Next Article in Journal
Extracellular Vesicles: A Double-Edged Sword in Sepsis
Next Article in Special Issue
Traditional and Computational Screening of Non-Toxic Peptides and Approaches to Improving Selectivity
Previous Article in Journal
Correction: Zanella et al. Tenofovir, Another Inexpensive, Well Known and Widely Available Old Drug Repurposed for SARS-COV-2 Infection. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 454
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Pharmaceuticals
Volume 14
Issue 8
10.3390/ph14080828
pharmaceuticals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

by
Andrea Angeli
1,2,*,
Victor Kartsev
3,
Anthi Petrou
4,
Mariana Pinteala
2,
Roman M. Vydzhak
5,
Svitlana Y. Panchishin
5,
Volodymyr Brovarets
5,
Viviana De Luca
6,
Clemente Capasso
6,
Athina Geronikaki
4,* and
Claudiu T. Supuran
1
1
Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
2
Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 707410 Iasi, Romania
3
InterBioScreen, Chernogolovka, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
4
Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
5
Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine 1, Murmanska St, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
6
Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(8), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080828
Submission received: 19 July 2021 / Revised: 12 August 2021 / Accepted: 19 August 2021 / Published: 23 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecules and Peptides in Drug Discovery)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes involved in several disease conditions. There are 15 human CA (hCA) isoforms and their high homology represents a challenge for the discovery of potential drugs devoid of off-target side effects. For this reason, many synthetic and pharmacologic research efforts are underway to achieve the full pharmacological potential of CA modulators of activity. We report here a novel series of sulfanilamide derivatives containing heterocyclic carboxamide moieties which were evaluated as CA inhibitors against the physiological relevant isoforms hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Some of them showed selectivity toward isoform hCA II and hCA XII. Molecular docking was performed for some of these compounds on isoforms hCA II and XII to understand the possible interaction with the active site amino acid residues, which rationalized the reported inhibitory activity.

1. Introduction

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a ubiquitous metalloenzyme family present in both eukaryote and prokaryote organisms [1]. To date, were discovered eight evolutionarily unrelated gene classes encoded as α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ-, η-, θ-, ι-CAs [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. All these enzymes promoting the hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate (HCO3−) and protons (H+) following a two-step catalytic mechanism [9]. In humans, all CAs belong to the α-class with fifteen isoforms differing by molecular features, oligomeric arrangement, cellular localization, distribution in organs and tissues, expression levels, kinetic properties, and response to different classes of inhibitors [10,11,12]. To date, twelve catalytic active isoforms (CA I−IV, VA−VB, VI−VII, IX, and XII−XIV) are known, with a variable CO2 hydrase activity, which play pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes connected to pH and CO2 homeostasis, respiration, electrolyte secretion, biosynthetic reactions (i.e., gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and ureagenesis), bone resorption; calcification; and tumorigenicity [13]. On the other hand, abnormal levels or activities of these enzymes have been often associated with different human diseases, some of which have been clinically exploited and validated as therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of various pathologies such as glaucoma, edema, neurological disorders, epilepsy and more recently cancer [14,15,16]. In this context, many efforts are made to explore novel and selective Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAIs) leading compounds with potential biomedical applications [17,18]. Some of the CA inhibitors mentioned in CheMBL are presented in Figure 1.
In addition, furano- and thienopyroles have attracted interest of medicinal chemists due to their wide range of biological activities, such as antiviral [19,20,21], antimicrobial [22,23,24], anticancer [25,26,27], anti-inflammatory [28,29], antidiabetic [30], carbonic anhydrase inhibitory [31]. On the other hand, some sulfonamides also show anticancer [32,33], antimicrobial [34,35], anti-inflammatory [36,37] antidiabetic [38], and antitubercular [39] activities.
Taking into account all of the mentioned above, here we report the synthesis of N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide and N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-furano[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide derivatives incorporating into one scaffold carboximide and sulfonamide moieties. Furthermore, 6-oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives were also synthesized. The experimental studies were developed together with in silico techniques, aimed to propose a reliable binding disposition for this class of CAIs.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Design and Synthesis of Compounds

The synthesis of target sulfonamides 7a,c-f and 8a-d,f is presented in Scheme 1. Intermediate esters were obtained by alkylation of the starting compounds 1 [40] or 2 [41] with the appropriate alkyl halides in DMF using sodium hydride as a base. Then, these compounds were used without additional purification to prepare 4-alkyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acids 3a,c-f and 4-alkyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acids 4a-d,f. Acyl chlorides 5 and 6 were obtained (with yields of 50–80%) by the treatment of carboxylic acids 3 and 4 with thionyl chloride in toluene. Relatively unstable compounds 5 and 6 were immediately used for the further step of preparation of the N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-alkyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides 7a,c-f and N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-alkyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides 8a-d,f.
Synthesis of amides 11 and 14a,b is shown in Scheme 2. 2-Methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acid 9 [42] and 3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-2-carboxylic acid 12 [43] were converted into acid chlorides 10 and 13, which without further purification upon reaction with corresponding amines led to 11 and 14a,b.
6-Oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives 17a,b were synthesized according to pathway shown on Scheme 3. Compounds 17a,b were obtained with high yields starting from 5-aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 15a,b [44] and 4-(5-formyl-2-furyl)-benzenesulfonamide 16 [45] according to the earlier proposed procedure [46,47,48].
The structure and composition of compounds 3a,c-f, 4a-d,f, 7a,c-f, and 8a-d,f were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (Supplementary Materials) Thus, the signal of the carboxyl group of compounds 3, 4, and 7 were found as a singlet in the range of 10.0–10.4 ppm. The signals of the 4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole moiety of compounds 3 and 7 were observed at 7.70–7.80 ppm, while the signals of the 4H- thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole moiety of the compounds 4 and 8 at 7.50–7.60 ppm. The sulfonamide group was observed as a singlet at 7.20–7.30 ppm. On the other hand in the case of compounds 11 and 14a,b NH protons signals were found as two singlets at 10.91 ppm and 10.49 ppm, while the signal of the sulfonamide group was as a singlet at 7.24 ppm. The peak of the methyl group appears as a singlet at 1.73 ppm, while of the methylidene group of 17a,b CH= protons appear as a singlet at 8.20–8.10 ppm, deshielded by adjacent C=O group, at higher chemical shift values, indicating a predominant existence of Z-configuration of this group double bond in these compounds. The expected ones for E isomer have methine proton with a lesser deshielding effect [49,50].

2.2. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition

All compounds, here reported, were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against four human CA isoforms, namely: hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII. The results are shown in Table 1.
According to obtained results it is obvious that all compounds displayed inhibition against all tested hCA isoforms, but with different range of inhibition constants. Thus, the Ki values of compounds against hCA I ranged from 56.5 to 918.5 nM, with compound 14a exhibiting the best activity (Ki = 56.5 nM). Good activity was achieved also for compound 11 with Ki value of 70.6 nM, followed by compound 14b (Ki = 71.2 nM) compared to AAZ (Ki = 250 nM). The lowest activity against hCA I was observed for compound 17b with Ki values at 918.5 nM. The order of activity of compounds against hCA I can be presented as follows: 14a > 11 > 14b > 8b > 8c > 8d > 8a > 8f > 7a > 7e > 7f > 17b > 17a > 7c.
The structure–activity relationship studies revealed that the presence of 3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxine-2-carboxamide (14a) as a substituent at the para- position of benzenesulfonamide is very beneficial for inhibitory activity against hCA I. It replacement by 2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-2-carboxamide led to compound 11 with decreased activity. The introduction to position 4 of the benzenesulfonamide 3-phenyl-N-propyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-2-carboxamide substituent with prolonged chain between benzenesulfonamide and 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine 14b did not affect the activity much, only decreasing it slightly. Among furo- and thieno- derivatives it is obvious that in general thieno- derivatives are more potent inhibitors against hCA I than furo-, which are the least active (7a, 7e, 7f, and 7c). Among N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide derivatives the presence of ethyl group on position 4 of N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole (8b) appeared to be beneficial. Replacement of ethyl by benzyl (8c) decreased a little activity, followed by 2-fluorobenzyl substituent (8d). The less active among thieno derivatives were found to be compound with 4-chlorobenzyl substituent, followed by four furo derivatives with the 4-benzyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide exhibiting the lowest inhibitory activity against hCA I isoform.
It is worth noticing that in general, these compounds showed better activity toward cytosolic hCA II isoform than against almost all other isoforms with Ki values in the range of 6.5–68.1 nM. Thus, the order of activity against hCA II isoform can be presented as 11 > 14a > 8b > 14b > 7a > 8d > 8a > 8c > 7e > 7f > 7c > 8f > 17a > 17b. The highest activity was achieved for compound 11 with Ki = 6.5 nM, followed by 14a (Ki = 6.7 nM) compared to AAZ with a Ki value of 12.1 nM. It is interesting to notice that the most active compounds against hCA I isoform were also active against hCA II isoform. It should be mentioned that compound 8a was the most selective one with a selectivity index (SI) 75.5 towards hCA I, 7.6 compared to hCA IX, and 3.5 to hCA XII isoforms. Eight compounds exhibited higher activity against the cytosolic hCA II isoform than reference compound AAZ.
According to structure-activity relationship studies, the presence of 2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-2-carboxamide substituent on position 4 of benzenesulfonamide (11) was positive for inhibitory activity against hCA II isoform. The replacement it by 3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxine-2-carboxamide (14a) decreased a little the activity followed by 4-ethyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8b). The less potent inhibitor was, as in the case with hCA I isoform, thieno derivative 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-thieno [3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8f).
As far as hCA IX isoform is concerned, the new compounds showed moderate to week inhibitory activity with Ki in the range of 81.4–320.0 nM compared to 25.7 nM of acetazolamide.
In the case of the hCA XII isoform, these compounds exhibited much better activity than against hCA IX and hCA I isoforms but were less effective compared to their activity on hCA II. Their Ki was in the range of 4.6–37.2 nM. The activity in descending order can be presented as follows: 7c > 8b > 11 > 14a > 14b > 7a > 17a > 8c > 8d > 8f > 7e > 8a > 7f > 17b. Three compounds (7c, 8b, 11) exhibited activity better than that of AAZ with compound 7c displaying the highest activity (Ki = 4.6 nM) compared to AAZ (Ki = 5.7 nM). The lowest activity was shown by furo derivative 7f (Ki = 37.2 nM). It is interesting to notice that compound 7c (4-benzyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide) demonstrated the highest activity against the hCA XII isoform, being the less active against the hCA I and hCA II isoforms.
The structure–activity relationship studies revealed that the presence of 4-benzyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide plays a positive role in inhibitory activity against the hCA XII isoform. Replacement of furan by thieno ring and benzyl by ethyl led to compound 8b with slightly lower activity, while the introduction to position 4 of benzenesulfonamide 2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-2-carboxamide substituent (11) decreased more the activity. On the other hand, the presence of 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide as a substituent on benzenesulfonamide moiety appeared to be detrimental for h CA XII inhibitory activity. Finally, compounds 11, 14a, 14b were found to be active against three hCA I, hCA II, and hCA XII isoforms.

2.3. Molecular Docking Studies

In an attempt to predict the probable inhibition mechanism of the tested compounds, molecular docking studies were performed. As a representative of the whole set of compounds, ligands 7c, 8a, 8b, 11, and 14a were selected for docking studies. All human CAs isoforms have similar active site architecture. Their active site contains three conserved His94, His96, and His119 residues acting as zinc ligands and another two conserved residues that act as ‘‘gatekeepers’’ Thr199 and Glu105 [51,52,53]. However, these isoforms vary in the residues generally in the middle and to the exit of the active site cavity. The results of molecular docking studies of the tested compounds on hCA I, II, IX, and XII isoforms are presented in Table 2 and revealed that all tested compounds bind the enzymes, chelating the Zn (II) ion of the active site, in a deprotonated form, as anions (negative nitrogen of the sulfonamide group) [54].
According to docking studies, the selectivity and the inhibition profile of some compounds to each isoform are depending on the differences in the active sites of the enzymes. More specifically, their inhibition profile is affected by the nature of the amino acids of the active site of the enzymes which determinate the conformation and interactions that compounds will adopt within the enzyme active site. For instance, compound 7c, which has a Ki for the hCA II enzyme of 37.5 nM and a lower Ki for hCA XII of 4.6 nM, adopts different conformations when binding both hCAs. The main reason is probably the presence of the bulky hydrophobic residue Phe131 in the hCA II enzyme, unlike the smaller residue Ala131 in hCA XII. This smaller residue in the hCA XII enzyme, allows ligands to freely enter the active site of the enzyme and to adopt a conformation that favors interactions with residues in the hydrophobic pocket and increases the selectivity of the compound to this isoform (Figure 2). Moreover, the superposition of the two structures of hCAs bound to compound 7c revealed this steric hindrance of the bulky residue Phe131 (Figure 2A). Consequently, 7c adopts a different conformation within the active site of the hCA II enzyme with the benzene ring being removed away from the bulky Phe131, interacting less with the residues of the active site of the enzyme and forming a less stable complex ligand-enzyme. This is probably the reason that explains the higher experimental Ki of this compound for isoform hCA II. Furthermore, compound 7c forms a hydrogen bond between the sulfonamide and the backbone of Thr199 of both isoforms and two more H-bonds between its carboxyl group and the backbones of residues Gln92 and Lys67 of isoform hCA XII, which further stabilize the complex ligand hCA XII and explains the high inhibition potency of the compound against this isoform (Figure 2B,C, Table 2).
On the other hand, compounds 8a and 8b (Figure 3) differ from compound 7c by the presence of methyl and ethyl substituent instead of benzene (7c) on the indole ring. Both these substituents provide flexibility to the compounds, making them able to avoid the steric hindrance with the bulky residue Phe131 of hCA II isoform, increasing the inhibition potency. However, these compounds can also inhibit the hCA XII isoform. This is illustrated in Figure 4 where compound 8b in both hCA II and hCA XII isoforms is adopting a conformation that favors the interactions with both active sites of the isoforms, increasing the stability of the complex and consequently the inhibition potency of the compound (Figure 4A). The negative nitrogen of the sulphonamide group coordinates to the Zn(II) ion and forms a hydrogen bond with conserved residue His94. In the hCA II isoform, both oxygen atoms of the sulphonamide group formed two hydrogen bonds interacting with the conserved residue Thr199, while in isoform hCA XII only one hydrogen bond with residue Thr200 is formed. Moreover, the ethyl substituent is interacting hydrophobically with Phe131 and Ala131 of hCA II and hCA XII isoforms respectively. Hydrophobic interactions between the benzene moiety and the residue Leu198 and Val121 in both isoforms (Figure 4B,C, Table 2) were also observed. These interactions stabilize further the complex ligand-enzyme and positively impacting into the inhibition profile of the compounds.
On the other hand, docking of compound 14a into the active site of all CA isoforms revealed the probable reason for its good inhibition profile. As it is presented in Figure 5, compound 14a binds hCA I and hCA II isoform in the same manner as AAZ, with the negative nitrogen of the sulphonamide group chelating the Zn(II) ion. Moreover, in the hCA II isoform the benzene moiety of the compound interacts hydrophobically with residues Phe131 and Ile91. These interactions increase the stability of the complex and probably explain its lower Ki than that of AAZ (6.7 nM vs. 12.1 nM).

2.4. In Silico Prediction Studies

Drug likeness is examined as an important tool that provides the base for the molecules to be a powerful drug candidate. The number of violations to various rules viz. Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge [55,56,57,58,59,60], along with bioavailability and Drug-likeness scores are given in Table 3. The results showed that none of the compounds violated any rule and their bioavailability score was around 0.55. All compounds exhibited moderate to good Drug-likeness scores ranged from −0.58 to 1.00. Moreover, the bioavailability radar of some of the compounds is displayed in Figure 6. The compound 8f appeared to be the best in the in-silico predictions with a Drug-likeness score of 1.00 without any rule violation.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

The solvents were purified according to the standard procedures. The 1H, 13C spectra were recorded on a Varian Unityplus-400 spectrometer (400 and 125 MHz, respectively) in a DMSO-d6 solution. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from TMS as internal standards. Mass spectra were recorded on an LC-MS instrument with chemical ionization (CI). LC-MS data were acquired on an Agilent 1200 HPLC system equipped with DAD/ELSD/LSMS-6120 diode matrix and mass-selective detector. Melting points were determined using a Fischer Johns instrument. Elemental analysis was performed at an analytical laboratory of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

3.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic Acid 3a,c-f and 4-Alkyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic Acid 4a-d, f

A solution of methyl 4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate 1 (20 mmol) [40] or methyl 4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate 2 [41] in DMF (15 mL) was added dropwise at stirring under inert atmosphere to suspension of sodium hydride (1 g, 25 mmol, prepared from preliminarily washed with anhydrous hexanes 60% suspension of NaH in mineral oil) in DMF (15 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min, corresponding alkyl halide (25 mmol) was added, and the mixture was continuously stirred at 45 °C until completion (TLC control by disappearing of initial compound 1 or 2). After cooling to ambient temperature acetic acid (1 mL) was added and the mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. After addition water (50 mL), the formed precipitate was filtered off, dissolved in methanol (30 mL), and treated with a solution of potassium hydroxide (3.36 g, 60 mmol) in water (15 mL). The resulted mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 18 h (TLC control), cooled to ambient temperature, and acidified with formic acid. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, dried in air, and crystallized from ethanol.
4-Methyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (3a). Yield 82%; m.p. 158–160 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.29 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.78 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 6.78 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 6.75 (s, 1H, H-6), 3.91 (s, 3H, NCH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.90, 148.94, 144.68, 133.21, 124.17, 98.94, 97.59, 34.60 Anal. Calcd. for C8H7NO3 (%): C, 58.18; H, 4.27; N, 8.48 Found (%): C, 58.11; H, 4.31; N, 8.39.
4-Benzyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (3c). Yield 87%; m.p. 152–154 °C (lit.129–130. °C [59]). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.35 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.77 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.35–7.11 (m, 5H, Ar), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-6), 6.68 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.66 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.75, 149.12, 145.00, 138.41, 132.73, 128.47, 127.30, 127.02, 123.63, 99.39, 98.51, 49.62. Anal. Calcd. for C14H11NO3 (%): C, 69.70; H 4.60; N 5.81 Found (%): C, 69.78; H, 4.54; N, 5.72.
4-(2-Fluorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (3d). Yield 83%; m.p. 162–164 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.39 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.78 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.35–7.29 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.25–7.17 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.14–7.07 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.88 (s, 1H, H-6), 6.86–6.79 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.56 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.73 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.63, 159.73 (d, JCF = 244.9 Hz), 149.18, 144.98, 132.83, 129.46 (d, JCF = 8.1 Hz), 128.60 (d, JCF = 3.9 Hz), 125.33 (d, JCF = 15.0 Hz), 124.62 (d, JCF = 3.5 Hz), 123.85, 115,23 (d, JCF = 20.9 Hz), 99.27, 98.75, 43.93 (d, JCF = 4.6 Hz). Anal. Calcd. for C14H10FNO3 (%): C, 64.87; H, 3.89; N, 5.40 Found (%): C, 64.79; H, 3.97; N, 5.29.
4-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (3e). Yield 91%; m.p. 149–152 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.25 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.76 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2),7.52–7.45 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.35–7.18 (m, 2H, Ar), 6.92 (s, 1H, H-6),6.57–6.49 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.47 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.75 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.52, 149.21, 145.06, 135.94, 132.80, 131.46, 129.24, 128.92, 127.52, 127.31, 124.08, 99.22, 98.77, 48.01. Anal. Calcd. for C14H10ClNO3 (%): C, 60.99; H, 3.66; Cl, 12.86; N, 5.08 Found (%): C, 61.10; H, 3.73; Cl, 12.65; N, 5,15.
4-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (3f). Yield 92%; m.p. 131–132 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.32 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.77 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2),7.36 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.16 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.84 (s, 1H, H-6), 6.69 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.65 (s, 2H, NCH2)). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.69, 149.24, 145.00, 137.47, 132.71, 131.92, 128.79, 128.47, 123.54, 99.30, 98.67, 48.94. Anal. Calcd. for C14H10ClNO3 (%): C, 60.99; H, 3.66; Cl, 12.86; N, 5.08 Found (%): C, 61.13; H, 3.75; Cl, 12.71; N, 5,04.
4-Methyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (4a). Yield 88%; m.p. 168–169 °C (lit.172–174 °C [60]). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.45 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.54 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.21 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.11 (s, 1H, H-6), 3.99 (s, 3H, NCH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.50, 145.45, 129.29, 127.03, 120.73, 111.20, 108.70, 34.40. Anal. Calcd. for C8H7NO2S (%): C, 53.03; H, 3.89; N, 7.73; S, 17.69 Found (%): C, 53.15; H, 3.92; N, 7.61; S, 17.91.
4-Ethyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (4b). Yield 83%; m.p. 155–156 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.47 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.24 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.13 (s, 1H, H-6), 4.51 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, NCH2), 1.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.25, 144.46, 129.39, 126.05, 120.97, 111.09, 109.03, 41.69, 16.32.Anal. Calcd. for C9H9NO2S (%): C, 55.37; H, 4.65; N, 7.17; S, 16.42 Found (%): C, 55.51; H. 4.72; N, 7.03; S, 16.64.
4-Benzyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (4c). Yield 89%; m.p. 180–181 °C (lit.180–182 °C [61]). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.36 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.53 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.31–7.19 (m, 4H, H-6, Ar), 7.17 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.12 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, Ar), 5.78 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.45, 145.14, 138.59, 129.79, 128.49, 127.22, 126.69, 126.48, 121.45, 111.54, 109.63, 49.40. Anal. Calcd. for C14H11NO2S (%): C, 65.35; H, 4.31; N, 5.44; S, 12.46 Found (%): 65.50; H, 4.42; N, 5,59; S, 12.70.
4-(2-Fluorobenzyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (4d). Yield 86%; m.p. 179–181 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 12.49 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.33–7.24 (m, 2H, H-6, Ar), 7.23–7.16 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.13 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.09–7.04 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.69–6.63 (m, 1H, Ar), 5.84 (s, 2H, NCH2)). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.33, 159.53 (d, JCF = 244.8 Hz), 145.25, 129.87, 129.18 (d, JCF = 8.1 Hz), 127.87 (d, JCF = 4.1 Hz), 126.76, 125.65 (d, JCF = 14.6 Hz), 124.62 (d, JCF = 3.4 Hz), 121.54, 115.24 (d, JCF = 21.0 Hz), 111.33, 109.80, 43.76 (d, JCF = 4.8 Hz). Anal. Calcd. for C14H10FNO2S (%): C, 61.08; H, 3.66; N, 5.09; S, 11.65 Found (%): C, 60.87; H, 3.73; N, 5.17; S, 11.88.
4-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (4f). Yield 91%; m.p. 173–174 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.50 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.58 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2),7.35 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.23 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.22 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.11 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, Ar), 5.76 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 162.38, 145.02, 137.59, 131.81, 129.89, 128.52, 128.46, 126.44, 121.51, 111.41, 109.71, 48.77. Anal. Calcd. for C14H10ClNO2S (%): C, 57.64; H, 3.45; Cl, 12.15; S, 10.99 Found (%): C, 57.49; H, 3.53; Cl, 11.97; S, 12.09.

3.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carbonyl Chloride 5a,c-f and 4-Alkyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carbonyl Chloride 6a-d,f

To a stirred solution of compounds 3a,c-f or 4a-d,f (5 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (30 mL) thionyl chloride (3 mL) was added. The mixture was heated for 1 h at 80 °C, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with 10 mL of toluene and the resulted mixture was continuously evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in the boiling mixture (100 mL of cyclohexane and 75 mL of n-heptane), charcoal (0.5 g) was added, and after stirring for 3 min, filtered, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford 5a,c-f and 6a-d,f as light-yellow crystals. These obtained acid chlorides were immediately used for amides 7 and 8 preparation. The compounds 5a,c-f and 6a-d,f are quite unstable (5a,c-f decomposed after 2 h of standing, 6a-d,f decomposed after 8h of standing at ambient temperature).

3.4. General Procedure for the Synthesis of N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-alkyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide 7a,c-f and N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-alkyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide 8a-d, f

To an ice-water cooled stirred solution of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (0.17 g (1 mmol) and of triethylamine (0.11 g, 1.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) the solution of compounds 5a,c-f or 6a-d,f (1 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. After the addition of water (15 mL), the formed precipitate was filtered off, dried in air, and crystallized from the DMF:ethanol mixture.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-methyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (7a). Yield 92%; m.p. 273–275 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.06 (s, 1H, NH), 7.96–7.73 (m, 5H, Ar, H-2), 7.25 (c, 2H, NH2), 7.12 (c, 1H, H-6, 6.82 (d, J = 2.2 Hz,, 1H, H-3), 3.95 (c, 3H, NCH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) 161.03, 149.19, 145.05, 142.85, 138.50, 133.26, 126.98, 126.93, 119.84, 99.48, 96.66, 35.37. MS (APCI): m/z = 320.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 317.8 [M−H]−.Anal. Calcd. for C14H13N3O4S (%): C, 52.66; H, 4.10; N, 13.16; S, 10.04 Found (%): C, 52.48; H, 4.18; N13.04; S, 10.26.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-benzyl-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (7c). Yield 87%; m.p. 240–241 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.12 (s, 1H, NH), 7.89 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.83–7.73 (m, 3H, H-2, Ar), 7.34–7.16 (m, 8H, H-6, Ar, NH2), 6.69 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.72 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.98, 149.30, 145.47, 142.70, 138.96, 138.59, 132.79, 128.92, 127.76, 127.55, 126.96, 126.57, 119.90, 99.91, 96.68, 50.30. MS (APCI): m/z = 396.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 394.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C20H17N3O4S (%): C, 60.75; H, 4.33; N, 10.63; S, 8.11 Found (%): C, 60.67; H, 4.29; N, 10.49; S, 8.34.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(2-fluorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (7d). Yield 89%; m.p. 240–242 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.15 (s, 1H, NH), 7.86 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.80–7.74 (m, 3H, H-2, Ar), 7.36–7.17 (m, 5H, H-6, NH2, Ar), 7.13–7.07 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.95–6.89 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.60 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.79 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.4, 159.76 (d, JCF = 245 Hz), 148.87, 144.99, 142.19, 138.19, 132.39, 129.46 (d, JCF = 8.1 Hz), 128.81 (d, JCF = 4.0 Hz), 126.50, 126.34, 125.39 (d, JCF = 14.8 Hz), 124.59 (d, JCF = 3.4 Hz), 119.45, 115.25 (d, JCF = 20.9 Hz), 99.34, 96.42, 44.14 (d, JCF = 4.4 Hz). MS (APCI): m/z = 414.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 412.0 [M-H]. Anal. Calcd. for C20H16FN3O4S (%): C, 58.10; H, 3.90; N, 10.16; S, 7.76 Found (%): C, 58.18; H, 3.96; N, 9.97; S, 7.89.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (7e). Yield 93%; m.p. 239–241 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.14 (s, 1H, NH), 7.83 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.78–7.71 (m, 3H, H-2, Ar), 7.51–7.45 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.38–7.19 (m, 5H, H-6, Ar, NH2), 6.62–6.57 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.53 (d, J = 2.2 Hz,, 1H, H-3), 5.80 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.75, 149.42, 145.51, 142.58, 138.62, 136.48, 132.88, 131.87, 129.71, 129.37, 127.93, 127.89, 126.93, 126.86, 119.86, 99.77, 96.85, 48.73. MS (APCI): m/z = 432.0([M(37Cl)+H]+; 30); m/z = 430.0([M(35Cl)+H]+, 100); m/z = 430.0 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 30); m/z = 428.0 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 100). Anal. Calcd. for C20H16ClN3O4S (%): C, 55.88; H, 3.75; N, 9.77; S, 7.46 Found (%): C, 55.75; H, 3.77; N, 9.92; S, 7.62.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (7f). Yield 94%; m.p. 237–238 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.13 (s, 1H, NH), 7.87 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.81–7.74 (m, 3H, H-2, Ar), 7.37 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.26 (s, 2H, NH2), 7.24–7.19 (m, 3H, H-6, Ar), 6.76 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.70 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.45, 148.98, 145.04, 142.18, 138.19, 137.57, 132.33, 131.92, 128.93, 128.47, 126.50, 126.00, 119.49, 99.38, 99.36, 49.21. MS (APCI): m/z = 432.0 ([M(37Cl)+H]+; 30); m/z = 430.0 ([M(35Cl)+H]+, 100); m/z = 429.8 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 30); m/z = 427.8 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 100). Anal. Calcd. for C20H16ClN3O4 (%): C, 55.88; H, 3.75; N, 9.77; S, 7.46 Found (%): C, 55.83; H, 3.71; N, 9.89; S, 7.59.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-methyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8a).Yield 95%; m.p. 276–278 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.29 (s, 1H, NH), 7.93 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.79 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7,55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.40 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.31–7.23 (m, 3H, H-3, NH2), 4.03 (s, 3H, NCH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.25, 145.13, 142.30, 138.25, 129.65, 128.77, 126.55, 120.53, 119.47, 111.22, 105.87, 34.55. MS (APCI): m/z = 336.1 [M + H]+; m/z = 334.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C14H13N3O3S2 (%): C, 50.14; H, 3.91; N, 12.53; S, 19.12 Found (%): C, 50.03; H, 3.97; N, 12.32; S, 19.27.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-ethyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8b). Yield 88%; m.p. 248–249 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.28 (s, 1H, NH), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.79 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7,55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.40 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.30–7.22 (m, 3H, H-3, NH2), 4.54 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, NCH2), 1.34 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H CH3). Anal. Calcd. for C15H15N3O3S2 (%): C, 51.56; H, 4.33; N, 12.03; S, 18.35 Found (%): C, 51.64; H, 4.39; N, 11.89; S, 18.57.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-benzyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8c). Yield 87%; m.p. 255–256 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.29 (s, 1H, NH), 7.89 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7,53 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.46 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.31–7.13 (m, 8H, H-3, Ar, NH2), 5.82 (s, 2H, NCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.25, 144.77, 142.15, 138.62, 138.33, 129.21, 129.18, 128.46, 127.22, 126.80, 126.53, 121.21, 119.49, 111.56, 106.82, 49.54. MS (APCI): m/z = 412.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 409.8 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C20H17N3O3S2 (%): C, 58.38; H, 4.16; N, 10.21; S, 15.58 Found (%): C, 58.25; H, 4.22; N, 10.32; S, 15.76.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(2-fluorobenzyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8d). Yield 91%; m.p. 235–237 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.36 (s, 1H, NH), 7.86 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.76 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7,55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.48 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.30–7.28 (m, 5H, H-3, Ar, NH2), 7.08–7.02 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.79–6.72 (m, 1H, Ar), 5.88 (s, 2H, NCH2). MS (APCI): m/z = 430.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 428.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C20H16FN3O3S2 (%): C, 55.93; H, 3.75; N, 9.78; S, 14.93 Found (%): C, 55.79; H, 3.81; N, 9.96; S, 15.14.
N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide (8f). Yield 90%; m.p. 219–220 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.33 (s, 1H, NH), 7.88 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.78 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7,56 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.48 (s, 1H, H-6), 7.35 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.26–7.20 (m, 3H, H-3, NH2), 7.18 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar), 5.80 (s, 2H, NCH2). MS (APCI): m/z = 447.8 ([M(37Cl)+H]+; 30); m/z = 446.0 ([M(35Cl)+H]+, 100); m/z = 448.8 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 30); m/z = 443.8 ([M(37Cl)-H]−, 100). Anal. Calcd. for C20H16ClN3O3S2 (%): C, 53.87; H, 3.62; N, 9.42; S, 14.38 Found (%): C, 54.01; H, 3.59; N, 9.57; S, 14.60.

3.5. Synthesis of N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-2-carboxamide (11)

To a stirred solution of 9 (0.21 g, 1 mmol) [42] in of anhydrous toluene (10 mL) thionyl chloride (1 mL) was added. The mixture was heated for 1 h at 80 °C and then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with toluene (5mL) and the resulted mixture was continuously evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (10 mL) and then was added to an ice-water cooled solution of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (0.17 g, 1 mmol) and of triethylamine (0.11 g, 1.1 mmol) in acetonitrile. (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with water (15 mL), the formed precipitate was filtered off, dried in air, and crystallized from the DMF-ethanol mixture (1:3 v/v) to afford 11. Yield 91%; m.p. 269–270 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.91 (s, 1H, NH), 10.49 (s, 1H, NH), 7.78–7.68 (m, 4H, Ar), 7.24 (s, 2H, NH2), 7.18–7.12 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.02–6.88 (m, 3H, Ar), 1.73 (s, 3H, CH3). MS (APCI): m/z = 362.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 360.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C16H15N3O5S (%): C, 53.18; H, 4.18; N, 11.63; S, 8.87 Found (%): C, 53.29; H, 4.15; N, 11.81; S, 9.03.

3.6. Synthesis of N-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-2-carboxamide (14a)

To a stirred solution of compound 12 (0.22 g, 1 mmol) [43] in anhydrous benzene (10 mL) thionyl chloride (1 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 48–50 C for 3 h, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (10 mL) and this solution was added to an ice-water cooled solution of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (0.17 g, 1 mmol) and triethylamine (0.11 g, 1.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with water (15 mL), the formed precipitate was filtered off and crystallized from ethanol to afford 14a. Yield 93%; m.p. 233–235 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 10.08 (s, 1H, NH), 7.75–7.67 (m, 4H, Ar), 7.35–7.26 (m, 5H, Ar), 7.23 (s, 2H, NH2), 4.40–4.35 (m. 2H, OCH2), 3.32–3.24 (m, 2H, SCH2). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 160.67, 141.98, 139.46, 138.96, 137.69, 129.14, 128.47, 128.25, 126.89, 119.75, 119.07, 64.93, 27.87. MS (APCI): m/z = 377.1 [M + H]+; m/z = 375.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C17H16N2O4S2 (%): C, 54.24; H, 4.28; N, 7.44; S, 17.03 Found (%): C, 54.31; H, 4.34; N, 7.56; S, 17.29.
N-{2-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-2-carboxamide (14b), was obtained similarly to 14a. Yield 87%; m.p. 208–209 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 7.98 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H, NH), 7.73 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.33–7.15 (m, 9H, Ar, NH2), 4.32–4.24 (m, 2H, OCH2), 3.27–3.15 (m, 4H, NHCH2, OCH2), 2.73–2.65 (m, 2H, CH2Ar). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 161.85, 144.00, 142.44, 139.94, 138.07, 129.42, 129.23, 128.22, 127.88, 126.1, 116.24, 64.79, 35.00, 27.68. MS (APCI): m/z = 405.1 [M + H]+; m/z = 403.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C19H20N2O4S2 (%): C, 56.42; H, 4.98; N, 6.93: S, 15.85 Found (%): C, 56.30; H, 5.07; N, 6.85; S, 16.03.

3.7. Synthesis of 4-(5-{(Z)-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-6-oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5(6H)-ylidene]methyl}-2-furyl)enzenesulfonamide (17a)

A solution of compound 15a (0.42 g, 2 mmol) [44], chloroacetic acid (0.2 g, 2 mmol), 4-(5-formyl-2-furyl) benzenesulfonamide (0.5 g, 2 mmol) 16 [45], and of sodium acetate (0.49 g, 6 mmol) in the mixture of acetic acid (10 mL) and of acetic anhydride (4 mL) was refluxed for 4 h. The reaction mixture was kept overnight, the formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with cool water, dried and crystallized from the DMF:ethanol mixture (1:1 v/v) to afford 17a.Yield 78%; m.p. 312–315 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 8.14 (s, 1H, CH=), 8.11–7.92 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.58–7.51 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.44–7.14 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.35 (s, 2H, NH2). Anal. Calcd. for C21H13ClN4O4S2 (%): C, 52.01; H, 2.70; N, 11.55; S, 13.22 Found (%): C, 51.83; H, 2.74; N, 11.72; S, 13.39.
4-(5-{(Z)-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-6-oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2 b][1,2,4]triazol-5(6H)-ylidene]methyl} -2-furyl)benzenesulfonamide (17b) was obtained similarly to 17a starting from 15b [44]. Yield 71%; m.p. 294–295 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 8.10 (s, 1H, CH=), 8.02 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.95 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.67 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.57 (s, 1H, Ar), 7.44–7.37 (m, 4H, NH2, Ar), 7.03 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) δ 168.36, 160.39, 156.50, 155.71, 151.18, 149.38, 148.78, 144.09, 131.06, 126.68, 124.89, 123.67, 121.34, 120.19, 112.02, 111.65, 109.27, 55.52, 55.37. MS (APCI): m/z = 511.0 [M + H]+; m/z = 509.0 [M−H]−. Anal. Calcd. for C23H18N4O6S2 (%): C, 54.11; H, 3,55; N, 10.97; S, 12.56 Found (%): C, 53.96; H, 3.62; N, 10.79; S, 12.79.

3.8. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition

An Applied Photophysics stopped-flow instrument was used for assaying the CA catalyzed CO2 hydration activity [61]. Phenol red (at a concentration of 0.2 mM) was used as an indicator, working at the absorbance maximum of 557 nm, with 20 mM Hepes (pH 7.4) as a buffer, and 10 mM Na2SO4 (for maintaining constant ionic strength), following the initial rates of the CA-catalyzed CO2 hydration reaction for a period of 10–100 s. The CO2 concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 17 mM for the determination of the kinetic parameters and inhibition constants [10]. Enzyme concentrations ranged between 5–12 nM. For each inhibitor, at least six traces of the initial 5–10% of the reaction were used for determining the initial velocity. The uncatalyzed rates were determined in the same manner and subtracted from the total observed rates. Stock solutions of the inhibitor (0.1 mM) were prepared in distilled–deionized water and dilutions up to 0.01 nM were done thereafter with the assay buffer. Inhibitor and enzyme solutions were preincubated together for 15 min at room temperature prior to the assay, allowing the formation of the E–I complex. The inhibition constants were obtained by non-linear least-squares methods using PRISM 3 and the Cheng–Prusoff equation as reported earlier, which represent the mean from at least three different determinations. All CA isoforms were recombinant proteins obtained in-house, as reported earlier [62,63,64,65].

3.9. Molecular Modeling Studies

AutoDock 4.2 software was used to perform molecular modeling studies [66]. The crystal structures of the cytosolic isoforms hCA I (PDB code 3W6H) and hCA II (PDB code 3HS4), as well as the transmembrane tumor-associated ones hCA IX (PDB code 3IAI) and hCA XII (PDB code 1JD0) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank [67]. The procedure was carried out as mentioned in our previous work [68]. For the preparation of enzymes, all water molecules were removed, polar hydrogens were added and the co-crystallized ligands were removed from each enzyme’s active site. Charges were added and the rotatable bonds determined for preparation of the tested compounds. The autogrid algorithm was used for the calculation of grid maps. A set of grids of 60 Å × 50 Å × 50 Å with 0.375 Å spacing was calculated considering the docking area for all the ligands atom types employing AutoGrid4. Three-dimensional structures of all compounds were constructed using Chem3Dultra 12.0 software (Chemical Structure Drawing Standard; Perkin Elmer Informatics, Waltham, MA, USA). For the present system, the Lamarckian genetic algorithm was applied for minimization using default parameters. The pitch was 1.0 Å, while the quaternion and pivot angle was set to 5.0 degrees. For each compound, 200 configurations were produced. The results from the Autodock calculations were grouped using a root mean standard deviation (RMSD) value of 1.5 Å, while the lowest-energy configuration of the largest population group was chosen as the most likely tethering configuration. The LigandScout software program was used to display the results and process the configurations with the highest tie rating [68]. Finally, the docking protocol was verified by re-docking of the co-crystallized ligand acetazolamide (AAZ) in the vicinity of the active sites of each enzyme with RMSD values 0.885, 0.966, 1.034, and 1.176 Å for hCA I, II, IX, and XII, respectively.

3.10. In-Silico Predictive Studies

The targeted molecules were appraised for predicting the Drug-likeness based on 5 separate filters namely. Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge [55,56,57,58,59,60] rules accompanying bioavailability and Drug-likeness scores using the Molsoft software and SwissADME program (http://swissadme.ch (accessed on 8 July 2021)) using the ChemAxon’s Marvin JS structure drawing tool.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we designed and synthesized fifteen sulfanilamide derivatives bearing different heterocyclic rings (7–17) adopting different synthetic pathways to increase the potency and selectivity. All the synthesized compounds were screened against four CA isoforms, I, II, IX, and XII showing selectivity toward the isoforms hCA II and hCA XII. In addition, in silico studies are performed on the best derivatives (7c, 8a, 8b, 11, and 14), clarifying the mode of interaction within the hCA II and XII binding sites, illustrating the possible interaction with the active site to justify the selective inhibition activity and prospectively guide the future design of more active and isoform-selective CAIs.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ph14080828/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.G. and V.K.; methodology, V.B., V.D.L. and C.C.; software, A.P.; formal analysis, R.M.V.; investigation, S.Y.P., A.A. and M.P.; data curation, A.G., V.B. and C.T.S.; original draft preparation, A.G., V.B. and A.A.; review and editing, A.G. and C.T.S.; supervision, A.G. and C.T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Supuran, C.T. Emerging role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Clin. Sci. 2021, 135, 1233–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Xu, Y.; Feng, L.; Jeffrey, P.D.; Shi, Y.; Morel, F.M. Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms. Nature 2008, 452, 56–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Capasso, C.; Supuran, C.T. An overview of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-carbonic anhydrases from bacteria: Can bacterial carbonic anhydrases shed new light on evolution of bacteria? J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2015, 30, 325–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Supuran, C.T.; Capasso, C. The eta-class carbonic anhydrases as drug targets for antimalarial agents. Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets 2015, 19, 551–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Del Prete, S.; Vullo, D.; De Luca, V.; Supuran, C.T.; Capasso, C. Biochemical characterization of the δ- carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, TweCA. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2014, 29, 906–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Stefanucci, A.; Angeli, A.; Dimmito, M.P.; Luisi, G.; Del Prete, S.; Capasso, C.; Donald, W.A.; Mollica, A.; Supuran, C.T. Activation of β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from pathogenic bacteria with tripeptides. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2018, 33, 945–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Angeli, A.; Del Prete, S.; Alasmary, F.A.S.; Alqahtani, L.S.; AlOthman, Z.; Donald, W.A.; Capasso, C.; Supuran, C.T. The first activation studies of the η-carbonic anhydrase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with amines and amino acids. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 80, 94–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Angeli, A.; Buonanno, M.; Donald, W.A.; Monti, S.M.; Supuran, C.T. The zinc—but not cadmium—containing ζ-carbonic from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii is potently activated by amines and amino acids. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 80, 261–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Supuran, C.T. Structure and function of carbonic anhydrases. Biochem. J. 2016, 473, 2023–2032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Supuran, C.T. Carbonic anhydrases: Novel therapeutic applications for inhibitors and activators. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7, 168–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Supuran, C.T. Exploring the multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2020, 15, 671–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Supuran, C.T. Carbonic anhydrases as drug targets--an overview. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2007, 7, 825–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Aggarwal, M.; Boone, C.D.; Kondeti, B.; McKenna, R. Structural annotation of human carbonic anhydrases. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2013, 28, 267–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Supuran, C.T. Applications of carbonic anhydrases inhibitors in renal and central nervous system diseases. Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 2018, 28, 713–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Supuran, C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as emerging agents for the treatment and imaging of hypoxic tumors. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs 2018, 27, 963–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Scozzafava, A.; Supuran, C.T. Glaucoma and the applications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Subcell. Biochem. 2014, 75, 349–359. [Google Scholar]
  17. Carta, F.; Dumy, P.; Supuran, C.T.; Winum, J.Y. Multivalent Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Bozdag, M.; Altamimi, A.S.A.; Vullo, D.; Supuran, C.T.; Carta, F. State of the Art on Carbonic Anhydrase Modulators for Biomedical Purposes. Curr. Med. Chem. 2019, 26, 2558–2573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Peng, W.; Peltier, D.C.; Larsen, M.J.; Kirchhoff, P.D.; Larsen, S.D.; Neubig, R.R.; Miller, D.J. Identification of Thieno[3,2-b]Pyrrole Derivatives as Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Neurotropic Alphaviruses. J. Infect. Dis. 2009, 199, 950–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Vianello, P.; Sartori, L.; Amigoni, F.; Cappa, A.; Fagá, G.; Fattori, R.; Legnaghi, E.; Ciossani, G.; Mattevi, A.; Meroni, G.; et al. Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides as New Reversible Inhibitors of Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM1A/LSD1. Part 2: Structure-Based Drug Design and Structure-Activity Relationship. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 1693–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Ching, K.C.; Tran, T.; Amrun, S.; Kam, Y.; Ng, L.; Chai, C. Structural Optimizations of Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole Derivatives for the Development of Metabolically Stable Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 3165–3186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Mohamed, M.S.; El-Domany, R.A.; Abd El-Hameed, R.H. Synthesis of certain pyrrole derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Acta Pharm. 2009, 59, 145–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Alizadeh, M.; Jalal, M.; Hamed, K.; Saber, A.; Kheirouri, S.; Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi, F.; Kamari, N. Recent Updates on Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Furan Natural Derivatives. J. Inflamm. Res. 2020, 13, 451–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Malladi, S.; Nadh, R.V.; Babu, K.S.; Babu, P.S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity studies of 2,4-di substituted furan derivatives. Beni Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2017, 6, 345–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Fang, B.; Hu, C.; Ding, Y.; Qin, H.; Luo, Y.; Xu, Z.; Meng, J.; Chen, Z. Discovery of 4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole derivatives as potential anticancer agents. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 2021, 58, 1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Archna, P.S.; Chawla, P.A. Thiophene–based derivatives as anticancer agents. An overview on decade’s work. Bioorg. Chem. 2020, 101, 104026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Lashin, W.H.; Nassar, I.F.; El Farargy, A.F.; Abdelhamid, A.O. Synthesis of New Furanone Derivatives with Potent Anticancer Activity. Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2020, 46, 1074–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Kumar, P.R.; Raju, S.; Goud, P.S.; Sailaja, M.; Sarma, M.R.; Reddy, G.O.; Kumar, M.P.; Reddy, V.V.; Suresh, T.; Hegde, P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophene [3,2-b] pyrrole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 1221–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Abd El-Hameed, R.H.; Mahgoub, S.; El-Shanbaky, H.M.; Mohamed, M.S.; Ali, S.A. Utility of novel 2-furanones in synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds having anti-inflammatory activity with dual COX2/LOX inhibition. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2021, 36, 977–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Mohamed, M.S.; Ali, S.A.; Abdelaziz, D.H.; Fathallah, S.S. Synthesis and evaluation of novel pyrroles and pyrrolopyrimidines as anti-hyperglycemic agents. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 249780–249793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Baldwin, J.J.; Ponticello, G.S.; Anderson, P.S.; Christy, M.E.; Murcko, M.A.; Randall, W.C.; Schwam, H.; Sugrue, M.F.; Springer, J.P.; Gautheron, P. Thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamides: Novel topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 2510–2513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Rakesh, K.P.; Wang, S.M.; Leng, J.; Ravindar, L.; Asiri, A.M.; Marwani, H.M.; Qin, H.L. Recent Development of Sulfonyl or Sulfonamide Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agents: A Key Review. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2018, 18, 488–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Kachaeva, M.V.; Hodyna, D.M.; Semenyuta, I.V.; Pilyo, S.G.; Prokopenko, V.M.; Kovalishyn, V.V.; Metelytsia, L.O.; Brovarets, V.S. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel sulfonamides as potential anticancer agents. Comput. Biol. Chem. 2018, 74, 294–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Abbas, H.S.; Abd El-Karim, S.S.; Abdelwahed, N.A.M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfonamide derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2017, 74, 849–860. [Google Scholar]
  35. Azzam, R.A.; Elsayed, R.E.; Elgemeie, G.H. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a New Series of N-Sulfonamide 2-Pyridones as Dual Inhibitors of DHPS and DHFR Enzymes. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 10401–10414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Hussein, E.M.; Al-Rooqi, M.M.; Abd El-Galil, S.M.; Ahmed, S.A. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel N4 -substituted sulfonamides: Acetamides derivatives as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. BMC Chem. 2019, 13, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ingle, R.G.; Marathe, R.P. Sulfonamido Quinoxalines—Search for anti-inflammatory Agents. IJPRAS 2012, 1, 46–51. [Google Scholar]
  38. Markowicz-Piasecka, M.; Huttunen, K.M.; Broncel, M.; Sikora, I. Sulfenamide and Sulfonamide Derivatives of Metformin—A New Option to Improve Endothelial Function and Plasma Haemostasis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 6573–6592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Bhuva, N.H.; Talpara, P.K.; Singala, P.M.; Gothaliya, V.K.; Shah, V.H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidinyl sulphonamide derivatives as promising class of antitubercular agents. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2017, 21, 517–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. O’Brien, A.G.; Lévesque, F.; Seeberger, P.H. Continuous flow thermolysis of azidoacrylates for the synthesis of heterocycles and pharmaceutical intermediates. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2688–2690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Yarovenko, V.N.; Semenov, S.L.; Zavarzin, I.V.; Ignatenko, A.V.; Krayushkin, M.M. Regioselective acylation of methyl 2-methyl-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2003, 52, 451–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Suhadolc, E.; Urleb, U.; Žbontar, U.; Kikelj, D. A convenient synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acids and 3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-3-oxo-2H-pyrido[3,2-b]-1, 4-oxazine-2-carboxylic acid. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1993, 30, 597–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Mamedov, V.A.; Sibgatullina, F.G.; Gubskaya, V.P.; Gainullin, R.M.; Shagidullin, R.R.; Il’yasov, A.V. Synthesis of some new derivatives of dithiene-and oxathienecarboxylic acids. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 1994, 30, 1029–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Murty, M.S.R.; Ram, K.R.; Rao, B.R.; Rao, R.V.; Katiki, M.R.; Rao, J.V.; Pamanji, R.; Velatooru, L.R. Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer studies of S and N alkyl piperazine-substituted positional isomers of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Med. Chem. Res. 2014, 23, 1661–1671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Kozlov, N.G.; Zhikharko, Y.D.; Lytvyn, R.Z.; Gorak, Y.I.; Skakovskii, E.D.; Baranovskii, A.V.; Basalaeva, L.I.; Obushak, M.D. Synthesis of 12-hetaryl-9,9-dimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]acridin-11(12H)-ones. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 50, 833–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Karthikeyan, M.S.; Holla, B.S. Synthesis, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities of some 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl substituted arylidenetriazolothiazolidinones. Monatsh. Chem. 2008, 139, 691–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Tozkoparan, B.; Kılcıgilb, G.A.; Ertanb, R.; Ertana, M.; Kelicen, P.; Demirdamar, R. Synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole-5(6H)-ones and their Michael addition products. Arzneim. Forsch. 1999, 49, 1006–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Rzhevskii, A.A.; Gerasimova, N.P.; Alov, E.M.; Kozlova, O.S.; Danilova, A.S.; Khapova, S.A.; Suponitskii, K.Y. Condensation of 5-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione with haloacetic acids. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2012, 61, 2133–2136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Koysal, Y.; Isik, S.; Dogdas, E.; Tozkoparan, B.; Ertan, M. 6-(2-Fluorobenzylidene)-2-[1-(2-fluoro-4-biphenyl)ethyl]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5(6H)-one. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 2004, 60, 356–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Ottana‘, R.; Maccari, R.; Barreca, M.L.; Bruno, G.; Rotondo, A.; Rossi, A.; Chiricosta, G.; Di Paola, R.; Sautebin, L.; Cuzzocrea, S.; et al. 5-Arylidene-2-imino-4-thiazolidinones: Design and synthesis of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005, 13, 4243–4252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Alterio, V.; Hilvo, M.; Di Fiore, A.; Supuran, C.T.; Pan, P.; Parkkila, S.; Scaloni, A.; Pastorek, J.; Pastorekova, S.; Pedone, C.; et al. Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the tumor associated human carbonic anhydrase IX. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 16233–16238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Di Fiore, A.; Truppo, E.; Supuran, C.T.; Alterio, V.; Dathan, N.; Bootorabi, F.; Parkkila, S.; Monti, S.M.; De Simone, G. Crystal structure of the C183S/C217S mutant of human CA VII in complex with acetazolamide. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 5023–5026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Whittington, D.A.; Waheed, A.; Ulmasov, B.; Shah, G.N.; Grubb, J.H.; Sly, W.S.; Christianson, D.W. Crystal structure of the dimeric extracellular domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII, a bitopic membrane protein overexpressed in certain cancer tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 9545–9550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Kanamori, K.; Roberts, J.D. Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance study of benzenesulfonamide and cyanate binding to carbonic anhydrase. Biochemistry 1983, 22, 2658–2664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Lipinski, C.A. Lead- and drug-like compounds: The rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discov. Today Technol. 2004, 1, 337–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Egan, W.J.; Merz, K.M.; Baldwin, J.J. Prediction of drug absorption Using multivariate statistics. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 3867–3877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Ghose, A.K.; Viswanadhan, V.N.; Wendoloski, J.J. A knowledge-based approach in designing combinatorial or medicinal chemistry libraries for drug discovery. 1. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of known drug databases. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 55–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Muegge, I.; Heald, S.L.; Brittelli, D. Simple selection criteria for drug-like chemical matter. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 1841–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Veber, D.F.; Johnson, S.R.; Cheng, H.Y.; Smith, B.R.; Wars, K.W.; Kopple, K.D. Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2615–2623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Khalifah, R.G. The carbon dioxide hydration activity of carbonic anhydrase. I. Stop flow kinetic studies on the native human isoenzymes B and C. J. Biol. Chem. 1971, 246, 2561–2573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Bonardi, A.; Falsini, M.; Catarzi, D.; Varano, F.; Di Cesare Mannelli, L.; Tenci, B.; Ghelardini, C.; Angeli, A.; Supuran, C.T.; Colotta, V. Structural investigations on coumarins leading to chromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4-ones and pyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-4-ones: New scaffolds for the design of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 146, 47–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Angeli, A.; Peat, T.S.; Bartolucci, G.; Nocentini, A.; Supuran, C.T.; Carta, F. Intramolecular oxidative deselenization of acylselenoureas: A facile synthesis of benzoxazole amides and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 11353–11356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Angeli, A.; Di Cesare Mannelli, L.; Lucarini, E.; Peat, T.S.; Ghelardini, C.; Supuran, C.T. Design, synthesis and X-ray crystallography of selenides bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety with neuropathic pain modulating effects. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 154, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Angeli, A.; Ferraroni, M.; Supuran, C.T. Famotidine, an antiulcer agent, strongly inhibits helicobacter pylori and human carbonic anhydrases. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 1035–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Angeli, A.; Carta, F.; Bartolucci, G.; Supuran, C.T. Synthesis of novel acyl selenoureido benzensulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase I, II, VII and IX inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2017, 25, 3567–3573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Morris, G.M.; Huey, R.; Lindstrom, W.; Sanner, M.F.; Belew, R.K.; Goodsell, D.S.; Olson, A.J. Autodock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexiblity. J. Comput. Chem. 2009, 16, 2785–2791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. A Structural View of Biology. Available online: http://www.rcsb.org/ (accessed on 8 June 2021).
  68. Wolber, G.; Langer, T. LigandScout: 3-D pharmacophores derived from protein-bound ligands and their use as virtual screening filters. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2005, 45, 160–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g001 550
Figure 1. Known CA inhibitors.
Figure 1. Known CA inhibitors.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g001
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of furo[3,2-b]pyrrole and thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole derivatives.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of furo[3,2-b]pyrrole and thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole derivatives.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch001
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of amides 11 and 14a,b.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of amides 11 and 14a,b.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch002
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of substituted 6-Oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of substituted 6-Oxo[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 sch003
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g002 550
Figure 2. (A) Superposition of compound 7c bound to hCA II (grey) in comparison to hCA XII (blue), with specific residues labeled. (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 7c docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA XII and (C) in hCA II, Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions. Blue double-headed arrow indicates the direction of conformational change of the compound bound to hCA II in comparison to the hCA XII enzyme.
Figure 2. (A) Superposition of compound 7c bound to hCA II (grey) in comparison to hCA XII (blue), with specific residues labeled. (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 7c docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA XII and (C) in hCA II, Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions. Blue double-headed arrow indicates the direction of conformational change of the compound bound to hCA II in comparison to the hCA XII enzyme.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g002
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g003 550
Figure 3. 2D interaction diagrams of compounds 8a and 11 docking poses interactions with the key amino acids in hCA I, hCA II, hCAIX, hCA XII.
Figure 3. 2D interaction diagrams of compounds 8a and 11 docking poses interactions with the key amino acids in hCA I, hCA II, hCAIX, hCA XII.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g003
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g004 550
Figure 4. (A) Superposition of compound 8b bound to hCA II (grey) in comparison to hCA XII (blue), with specific residues labeled, (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 8b docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA II and (C) in hCA XII. Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted, and green arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions.
Figure 4. (A) Superposition of compound 8b bound to hCA II (grey) in comparison to hCA XII (blue), with specific residues labeled, (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 8b docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA II and (C) in hCA XII. Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted, and green arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g004
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g005 550
Figure 5. (A) Superposition of compound 14a bound to hCA I (orange) in comparison to hCA II (magenta) and AAZ (green) in hCA I, (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 14a docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA I, (C) in hCA II. Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted and green arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions.
Figure 5. (A) Superposition of compound 14a bound to hCA I (orange) in comparison to hCA II (magenta) and AAZ (green) in hCA I, (B) 2D interaction diagram of compound 14a docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in hCA I, (C) in hCA II. Active site zinc is shown as a blue sphere, red dotted and green arrows indicate H-bond and yellow spheres hydrophobic interactions.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g005
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g006 550
Figure 6. Bioavailability Radar of the tested compounds. The pink area represents the optimal range for each property for oral bioavailability, (Lipophilicity (LIPO): XLOGP3 between −0.7 and +5.0, Molecular weight (SIZE): MW between 150 and 500 g/mol, Polarity (POLAR) TPSA between 20 and 130 Å2, Solubility (INSOLU): log S not higher than 6, Saturation (INSATU): fraction of carbons in the sp3 hybridization not less than 0.25, and Flexibility (FLEX): no more than 9 rotatable bonds.
Figure 6. Bioavailability Radar of the tested compounds. The pink area represents the optimal range for each property for oral bioavailability, (Lipophilicity (LIPO): XLOGP3 between −0.7 and +5.0, Molecular weight (SIZE): MW between 150 and 500 g/mol, Polarity (POLAR) TPSA between 20 and 130 Å2, Solubility (INSOLU): log S not higher than 6, Saturation (INSATU): fraction of carbons in the sp3 hybridization not less than 0.25, and Flexibility (FLEX): no more than 9 rotatable bonds.
Pharmaceuticals 14 00828 g006
Table
Table 1. Inhibition data of human CA isoforms I, II, IX, and XII with compounds 7a-f, 8a-f, 11,14a-b, 17a-b, and AAZ by a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay [51].
Table 1. Inhibition data of human CA isoforms I, II, IX, and XII with compounds 7a-f, 8a-f, 11,14a-b, 17a-b, and AAZ by a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay [51].
KI (nM) *
CmphCA IhCA IIhCA IXhCA XII
7a717.98.4103.26.9
7c356337.5275.64.6
7e858.323.8239.519.6
7f878.134.3187.237.2
8a664.68.866.630.7
8b269.76.8250.85.1
8c399.58.9140.57.8
8d656.38.7171.38.2
8f699.268.181.48.9
1170.66.5259.85.3
14a56.56.7280.56.1
14b71.27.4155.26.6
17a292544.7320.07.6
17b918.559.4252.940.2
AAZ25012.125.75.7
* Mean from 3 different assays, by a stopped-flow technique (errors were in the range of ±5–10% of the reported values).
Table
Table 2. Molecular docking free binding energies (kcal/mol) and interactions of tested compounds on hCA I, II, IX, and XII isoforms.
Table 2. Molecular docking free binding energies (kcal/mol) and interactions of tested compounds on hCA I, II, IX, and XII isoforms.
NohCA IsoformEstimated Free Binding Energy (Kcal/mol)Chelating the Zn (II) IonResidues Involved in H-Bond InteractionsResidues Involved in Hydrophobic Interactions
7chCA I−5.47No-Ala121, Ala135
hCA II−7.11YesThr199Ile91
hCA IX−6.80YesThr199Val121, Thr200
hCA XII−11.32YesHis67, Gln92, Thr200Leu198
8ahCA I−6.88YesThr199Ala135, Leu198
hCA II−8.95YesHis94, Thr199Ile91, Phe131, Thr200
hCA IX−7.91YesThr199Val121, Thr200
hCA XII−6.42Yes-Val121, Leu198
8bhCA I−8.17YesGln92Ala121, Leu198
hCA II−9.24YesHis94, Thr199Val121, Phe131, Leu198
hCA IX−6.54YesThr199Val121, Leu198
hCA XII−9.80YesGln92, His94, Thr200Val121, Ala131, Leu198
11hCA I−9.91YesGln92, Thr199Leu131, Ala132, Thr202
hCA II−9.24YesHis94, Thr200Val121, Phe131, Leu198
hCA IX−6.20Yes-Val121, Val131, Leu198
hCA XII−9.78YesHis94, Thr200Val121, Val143, Ala131, Leu198
14ahCA I−11.02YesHis67, Thr199Ala121, Ala132, Leu198
hCA II−9.15YesAsn67, Thr199Ile191, Val121, Phe131, Leu198, Thr200
hCA IX−6.51YesThr199Val121, Thr200
hCA XII−9.42YesThr200Val121, Leu198
AAZhCA I−8.28YesGln92Leu198, Thr199, His200, Pro201, Trp209
hCA II−8.87YesThr199, Thr200Val121, Phe131, Leu198, Trp209
hCA IX−9.02YesThr199, Thr200Val121, Val143, Val131, Leu198, Trp209
hCA XII−9.14YesThr199, Thr200Val121, Val143, Leu198, Trp209
Table
Table 3. Drug likeness predictions and Physicochemical-Pharmacokinetic/ADME properties of tested compounds.
Table 3. Drug likeness predictions and Physicochemical-Pharmacokinetic/ADME properties of tested compounds.
NoMWNumber of HBA aNumber of HBD bLog Po/w
(iLOGP) c		Log S dTPSA eBBB permeant fLipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge ViolationsBioavailability ScoreDrug-Likeness Model Score
7a319.3521.30Moderately soluble115.71No00.550.57
7c395.4621.79Poorly soluble115.71No00.550.44
7e429.9522.05Poorly soluble115.71No00.550.36
7f429.9522.26Poorly soluble115.71No00.550.97
8a335.4421.72Moderately soluble130.81No00.550.59
8b349.4422.02Moderately soluble130.81No00.550.80
8c411.5422.17Poorly soluble130.81No00.550.47
8d429,5521.84Poorly soluble130.81No00.550.21
8f445.9422.49Poorly soluble130.81No00.551.00
11484.9712.90Poorly soluble157.18No00.55-0.58
14a510.6913.10Poorly soluble175.64No1 (MW > 500)0.55-0.53
14b36.,4631.19Moderately soluble135.97No00.550.14
17a376.5521.74Moderately soluble132.17No00.550.45
17b404.5522.50Poorly soluble132.17No00.550.37
a number of hydrogen bond acceptors; b number of hydrogen bond donors; c lipophilicity; d Water solubility (SILICOS-IT [S = Soluble]); e topological polar surface area (Å2); f Blood-Brain Barrier permeant.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Angeli, A.; Kartsev, V.; Petrou, A.; Pinteala, M.; Vydzhak, R.M.; Panchishin, S.Y.; Brovarets, V.; De Luca, V.; Capasso, C.; Geronikaki, A.; et al. New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080828

AMA Style

Angeli A, Kartsev V, Petrou A, Pinteala M, Vydzhak RM, Panchishin SY, Brovarets V, De Luca V, Capasso C, Geronikaki A, et al. New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(8):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080828

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angeli, Andrea, Victor Kartsev, Anthi Petrou, Mariana Pinteala, Roman M. Vydzhak, Svitlana Y. Panchishin, Volodymyr Brovarets, Viviana De Luca, Clemente Capasso, Athina Geronikaki, and et al. 2021. "New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 8: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080828

APA Style

Angeli, A., Kartsev, V., Petrou, A., Pinteala, M., Vydzhak, R. M., Panchishin, S. Y., Brovarets, V., De Luca, V., Capasso, C., Geronikaki, A., & Supuran, C. T. (2021). New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals, 14(8), 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080828

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop