Diversity

8 pages, 11375 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

First Record of Sarsia tubulosa (M. Sars, 1835) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) on Red King Crabs in the Coastal Barents Sea

by Ninel N. Panteleeva, Alexander G. Dvoretsky and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010072 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1487

Sarsia tubulosa (M. Sars, 1835), a colonial hydrozoan of the family Corynidae, is common in the Barents Sea. This study provides new evidence that the species acts as an epibiont of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, a non-indigenous but remarkably abundant [...] Read more.

Sarsia tubulosa (M. Sars, 1835), a colonial hydrozoan of the family Corynidae, is common in the Barents Sea. This study provides new evidence that the species acts as an epibiont of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, a non-indigenous but remarkably abundant decapod crustacean of immense commercial value in the coastal regions of the sea. This finding adds to the current collection of identified epibionts on the red king crab and highlights the prospect of ongoing symbiotic relationships between the crab and the regional fauna. We also provide photographic evidence of S. tubulosa colonies and a comparative morphological evaluation with another closely related corynid, Coryne hincksi Bonnevie, 1898, previously found on the red king crab. The main differences between these two species are the location of the gonophores (reproductive organs) on the hydranths and the final stage of their development: in the form of free-floating medusae (S. tubulosa) or remaining sessile as sporosacs (C. hincksi). Other distinguishing features include variations in hydranth morphology, number and arrangement of tentacles, and structural development of gonophores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Cnidaria)

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14 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat

by Alan H. Fielding, David Anderson, Stuart Benn, John Taylor, Ruth Tingay, Ewan D. Weston and D. Philip Whitfield

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010071 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2205

Abstract

Understanding drivers underlying birds’ responses to operational wind turbines is essential for robust wind farm proposal assessments, especially for large raptors with life history traits engendering sensitivity to impacts from two potential adverse effects: fatality through collision with rotating turbine blades and functional [...] Read more.

Understanding drivers underlying birds’ responses to operational wind turbines is essential for robust wind farm proposal assessments, especially for large raptors with life history traits engendering sensitivity to impacts from two potential adverse effects: fatality through collision with rotating turbine blades and functional habitat loss through avoidance of turbines. The balance between these two potential effects represents opposing extremes on a continuum and is influenced by several factors. Collisions have an obvious impact on survival, but the impacts of avoidance may be more insidious and potentially more significant for a population. It is reasonable to conclude that collisions are less likely when blades are motionless. Consequently, turbine shutdown systems (TSSs, “shutdown on demand” or “curtailment”), instigated as raptors approach operational turbines, may provide mitigation against collisions. By contrast, if avoidance is most likely, this could be independent of blade motion, and TSSs/curtailment would provide no mitigation against habitat loss. For birds tending to wariness of turbines, therefore, it is important to understand if it is conditional on blade motion. Scottish golden eagles show a strong propensity to avoid (be wary of) turbines, subject largely to the suitability of habitat at and surrounding turbine locations. A previous Scottish study found that approach distances to turbines by non-territorial eagles were unaffected by blade motion but were closer at higher wind speed. Here, we analyse movement data from a GPS-tagged territorial eagle and non-territorial eagles responding to the motion status (and wind speed) of turbines at another Scottish wind farm. Eagles’ approach distances to turbines were only weakly affected by blade motion but were closer at higher wind speed. We again found that habitat suitability in and around turbine locations was strongly influential on eagles’ approach distance to turbines. Our confirmation that blade motion had little effect on Scottish golden eagles’ wariness of turbines suggests that for eagles that are prone to avoid turbines, their wariness is a response to turbines per se, and not blades’ movement. In our study system, and others where avoidance is the predominant response, curtailment of turbines’ operation on birds’ close approaches, or making turbine blades more obvious, should, therefore, have little material influence on functional habitat loss impacts. If true, this has important implications for wind farm designs and any proposed mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of the White-Tailed Eagle and Golden Eagle)

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14 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microplastic Pollution in Water Systems: Characteristics and Control Methods

by Hao Ma, Liqiang Chao, Hang Wan and Qin Zhu

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010070 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8551

Abstract

Microplastics have been widely detected in the natural water environment, which brings inevitable risks to the water ecosystem and human health. However, the understanding of the potential impact of microplastics on aquatic animals, plants, and human health is still limited, and technical methods [...] Read more.

Microplastics have been widely detected in the natural water environment, which brings inevitable risks to the water ecosystem and human health. However, the understanding of the potential impact of microplastics on aquatic animals, plants, and human health is still limited, and technical methods to control microplastic pollution in natural water are still rare. Hence, this paper summarizes the progress of research on microplastic pollution in water systems in terms of microplastic source, attributes, distribution characteristics, environmental effects, and prevention and control methods according to the relevant research reports on water microplastic pollution. It also expounds the basic ways for the prevention, control, and treatment of water microplastics, and looks forward to the research direction of water microplastic pollution in the future. The results show that the abundance of fresh water microplastics in China is higher than that in other regions, but the pollution level of marine microplastics is at the middle level. Compared with other countries, the pollution degree of microplastics in aquatic organisms in China is at the middle and lower level, but the spatial heterogeneity is more obvious. Through hydraulic control and the substitution of degradable plastic products, water microplastic pollution can be greatly reduced. This paper can provide a reference basis for the formulation of microplastic pollution prevention and control in China. Full article

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12 pages, 1646 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diet Composition Explains Interannual Fluctuations in Reproductive Performance in a Lowland Golden Eagle Population

by Gunnar Sein and Ülo Väli

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010069 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Food supply stands out as one of the most critical drivers of population demographics by limiting reproductive rates. In this study, we assessed fluctuations in diet composition and monitored various reproductive parameters over a nine-year period in a Golden Eagle population in an [...] Read more.

Food supply stands out as one of the most critical drivers of population demographics by limiting reproductive rates. In this study, we assessed fluctuations in diet composition and monitored various reproductive parameters over a nine-year period in a Golden Eagle population in an Eastern European peatland. The identification of 2439 prey specimens from 84 species revealed that the studied eagles primarily preyed upon birds (constituting 78.3% of prey numbers and 67.2% of prey biomass) and less on mammals (21.6% and 32.8%, respectively). Grouse emerged as the most important prey group (31% and 27%), followed by waterfowl (17%) and hares (8% and 14%). The most significant prey species, both in terms of numbers and weight, were the Black Grouse, Mountain Hare, Common Crane, and Capercaillie. The share of the Black Grouse decreased, while those of the White-fronted Goose, Roe Deer, and hares increased. The food niche, as measured by the Levins’ index, was broad (6.6), and it expanded during the study. On average, 58.3% of Golden Eagle pairs initiated breeding annually, with 69.1% successfully completing it, and 0.41 young per occupied territory were produced annually; there was pronounced interannual variation in reproductive performance. These fluctuations were associated with the shares of White-fronted Goose, Capercaillie, Mountain Hare and Roe Deer in the diet, suggesting that these species may be gaining increasing importance for the Golden Eagle, particularly following the decline of the Black Grouse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of the White-Tailed Eagle and Golden Eagle)

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26 pages, 4873 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trichoderma Diversity in Mexico: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Hector Osvaldo Ahedo-Quero, Teodulfo Aquino-Bolaños, Yolanda Donají Ortiz-Hernández and Edgar García-Sánchez

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010068 - 20 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Trichoderma is a genus of cosmopolitan fungi with more than 375 species described today. Despite its global significance in agriculture, ecosystems, and industry, few studies have focused on studying the diversity and distribution of this genus in Mexico. In this systematic review and [...] Read more.

Trichoderma is a genus of cosmopolitan fungi with more than 375 species described today. Despite its global significance in agriculture, ecosystems, and industry, few studies have focused on studying the diversity and distribution of this genus in Mexico. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to understand the diversity and distribution of Trichoderma species in Mexico, both in ecosystems and agroecosystems. For this systematic review, we used the PRISMA methodology. We reviewed forty-one scientific articles, two book chapters, and the GBIF database. We recorded a total of 1082 isolates, revealing the presence of 57 species of the genus Trichoderma in 29 states of Mexico. We found that species from the genus Trichoderma were reported in 20 agroecosystems and 6 ecosystems. T. harzianum was the predominant species in both agricultural and undisturbed soil. Tabasco and Veracruz were the states with the highest species diversity, with 20 and 14 species reported, respectively. Chiapas had the highest diversity indices (Menhinick had 3.20, Simpson had 0.89, and Margalef had 4.16). The coffee crop was the agroecosystem with the highest diversity, with 12 species reported. In the undisturbed ecosystems, tropical rainforests featured 12 different species. This study highlights the distribution of the genus Trichoderma as a cosmopolitan genus. We argue for the importance of the species that comprise the genus and its applications for social benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Ecology of Soil Fungal Communities)

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27 pages, 25422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Late Quaternary Paleoecology and Environmental History of the Hortobágy, an Alkaline Steppe in Central Europe

by Gábor Szilágyi, Sándor Gulyás, Tamás Zsolt Vári and Pál Sümegi

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010067 - 19 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Hungary’s first national park was created in 1973 in the Hortobágy area to protect Europe’s largest contiguous steppe area and its flora and fauna. The Hortobágy National Park—the Puszta was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural landscape in 1999. [...] Read more.

Hungary’s first national park was created in 1973 in the Hortobágy area to protect Europe’s largest contiguous steppe area and its flora and fauna. The Hortobágy National Park—the Puszta was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural landscape in 1999. The park’s outstanding importance is due to the predominantly non-arboreal steppe vegetation, home to a unique bird fauna, and alkaline and chernozem soils with a complex, mosaic-like spatial structure. In addition, the landscape of Hortobágy has a pastoral history stretching back thousands of years. Several hypotheses have been put forward that suggest that the alkaline soils and the habitats that cover them were formed as a result of human activities related to river regulation that began in the second half of the 19th century. However, paleoecological and paleobiological studies over the last 30–40 years have pointed to the natural origin of the alkaline steppes, dating back to the end of the Ice Age. For thousands of years, human activities, in particular, grazing by domestic animals, hardly influenced the natural evolution of the area. The drainage of marshy and flooded areas began in the 19th century, as well as the introduction of more and more intensive agriculture, had a significant impact on the landscape. This paper aims to describe the past natural development of this special alkaline steppe ecosystem, with particular reference to the impacts of past and present human activities, including conservation measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phylogeny and Evolution)

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18 pages, 4253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Fungi and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Profile of a Forest Arenosol

by Jelena Ankuda, Diana Sivojienė, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Audrius Jakutis, Jūratė Aleinikovienė, Donata Drapanauskaitė, Vitas Marozas, Valeriia Mishcherikova, Vidas Stakėnas, Vladimir Mikryukov and Leho Tedersoo

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010066 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

To help solve the actual problem of global climate warming, it is important to comprehensively study soil organic carbon (SOC), soil fungi, and other parameters at different depths in the soil. This study was aimed at investigating the chemical and microbiological parameters and [...] Read more.

To help solve the actual problem of global climate warming, it is important to comprehensively study soil organic carbon (SOC), soil fungi, and other parameters at different depths in the soil. This study was aimed at investigating the chemical and microbiological parameters and their interactions at various soil depths (0–5 to 195–200 cm) in an Arenosol in a Scots pine stand in southwestern Lithuania, with a focus on the main groups of fungi and their influence on SOC. The highest diversity of soil fungi species was found at a depth of 50–55 cm. Saprotrophs were dominant at all investigated soil depths. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were mostly abundant at depths of up to 50–55 cm. The C:N ratio gradually decreased down to 50–55 cm, then increased in deeper soil layers (from 50–55 to 195–200 cm). This means that the most active mineralization processes occur at depths of between 0 and 55 cm. Carbon stabilization processes occur at depths of 100–105 to 195–200 cm, and most of this carbon does not enter the atmosphere nor contribute to the process of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi, Ecology, and Global Change)

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Graphical abstract

6 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Coriocella and the Worms: First Record of Scale-Worm Asterophilia cf. culcitae Ectosymbiotic on a Mollusc

by Giulia Fassio

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010065 - 18 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1271

Abstract

Species of the mollusc genus Coriocella (Velutinidae) produce defensive biocompounds, making them potentially valuable hosts for other marine invertebrates. However, so far, only two instances of crustaceans ectosymbiotic on their mantle have been reported. This is the first observation, made in New Caledonia, [...] Read more.

Species of the mollusc genus Coriocella (Velutinidae) produce defensive biocompounds, making them potentially valuable hosts for other marine invertebrates. However, so far, only two instances of crustaceans ectosymbiotic on their mantle have been reported. This is the first observation, made in New Caledonia, of a pair of scale-worms identified as Asterophilia cf. culcitae (Polynoidae) hiding themselves on the mantle of Coriocella cf. tongana. This finding represents the first evidence of a symbiotic interaction between these two groups, expanding the association range for both taxa, and providing new insight into their, mostly unknown, ecology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images from the Sea)

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26 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Diversity and Conservation Role of Three Indigenous Agroforestry Systems of Southeastern Rift-Valley Landscapes, Ethiopia

by Hafte Mebrahten Tesfay, Janine Oettel, Katharina Lapin and Mesele Negash

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010064 - 18 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Woody and non-woody plant species conservation is one of the ecosystem services provided by agroforestry (AF) systems across the agricultural landscapes. Little attention has been paid to assessing the conservation of plant diversity in AF systems. This study was, thus, aimed at investigating [...] Read more.

Woody and non-woody plant species conservation is one of the ecosystem services provided by agroforestry (AF) systems across the agricultural landscapes. Little attention has been paid to assessing the conservation of plant diversity in AF systems. This study was, thus, aimed at investigating plant species diversity, structure, and composition of three AF systems in Gedeo zone of south-eastern rift–valley agricultural landscape of Ethiopia. The study was conducted in three agroforestry systems, namely, enset based, coffee–enset based (C–E based AF), and coffee–fruit trees–enset based (C–Ft–E based AF) agroforestry systems. Twenty farms representative of each AF system were randomly selected, and inventory of the floristic diversity was employed in a 10 m × 10 m sample plot per farm. A total of 52 perennial woody and non-woody plant species belonging to 30 families were recorded. Of all species identified, 33 (63.5%) were native, of which two species, namely Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker and Erythrina brucei Schweinf., were registered as endemic. The highest proportion of native species was recorded in enset based AF (93.3%), and the least were in C–Ft–E based AF (59%). According to the IUCN Red List and local criteria, 13 species were recorded as being of interest for conservation in all AF systems. The woody species Prunus africana was identified as both vulnerable by IUCN Red List and rare for 25% of species that least occur. The Shannon diversity index and richness showed that C–Ft–E based AF systems were significantly different from the two remaining AF systems. However, the species abundance and evenness did not show significant differences between the three AF systems. In general, retaining such numbers of woody and non-woody perennial plant species richness under the AF systems of the present study underlines their potential for biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Species)

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18 pages, 8505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Impact of Biodiversity Loss in a Marine Antarctic Food Web

by Vanesa Salinas, Georgina Cordone, Tomás I. Marina and Fernando R. Momo

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010063 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

The consequences of climate change and anthropogenic stressors, such as habitat loss and overexploitation, are threatening the subsistence of species and communities across the planet. Therefore, it is crucial that we analyze the impact of environmental perturbations on the diversity, structure and function [...] Read more.

The consequences of climate change and anthropogenic stressors, such as habitat loss and overexploitation, are threatening the subsistence of species and communities across the planet. Therefore, it is crucial that we analyze the impact of environmental perturbations on the diversity, structure and function of ecosystems. In this study, in silico simulations of biodiversity loss were carried out on the marine food web of Caleta Potter (25 de Mayo/King George Island, Antarctica), where global warming has caused critical changes in the abundance and distribution of benthic and pelagic communities over the last 30 years. We performed species removal, considering their degree and trophic level, and including four different thresholds on the occurrence of secondary extinctions. We examined the impact of extinctions on connectance, modularity and stability of the food web. We found different responses for these properties depending on the extinction criteria used, e.g., large increase in modularity and rapid decrease in stability when the most connected and relatively high-trophic-level species were removed. Additionally, we studied the complexity–stability relationship of the food web, and found two regimes: (1) high sensitivity to small perturbations, suggesting that Potter Cove would be locally unstable, and (2) high persistence to long-range perturbations, suggesting global stability of this ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Ecosystem Functioning and Food Webs under Climate Change)

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22 pages, 5054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Baget Karstic System and the Interstitial Environment of Lachein, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in the Pyrenees (France)

by Franck Bréhier, Danielle Defaye, Arnaud Faille and Anne Bedos

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010062 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

Located in Lestelas-Balaguères massif, central northern Pyrenees, France, the Baget catchment covers 13.25 km² and is highly karstified: so far, more than 80 caves have been recorded. The main outlet of the system, the exsurgence de Las Hountas, has an average flow [...] Read more.

Located in Lestelas-Balaguères massif, central northern Pyrenees, France, the Baget catchment covers 13.25 km² and is highly karstified: so far, more than 80 caves have been recorded. The main outlet of the system, the exsurgence de Las Hountas, has an average flow of 550 L/s. Downstream, it is connected with the hyporheic of the Lachein stream. The Baget system, formed by both the karstic system and the hyporheic, has been intensively investigated by cave biologists and is known to be a hotspot for subterranean biodiversity. The synthesis provided here lists no less than 17 troglobionts and 40 stygobionts, with 3 single site endemics, making the Baget system the richest subterranean hotspot in the Pyrenees. This is notably due to the diversity of subterranean habitats and to the comprehensive knowledge of the stygofauna, likely unmatched at the European scale. Considering the significant speleological findings of the last 15 years that have not been yet biologically investigated, we can expect new discoveries, especially for the troglofauna. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hotspots of Subterranean Biodiversity—2nd Volume)

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15 pages, 3333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coexistence of Two Copepods, Recorded for the First Time, in NW Iberian Shelf: The Case of Oithona atlantica and the Allochthonous O. davisae

by Lara García-Alves, Andrea Ramilo, Santiago Pascual, Ángel F. González and Elvira Abollo

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010061 - 17 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1338

Abstract

This paper compiles the data regarding the first occurrence of Oithona davisae and O. atlantica in NW Spain, which is supported by morphological and molecular analysis. Additionally, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of the invasive O. davisae, revealing that its abundance is [...] Read more.

This paper compiles the data regarding the first occurrence of Oithona davisae and O. atlantica in NW Spain, which is supported by morphological and molecular analysis. Additionally, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of the invasive O. davisae, revealing that its abundance is conditioned by upwelling-downwelling patterns in the Rías Baixas of Galicia. Temperature was the most correlated factor, with higher abundances in upwelling relaxation-downwelling events. More studies in long-term zooplankton dynamics and molecular analysis are needed to determine if O. davisae is displacing other native species of the same genus, such as O. atlantica, in Galician waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Marine Invasive Species)

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53 pages, 56535 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The First Attempt to Assess the Taxonomic Diversity of the Nepticulidae of Armenia Resulted in the Discovery of New Species and Cryptic Taxa in the Caucasus

by Jonas R. Stonis, Viktorija Dobrynina, Andrius Remeikis, Arūnas Diškus, Svetlana Orlovskytė and Mark Yu. Kalashian

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010060 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

A taxonomic review of the Nepticulidae of Armenia is provided for the first time. Currently, the previously little-known fauna of the pygmy moths of Armenia consists of eight genera and 31 species, including seven new species described and illustrated in the current paper [...] Read more.

A taxonomic review of the Nepticulidae of Armenia is provided for the first time. Currently, the previously little-known fauna of the pygmy moths of Armenia consists of eight genera and 31 species, including seven new species described and illustrated in the current paper as follows: Stigmella armi Stonis, Dobrynina & Remeikis, sp. nov.; Stigmella garnica Stonis, Dobrynina & Remeikis, sp. nov.; Stigmella inopinoides Dobrynina, sp. nov.; Stigmella magicis Stonis & Dobrynina, sp. nov.; Stigmella ararati Stonis, Dobrynina & Remeikis, sp. nov.; Trifurcula vardenisi Stonis, Dobrynina & Remeikis, sp. nov.; and Etainia caucasi Remeikis, sp. nov. The most common Nepticulidae species in Armenia, Stigmella muricatella (Klimesch), still remains a taxonomic puzzle. However, the molecular sequences of the Armenian specimens and a specimen of S. muricatella from Greece were found to be similar, though clearly distinct from the widespread S. rolandi van Nieukerken due to numerous hypothetical mutational steps. Mitotype analysis revealed that the Ectoedemia specimens collected in Armenia do not belong to the expected widespread E. spinosella (Joannis) but are more similar to the less-known E. mahalebella (Klimesch). Moreover, some specimens from Armenia identified by us as Simplimorpha promissa (Staudinger) and Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) longicaudella Klimesch may actually represent possible cryptic taxa, allopatric subspecies or species. However, from a practical point of view, the description of such difficult-to-diagnose taxa is inappropriate. Thus, we have refrained from describing such new taxa based solely on observed molecular differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Speciation, Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of Lepidoptera)

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18 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variation among Aeluropus lagopoides Populations Growing in Different Saline Regions

by Basharat A. Dar, Abdullah A. Al-Doss, Abdulaziz M. Assaeed, Muhammad M. Javed, Abdelhalim I. Ghazy, Saud L. Al-Rowaily and Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010059 - 16 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Aeluropus lagopoides is a halophytic grass growing in different sabkhas of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 14 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 15 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers were selected to investigate the genetic diversity within and among five natural populations of [...] Read more.

Aeluropus lagopoides is a halophytic grass growing in different sabkhas of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 14 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 15 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers were selected to investigate the genetic diversity within and among five natural populations of A. Lagopiodes. The genetic diversity varied within and among populations. ISSR markers were slightly more efficient than SRAP markers in evaluating genetic diversity. Average polymorphism information content, effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon’s information index values of ISSR markers were higher than SRAP. Analysis of molecular variance revealed about 40% genetic variation among the population and 60% within the population. Overall, the genetic diversity was lowest in Jouf (40%), while the Qaseem populations were the highest (60%). Jizan populations were highly dissimilar to other regions. A Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance. The cluster analysis showed three groups; the first group comprises Jouf and Salwa populations, the second group comprises Qareenah and Qaseem, and the third group comprises the Jizan population. This observation matched the geographic distribution of the species. These findings can help in the conservation of a diverse population of A. lagopoides in saline regions as well as rehabilitation of these degraded unique habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Population Genetics of Animals and Plants)

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25 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seeking a Hideout: Caves as Refuges for Various Functional Groups of Bryophytes from Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal)

by Ruymán David Cedrés-Perdomo, Clara Polaíno-Martín, Laura Jennings and Rosalina Gabriel

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010058 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1604

Abstract

Caves represent sites of great geological and biological interest. For most taxonomic groups, caves represent one of the most challenging ecosystems due to their extreme conditions. However, these places are rich in biodiversity, and some groups, such as bryophytes, can take advantage of [...] Read more.

Caves represent sites of great geological and biological interest. For most taxonomic groups, caves represent one of the most challenging ecosystems due to their extreme conditions. However, these places are rich in biodiversity, and some groups, such as bryophytes, can take advantage of these conditions. Bryophytes from twelve caves on Terceira Island (Azores archipelago) were sampled and compared in terms of species richness, abundance, and composition. The results revealed a high species richness of bryophytes, with one-fifth of the species being threatened and one-third endemic. Moreover, the dominance of bryophyte species, as determined by different functional groups, varies depending on the sampled cave and, consequently, the environmental variables. This is evident from the high β-diversity values obtained, demonstrating significant dissimilarities in species composition among the surveyed caves. Both macro- and microclimatic variables significantly influenced the richness and abundance of bryophyte species in different ways, depending on the functional group studied. Highlighting bryophyte diversity in cave environments, this study points to the need for effective management strategies to preserve and protect these unique and ecologically significant communities. These places can serve as refuges for some species, even for bryophytes, a taxonomic group with a long-distance dispersal strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in 2023)

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12 pages, 10046 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Ten-Year Record Shows Warming Inside the Belize Barrier Reef Lagoon

by Phillip S. Lobel and Lisa Kerr Lobel

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010057 - 16 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1799

Abstract

The Belize Barrier Reef system (BBR) in the western Caribbean’s Gulf of Honduras contains a large region of lagoon coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitat. As the largest lagoon habitat within the Caribbean, this region experiences differing oceanographic and temperature conditions as compared [...] Read more.

The Belize Barrier Reef system (BBR) in the western Caribbean’s Gulf of Honduras contains a large region of lagoon coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitat. As the largest lagoon habitat within the Caribbean, this region experiences differing oceanographic and temperature conditions as compared to deeper offshore areas. The occurrence of several endemic species within the Gulf of Honduras area and inside the Belize lagoon supports the hypothesis that this area is a unique biogeographic region. Consequently, the ecological effects of temperature increase due to global climate change may have a long-term adverse impact on this region’s unique marine species. This study reports an in situ temperature record over a ten-year period (2004–2014) collected from a coral reef offshore of Wee Wee Cay within the South Water Cay Marine Reserve of Belize. There was a steady increase in temperature during the decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coral Reef Biogeography, Ecology and Conservation under Climate Change and Human Disturbance)

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13 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observations on the Antagonistic Relationships between Fungi, Archaea, and Bacteria in Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica) with the Use of Amplicon-Based Metagenomics

by Svetoslav G. Dimov, Vesselin V. Doytchinov, Neyko Neykov, Tsvetana Muleshkova, Lyubomir Kenderov, Ralitsa Ilieva, Dimitrina Georgieva Miteva, Meglena Kitanova, Slavil Peykov and Mihail Iliev

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010056 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1544

Abstract

An amplicon-based metagenomic survey of archaea, fungi, and bacteria was performed on Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica. In many of the samples, patterns of antagonism between these three superkingdoms were observed in the form of an inversely proportional dependence of the richnesses of the [...] Read more.

An amplicon-based metagenomic survey of archaea, fungi, and bacteria was performed on Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica. In many of the samples, patterns of antagonism between these three superkingdoms were observed in the form of an inversely proportional dependence of the richnesses of the three types of microorganisms. The antagonism was quantified—based on the observed numbers of the total tags and the numbers of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and on four alpha diversity parameters—using the Shannon, the Simpson, the Chao1, and the ACE indices. We found that the most discriminative results in the antagonism measuring were obtained when the numbers of the OTUs and the ACE community richness estimator were compared. The antagonism between archaea and fungi was most potent, followed by that of archaea and bacteria. The fungi–bacteria antagonism was slightly detectable. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses also showed a statistically significant negative correlation between the fungal and archaeal effective tags, while the correlation between archaeal and bacterial diversity was positive. Indications of the order of primary microbial succession in barren ecological niches were also observed, demonstrating that archaea and bacteria are the pioneers, followed by fungi, which would displace archaea over time. Full article

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21 pages, 4569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Epiphytic Subaerial Algal Communities in Bangkok, Thailand, and Their Potential Bioindicator with Air Pollution

by Santi Saraphol, Fabio Rindi and Nuttha Sanevas

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010055 - 16 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Epiphytic subaerial algae represent an assemblage of micro-organisms widely distributed in terrestrial environments, including urban environments. Urban habitats present many challenges for the survival of photosynthetic micro-organisms, yet many species of subaerial microalgae have been reported from these environments, demonstrating a high tolerance [...] Read more.

Epiphytic subaerial algae represent an assemblage of micro-organisms widely distributed in terrestrial environments, including urban environments. Urban habitats present many challenges for the survival of photosynthetic micro-organisms, yet many species of subaerial microalgae have been reported from these environments, demonstrating a high tolerance to the harsh conditions of urban environments. In this study, the epiphytic subaerial communities of five parks in the urban area of Bangkok were studied using a metabarcoding approach (sequencing of the 23S rDNA marker), with the goal of unraveling their diversity and assessing potential bioindicators with levels of air pollution. Diversity indexes were determined for the algal taxa detected, which were separated into groups corresponding to different collection sites by cluster analysis. Relationships between taxa and air pollutants were analyzed by PCA and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The results showed a high diversity of epiphytic subaerial algae. We recorded 101 taxa belonging to the Cyanophyta (70 taxa), Chlorophyta (21 taxa), Charophyta (5 taxa), Bacillariophyta (3 taxa), and Eustigmatophyta (2 taxa). The most abundant taxon was Chroococcidiopsis sp. 1, for which up to 13,254 sequences/cm² were recorded. The Shannon–Weaver index ranged between 1.37 and 2.51, the Margalef index between 3.84 and 4.75, and the Pielou index between 0.30 and 0.54. The similarity index was between 8.00% and 64.82%, according to the cluster analysis results for the three groups. The PCA indicated that all air pollutants affected the diversity and abundance of epiphytic subaerial algae. Cyanothece sp. 2 was negatively related to O₃ and positively related to NO₂ and CO and is suggested as a potential bioindicator of air pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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11 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reappraisal of the Identity of Batrachium pekinense (Ranunculaceae) and Its Implication for Biodiversity Conservation and Management

by Xian-Yun Mu, Han-Ze Gu, Han Yu, Wen-Guang Dong and Tie-Shuang Liang

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010054 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Because of human-induced habitat deterioration and climate change, a large number of species are threatened and even endangered. Batrachium pekinense Liang Liu, a perennial aquatic plant endemic to Beijing, was synonymized as a widely distributed species in Northern China, B. bungei Steudel, but [...] Read more.

Because of human-induced habitat deterioration and climate change, a large number of species are threatened and even endangered. Batrachium pekinense Liang Liu, a perennial aquatic plant endemic to Beijing, was synonymized as a widely distributed species in Northern China, B. bungei Steudel, but it was later listed in the national key protected wild plants in China. Taxonomic uncertainty should be clarified especially when related species may be allocated with a limited conservation budget. In this study, we reappraised the identity of B. pekinense based on results from molecular phylogenetic analysis and 15-year field observations. Our result shows that 77% of the 65 individuals collected from various sites share identical sequences in both the nuclear ribosomal ITS and the plastid psbA-trnH markers, all samples of the two species consist of one monophyletic clade with strong support, and continuous morphological variations on the key distinguishing character, the leaf shape, are observed in the field. Integrative evidence from both our and the others’ studies supports the same identity for B. pekinense and B. bungei. Hence, we suggest excluding B. pekinense from the list of national key protected wild plants of China in its next update and advocate the integrative evidence-based taxonomy and systematics for biodiversity conservation and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Species)

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17 pages, 18804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Diversity Distribution along an Urbanization Gradient and Relationships with Environmental Factors in Urban Agglomerations of Henan Province, China

by Rui Qi, Xiayan Zhou, Zihao Li, Yongzhong Ye, Zhiliang Yuan, Fengqin Liu, Yizhen Shao, Dongwei Wei and Yun Chen

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010053 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

Urbanization induces rapid plant environmental modifications, leading to alterations in plant diversity distribution patterns and plant homogenization. However, how plant diversity is distributed along urbanization gradients in regional urban agglomerations and its relationship with environmental factors are not well defined. In three nearby [...] Read more.

Urbanization induces rapid plant environmental modifications, leading to alterations in plant diversity distribution patterns and plant homogenization. However, how plant diversity is distributed along urbanization gradients in regional urban agglomerations and its relationship with environmental factors are not well defined. In three nearby Henan Province Chinese cities—Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, and Zhongmu—along an urbanization gradient, the distribution pattern of plant diversity was quantified. Both native and non-native plants found in urban green spaces were taken into consideration. A total of 176 plant quadrats were selected and separated into three urbanization gradient types using space-constrained hierarchical clustering: urban core, urban suburb, and urban outskirt. Polynomial fitting was used to characterize the spatial distribution patterns of plants along the urbanization gradient, and Pearson correlation and the Mantel test were employed to examine the effects of environmental factors, including longitude, latitude, altitude, distance from the urban center, temperature, and illumination, on plant diversity. A total of 313 vascular plant species, comprising 137 woody species and 176 herbaceous species, were examined. Along the three urbanization gradients, remarkable variations in plant diversity for woody and herbaceous species were observed. The spatial patterns of plant diversity were consistent across cities, whereas woody plants and herbaceous plants displayed the opposite behavior. Distance to the city center and temperature were the most substantial environmental effect factors for the diversity of woody plants, whereas light factors had a major impact on herbaceous plants. These findings show different life-type plants are affected differently by urbanization, and they offer managers and planners a recommendation for increasing urban plant diversity by executing various interventions throughout the urban gradient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Diversity Hotspots in the 2020s)

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19 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Microbiota and Feeding Habitats of Nomadic Indigenous Animals (Deer, Yak, Sheep and Camel) in Baikal Siberia (Russia)

by Elena Lavrentyeva, Tuyana Banzaraktsaeva, Lyudmila Kozyreva, Erzhena Danilova, Dulma Tsyrenova, Vyacheslav Dambaev, Savelii Buryukhaev, Elena Abidueva, Shahjahon Begmatov, Andrey Mardanov and Darima D. Barkhutova

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010052 - 13 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1662

Abstract

In the vast expanse of Baikal Siberia, indigenous nomadic animal groups have been conserved, grazing on pastures throughout the year. It is believed that the fecal microbiota of these diverse nomadic animal species is unique to each species and closely tied to their [...] Read more.

In the vast expanse of Baikal Siberia, indigenous nomadic animal groups have been conserved, grazing on pastures throughout the year. It is believed that the fecal microbiota of these diverse nomadic animal species is unique to each species and closely tied to their feeding environments. We conducted a pioneering comparative analysis of the taxonomic structure and the diversity of fecal microbiota in indigenous nomadic animals inhabiting Baikal Siberia. Our study encompassed 20 deer, 23 yaks, 24 camels, and 29 sheep, using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene profiling. In the fecal microbiota of these animals, we observed a predominant presence of the phyla Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota, collectively comprising over 88% of the microbial communities. Moreover, these proportions exhibited variations according to the host species. The unculturable Bacillota UCG-005 and UCG-010 are the key groups for all animals. However, at the genus level, distinctive compositions of fecal microbiota were discernible within each animal group. We identified a total of 37 dominant genera across the fecal samples from these four animal species. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis demonstrated that the fecal microbiota composition clustered among individuals of the same animal species. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) indicated that camels exhibited higher abundances of the family Akkermansiaceae and the uncultured clostridial lineage UCG-010, while deer featured Lachnospiraceae; sheep had Ruminococcaceae; and yaks displayed Monoglobaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and methanogenic archaea from the family Methanobacteriaceae as distinctive marker taxa. Our studies showed that the studied nomadic animals feed mainly on plants belonging to the families Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae. Our research indicated that the identity of the host species and, to a lesser degree, their diets and habitats, significantly shape the composition of fecal microbiota in these studied nomadic ruminant animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Ecology Research in Russia: Recent Advances and Future Trends)

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15 pages, 2571 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diversity of Quill Mites of the Family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) Parasitizing Starlings of the Genus Lamprotornis (Passeriformes: Sturnidae)

by Maciej Skoracki, Milena Patan, Markus Unsoeld, Martin Hromada, Zbigniew Kwieciński and Iva Marcisova

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010051 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

Quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) parasitizing starlings of the genus Lamprotornis Temminck (Aves: Passeriformes: Sturnidae) from the sub-Saharan region are comprehensively studied for the first time. Among them, two new species are described: (1) Syringophiloidus soponai Skoracki, Patan and Unsoeld [...] Read more.

Quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) parasitizing starlings of the genus Lamprotornis Temminck (Aves: Passeriformes: Sturnidae) from the sub-Saharan region are comprehensively studied for the first time. Among them, two new species are described: (1) Syringophiloidus soponai Skoracki, Patan and Unsoeld sp. n., collected from four host species—Lamprotornis chalybaeus (Hemprich et Ehrenberg) (type host) in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia; L. superbus (Rüppell) in Kenya and Tanzania; L. chloropterus (Swainson) and L. unicolor (Shelley) both in Tanzania; (2) Syringophilopsis parasturni Skoracki, Patan and Unsoeld sp. n. collected from L. pulcher (Müller) and L. chalcurus (Nordmann), both in Senegal. Additionally, two Lamprotornis species, L. chalybaeus in Tanzania and Kenya and L. chloropterus in Kenya, are recorded as the new hosts for Picobia lamprotornis Klimovicova et al., 2004. We also discussed the diversity of the syringophilid mites associated with starlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of the Acari)

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31 pages, 24829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Cent Fonts Aquifer: An Overlooked Subterranean Biodiversity Hotspot in a Stygobiont-Rich Region

by Vincent Prié, Cédric Alonso, Claude Bou, Diana Maria Paola Galassi, Pierre Marmonier and Marie-José Dole-Olivier

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010050 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

The South of France is a biodiversity hotspot within Europe. Here, we present a comprehensive review of surveys conducted in the Cent Fonts aquifer, an overlooked subterranean biodiversity hotspot embedded in a region rich in stygobiotic species and threatened by climate change and [...] Read more.

The South of France is a biodiversity hotspot within Europe. Here, we present a comprehensive review of surveys conducted in the Cent Fonts aquifer, an overlooked subterranean biodiversity hotspot embedded in a region rich in stygobiotic species and threatened by climate change and water abstraction projects. Key studies, spanning from 1950 to 2006, show a progression in survey methods and results, although troglobiotic species remain poorly documented. With 43 stygobiotic species recorded, the Cent Fonts is the richest stygobiont hotspot in France. Most species are regional endemics, a quarter of which are considered vulnerable by the IUCN. The Cent Fonts also hosts several relict species and is the type locality of four species. Such a high biological value clearly deserves to be preserved. Our analysis warns of a possible decline in biodiversity, as eight of the species recorded in the 20th century were absent from the 2006 survey, suggesting potential threats of unknown origin. The capture of the Cent Font springs for water abstraction is discussed as a potential threat to this ecosystem and its unique biodiversity. Three new species of stygobiotic molluscs are described, one of which was collected in the Cent Fonts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hotspots of Subterranean Biodiversity—2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding and Mitigating the Purchase Intention of Medicines Containing Saiga Antelope Horn among Chinese Residents: An Analysis of Influencing Factors

by Mengyuan Zhang, Zhongyi Zhang, Junfeng Chen, Giuseppe T. Cirella and Yi Xie

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010049 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

The unsustainable demand for wildlife and its derivatives poses a threat to global biodiversity, requiring attention and intervention. This study investigates the intent to purchase medicines containing saiga antelope horn among respondents in China. Drawing on an expanded theoretical framework rooted in a [...] Read more.

The unsustainable demand for wildlife and its derivatives poses a threat to global biodiversity, requiring attention and intervention. This study investigates the intent to purchase medicines containing saiga antelope horn among respondents in China. Drawing on an expanded theoretical framework rooted in a planned behavior model, and analyzing 576 valid data points collected through online research, this paper employs a structural equation model to consider influencing factors across six dimensions: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, consumption experience, protective cognitive level, and personal characteristics. The findings reveal that 31.25% of respondents harbor a positive purchase intention toward medicines containing saiga antelope horn. Additionally, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and consumption experience exhibit positive associations with the purchase intention, while the protective cognitive level demonstrates a negative impact. A significant gender gap was identified, with women displaying a greater inclination to purchase compared to men. To support the global conservation efforts of the saiga antelope, this paper advocates for strategic interventions. Recommendations include reinforcing public science education, fostering awareness, advancing the research and development of alternative medicines, strengthening internal market controls, and employing targeted marketing strategies to shift consumer preferences. These measures collectively contribute to a holistic approach aimed at reducing the demand for wildlife products and safeguarding the saiga antelope population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Dimension of Forest and Wildlife Protection: Second Edition)

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18 pages, 4824 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphological Strategies in Ant Communities along Elevational Gradients in Three Mountain Ranges

by Heloise Gibb, Peter Contos, Manoli Photakis, Iona Okey, Robert R. Dunn, Nathan J. Sanders and Mirkka M. Jones

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010048 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1759

Abstract

Species traits often vary in a coordinated manner, making up an ecological strategy comprised of suites of interrelated traits. Environmental gradients, such as those along elevational gradients, provide an ideal venue in which to examine variation in ecological strategies with the environment. We [...] Read more.

Species traits often vary in a coordinated manner, making up an ecological strategy comprised of suites of interrelated traits. Environmental gradients, such as those along elevational gradients, provide an ideal venue in which to examine variation in ecological strategies with the environment. We examined variation in the morphological strategies of ants along elevational gradients on thirteen mountains across three mountain ranges in central and south-eastern Australia. We pitfall-trapped ants, counted and identified workers and measured morphological traits. Most species showed a hump-shaped relationship between occurrence and elevation, and several responded to microhabitat variables. Morphological traits varied along two key axes: “gracility”, where high values indicated longer-legged species with dorsally positioned eyes and smooth, bare cuticles; and “size and darkness”, where species with high values were larger and darker. Analysis of assemblage-weighted means revealed that gracility decreased with temperature and increased with precipitation, suggesting links with desiccation tolerance. Size and darkness increased with UV-B, declined with increasing canopy cover and peaked at mid-temperatures. We thus detected strong shifts in dominant morphological strategies along our elevational gradients. However, the multifunctionality and interrelatedness of traits and the covariance of climatic factors may make isolation of the function of individual traits difficult. Further, the predictive power of our models may be limited in the context of novel environments predicted under global change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Biogeography and Community Ecology of Ants II)

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16 pages, 4472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resettlement of Eurytemora velox (Crustacea: Copepoda) in Europe, the Urals and Western Siberia

by Natalia Sukhikh, Petr Garibian and Elena Chertoprud

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010047 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

The recent distribution of the Ponto-Caspian calanoid copepod, Eurytemora velox, in Western and Eastern Europe has been well-documented; however, there are no studies on the genetic diversity of the recently discovered Western Siberian species population. To contribute towards filling this gap, genetic [...] Read more.

The recent distribution of the Ponto-Caspian calanoid copepod, Eurytemora velox, in Western and Eastern Europe has been well-documented; however, there are no studies on the genetic diversity of the recently discovered Western Siberian species population. To contribute towards filling this gap, genetic diversity and distribution were investigated for E. velox collected in the Urals and Western Siberia of the Russian Federation to compare with the European populations. In this study, 44 specimens were dissected for the morphological studies, and 22 specimens of E. velox from different geographical points were analyzed for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), nuclear ITS1-ITS2 (nITS) and nuclear ribosomal RNA (18SrRNA) gene fragments. Analysis of the CO1 gene region showed that the studied populations from the Urals and Western Siberia differ significantly from European ones and represent a separate genetic line. However, the nuclear nITS and 18SrRNA genes, as well as the results of morphological analysis, did not show such isolation of the Trans-Ural populations from those in Europe. As in many studies on E. velox, we found atypical structural features of the fifth prosomal leg among females in the Ob Bay. Their share was 36% of the number of studied individuals. The CO1 shows that the divergence of genetic lines occurred approximately in the Middle Pleistocene, and the species itself is Paleogene–Neogene by origin. Based on these data, a different scenario of E. velox distribution or possible refuge survival is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Biogeography of Microcrustaceans in Continental Waters)

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22 pages, 6021 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surveying Bat-Hosted Adenoviruses and Herpesviruses: A Comprehensive Analysis

by Aline Méndez-Rodríguez, Pedro Horta, Heliot Zarza, Luis Guillermo Constante-Pérez, Fernando Salgado-Mejia, Ricardo López-Wilchis and Javier Juste

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010046 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Bats have gained cumulative attention as potential reservoirs for viruses, being crucial to increase our ability to predict viral prevalence and transmissions, as well as support the possible management of future zoonotic episodes. Following the PRISMA standard systematic review protocols, we conducted a [...] Read more.

Bats have gained cumulative attention as potential reservoirs for viruses, being crucial to increase our ability to predict viral prevalence and transmissions, as well as support the possible management of future zoonotic episodes. Following the PRISMA standard systematic review protocols, we conducted a comprehensive search worldwide for scientific papers dealing with bat-hosted viruses of the Adenoviridae and Herpesviridae families. The search was completed using the Scopus, CABI, and SciELO, databases of bat-associated viruses of these two families as well as the Google Scholar search engine. Our search comprised a total of 2656 scientific papers. After a thorough review and screening of the papers, we selected for our study a total of 90 papers published between 1996 and 2022. We found marked taxonomic and spatial biases, the most studied bats being predominantly vespertilionids, rhinolophids, phyllostomids, and pteropodids, whereas other families (e.g., Natalidae, Noctilionidae, and Furipteridae) are still lacking information. The most studied areas are southern and east Asia, although there are large areas (north Africa, the Middle East, and all the way to central or northern Asia) still overlooked. Out of the total number of papers, as many as 55 identified bat-hosted Adenovirus (AdV) and 54 papers identified Herpesvirus (HSV). Our revision reveals the presence of AdVs in a total of 97 bat species from 42 genera and 11 families. The presence of HSVs is reported also in 109 bat species from 45 genera and 10 families. Although both AdVs and HSVs in general show a clear host specificity and parallel evolution with their hosts, these results also point to the potential of these viruses to cross, in some cases, species barriers. Full article

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20 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biogeography and History of the Prehuman Native Mammal Fauna of the New Zealand Region

by Carolyn M. King

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010045 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4114

Abstract

The widespread perception of New Zealand is of a group of remote islands dominated by reptiles and birds, with no native mammals except a few bats. In fact, the islands themselves are only part of a wider New Zealand Region which includes a [...] Read more.

The widespread perception of New Zealand is of a group of remote islands dominated by reptiles and birds, with no native mammals except a few bats. In fact, the islands themselves are only part of a wider New Zealand Region which includes a large section of Antarctica. In total, the New Zealand Region has at least 63 recognised taxa (species, subspecies and distinguishable clades) of living native mammals, only six of which are bats. The rest comprise a large and vigorous assemblage of 57 native marine mammals (9 pinnipeds and 48 cetaceans), protected from human knowledge until only a few centuries ago by their extreme isolation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Even after humans first began to colonise the New Zealand archipelago in about 1280 AD, most of the native marine mammals remained unfamiliar because they are seldom seen from the shore. This paper describes the huge contrast between the history and biogeography of the tiny fauna of New Zealand’s native land mammals versus the richly diverse and little-known assemblage of marine mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogeography and Archaeozoology of Island Mammals)

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17 pages, 2166 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Crossing Old Concepts: The Ecological Advantages of New Vineyard Types

by Lea Böhm, André Krahner, Matthias Porten, Michael Maixner, Juliane Schäffer and Thomas Schmitt

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010044 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

In times of global insect decline, agricultural ecosystems need to be designed in an as insect-friendly manner as possible to halt the progressive loss of biodiversity. This is particularly important for steep-slope viticulture being established on sites with high biodiversity potential. Therefore, we [...] Read more.

In times of global insect decline, agricultural ecosystems need to be designed in an as insect-friendly manner as possible to halt the progressive loss of biodiversity. This is particularly important for steep-slope viticulture being established on sites with high biodiversity potential. Therefore, we compared different vineyard types (cross-slope with greened embankments vs. down-slope or other types without greened embankments), using wild bees and butterflies as indicators for biodiversity in the lower Moselle region (SW Germany). The numbers of species and individuals in both groups were significantly higher in cross-slope vineyards with greened embankments. This also held true for the number of specialised and endangered species. The communities of wild bees and butterflies differed remarkably between the vineyard types. Three wild bee and five butterfly species were identified as indicator species and hence can be used as such for further monitoring. Our results underline that the structure of steep-slope vineyards has tremendous importance for biodiversity conservation. Since the cultivation of cross-slope vineyards on steep slopes is easier than that of down-slope vineyards, we assume the great synergistic potential to reconcile agricultural use and biodiversity conservation and, in addition, to preserve steep-slope viticulture as a structural element in landscape planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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13 pages, 2384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Molecular Detection, Characterization, and Temperature Dependence of Wolbachia Infections in Field Populations of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Greece

by Michail Misailidis, Nikolaos Kotsiou, Aristotelis Moulistanos, Sandra Gewehr, Antonios A. Augustinos, Spiros Mourelatos, Spiros Papakostas and Elena Drosopoulou

Diversity 2024, 16(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010043 - 9 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1684

Abstract

We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia pipientis strains in Aedes albopictus populations in Greece. Using a combination of PCR and Sanger sequencing techniques, we genotyped Wolbachia strains in 105 mosquitoes collected across eight different administrative regions in 2021. We found [...] Read more.

We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia pipientis strains in Aedes albopictus populations in Greece. Using a combination of PCR and Sanger sequencing techniques, we genotyped Wolbachia strains in 105 mosquitoes collected across eight different administrative regions in 2021. We found a high prevalence of Wolbachia in both male (90%) and female (97%) mosquitoes. Among the infected samples, 84% had double infections with both wAlbA and wAlbB strains, while 16% had infections with only wAlbB. Our comparison of the Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) profile, employing gatB–coxA–hcpA–ftsZ–fbpA genotyping, revealed a single MLST profile for each wAlbA and wAlbB strain in Greek populations. The same MLST profiles were also reported in populations from China, Russia, and Argentina, suggesting low levels of global diversity in wAlbA and wAlbB strains. Furthermore, our results indicated a significant association between temperature and the prevalence of single infections (p = 6.498 × 10⁻⁷), with higher temperatures correlating with an increased likelihood of single infections. Although male bias showed a tendency towards single infections, the effect was marginally non-significant (p = 0.053). These results were confirmed using a bootstrap-with-replacement analysis approach. Overall, our findings offer novel insights into the distribution and species diversity of Wolbachia strains in Greek Ae. albopictus populations, emphasizing the importance of understanding the short-term plastic and adaptive responses of these organisms to environmental stressors and rapid climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Microbial Ecology: Plastic Responses and Eco-Evolutionary Interactions with Environmental Stressors and Climate Change)

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Diversity, Volume 16, Issue 1 (January 2024) – 72 articles

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