Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects and Setting
2.3. Data Collection and Measures
2.3.1. Demographic and Clinical Data
2.3.2. Physical Activity and Functional Capacity
2.3.3. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lindman, B.R.; Clavel, M.A.; Mathieu, P.; Iung, B.; Lancellotti, P.; Otto, C.M.; Pibarot, P. Calcific aortic stenosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2016, 2, 16006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Horrocks, J.; Closs, J.; Astin, F. Quality of life in older adults with aortic stenosis: A narrative review. Int. J. Older People Nurs. 2014, 9, 227–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, J.; Naqvi, S.Y.; Giri, J.; Goldberg, S. Aortic Stenosis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Am. J. Med. 2017, 130, 253–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, C.A.; Rasania, S.P.; Afilalo, J.; Popma, J.J.; Lipsitz, L.A.; Kim, D.H. Functional status and quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 2014, 160, 243–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lauck, S.B.; Yu, M.; Ding, L.; Hardiman, S.; Wong, D.; Sathananthan, J.; Ye, J.; Chan, A.; Hodge, S.; Robinson, S.; et al. Quality-of-Life Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in a “Real World” Population: Insights from a Prospective Canadian Database. CJC Open 2021, 3, 1033–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harada, G.; Andrade, M.C.; Brito, J.N.; Tavares, C.D.A.M.; Tarasoutchi, F.; Pomerantzeff, P.M.A.; Bortolotto, L.; Feltrim, M.I.Z. Prevalence of Frailty in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Valve Surgery: Comparison of Frailty Tools. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci. 2021, 34 (Suppl. S1), 78–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leon, M.B.; Smith, C.R.; Mack, M.J.; Makkar, R.R.; Svensson, L.G.; Kodali, S.K.; Thourani, V.H.; Tuzcu, E.M.; Miller, D.C.; Herrmann, H.C.; et al. Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016, 374, 1609–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.-J.; Shiroy, D.M.; Jones, L.Y.; Clark, D.O. Systematic review of functional training on muscle strength, physical functioning, and activities of daily living in older adults. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 2014, 11, 95–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alzahrani, H.; Mackey, M.; Stamatakis, E.; Pinheiro, M.B.; Wicks, M.; Shirley, D. The effectiveness of incidental physical activity interventions compared to other interventions in the management of people with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Phys. Ther. Sport 2019, 36, 34–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhatia, N.; Basra, S.S.; Skolnick, A.H.; Wenger, N.K. Aortic valve disease in the older adult. J. Geriatr. Cardiol. 2016, 13, 941–944. [Google Scholar]
- El-Shakankery, K.H.; Mieiro, L. A key role for comprehensive geriatric assessment in aortic valve replacement. BMJ Case Rep. 2020, 13, e237031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castillo-Mancilla, J.R.; Cohn, S.E.; Krishnan, S.; Cespedes, M.; Floris-Moore, M.; Schulte, G.; Pavlov, G.; Mildvan, D.; Smith, K.Y.; ACTG Underrepresented Populations Survey Group. Minorities remain underrepresented in HIV/AIDS research despite access to clinical trials. HIV Clin. Trials 2014, 15, 14–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borsoi, L.; Callea, G.; Tarricone, R. How to Reduce Inequity of Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. Recommendations for the Post–COVID-19 Era from a Real-World, Population-Based Study. Clin. Ther. 2022, 44, 491–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brudy, L.; Häcker, A.L.; Meyer, M.; Oberhoffer, R.; Hager, A.; Ewert, P.; Müller, J. Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Move Well but Lack Intensity: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Wrist-Worn Physical Activity Trackers. Cardiology 2022, 147, 72–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alharbi, M.; Bauman, A.; Neubeck, L.; Gallagher, R. Validation of Fitbit-Flex as a measure of free-living physical activity in a community-based phase III cardiac rehabilitation population. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2016, 23, 1476–1485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Straiton, N.; Alharbi, M.; Bauman, A.; Neubeck, L.; Gullick, J.; Bhindi, R.; Gallagher, R. The validity and reliability of consumer-grade activity trackers in older, community-dwelling adults: A systematic review. Maturitas 2018, 112, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakagata, T.; Murakami, H.; Kawakami, R.; Tripette, J.; Nakae, S.; Yamada, Y.; Ishikawa-Takata, K.; Tanaka, S.; Miyachi, M. Step-count outcomes of 13 different activity trackers: Results from laboratory and free-living experiments. Gait Posture 2022, 98, 24–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaudhry, U.A.R.; Wahlich, C.; Fortescue, R.; Cook, D.G.; Knightly, R.; Harris, T. The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brewer, W.; Swanson, B.T.; Ortiz, A. Validity of Fitbit’s active minutes as compared with a research-grade accelerometer and self-reported measures. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2017, 3, e000254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ainsworth, B.E.; Haskell, W.L.; Herrmann, S.D.; Meckes, N.; Bassett, D.R., Jr.; Tudor-Locke, C.; Greer, J.L.; Vezina, J.; Whitt-Glover, M.C.; Leon, A.S. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A second update of codes and MET values. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1575–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sanderson, K.; Andrews, G. The SF-12 in the Australian population: Cross-validation of item selection. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2002, 26, 343–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bull, F.C.; Al-Ansari, S.S.; Biddle, S.; Borodulin, K.; Buman, M.P.; Cardon, G.; Carty, C.; Chaput, J.P.; Chastin, S.; Chou, R.; et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 54, 1451–1462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Straiton, N.; Jin, K.; Bhindi, R.; Gallagher, R. Functional capacity, and health-related quality of life outcomes post transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2018, 47, 478–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wilson, C.M.; Kostsuca, S.R.; Boura, J.A. Utilization of a 5-Meter Walk Test in Evaluating Self-selected Gait Speed during Preoperative Screening of Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery. Cardiopulm. Phys. Ther. J. 2013, 24, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hershkovitz, A.; Yichayaou, B.; Ronen, A.; Maydan, G.; Kornyukov, N.; Burstin, A.; Brill, S. The association between hand grip strength and rehabilitation outcome in post-acute hip fractured patients. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2019, 31, 1509–1516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayasinghe, U.W.; Proudfoot, J.; Barton, C.A.; Amoroso, C.; Holton, C.; Davies, G.P.; Beilby, J.; Harris, M.F. Quality of life of Australian chronically-ill adults: Patient and practice characteristics matter. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2009, 7, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kappetein, A.P.; Head, S.J.; Généreux, P.; Piazza, N.; van Mieghem, N.M.; Blackstone, E.H.; Brott, T.G.; Cohen, D.J.; Cutlip, D.E.; van Es, G.-A.; et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: The Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document∗. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2013, 145, 6–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesth. Analg. 2018, 126, 1763–1768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasović, M.; Štefan, L.; Štefan, A. Normative Data for Gait Speed and Height Norm Speed in ≥60-Year-Old Men and Women. Clin. Interv. Aging 2021, 16, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Geldorp, M.W.; Heuvelman, H.J.; Kappetein, A.P.; Busschbach, J.J.; Cohen, D.J.; Takkenberg, J.J.; Bogers, A.J. Quality of life among patients with severe aortic stenosis. Neth. Heart J. 2013, 21, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Makkar, R.R.; Thourani, V.H.; Mack, M.J.; Kodali, S.K.; Kapadia, S.; Webb, J.G.; Yoon, S.-H.; Trento, A.; Svensson, L.G.; Herrmann, H.C.; et al. Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 799–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lourens, E.C.; Baker, R.A.; Krieg, B.M. Quality of life following cardiac rehabilitation in cardiac surgery patients. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2022, 17, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alharbi, M.; Straiton, N.; Gallagher, R. Harnessing the Potential of Wearable Activity Trackers for Heart Failure Self-Care. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 2017, 14, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Giordani, B.; Margulis, A.; Chen, W. Efficacy, and acceptability of using wearable activity trackers in older adults living in retirement communities: A mixed method study. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andreoni, G. Investigating and Measuring Usability in Wearable Systems: A Structured Methodology and Related Protocol. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 3595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McPhee, J.S.; French, D.P.; Jackson, D.; Nazroo, J.; Pendleton, N.; Degens, H. Physical activity in older age: Perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology 2016, 17, 567–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lorenzoni, G.; Azzolina, D.; Fraccaro, C.; Di Liberti, A.; D’Onofrio, A.; Cavalli, C.; Fabris, T.; D’Amico, G.; Cibin, G.; Fovino, L.N.; et al. Using Wearable Devices to Monitor Physical Activity in Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2020, 9, e20072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindman, B.R.; Gillam, L.D.; Coylewright, M.; Welt, F.G.P.; Elmariah, S.; Smith, S.A.; McKeel, D.A.; Jackson, N.; Mukerjee, K.; Cloud, H.; et al. Effect of a pragmatic home-based mobile health exercise intervention after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A randomized pilot trial. Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health 2021, 2, 90–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Creaser, A.V.; Clemes, S.A.; Costa, S.; Hall, J.; Ridgers, N.D.; Barber, S.E.; Bingham, D.D. The Acceptability, Feasibility, and Effectiveness of Wearable Activity Trackers for Increasing Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.C.; Chen, K.C.; Lu, L.H.; Wu, Y.L.; Lai, T.J.; Wang, C.H. Validating the 6-minute walk test as an indicator of recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. Medicine 2018, 97, e12925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, R.; Beckmann, A.; Neumann, T.; Krane, M.; Deutsch, M.-A.; Landwehr, S.; Kötting, J.; Welz, A.; Zahn, R.; Cremer, J.; et al. Quality of Life After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Prospective Data from GARY (German Aortic Valve Registry). JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2016, 9, 2541–2554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neupane, I.; Arora, R.C.; Rudolph, J.L. Cardiac surgery as a stressor and the response of the vulnerable older adult. Exp. Gerontol. 2017, 87 Pt B, 168–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- O’Rourke, H.M.; Collins, L.; Sidani, S. Interventions to address social connectedness and loneliness for older adults: A scoping review. BMC Geriatr. 2018, 18, 214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferguson, T.; Olds, T.; Curtis, R.; Blake, H.; Crozier, A.J.; Dankiw, K.; Dumuid, D.; Kasai, D.; O’Connor, E.; Virgara, R.; et al. Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet Digit. Health 2022, 4, e615–e626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strange, G.; Scalia, G.M.; Playford, D.; Simon, S. Uncovering the treatable burden of severe aortic stenosis in Australia: Current and future projections within an ageing population. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2021, 21, 790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
(n = 15) | |
---|---|
Socio-demographics | |
Age, years, mean ± SD | 82.3 ± 7.0 |
Female, % | 53.3% |
Married, % | 46.7% |
Clinical characteristics | |
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % mean ± SD | 58.3 ± 11.2 |
New York Heart Association class, n (%) | |
II | 4 (26.7%) |
III | 11 (73.3%) |
Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score, %, mean ± SD | 5.5 ± 4.5 |
Charlson Comorbidity (CCI) Index | |
CCI 1–2 (mild), % | 66.7% |
CCI 3–4 (moderate), % | 26.6% |
CCI >5 (severe), % | 6.7% |
Functional capacity | |
Katz Index (activities of daily living), mean ± SD | 6.00 ± 0.0 |
6 min walk test (6MWT), total metres, median (IQR) | 272 (116.75) |
Grip strength, kilograms, mean ± SD | 18.57 ± 3.66 |
Gait speed metres per sec, mean ± SD | 0.84 ± 0.15 |
Physical activity | |
Steps per day, median (IQR) | 3437 (5336.81) |
SF-12 | |
Physical component score (PCS), mean ± SD | 41.8 ± 4.9 |
Mental component score (MCS), mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 12.6 |
Procedures | |
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement, n (%) | 11 (73.3%) |
Surgical aortic valve replacement, n (%) | 4 (26.7%) |
Timepoint (No. of Participants) | Total vs. Actual Data Capture (Days) | Reasons for No Data Captured |
---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 15) | 60 vs. 52 | One participant wore device but no data capture 3 of 4 days; two participants removed device after 48 h due to discomfort |
Follow-up (n = 10) | 40 vs. 36 | One participant removed device after 72 h and could not reapply to wrist; one participant wore device but no data capture 1 of 4 days; one participant wore device, but battery stopped working on Day 4 |
Participant | Age | Baseline | 1 Month | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6MWT (m) * | STEPS/DAY ** | PCS + | MCS ++ | 6MWT (m) | 6MWT, % Change | STEPS/DAY | Step Count, % Change | PCS | PCS, % Change | MCS | MCS, % Change | ||
10 | 76 | 102 | 123 | 42.23 | 41.17 | 356 | 249 | 2031 | 1558 | 54.21 | 28 | 56.03 | 36 |
23 | 83 | 165 | 4627 | 36.41 | 56.26 | 201 | 22 | 4215 | −9 | 51.16 | 41 | 56.43 | 0.1 |
3 | 88 | 196 | 742 | 47.66 | 26.82 | 210 | 7 | 1782 | 140 | 50.91 | 7 | 23.00 | −14 |
20 | 79 | 219 | 8774 | 43.71 | 59.73 | 253 | 16 | 6286 | −28 | 42.48 | −3 | 59.27 | −1 |
13 | 99 | 268 | 602 | 38.82 | 55.61 | 268 | 0 | 773 | 28 | 53.50 | 38 | 56.87 | 2 |
14 | 80 | 276 | 3534 | 44.24 | 38.41 | 202 | −27 | 4008 | 13 | 41.85 | −5 | 42.32 | 10 |
6 | 75 | 296 | 7359 | 47.64 | 48.06 | 377 | 27 | 2560 | −65 | 59.16 | 24 | 50.70 | 5 |
1 | 81 | 326 | 7120 | 31.77 | 66.51 | 245 | −25 | 3623 | −49 | 45.83 | 44 | 57.91 | −13 |
2 | 86 | 336 | 2413 | 43.05 | 50.40 | 290 | −14 | 2290 | −5 | 49.20 | 14 | 61.39 | 22 |
15 | 79 | 365 | 3341 | 44.54 | 63.30 | 413 | 13 | 5446 | 63 | 48.64 | 9 | 57.23 | −10 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Straiton, N.; Hollings, M.; Gullick, J.; Gallagher, R. Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement. Sensors 2023, 23, 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347
Straiton N, Hollings M, Gullick J, Gallagher R. Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement. Sensors. 2023; 23(6):3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347
Chicago/Turabian StyleStraiton, Nicola, Matthew Hollings, Janice Gullick, and Robyn Gallagher. 2023. "Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement" Sensors 23, no. 6: 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347
APA StyleStraiton, N., Hollings, M., Gullick, J., & Gallagher, R. (2023). Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement. Sensors, 23(6), 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347