 SSRs, 9 STS, and 51 InDel, distributed evenly on the 12 chromosomes with an average marker interval of 12.76 cM, were used in a genome-wide survey to identify the chromosome segment substitution locations. These polymorphic markers were used for background selection in order to select plants having maximum recovery of the recurrent parent genome. The genotypes from polymorphic bands are recorded as A (IRBB66), B (TNG82) and H (IRBB66/TNG82). The Graphical Geno Types (GGT) Version 2.0 [46] software program was used for the assessment of the recurrent parent genome (%RPG) in the selected recombinants, based on marker data.

5. Conclusions

The use of marker-assisted selection in backcross breeding is an effective and reliable approach for pyramiding BB-resistant genes in rice. In this study, the pyramiding lines that possess resistance against BB strains, high potential yields, and high grain quality were both developed and improved. The BB-pyramided breeding lines containing all five genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, can serve as donors to introgress the resistance genes into other elite rice cultivars in order to accelerate the improvement of rice for disease resistance in Taiwan. These BB-pyramided lines are expected to have a high impact on domestic rice production stability, and also reduce the need for pesticides.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/4/1281/s1. Figure S1: The polymorphic markers used for background selection of TNG82/IRBB66 backcross population. Table S1: The genome composition of BC2F2 derived from TNG82/IRBB66 by 117 polymorphic markers used for MAS.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.-C.H. and Y.-P.W.; methodology, Y.-P.W.; validation, Y.-P.W.; formal analysis, C.-H.C.; investigation, Y.-C.H., C.-H.C., R.Y., and Y.-P.W.; data curation, Y.-C.H. and R.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.-C.H.; writing—review and editing, Y.-C.T. and Y.-P.W.; supervision, Y.-C.H. and Y.-P.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 108-2313-B-415-007) of Taiwan. We are grateful to National Plant Resources Center for providing the rice materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors are highly grateful to the technical support from Plant Protection Division, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram for pyramiding bacterial blight resistance genes into Taiwanese japonica rice cultivar, TNG82, using marker-assisted selection and number of plants selected in every generation.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for pyramiding bacterial blight resistance genes into Taiwanese japonica rice cultivar, TNG82, using marker-assisted selection and number of plants selected in every generation.
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Figure 2. The frequency distribution of recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovered rate using marker-assisted backcrossing in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 populations derived from the backcross of IRBB66/TNG82. The numbers inside the right side of frame indicate the mean values (SD) of RPG recovered.
Figure 2. The frequency distribution of recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovered rate using marker-assisted backcrossing in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 populations derived from the backcross of IRBB66/TNG82. The numbers inside the right side of frame indicate the mean values (SD) of RPG recovered.
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Figure 3. Multiplex PCR amplification of five bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21. The five expected band sizes of 217, 106, 179, 381 and 595 bp, correlated with Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, respectively, were amplified in IRBB66 and nine five-gene-pyramided lines using multiplex PCR. P1:IRBB66, P2:TNG82. DNA products were separated by 6% polyacrylamide gel in 0.5 × TBE at 100 v for 60 min. M: DNA ladder marker.
Figure 3. Multiplex PCR amplification of five bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21. The five expected band sizes of 217, 106, 179, 381 and 595 bp, correlated with Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21, respectively, were amplified in IRBB66 and nine five-gene-pyramided lines using multiplex PCR. P1:IRBB66, P2:TNG82. DNA products were separated by 6% polyacrylamide gel in 0.5 × TBE at 100 v for 60 min. M: DNA ladder marker.
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Figure 4. The leaf lesion length of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 genotypes after 21 days inoculum of bacterial blight pathogen XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016. Susceptible cultivar: TCS10, IR24, and TN1; Parental: TNG82 and IRBB66.
Figure 4. The leaf lesion length of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 genotypes after 21 days inoculum of bacterial blight pathogen XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016. Susceptible cultivar: TCS10, IR24, and TN1; Parental: TNG82 and IRBB66.
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Figure 5. The leaf lesion photo of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 genotypes after 21 days inoculum of bacterial blight pathogen XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016. Susceptible cultivar check: TCS10, IR24, and TN1; Parents: TNG82 and IRBB66.
Figure 5. The leaf lesion photo of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 genotypes after 21 days inoculum of bacterial blight pathogen XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016. Susceptible cultivar check: TCS10, IR24, and TN1; Parents: TNG82 and IRBB66.
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Figure 6. Phenotype of the five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes compared with recurrent parental variety TNG82.
Figure 6. Phenotype of the five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes compared with recurrent parental variety TNG82.
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Table
Table 1. The results of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 lines after incubating the Xoo strains XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016.
Table 1. The results of TNG82/IRBB66 BC2F3 lines after incubating the Xoo strains XF89-b in the field at the first crop season in 2016.
No.LinesGenotypesLesion Length † (cm)Resistance Scale ¥
1TN1 12.56 ± 2.98 aS
2TCS10 9.85 ± 2.07 bMS
3IR24 11.75 ± 1.80 aS
4TNG82 6.75 ± 2.54 c,dMS
5IRBB66Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.43 ± 0.70 iHR
6CNYBB0R01Without resistance gene7.30 ± 1.50 dMS
7CNYBB0R02Without resistance gene5.91 ± 2.04 cMR
8CNYBB1R01Xa42.67 ± 1.00 e,fR
9CNYBB1R02xa52.27 ± 0.73 e,f,gR
10CNYBB1R03Xa72.77 ± 1.04 e,fR
11CNYBB1R04xa135.55 ± 2.28 dMR
12CNYBB1R05Xa211.48 ± 1.48 f,g,h,iR
13CNYBB2R03xa13 + Xa210.77 ± 0.45 h,iHR
14CNYBB2R04Xa4 + Xa210.68 ± 0.24 h,iHR
15CNYBB2R05Xa4 + xa51.24 ± 0.98 g,h,iR
16CNYBB2R06xa5 + xa131.82 ± 0.54 f,g,hR
17CNYBB2R01xa5 + Xa70.75 ± 0.33 h,iHR
18CNYBB2R07Xa7 + xa133.25 ± 0.73 eMR
19CNYBB2R02Xa7 + Xa210.76 ± 0.19 h,iHR
20CNYBB3R03Xa4 + xa13 + Xa210.45 ± 0.17 h,iHR
21CNYBB3R04Xa4 + xa5 + xa131.25 ± 0.74 g,h,iR
22CNYBB3R05Xa4 + xa5 + Xa210.46 ± 0.17 h,iHR
23CNYBB3R01Xa4 + Xa7 + Xa210.56 ± 0.16 h,iHR
24CNYBB3R06xa5 + xa13 + Xa210.44 ± 0.08 h,iHR
25CNYBB3R07xa5 + Xa7 + xa130.71 ± 0.45 h,iHR
26CNYBB3R02xa5 + Xa7 + Xa210.44 ± 0.12 h,iHR
27CNYBB4R03Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa210.43 ± 0.12 iHR
28CNYBB4R01Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + Xa210.48 ± 0.17 h,iHR
29CNYBB4R02Xa4 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.68 ± 0.50 h,iHR
30CNYBB5R01Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.37 ± 0.13 iHR
31CNYBB5R02Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.38 ± 0.12 iHR
32CNYBB5R03Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.46 ± 0.14 h,iHR
33CNYBB5R04Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa210.38 ± 0.12 iHR
† Mean ± standard error. ¥ HR = highly resistant (lesion length < 1 cm); R = resistant (1 cm < lesion length < 3 cm); MR = moderately resistant (3 cm < lesion length < 6 cm); MS = moderately susceptible (6 cm < lesion length < 10 cm); S = susceptible (10 cm < lesion length). Means with none or the same letter of a row are not significantly different at 5% level by least significant difference (LSD) test.
Table
Table 2. Agro-morphologic traits of parental and five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes.
Table 2. Agro-morphologic traits of parental and five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes.
Pyramided Lines Plant Height (cm) (n = 20)Days to 50% Flowering (n = 20)Panicle Length (cm) (n = 20)Panicles/Plant (n = 20)Panicle Weight (g) (n = 20)No. of Grains/Panicle (n = 20)1000-Seed Weight (g) (n = 20)Single Plant Yield (g) (n = 20)
TNG82105.4 ± 1.19020.3 ± 0.214 ± 0.73.3 ± 0.1102 ± 2.530.8 ± 0.136.8 ± 0.1
IRBB6690.2 ± 1.49522.6 ± 0.117 ± 0.53.7 ± 0.1108 ± 1.024.2 ± 0.130.1 ± 0.7
CNYBB5R4-272120.4 ± 1.39222.8 ± 1.816 ± 0.83.6 ± 0.4122 ± 16.726.0 ± 0.136.3 ± 7.3
CNYBB5R4-274115.9 ± 2.79121.4 ± 1.615 ± 0.52.8 ± 0.195 ± 8.228.4 ± 0.432.6 ± 4.4
CNYBB5R4-275116.3 ± 3.79120.1 ± 0.616 ± 2.13.2 ± 0.3113 ± 17.825.2 ± 0.441.2 ± 3.3
CNYBB5R4-276116.3 ± 3.29120.4 ± 0.716 ± 0.52.8 ± 0.2100 ± 9.926.4 ± 0.443.7 ± 0.9
CNYBB5R4-278115.8 ± 2.49121.7 ± 0.212 ± 0.83.9 ± 0.3135 ± 10.326.2 ± 0.144.5 ± 1.3
CNYBB5R4-279112.7 ± 4.29118.3 ± 0.115 ± 1.73.1 ± 0.1120 ± 4.725.2 ± 0.239.2 ± 3.0
CNYBB5R4-285121.8 ± 3.09221.6 ± 0.114 ± 0.83.1 ± 0.1106 ± 0.828.2 ± 0.238.0 ± 0.3
CNYBB5R4-286113.7 ± 6.89120.2 ± 1.015 ± 1.02.9 ± 0.2100 ± 12.127.6 ± 0.135.9 ± 2.6
CNYBB5R4-287115.3 ± 6.69121.7 ± 0.614 ± 0.22.8 ± 0.4103 ± 16.526.6 ± 1.637.1 ± 8.1
LSD (p = 0.05)9.20.62.63.10.724.01.712.1
LSD, least significant difference at 5% probability level.
Table
Table 3. Grain quality of parental and five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes.
Table 3. Grain quality of parental and five-gene-pyramided BC3F4 genotypes.
Pyramided Lines Palatability (n = 20)Protein (n = 20)Amylose (n = 20)Brown Rice (%) (n = 20)Head Rice (%) (n = 20)Total Milled Rice (%) (n = 20)
TNG8276.3 ± 3.26.0 ± 0.516.0 ± 0.177.6 ± 0.255.0 ± 0.161.5 ± 0.7
IRBB6660.3 ± 1.18.7 ± 0.318.1 ± 0.172.3 ± 0.142.3 ± 0.145.7 ± 0.4
CNYBB5R4-27269.0 ± 2.17.4 ± 0.414.5 ± 0.974.1 ± 0.550.5 ± 0.757.8 ± 0.8
CNYBB5R4-27470.0 ± 3.57.3 ± 0.715.3 ± 0.272.8 ± 0.631.2 ± 1.848.6 ± 0.1
CNYBB5R4-27569.8 ± 1.17.2 ± 0.216.0 ± 0.475.1 ± 2.353.8 ± 1.558.7 ± 1.3
CNYBB5R4-27674.5 ± 2.86.4 ± 0.515.4 ± 0.177.2 ± 0.950.1 ± 2.459.0 ± 1.0
CNYBB5R4-27872.3 ± 1.86.7 ± 0.315.6 ± 0.277.5 ± 0.755.8 ± 0.362.1 ± 0.1
CNYBB5R4-27972.3 ± 0.46.8 ± 0.115.3 ± 0.277.2 ± 1.849.3 ± 2.658.1 ± 3.6
CNYBB5R4-28572.0 ± 1.47.0 ± 0.715.2 ± 0.177.0 ± 1.437.0 ± 1.954.4 ± 2.2
CNYBB5R4-28674.3 ± 1.46.4 ± 0.315.3 ± 0.279.3 ± 0.548.4 ± 2.461.2 ± 0.1
CNYBB5R4-28774.3 ± 0.46.8 ± 0.115.4 ± 0.175.5 ± 0.542.0 ± 9.054.7 ± 0.6
LSD (p = 0.05)4.60.91.03.59.84.5
LSD, least significant difference at 5% probability level.

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Hsu, Y.-C.; Chiu, C.-H.; Yap, R.; Tseng, Y.-C.; Wu, Y.-P. Pyramiding Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in Tainung82 for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Using Marker-Assisted Selection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041281

AMA Style

Hsu Y-C, Chiu C-H, Yap R, Tseng Y-C, Wu Y-P. Pyramiding Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in Tainung82 for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Using Marker-Assisted Selection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(4):1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041281

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Hsu, Yu-Chia, Chih-Hao Chiu, Ruishen Yap, Yu-Chien Tseng, and Yong-Pei Wu. 2020. "Pyramiding Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in Tainung82 for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Using Marker-Assisted Selection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4: 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041281

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Hsu, Y. -C., Chiu, C. -H., Yap, R., Tseng, Y. -C., & Wu, Y. -P. (2020). Pyramiding Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in Tainung82 for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Using Marker-Assisted Selection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041281

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