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Article

New Antiproliferative Compounds against Glioma Cells from the Marine-Sourced Fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750

by
Kuo Yong
†,
Sidra Kaleem
†,
Bin Wu
* and
Zhizhen Zhang
*
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, Zhoushan 316021, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Both the authors contribute equally to this paper.
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090483
Submission received: 9 August 2021 / Revised: 25 August 2021 / Accepted: 25 August 2021 / Published: 26 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fungal Metabolites: Structures, Activities and Biosynthesis)
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Abstract

:
Seven novel compounds, namely peniresorcinosides A–E (1–5), penidifarnesylin A (6), and penipyridinone A (7), together with the 11 known ones 8–17, were isolated from a culture of the marine-associated fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 in rice medium. The structures of the new compounds were established based on their high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) data, extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, chemical degradation, Mosher’s method, 13C-NMR calculations, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Peniresorcinosides A (1) and B (2) are rare glycosylated alkylresorcinols and exhibited potent antiglioma activity, with IC50 values of 4.0 and 5.6 µM for U87MG cells and 14.1 and 9.8 µM for U251 cells, respectively.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Gliomas are one of the most common types of primary brain tumors and despite advances in cancer therapy, have remained particularly challenging to treat [1]. Gliomas usually locate at many important brain function areas, which makes surgical resection very difficult, therefore, chemotherapy has played a more important role in the treatment and prevention of glioma. However, most of the current anti-glioma drugs, such as temozolomide (the first line chemotherapeutic agent for glioma), carmustine, lomustine, and procarbazine, are DNA cytotoxic alkylating agents with drug resistance, serious toxicity, and other side-effects [2,3]. Although antibodies (such as bevacizumab) and molecularly targeted anticancer drugs are constantly being evaluated for the treatment of glioma, their overall curative effect is poor [4]. Therefore, the discovery and development of new anti-glioma drugs with unique mechanisms of action is an urgent need.
Marine fungi are important resources for the discovery of novel bioactive natural products and drug lead compounds [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Among them, Penicillium species fungi have been proved to be one of the most novel bioactive compound producers [9,10,11]. For example, 390 new compounds with different structural types were identified from the marine-derived Penicillium fungi during 1991–2014, of which 58% showed some form of antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity [9]. It was also reported that 188 secondary metabolites with diverse bioactivities were isolated from marine Penicillium fungi from 2015 to 2020 [11].
In recent years, we have carried out research on the discovery of natural products from marine microorganisms with antiproliferative activity against human glioma cells. These studies have resulted in the isolation and identification of a number of novel compounds with potent antiglioma activity, including the polycyclic anthraquinones N-acetyl-N-demethylmayamycin and streptoanthraquinone A from Streptomyces sp. 182SMLY [12], the cyclodepsipeptide streptodepsipeptides P11A and P11B from Streptomyces sp. P11-23B [13], bagremycin C from Streptomyces sp. Q22 [14], pyrrospirone G and penicipyrroether A from Penicillium sp. ZZ380 [15,16], 1-hydroxymethyl-8-hydroxyanthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid from Streptomyces sp. ZZ406 [17], streptoglutarimide H from Streptomyces sp. ZZ741 [18], and the compounds marinacarbolines G and M and caerulomycin N from Actinoalloteichus sp. ZZ1866 [19]. The antiglioma activity of some compounds were related to the downregulation of several important glioma glycolytic enzymes [13,17].
As a part of our ongoing research program to discover novel natural antiglioma products from marine microorganisms, a Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 fungus was isolated from a marine mud sample collected from the Arabian Sea, close to Karachi, Pakistan. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract prepared from a scale-up culture of the strain ZZ1750 in rice medium showed antiproliferative activity against human glioma U87MG and U251 cells with inhibition rates of 79.68% and 78.27%, respectively. Chemical investigation of this active extract resulted in the isolation of 17 secondary metabolites, including seven new compounds (Figure 1), namely the peniresorcinosides A–E (compounds 1–5), penidifarnesylin A (6), and penipyridinone A (7). Herein, we report the details of the isolation, structure elucidation and antiglioma activity evaluation of all isolated compounds.

2. Results and Discussion

The marine-sourced strain ZZ1750 (Figure S1, Supplementary Materials) was identified as Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 based on its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence (563 bp, Figure S2), which was a 100% match to those of six other Penicillium strains (Table S1). An EtOAc extract prepared from a large-scale culture of the strain ZZ1750 in rich medium was separated by column chromatography, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, to afford compounds 1–17.
Compound 1 was obtained as a yellowish oil with an optical rotation value of + 76 and a UV absorption at 232 nm. Its molecular formula C30H48O8 was deduced from the HRESIMS (high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy) ion peak at m/z 559.3248 [M + Na]+ (calcd. for C30H48NaO8+, 559.3247) as well as its 13C-NMR data. Analyses of its 1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), and heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) spectra showed the presence of ten olefinic carbons, six oxymethines, one oxymethylene, one methine, ten methylenes, and two methyls (Table 1). A double peak signal at δH 6.02 (2H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-2 and H-6) showed HMQC correlation with a carbon signal at δC 106.3 (C-2 and C-6) and also showed HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) correlation (Figure 2) with the same carbon signal (δC 106.3), indicating the presence of a symmetrical structure unit in 1.
Further analysis of HMBC correlations of H-2/6 (δH 6.02) with C-3/5 (δC 158.2), C-4 (δC 100.1), C-6/2 (δC 106.3), and C-7 (δC 35.3) as well as H-4 (δH 6.00, t, 2.0 Hz) with C-2, C-3, C-5, and C-6 demonstrated that the symmetrical structure unit was a resorcinol derivative with a substituent at the C-1 position. This substituent was made up of two hydroxyalkene and hexose moieties. The hydroxyalkene moiety at C-1 was identified as a octadecene with two pairs of double bonds at C9-10 and C11-12, an oxymethine at C-20, and a methyl at C-21 based on the two COSY (correlation spectroscopy) spin systems of H2-7/H2-8/H-9/H-10/H-11/H-12/H2-13/H2-14/H2-15 and H2-18/H2-19/H-20/H-21(H3-24)/H2-22/H3-23 as well as the key HMBC correlations (Figure 2) of H-2/6 with C-7, H2-7 with C-2, C-6, and C-9, H2-8 with C-1 and C-9, H-10 with C-8 and C-12, H-11 with C-9, H-12 with C-14, H2-13 with C-11 and C-12, H2-14 with C-13 and C-16, H2-15 with C-13 and C-17, H2-16 with C-18, H2-18 with C-20, H2-19 with C-17 and C-20, H2-22 with C-20, H3-23 with C-21 and C-22, H3-24 with C-20, C-21, and C-22.
The large coupling constants of 3JH9-H10 (15.3 Hz) and 3JH11-H12 (14.8 Hz) (Table 1) indicated 9E and 11E geometries. The hexose moiety resonated at δH 4.70 (1H, d, 3.7 Hz, H-25), 3.15 (1H, dd, 9.5, 3.7, H-26), 3.37 (1H, t, 9.5 Hz, H-27), 3.07 (1H, t, 9.5 Hz, H-28), 3.43 (1H, m, H-29), 3.53 (1H, dd, 11.5, 2.0 Hz, H-30a), 3.46 (1H, dd, 11.5, 4.7 Hz, H-30b), and δC 98.2 (CH, C-25), 72.1 (CH, C-26), 73.0 (CH, C-27), 70.1 (CH, C-28), 73.0 (CH, C-29), and 60.8 (CH2, C-30), which were assigned by HMQC, COSY and HMBC correlations. Enzymatic hydrolysis of 1 by α-glucosidase produced D-glucose and 1a, a new compound. The aldonitrile acetate of the hydrolytic D-glucose was identified by gas chromatography (GC) analysis [20] (Figure S3) using the authentic aldonitrile acetates of different sugars (D-glucose, L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose) as references. A small coupling constant (3.5 Hz, 3JH25-H26) and a upfield 13C chemical shift (δC 98.3, C-25, when compared to δC 103.2 for the anomeric carbon of β-d-glucosyl moiety) [21] indicated an α anomeric configuration for the glucose, which was further supported by the fact that only α-glucosidase hydrolyzed this compound. Therefore, the hexose was proved to be an α-D-glucopyranosyl moiety, which was linked to C-20 as established by the HMBC correlations of H-20 (δH 3.35) with C-25 and H-25 with C-20 (δC 81.0). The planar structure of the aglycone 1a was established based on its HRESIMS data as well as 13C, 1H, COSY, and HMQC spectroscopic analyses. The configuration at C-20 of 1a was assigned by the Mosher ester NMR method. Treatment of 1a with (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl) phenylacetyl chloride (R-MTPA-Cl) or S-MTPA-Cl gave S-MTPA ester (1as) or R-MTPA ester (1ar). The 1H-NMR chemical shift differences (ΔδS-R, Figure 3 and Table S2) between 1as and 1ar in negative values for H-18 and H-19 and positive values for H-21, H-22, H-23, and H-24 were observed, indicating a 20S-configuration for 1a.
In order to assign the configuration at C-21 and further support the 20S-configuration, four possible diastereomers of 20R,21S-1a, 20S,21S-1a, 20R,21R-1a, and 20S,21R-1a were subjected to 13C and 1H-NMR calculations [22,23]. The results (Tables S3–S5) showed that NMR data of 1a was very close to those of the model molecule 20S,21S-1a with DP4+ probability scores of 99.90% for 13C-NMR data, 68.95% for 1H-NMR data, and 99.98% for all NMR data, determining a 20S,21S-configuration for 1a. Based on the combined foregoing evidence, the structure of 1 was elucidated as a new glycosylated alkylresorcinol analogue, which was named peniresorcinoside A. The full assignment of its 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table 1) was made by HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure 2).
Compound 2 was also obtained as a yellowish oil with a similar optical rotation value and UV absorption to those of 1. The molecular formula C32H50O9 of 2 was deduced from its HRESIMS ion peak at m/z 601.3346 [M + Na]+, 42 mass units higher than that of 1, corresponding to a -C2H2O group. The IR spectrum of 2 showed an absorption at 1724 cm−1, indicating the presence of a carbonyl group. Detailed comparison of the 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of 2 and 1 indicated that their chemical shifts bore a very close resemblance, except for two additional 13C-NMR signals (δC 170.2 and 20.6) and one extra 1H-NMR signal (δH 1.98, 3H, s) for an acetyl observed in the NMR spectra of 2. The HMBC correlations of H2-30 (δH 4.25, dd, J = 11.7, 1.9 Hz; 3.95, dd, J = 11.7, 7.3) with C-1′ (δC 170.2) and H3-2′ (δH 1.98) with C-1′ demonstrated the acetyl was at the C-30 position. The difference between the 13C-NMR chemical shifts for C-30 (Δ +3.2 ppm) between 2 and 1 also supported the location of this acetyl group. Compound 2 was thus elucidated as a new glycosylated alkylresorcinol analogue, named peniresorcinoside B. The 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table 1) were fully assigned based on the HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure 2).
Compound 3 was obtained as a yellowish oil. Its HRESIMS spectrum showed ion peaks at m/z 775.5719 [M + H]+ and 797.5543 [M + Na]+, corresponding to a molecular formula C46H78O9, which was 16 carbons, 30 protons, and one oxygen more than that of 1. Careful analyses of the 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of 3 and 1 demonstrated that 3 and 1 shared the same glycosylated alkylresorcinol structural backbone. Compared to the NMR signals of 1, compound 3 showed additional NMR signals for a carbonyl (δC 172.7), a methyl (δC 13.9; δH 0.84, 3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), and some methylenes, whose NMR signals were high overlapped. Based on these characteristic NMR signals, in consideration of the presence of additional 16 carbons and one oxygen in 3, it was deduced that compound 3 had a structural unit of sixteen-carbon saturated acid (palmitic acid). The HMBC correlations of H2-30 (δH 4.26, 1H, d, J = 10.8; 3.95, 1H, dd, J = 10.8, 7.3 Hz) with C-1′ (δC 172.7) established the linkage of this sixteen-carbon unit. Therefore, compound 3 was elucidated as a new glycosylated alkylresorcinol analogue, and named peniresorcinoside C. Its 13C- and 1H- NMR data (Table 2) were assigned based on the HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure S4).
The HRESIMS spectrum of 4 gave ion peaks at m/z 799.5716 [M + H]+ and 821.5536 [M + Na]+, matching a molecular formula of C48H78O9, 18 carbons, 30 protons, and one oxygen more than that of 1. Analyses of the 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of 4 and 1 led to the conclusion that 4 also had the same glycosylated alkylresorcinol structural unit of 1. Compared to the NMR signals of 1, compound 4 exhibited additional NMR signals for a carbonyl (δC 172.7), two pairs of double bonds (δC 129.7, 129.6, 127.8, 127.7; δH 5.28, 2H, m, 5.31, 2H, m), a methyl (δC 13.9; δH 0.84, 3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), and some signal-overlapped methylenes. These characteristic NMR signals, together with the fact of additional 18 carbons and one oxygen in 4 mentioned above, suggested that compound 4 had an eighteen-carbon unsaturated fatty acid structural unit. Alkaline hydrolysis of 4 gave peniresorcinoside A (1) as determined by co-HPLC analysis (Figure S5) with the authentic sample and 9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid, 4a) based on its NMR data (Table S9) and the comparison with the reference data [24,25] as well as co-HPLC analysis (Figure S6) with standard linoleic acid. The HMBC correlations of H2-30 (δH 4.27, 1H, d, J = 11.2; 3.95, 1H, dd, J = 11.2, 7.5 Hz) with C-1′ (δC 172.7) demonstrated this linoleic acid unit at C-30 position. The structure of 4 was thus identified as a new glycosylated alkylresorcinol analogue, named peniresorcinoside D. Its 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table 2) were assigned based on the HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure S4).
The molecular formula C48H80O9 of 5 was determined based on its HRESIMS ions at m/z 823.5694 [M + Na]+, two mass units higher than that of 4. Detailed analyses of the 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of 5 and 4 indicated that the structures of both compounds had the same glycosylated alkylresorcinol backbone with a difference in the number of double bonds of the eighteen-carbon unsaturated fatty acid unit. The 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of 5 only exhibited a pair of double bonds (δC 129.7, 129.6; δH 5.29, 2H, m), instead of the two pairs of double bonds in 4.
Alkaline hydrolysis of 5 also gave peniresorcinoside A (1) as confirmed by co-HPLC analysis (Figure S5) and octadecenoic acid (oleic acid, 5a), as determined by analyzing its 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table S9), comparing with the reference data [26], and co-HPLC analysis (Figure S7) with an oleic acid standard. This oleic acid unit connected to C-30 was established through the HMBC correlations of H2-30 (δH 4.27, 1H, d, J = 11.2; 3.95, 1H, dd, J = 11.2, 7.5 Hz) with C-1′ (δC 172.7). The structure of 5 was elucidated as a new glycosylated alkylresorcinol analogue, named peniresorcinoside E. The 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table 2) of 5 were assigned based on its HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure S4).
Compound 6 was obtained as orthorhombic crystals from a mixture solvent of EtOAc and CHCl3 (1:1) and its HRESIMS ion peak at m/z 497.3604 [M + Na]+, corresponding to a molecular formula C30H50O4. However, only 15 carbon signals were observed in the 13C NMR spectrum, suggesting its symmetrical structure. The 15 carbon signals were assigned for six olefin carbons, two oxymethine carbons, three methylene carbons, and four methyl carbons (Table 3) based on its HMQC spectrum. The half planar structure (C1-C15) of 6 was established as a farnesyl derivative by further analyses of its COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 4). A HMBC correlation of H2-12 (δH 1.92, 2H, m) with C-12′ (δC 27.9, CH2), in consideration of its molecular formula, suggested the whole planer structure of 6, which was further confirmed by its crystal structure (Figure 5) obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis. However, the data from the X-ray diffraction was not good enough for the assignment of the absolute configuration of 6 because of a poor Flack parameter of 0.3 (3). Therefore, a computational method was applied to assign the absolute configuration of 6 by comparing its experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum with the calculated ECD spectra. The X-ray CIF profile of 6 (5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6) and its enantiomer (5S,8S,5′S,8′S-6) were initially optimized at B3LYP/6-31g (d, p) level in MeOH. The theoretical calculations of ECD were conducted in MeOH using Time-dependent Density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+g (d, p) level. The results (Figure 6) showed that the experimental ECD spectrum of 6 was agreement with the calculated ECD curve of the model molecule 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6, indicating a 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-configuration for 6. Based on the foregoing evidence, the structure of 6 was determined to correspond to a new dimeric farnesene derivative, named penidifarnesylin A. Its 13C and 1H NMR data (Table 3) were assigned according to the HMQC, COSY, and HMBC correlations (Figure 4).
The molecular formula of 7 was defined as C25H35NO5 based on its HRESIMS ion peaks at m/z 430.2587 [M + H]+ and 452.2406 [M + Na]. Analyses of its 1H-, 13C- and HMQC NMR spectra demonstrated the presence of two carbonyls, ten olefin carbons, eight olefin protons, three oxymethines, one oxymethylene, one methoxy, one methine, three methylenes, and four methyls (Table 4). The two carbonyls and ten olefin carbons (five pairs of double bonds) accounted for seven out of the nine degrees of unsaturation required by the molecular formula, suggesting that 7 had a structure with two rings. Two COSY spin systems of H2-1/H-2(H3-15)/H-3/H-4/H-5 and H-7/H-8/H-9/H-10/H-11/H2-12/H2-13/H3-14 and the HMBC correlations as described in Figure 7 determined that the first cycle-related partial structure (7a, Figure 7) was a tetrahydropyran derivative. Similarly, the second cycle-related partial structure (7b) was established as a pyridinone derivative by the COSY correlation of H-23 (δH 5.93, dd, 8.0, 2.8 Hz) with H-24 (δH 7.41, d, 8.0 Hz) and the HMBC correlations (Figure 7). A HMBC correlation of H-4 (δH 4.84, t, 9.5 Hz) with C-18 (δC 167.5) demonstrated the connection of the two partial structures of 7a and 7b.
The relative configurations of 7 were assigned based on the coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) information. A small coupling constant of 5.5 Hz (3JH2-H3) and the large coupling constants of 9.5 Hz (3JH3-H4 and 3JH4-H5) (Table 4) suggested a β-orientation for H-4 and an α-orientation for H-2, H-3, and H-5 [27]. The 6E geometry was assigned by the NOE correlations of H-7 (δH 5.97, d, 10.1 Hz) with H-9 (δH 6.24, dd, 15.0, 10.1 Hz) as well as H-8 (δH 6.29, dd, 15.0, 10.1 Hz) with H-10 (δH 6.13, dd, 15.6, 10.1 Hz) and H3-16 (δH 1.66, s), whereas the 8E and 10E geometries were determined based on their trans-coupling constants of 15.0 Hz for 3JH8-H9 and 15.6 Hz for 3JH10-H11. These assigned configurations for 7 were the same as those of restrictinol (7c) [28,29]. Based on the forgoing evidences, the structure of 7 was elucidated as a new restrictinol analogue with a unique pyridinone functionality, named penipyridinone A. Its 13C- and 1H-NMR data (Table 4) were assigned based on the HMQC, COSY, HMBC, and NOESY correlations (Figure 7).
Based on the NMR data and optical rotation values as well as the comparison with the reported data, compounds 8–17 were identified as known compounds methyl linoleate (8) [30], 12β-hydroxyverruculogen TR-2 (9) [31,32], 12β-hydroxy-13α-methoxyverruculogen TR-2 (10) [31,33], cyclotryprostatin B (11) [34], verruculogen (12) [34], fumiquinazoline C (13) [35], fumiquinazoline J (14) [35,36], brevianamide F (15) [37,38], 2-[(2R-hydroxypropanoyl)amino] benzamide (16) [39], and trypacidin (17) [40,41]. The 13C and 1H NMR data of compounds 8–17 are reported in Tables S9–S13.
All isolated compounds 1–17 were tested for their antiproliferative activity against human glioma U87MG and U251 cells by using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay [42]. Doxorubicin (DOX, an anticancer drug) was used as a positive control. The results (Table 5) showed that peniresorcinosides A (1) and B (2) had potent antiglioma activity with IC50 values of 4.0 and 5.6 µM for U87MG cells and 14.1 and 9.8 µM for U251 cells, respectively. Penidifarnesylin A (6) also showed antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 5.9 µM against U87MG cells and 27.6 µM against U251 cells. However, peniresorcinosides C–E (3–5) with a long-chain fatty acid unit only showed antiproliferative activity against U87MG cells with IC50 values of 53.0, 19.4, and 22.1 µM, respectively. Other tested compounds were inactive at a concentration of 50 µM.
Marine-derived Penicillium fungi are still important sources for the discovery of novel bioactive natural products. The current study described the isolation and structural elucidation of 17 metabolites, including new glycosylated alkylresorcinols of peniresorcinosides A–E (1–5), penidifarnesylin A (6), and penipyridinone A (7) as well as some known indole alkaloids with complicated structures, from the marine fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 cultured in rice medium.
Alkylresorcinols are resorcinol units alkylated with a long odd-numbered carbon chain and had high levels (over 500 µg/g) in wheat, rye, and triticale [43]. It has been reported that some of alkylresorcinols exhibited antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities [44]. Resorcinosides A and B [45], recently isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium janthinellum, are the first reported alkylresorcinol derivatives containing a glucose moiety linked to a hydroxy group of the alkyl side chain. Peniresorcinosides A–E (1–5) are second example of this type of rare glycosylated alkylresorcinols. Peniresorcinosides C–E (3–5) have more complicated structures, with a long-chain fatty acid moiety attached to the C-6 position of the glucosyl unit. Evaluation of the antiglioma activity showed that peniresorcinosides A (1) and B (2) had potent antiproliferative activity against both glioma U87MG and U251 cells, while peniresorcinosides C–E (3–5) only exhibited moderate antiglioma activity against U87MG cells.
The cyclotryprostatin [34,46], fumiquinazoline [35,46,47,48], and verruculogen [31,34] indole alkaloids were most frequently isolated from Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi. Some of them have reported antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activities [48,49]. In this study, seven such known indole alkaloids (compounds 9–15) were obtained from the metabolites produced by the marine-sourced Penicillium fungus ZZ1750. Fumiquinazoline C (13) was previously reported to have moderate cytotoxicity against murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 cells [47]. However, none of these isolated indole alkaloids 9–15 were active against human glioma U87MG and U251 cells at a concentration of 50 µM.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

Melting points (m.p.) were measured with a WRX-4 microscope apparatus (Shanghai Yice Apparatus & Equipment Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) and was uncorrected. Ultraviolet (UV), optical rotation (OR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and infrared radiation (IR) spectra were measured on a METASH UV-8000 (Shanghai METASH Instruments Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China), an Autopol I Automatic polarimeter (Rudolph Research Analytical, Hackettstown, NJ, USA), a J-815 spectropolarimeter (JASCO Co. Tokyo, Japan), and a NicoletTM ISTM 10 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), respectively. NMR data were acquired on a JEOL 600 spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) using a standard JEOL pulse sequences for 1D and 2D (HMQC, COSY, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR experiments and chemical shifts were expressed in δ (ppm) relative to DMSO-d6 (δC 39.5, δH 2.50) or MeOH-d4 (δC 49.0, δH 3.31). HRESIMS data were obtained on a 6230 Time of Flight Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (TOF LC/MS) spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out on an Xcalibur Atlas Gemini Ultra diffractometer (Agilent Technologies) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54184 Å) at 100 K. Silica gel (200–300 mesh, Qingdao Ocean Chemical Plant, Qingdao, China) and octadecyl-functionalized silica gel (ODS, Cosmosil 75C18-Prep, Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan) were used for column chromatography. HPLC separation was performed on an Agilent 1260 HPLC system using Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 9.2 mm, 5 µm) or a CXTH LC-3000 preparative HPLC system (Beijing Chuangxin Tongheng Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) using a CT-30 column (Fuji-C18, 280 × 30 mm, 10 µm). GC analysis was conducted on a GC-2010 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an SH-Rtx-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm). Nitrogen gas was used as the carrier gas and flame ionization detection (FID) was used as detector. Both injection port and detector temperatures were fixed at 280 °C. The column temperature was set at 180 to 280 °C in 10 min with an increase of 10 °C/min. Solvents used for this study were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mosher’s reagents (R)-(–)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl) phenylacetyl chloride (R-MTPA-Cl) and S-MTPA-Cl were ordered from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Human glioma U87MG (JDS-2568) and U251 (XB-0439) cells were ordered from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). Linoleic acid (>95.0%) and oleic acid (>99.0%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd, and doxorubicin (DOX, >98.0%) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Different culture media were made in the laboratory, including Gauze’s synthetic medium (B, soluble starch 20 g, KNO3 1 g, MgSO4⋅7H2O 0.5 g, NaCl 0.5 g, K2HPO4 0.5 g, FeSO4 0.01 g, agar 20 g, water 1 L), Gauze’s synthetic medium with sea salt (BS, soluble starch 20 g, KNO3 1 g, MgSO4⋅7H2O 0.5 g, NaCl 0.5 g, K2HPO4 0.5 g, FeSO4 0.01 g, agar 20 g, sea salt 35 g, water 1 L), potato dextrose agar medium (PDA, potatoes 200 g, glucose 20 g, agar 20 g, boiled into 1 L of water for 15 min), potato dextrose agar medium with sea salt (PDAS, potatoes 200 g, glucose 20 g, agar 20 g, sea salt 35 g, boiled into 1 L of water for 15 min), William’s E medium (E, yeast 1.0 g, tryptone 5.0 g, FeCl3⋅6H2O 0.17 g, KH2PO4 0.12 g, agar 30 g, water 1 L), William’s E medium with sea salt (ES, yeast 1.0 g, tryptone 5.0 g, FeCl3⋅6H2O 0.17 g, KH2PO4 0.12 g, agar 30 g, sea salt 35 g, water 1 L), international Streptomyces project medium-2 (ISP-2, yeast extract 4 g, malt extract 10 g, dextrose 4.0 g, peptone 5 g, agar 20 g, water 1 L), international Streptomyces project medium-2 with sea salt (ISP-2S, yeast extract 4 g, malt extract 10 g, dextrose 4.0 g, peptone 5 g, agar 20 g, sea salt, 35 g, water 1 L), international Streptomyces project medium-4 (ISP-4, soluble starch 10 g, K2HPO4 1 g, MgSO4⋅7H2O 1 g, NaCl 1 g, (NH4)2SO4 2 g, CaCO3 2 g, FeSO4 1 mg, MnCl2 1 mg, ZnSO4 1 mg, agar 20 g, water 1 L), international Streptomyces project medium-4 with sea salt (ISP-4S, soluble starch 10 g, K2HPO4 1 g, MgSO4⋅7H2O 1 g, NaCl 1 g, (NH4)2SO4 2 g, CaCO3 2 g, FeSO4 1 mg, MnCl2 1 mg, ZnSO4 1 mg, agar 20 g, sea salt, 35 g, water 1 L).

3.2. Isolation and Taxonomic Identification of Strain ZZ1750

The strain ZZ1750 was isolated from a sample of marine mud, which was collected from the Arabian Sea near Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan in January 2019. Briefly, the mud sample was air dried at 28 °C for 7 days and the dried sample (1.0 g) was diluted with sterile water to make up the dilutions of 10−2, 10−3, and 10−4 g/mL. Each dilution (200 µL) was transferred on the surface of ten different solid media of B, BS, PDA, PDAS, E, ES, ISP-2, ISP-2S, ISP-4, and ISP-4S on Petri dishes and then incubated at 28 °C for 14 days. The single colony of ZZ1750 was picked from the 10−2 g/mL suspension in PDA medium and then transferred to another PDA medium in dish. After growth for another 7 days at 28 °C, the single pure colony (ZZ1750) that grew well was transferred onto PDA slant medium and stored at 4 °C for further study.
The ITS rDNA sequence analysis of strain ZZ1750 was conducted by Legenomics (Hangzhou Lizhen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China). The ITS rDNA sequence was compared to those in the GenBank database using the nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The ITS rDNA sequence of strain ZZ1750 has been deposited in GenBank (accession number: MT159428). The strain Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 was preserved at the Laboratory of Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhoushan campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China.

3.3. Mass Culture of Strain ZZ1750

The colony of strain ZZ1750 from the PDA slant medium was inoculated into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask, which contained 250 mL potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium and then incubated for 3 days in a shaker (180 rpm, 28 °C) to produce the seed broth (Figure S1). The seed broth (5 mL) was transferred into rice medium (40 g rice, 60 mL 3.5% sea salt solution) in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and then all these flasks were incubated at 28 °C for 30 days in a static state. For this study, a total of 210 cultured flasks were prepared.

3.4. Extraction and Isolation of Compounds 1–17

The culture of strain ZZ1750 in rice medium in each flask was extracted with EtOAc (250 mL) three times. The combined EtOAc extract was dried in vacuo to give an extract (100 g). This extract was fractionated on a column (160 × 10 cm) of silica gel (1600 g) eluting with a mixture of cyclohexane and EtOAc in different ratios (10:1, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, each 1000 mL) to give four fractions of Frs. A–D based on the results of TLC analyses.
Fr. A was separated by using an Agilent 1260 HPLC system equipped with an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 9.4 mm, 5 µm; mobile phase: ACN/H2O, 62/38; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; UV detection: 232 nm) to give 6 (15.0 mg, tR 29.6 min) and 1 (15.2 mg, tR 34.5 min).
Fr. B was first separated on an ODS (200 g) column (530 × 35 mm) eluting with 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% MeOH (each 1000 mL) to yield four subfractions (SFrs. B1–B4) according to the TLC analytic results. SFr. B1 was further separated on a Fuji-C18 CT-30 column (280 × 30 mm, 10 µm; mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 75/25; flow rate: 10 mL/min; UV detection: 210 nm) to give 2 (4.0 mg, tR 34.5 min). SFr.B2 was also separated on the same CT-30 column using the same flow rate and same UV detection, but a different mobile phase of MeOH/H2O (70/30), to give 10 (2.5 mg; tR 24.0 min) and 12 (12.2. mg; tR 37.5 min). SFr.B4 was separated on the Zorbax SB-C18 column (mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 95/5; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min, UV detection: 232 nm) to furnish 4 (2.8 mg, tR 58.8 min), 3 (2.6 mg, tR 72.0 min), and 5 (3.3 mg, tR 76.8 min). Compound 8 (3.2 mg, tR 31.1 min) was obtained from SFr.B5 through purification on the Zorbax SB-C18 column (mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 98/2; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min, UV detection: 210 nm).
In the same way, SFr. B3 was further separated on the CT-30 column (mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 67/33; flow rate: 10 mL/min; UV detection: 210 nm) to give parts B3a–B3c. By using the Zorbax SB-C18 column (flow rate: 1.0 mL/min), compounds 9 (20 mg, tR 36.4 min, ACN/H2O, 55/45), 11 (1.5 mg; tR 40.4 min, ACN/H2O, 50/50; UV detection: 210 nm), and 7 (3.8 mg, tR 41 min, MeOH/H2O, 87/13; UV detection of 275 nm) were purified from B3a, B3b, and B3c, respectively.
Similarly, Fr. C was fractionated on the CT-30 column (mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 60/40; flow rate: 10 mL/min; UV detection: 210 nm) to afford parts C1 and C2. Then, by using the Zorbax SB-C18 column (flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; UV detection: 210 nm), compound 17 (8.0 mg, tR 25.0 min, mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 65/35) was purified from part C1, 13 (21.0 mg, tR 30.0 min) and 14 (4.7 mg, tR 28.0 min, mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 63/35) were obtained from part C2.
Finally, Fr. D was separated by using the Zorbax SB-C18 column (mobile phase: ACN/H2O, 40/60; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; UV detection: 232 nm) to give 15 (2.8 mg, tR 26.6 min) and 16 (2.1 mg, tR 36 min).
Peniresorcinoside A (1): Yellowish oil; molecular formula C30H48O8; [α]20D +76° (c 0.10, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 232 (3.45) nm; IR (ATR) νmax 3354, 2912, 2843, 1593, 1452, 1155, 1020, 982, 835 cm−1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 559.3248 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C30H48NaO8+, 559.3247).
Peniresorcinoside B (2): Yellowish oil; molecular formula C32H50O9; [α]20D +80° (c 0.10, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 232 (3.46) nm; IR (ATR) νmax 3398, 2912, 1724, 1606, 1450, 1146, 1034, 609 cm−1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 601.3346 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C32H50NaO9+, 601.3353).
Peniresorcinoside C (3): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C46H78O9; [α]20D +28° (c 0.1, CH3OH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 233 (3.99); IR (ATR) νmax 3333, 2922, 2855, 1714, 1600, 1510, 1455, 1076, 1018, 841 cm-1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 775.5719 [M + H]+ (calcd for C46H79O9+, 775.5724) and 797.5543 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C46H78NaO9+, 797.5544).
Peniresorcinoside D (4): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C48H78O9; [α]20D +42° (c 0.1, CH3OH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 233 (4.34); IR (ATR) νmax 3355, 2924, 2857, 1722, 1592, 1457, 1145, 1104, 1016, 986, 840 cm-1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 799.5716 [M + H]+ (calcd for C48H79O9+, 799.5724) and 821.5536 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C48H78NaO9+, 821.5544).
Peniresorcinoside E (5): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C48H80O9; [α]20D +40° (c 0.1, CH3OH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 233 (4.22); IR (ATR) νmax 3343, 2922, 2855, 1716, 1598, 1459, 1149, 1059, 984, 841 cm-1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 823.5694 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C48H80NaO9+, 823.5700).
Penidifarnesylin A (6): Orthorhombic crystals (EtOAc:CHCl3, 1: 1); molecular formula C30H50O4; m.p. 145–148 °C; [α]20D +40° (c 0.10, MeOH); ECD (200 µg/mL, MeOH) λmax (Δε) 210 (+7.62) nm; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 210 (4.24) nm; IR (ATR) νmax 3347, 2921, 2853, 1440, 1376, 1260, 1020 cm−1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 3; HRESIMS m/z 497.3604 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C30H50NaO4+, 497.3607). Crystal data of penidifarnesylin A (6): C30H50O4 (M = 474.70 g/mol), orthorhombic, space group P21212 (no. 18), a = 7.4649(8) Å, b = 59.512(10) Å, c = 9.9356(16) Å, V = 4413.9(12) Å3, Z = 6, T = 100.00(12) K, μ(Cu Kα) = 0.536 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.072 g/cm3, 29803 reflections measured (5.94° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 148.752°), 8796 unique (Rint = 0.1650, Rsigma = 0.1369), which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0877 (I > 2σ (I)) and wR2 was 0.2366 (all data). The crystal data and structure refinement parameters of penidifarnesylin A (6) were also reported in Table S6. Crystallographic data of penidifarnesylin A (6) has been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC Number: 1976942). Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12, Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. [fax (+44)1223-336-033; or e-mail: [email protected]].
Penipyridinone A (7): Light-yellow powder; molecular formula C25H35NO5; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table 4; HRESIMS m/z 430.2587 [M + H]+ (calcd for C25H36NO5+ 430.2593) and 452.2406 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C25H35NNaO5+ 452.2413).
Methyl linoleate (8): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C19H34O2; 13C- NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table S9; HRESIMS m/z 295.2626 [M + H]+ (calcd for C19H35O2+, 295.2637) and 317.2451 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C19H34NaO2+, 317.2457).
12β-Hydroxyverruculogen TR-2 (9): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C22H27N3O6; [α]20D +51° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S10, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S11; HRESIMS m/z 430.1977 [M + H]+ (calcd for C22H28N3O6+, 430.1978) and 452.1794 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C22H27N3NaO6+, 452.1798).
12β-Hydroxy-13α-methoxyverruculogen TR-2 (10): White powder; molecular formula C23H29N3O6; [α]20D +45° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S10, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S11; HRESIMS m/z 444.2123 [M + H]+ (calcd for C23H30N3O6+, 444.2135) and 466.1946 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C23H29N3NaO6+, 466.1954).
Cyclotryprostatin B (11): Yellow powder; molecular formula C23H27N3O5; [α]20D +59° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in CDCl3), see Table S10, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in in CDCl3), see Table S11; HRESIMS m/z 426.2029 [M + H]+ (calcd for C23H28N3O5+, 426.2029) and 448.1837 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C23H27N3NaO5+, 448.1848).
Verruculogen (12): White powder; molecular formula C27H33N3O7; [α]20D −37.8° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S10, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S11; HRESIMS m/z 512.2410 [M + H]+ (calcd for C27H34N3O7+, 512.2397) and 534.2202 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C27H33N3NaO7+, 534.2216).
Fumiquinazoline C (13): Light-yellow amorphous powder; molecular formula C24H21N5O4; [α]20D −60.8° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S12, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S13; HRESIMS m/z 444.1666 [M + H]+ (calcd for C24H22N5O4+, 444.1672) and 466.1486 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C24H21N5NaO4+, 466.1491).
Fumiquinazoline J (14): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C21H16N4O2; [α]20D −68° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S12, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S13; HRESIMS m/z 357.1343 [M + H]+ (calcd for C21H17N4O2+, 357.1352) and 379.1156 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C21H16N4NaO2+, 379.1171).
Brevianamide F (15): White colorless solid; molecular formula C16H17N3O2; [α]20D −53° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S12, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S13; HRESIMS m/z 284.1396 [M + H]+ (calcd for C16H18N3O2+, 284.1399) and 306.1213 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C16H17N3NaO2+, 306.1218).
2-[(2R-Hydroxypropanoyl) amino] benzamide (16): White amorphous powder; molecular formula C10H12N2O3; [α]20D +30° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S12, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S13; HRESIMS m/z 209.0921 [M + H]+ (calcd for C10H13N2O3+, 209.0926) and 231.0744 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C10H12N2NaO3+, 231.0746).
Trypacidin (17): White powder; molecular formula C18H16O7; [α]20D −50° (c 0.10, MeOH); 13C-NMR data (150 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S12, 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in DMSO-d6), see Table S13; HRESIMS m/z 345.0969 [M + H]+ (calcd for C18H17O7+, 345.0974) and 367.0787 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C18H16NaO7+, 367.0794).

3.5. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Peniresorcinoside A (1)

Peniresorcinoside A (1, 3.0 mg) was equilibrated at 37 °C for 5 min in a solution of water (2.0 mL) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0, 2.0 mL) and then 0.5 mL of α-glucosidase solution (0.2 M potassium phosphate solution containing 1 mM EDTA and 0.05% Tween-20, pH 7.0) was added. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h and then 2.0 mL of 0.2 M Na2CO3 solution were added to terminate the enzymatic reaction. The enzymatic product was extracted with EtOAc (each 5 mL) three times to give an EtOAc extract and a water solution. The EtOAc extract was separated on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 9.4 mm, 5 µm; mobile phase: MeOH/H2O, 85/15; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min, UV detection: 210 nm) to furnish 1a (1.8 mg, tR 37.4 min). The aqueous solution was dried under reduced pressure to afford a residue which was first treated with 10 mg hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 2 mL pyridine at 90 °C for 30 min in a water bath and then mixed with 2 mL acetic anhydride at 90 °C for 1 h in a water bath. Finally, the reaction products were dried in vacuo and dissolved in 2 mL chloroform for GC analysis. The aldonitrile acetate of sugar in 1 was identified as the aldonitrile acetate of D-glucose (tR 7.20 min) (Figure S3) by GC analysis with aldonitrile acetates of D-glucose (tR 7.20 min), L-glucose (tR 7.28 min), D-galactose (tR 7.40 min), and L-galactose (tR 7.45 min) as references.
Compound 1a: White amorphous powder; molecular formula C24H38O3; 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in MeOH-d4), see Table 1; HRESIMS m/z: 375.2893 [M + H]+ (calcd for C24H39O3+, 375.2899) and 397.2715 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C24H38NaO3+, 397.2719).

3.6. MTPA Esterification of Compound 1a

Compound 1a (0.8 mg) was dissolved in the anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) and then either (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylacetyl chloride (R-MTPA-Cl, 45 µL) or S-MTPA-Cl (45 µL) was added. The mixtures were stirred at 45 °C for 48 h until adding 1 mL MeOH to terminate the reaction. The reaction mixtures were dried under reduced pressure to give a residue. (S)-MTPA ester 1as (0.4 mg, tR 25.1 min, MeOH/H2O, 100/0) or (R)-MTPA ester 1ar (0.4 mg, tR 24.9 min, MeOH/H2O, 100/0) was obtained from the residue by HPLC purification using an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 9.2 mm, 5 µm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection of 210 nm.
Compound 1as: Molecular formula C54H59F9O9; 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in MeOH-d4), see Table S2; HRESIMS m/z: 1045.3910 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C54H59F9NaO9+, 1045.3913).
Compound 1ar: Molecular formula C54H59F9O9; 1H-NMR data (600 MHz, in MeOH-d4), see Table S2; HRESIMS m/z: 1045.3911 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C54H59F9NaO9+, 1045.3913).

3.7. Alkaline Hydrolysis of Peniresorcinosides D (4) and E (5)

Peniresorcinoside D (4, 1.6 mg) was hydrolyzed in 4 mL 3 N NaOH at 40 °C for 2 h in a water bath. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 3 N HCl and then extracted with EtOAc (each 5 mL) three times to give an EtOAc extract. This EtOAc extract was separated on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 9.4 mm, 5 µm; mobile phase: MeOH/0.1%TFA-H2O, 93/7; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; UV detection: 210 nm) to give 1 (0.8 mg, tR 12.8 min) and 4a (0.5 mg, tR 35.1 min). In the same way, alkaline hydrolysis of peniresorcinoside E (5, 2.1 mg) produced 1 (1.2 mg, tR 34.5 min) and 5a (0.7 mg, tR 45.2 min).
Compound 4a: Light yellow oil; molecular formula C18H32O2; 13C NMR (150 MHz) and 1H NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table S9; HRESIMS m/z 279.2316 [M − H]+ (calcd for C18H31O2−, 279.2324).
Compound 5a: Colorless oil; molecular formula C18H34O2; 13C NMR (150 MHz) and 1H NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6), see Table S9; HRESIMS m/z 283.2645 [M + H]+ (calcd for C18H35O2+, 283.2637) and 305.2445 [M + Na]+ (calcd for C18H34NaO2+, 305.2457).

3.8. 13C- and 1H-NMR Calculations

Monte Carlo conformational searches were carried out by means of the Spartan’s 10 software using Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). The conformers with Boltzmann-population of over 5% for NMR calculations were initially optimized at B3LYP/6-31g (d, p) level in MeOH. Gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) calculations of 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts were accomplished by density functional theory (DFT) at the mPWLPW91-SCRF (DMSO)/6-311+g (d, p) level with the PCM solvent continuum model in Gaussian 09 software. The calculated NMR data of the lowest energy conformers for model molecules 20R,21S-1a, 20S,21S-1a, 20R,21R-1a, and 20S,21R-1a were averaged according to the Boltzmann distribution theory and their relative Gibbs free energy. The 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR chemical shifts for TMS were calculated by the same protocol as reported in the reference [23] and the experimental and calculated data of the isomeric compounds were analyzed by the improved probability DP4+ method [23]. A significant higher DP4+ probability score of the model molecules suggested the correctness of its configuration.

3.9. ECD Calculations

The X-ray CIF profile of 5S,8S,5′S,8′S-6 was initially optimized at B3LYP/6-31g (d, p) level in MeOH. The theoretical calculation of ECD was conducted in MeOH using Time-dependent Density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+g (d, p) level. Under the same conditions, the enantiomer 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6 was also calculated. Rotatory strengths for a total of 30 excited states were calculated. ECD spectra were generated using the program SpecDis 1.6 (University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany) and GraphPad Prism 5 (University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA) from dipole-length rotational strengths by applying Gaussian band shapes with sigma = 0.2 eV.

3.10. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) Assay

Human glioma U87MG and U251 cells were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco) with 10% FBS, respectively. All cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 incubator. Cells from the third repeated culture were used for experiments. The SRB assay as describe in previous publication [42] was used to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of all isolated compounds 1–17 against human glioma U87MG and C251 cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a positive control. Briefly, glioma cells in logarithmic growth (4 × 103 cells/well) were plated in a 96-well plate, treated with different concentrations of each tested compound after 24 h of cells adhesion, and then incubated for 72 h. After that, the treated cells were fixed with 50 µL of 50% cold TCA (trichloroacetic acid) solution at 4 °C for 1 h, washed with distilled water five times, and then dried at 37 °C in a drying oven. The dried cells were stained with 50 µL of 0.4% SRB for 15 min, rinsed with 1% glacial acetic acid solution five times, then dried at 37 °C. Finnally, the dried dye was dissolved in 100 µL of 10 mM Tris buffer and the optical density (OD) value measured at 515 nm on a microplate reader (BioTech, Winooski, VT, USA). The cell viability (%) was calculated from the formula of TOD/COD × 100% (TOD: OD value of tested compound; COD: OD value of negative control) and IC50 value was obtained based on the cell viability (%) by logistic calculation using SPSS software.

4. Conclusions

Chemical investigation of the metabolites produced by the marine-sourced fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 cultured in rice medium resulted in the characterization of seven new compounds: peniresorcinosides A–E (1–5), penidifarnesylin A (6), and penipyridinone A (7), which enrich the structural diversity of the metabolites of marine Penicillium fungi. Peniresorcinosides A (1) and C (2) are rare glycosylated alkylresorcinols and had potent antiproliferative activity against both human glioma U87MG and U251 cells and might be the main components responsible for the antiglioma activity of the crude extract prepared the culture of strain ZZ1750 in rice medium.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/md19090483/s1, Figure S1: The colonies of Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 in PDA medium and the state of Penicillium sp. ZZ1750 in PDB medium; Figure S2: ITS rDNA sequence of Penicillium sp. ZZ1750; Figure S3: GC analytic results of aldonitrile acetates of sugars; Figure S4: COSY and HMBC correlations of peniresorcinosides C–E (3–5); Figure S5: Chromatogram of co-HPLC analysis of hydrolytic peniresorcinoside A with standard peniresorcinoside A (1); Figure S6: Chromatogram of co-HPLC analysis of compound 4a with standard linoleic acid; Figure S7: Chromatogram of co-HPLC analysis of compound 5a with standard oleic acid; Figures S8–S152: NMR, HRESIMS, UV, and IR spectra of compounds 1–7, 1a, 1as, and 1ar; Table S1: Sequences producing significant alignments of strain ZZ1750; Table S2: 1H NMR data of the MTPA esters 1as (S-MTPA) and 1ar (R-MTPA) of compound 1a; Table S3: Experimental 13C NMR data of 1a and calculated 13C NMR data of 20R,21S-1a, 20S,21S-1a, 20R,21R-1a, and 20S,21R-1a; Table S4: Experimental 1H NMR data of 1a and calculated 1H NMR data of 20R,21S-1a, 20S,21S-1a, 20R,21R-1a, and 20S,21R-1a; Table S5. Results analyzed by the improved probability DP4+ method based on the experimental NMR data of 1a and calculated NMR data of 20R,21S-1a, 20S,21S-1a, 20R,21R-1a, and 20S,21R-1a; Table S6: Crystal data and structure refinement parameters of penidifarnesylin A (6); Table S7–S8: Cartesian coordinates for the low-energy reoptimized MMFF conformers of 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6 and 5S,8S,5′S,8′S-6 at B3LYP/6-311+G (d,p) level of theory in MeOH; Table S9–S13: 13C and 1H NMR data of known compounds 8–17.

Author Contributions

K.Y. and S.K. conducted the isolation and culture of stain ZZ1750, the isolation and structural elucidation of compounds, and the bioactive assay; B.W. and Z.Z. designed and supervised the experiments and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC0311002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81773587), and the HPC Center of Zhejiang University (Zhoushan Campus).

Acknowledgments

We thank Chelsea Zhang at Equal Ventures in New York (NY, USA) for English editing.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Marinedrugs 19 00483 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of compounds 1–7 isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750.
Figure 1. Structures of compounds 1–7 isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750.
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Figure 2. COSY and key HMBC correlations of peniresorcinosides A (1) and B (2).
Figure 2. COSY and key HMBC correlations of peniresorcinosides A (1) and B (2).
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Figure 3. ΔδS-R values for the MTPA esters 1as and 1ar of compound 1a.
Figure 3. ΔδS-R values for the MTPA esters 1as and 1ar of compound 1a.
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Figure 4. COSY and key HMBC correlations of penidifarnesylin A (6).
Figure 4. COSY and key HMBC correlations of penidifarnesylin A (6).
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Figure 5. Crystal structure of penidifarnesylin A (6) (Cu Kα radiation, displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level).
Figure 5. Crystal structure of penidifarnesylin A (6) (Cu Kα radiation, displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level).
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Figure 6. Experimental ECD spectrum of penidifarnesylin A (6, 190–450 nm) and calculated ECD spectrum of 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6 and 5S,8S,5′S,8′S-6 at the b3lyp/6-311+g (d, p) level in MeOH.
Figure 6. Experimental ECD spectrum of penidifarnesylin A (6, 190–450 nm) and calculated ECD spectrum of 5R,8R,5′R,8′R-6 and 5S,8S,5′S,8′S-6 at the b3lyp/6-311+g (d, p) level in MeOH.
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Figure 7. COSY, key HMBC, and NOE correlations of penipyridinone A (7).
Figure 7. COSY, key HMBC, and NOE correlations of penipyridinone A (7).
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Table
Table 1. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data of compounds 1, 1a, and 2.
Table 1. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data of compounds 1, 1a, and 2.
No.1 a1a b2 a
δC, TypeδH, J in HzδC, TypeδH, J in HzδC, TypeδH, J in Hz
1143.4, C–145.5, C–143.4, C–
2106.3, CH6.02, d (2.0)107.9, CH6.13, d (2.0)106.3, CH6.02, d (2.3)
3158.2, C–159.4, C–158.2, C–
4100.1, CH6.00, t (2.0)101.1, CH6.08, t (2.0)100.1, CH6.01, t (2.3)
5158.2, C–159.4, C–158.2, C–
6106.3, CH6.02, d (2.0)107.9, CH6.13, d (2.0)106.3, CH6.02, d (2.3)
735.3, CH22.42, t (7.5)37.1, CH22.50, t (7.5)35.3, CH22.42, t (7.6)
833.6, CH22.23, q (7.5)35.5 c, CH22.28, q (7.5)33.6, CH22.23, q (7.6)
9131.3, CH5.55, m132.2, CH5.56, m131.3, CH5.55, m
10130.5, CH5.96, dd (15.3, 10.7)131.8, CH5.99, dd (14.8, 10.5)130.6, CH5.96, dd (14.8, 10.3)
11130.3, CH5.93, dd (14.8, 10.7)132.2, CH5.96, dd (14.8, 10.5)130.3, CH5.93, dd (14.8, 10.3)
12132.3, CH5.53, m133.4, CH5.52, m132.3, CH5.53, m
1331.9, CH21.99, q (7.3)30.8 e, CH22.03, q (7.1)31.9, CH21.99, q (7.3)
1428.9, CH21.32, m30.6 d, CH21.37, m28.9, CH21.32, m
1528.6 c, CH21.24 e, m30.3 d, CH21.29 e, m28.6 c, CH21.24 e, m
1628.9 c, CH21.24 e, m30.5 d, CH21.29 e, m28.9 c, CH21.24 e, m
1729.3 c, CH21.24 e, m30.8 e, CH21.29 e, m29.5 c, CH21.24 e, m
1829.2 c, CH21.24 e, m27.4, CH21.29 e, m29.2 c, CH21.24 e, m
1924.9 d, CH21.41, m; 1.37, m35.4 c, CH21.41, m24.9 d, CH21.42, m; 1.38, m
2081.0, CH3.35, m75.4, CH3.42, m81.7, CH3.35, m
2137.5, CH1.58, m41.5, CH1.35, m37.5, CH1.57, m
2224.8 d, CH21.48, m; 1.08, m27.1, CH21.49, m; 1.15, m24.7 d, CH21.48, m; 1.08, m
2312.0, CH30.84, t (7.3)12.2, CH30.90, t (7.3)11.9, CH30.85, t (7.5)
2414.5, CH30.81, d (6.9)13.9, CH30.86, d (6.7)14.4, CH30.82, d (6.8)
2598.2, CH4.70, d (3.7) 98.5, CH4.70, d (3.7)
2672.1, CH3.15, dd (9.5, 3.7) 71.9, CH3.17, m
2773.0, CH3.37, t (9.5) 72.9, CH3.37, t (9.3)
2870.1, CH3.07, t (9.5) 70.5, CH3.00, t (9.3)
2973.0, CH3.43, m 70.2, CH3.66, m
3060.8, CH23.53, dd (11.5, 2.0);
3.46, dd (11.5, 4.7)		 64.0, CH24.25, dd (11.7, 1.9);
3.95, dd (11.7, 7.3)
1′ 170.2, C–
2′ 20.6, CH31.98, s
OH-3 –9.06, br s
OH-26 –4.59, d (4.9)
OH-27 –4.89, br s
OH-28 –5.17, br s
a,b The data were recorded in DMSO-d6 and MeOH-d4, respectively; c,d the data with the same label in each column may be interchanged; e The data with the same label in each column were overlapped.
Table
Table 2. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6) of compounds 3–5.
Table 2. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data (in DMSO-d6) of compounds 3–5.
No.345
δC, TypeδH, J in Hz δC, TypeδH, J in Hz
1143.4, C–143.4, C–143.4, C–
2106.3, CH6.02, d (1.9)106.3, CH6.02, d (1.9)106.3, CH6.02, d (1.8)
3158.2, C–158.2, C–158.2, C–
4100.1, CH6.01, t (1.9)100.1, CH6.01, t (1.9)100.1, CH6.01, t (1.8)
5158.2, C–158.2, C–158.2, C–
6106.3, CH6.02, d (1.9)106.3, CH6.02, d (1.9)106.3, CH6.02, d (1.8)
735.3, CH22.42, t (7.3)35.3, CH22.42, t (7.4)35.3, CH22.42, t (7.3)
833.6 a, CH22.22, q (7.5)33.7 a, CH22.23 e, q (7.4)33.6 a, CH22.22, q (7.3)
9131.3, CH5.55, m131.3, CH5.55, m131.3, CH5.54, m
10130.5, CH5.95, dd (15.0, 10.5)130.5, CH5.95, dd (15.1, 10.7)130.5, CH5.95, dd (15.6, 10.6)
11130.2, CH5.93, dd (15.0, 10.5)130.2, CH5.93, dd (15.1, 10.7)130.3, CH5.93, dd (15.6, 10.6)
12132.3, CH5.52, m132.3, CH5.52, m132.3, CH5.52, m
1331.9, CH21.99, q (7.5)32.0, CH22.00 f, q (7.3)32.0, CH21.98, q (7.4)
1428.9 b, CH21.32, m28.9 b, CH21.32, m28.9 b, CH21.32, m
1528.6 b, CH21.23 e, m28.6 b, CH21.24 g, m28.6 b, CH21.23 e, m
1628.9 b, CH21.23 e, m28.9 b, CH21.24 g, m28.9 b, CH21.23 e, m
1729.3 b, CH21.23 e, m29.3 b, CH21.24 g, m29.3 b, CH21.23 e, m
1829.2 b, CH21.23 e, m29.2 b, CH21.24 g, m29.2 b, CH21.23 e, m
1924.9 e, CH21.41, m; 1.37, m24.9 e, CH21.40, m; 1.36, m24.9 e, CH21.41, m; 1.36, m
2081.0, CH3.35, m81.1, CH3.35, m81.1, CH3.35, m
2137.5, CH1.57, m37.5, CH1.56, m37.5, CH1.57, m
2224.9 e, CH21.49, m; 1.12, m24.9 e, CH21.49, m; 1.11, m24.9 e, CH21.49, m; 1.11, m
2312.0, CH30.85, t (7.3)12.0, CH30.85, t (7.4)12.0, CH30.85, t (7.3)
2414.3, CH30.82, d (6.7)14.4, CH30.82, d (6.9)14.3, CH30.82, d (6.8)
2598.0, CH4.70, d (3.8)98.1, CH4.70, d (3.9)98.0, CH4.70, d (3.7)
2671.8, CH3.16, m71.9, CH3.18, m71.9, CH3.17, m
2772.7, CH3.39, m72.8, CH3.39, m72.8, CH3.39, m
2870.6, CH2.98, m70.6, CH2.98, m70.6, CH2.98, m
2970.2, CH3.66, t (8.6)70.2, CH3.66, t (8.5)70.2, CH3.66, t (8.8)
3064.3, CH24.26, d (10.8);
3.95, dd (10.8, 7.3)		64.1, CH24.27, d (11.2);
3.95, dd (11.2, 7.5)		64.1, CH24.27, d (11.2);
3.95, dd (11.2, 7.5)
1′172.7, C–172.7, C–172.7, C–
2′33.5 a, CH22.25, t (7.2)33.6 a, CH22.23 e, t (7.4)33.6 a, CH22.23, t (7.3)
3′24.4, CH21.50, m24.4, CH21.50, m24.4, CH21.50, m
4′29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m28.7 b, CH21.24 g, m28.7 b, CH21.23 e, m
5′29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m28.5 b, CH21.24 g, m28.5 b, CH21.23 e, m
6′29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m28.5 b, CH21.24 g, m28.5 b, CH21.23 e, m
7′29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m28.4 b, CH21.24 g, m28.4 b, CH21.23 e, m
8′28.9 b, CH21.23 e, m26.6 f, CH22.00 f, q (7.3)26.5 f, CH21.95 f, q (7.0)
9′28.8 b, CH21.23 e, m129.7 c, CH5.28 h, m129.7 c, CH5.29 g, m
10′28.8 b, CH21.23 e, m127.8 d, CH5.31 i, m129.6 c, CH5.29 g, m
11′28.8 b, CH21.23 e, m25.2, CH22.72, t (6.6)26.5 f, CH21.95 f, q (7.0)
12′28.7 b, CH21.23 e, m127.7 d, CH5.28 h, m29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m
13′28.4 b, CH21.23 e, m129.6 c, CH5.31 i, m28.8 b, CH21.23 e, m
14′31.3, CH21.23 e, m26.6 f, CH22.00 f, q (7.3)28.6 b, CH21.23 e, m
15′22.1, CH21.23 e, m29.0 b, CH21.24 g, m29.0 b, CH21.23 e, m
16′13.9, CH30.84, t (7.0)30.9, CH21.24 g, m31.3, CH21.23 e, m
17′––22.0, CH21.24 g, m22.1, CH21.23 e, m
18′––13.9, CH30.84, t (7.3)13.9, CH30.83, t (7.0)
OH-3/5–9.04, s–9.05, s–9.06, s
OH-26–4.57, d (6.1)–4.57, d (6.1)–4.59, d (6.0)
OH-27–4.85, d (4.2)–4.85, br s–4.88, br s
OH-28–5.15, d (5.6)–5.15, d (5.5)–5.17, d (5.3)
a–d The data with the same label in each column may be interchanged; e–i The data with the same label in each column were overlapped.
Table
Table 3. 13C NMR (150 MHz) and 1H NMR (600 MHz) data of penidifarnesylin A (6) (in DMSO-d6).
Table 3. 13C NMR (150 MHz) and 1H NMR (600 MHz) data of penidifarnesylin A (6) (in DMSO-d6).
No.13C, Type1H (J in Hz)No.13C, Type1H (J in Hz)
1/1′25.6, CH31.63, s10/10′131.9, C–
2/2′131.2, C–11/11′126.1, CH5.08, t (6.3)
3/3′121.6, CH5.02, t (7.6)12/12′27.9, CH21.92 a, m
4/4′34.2, CH22.06, m; 1.99, m13/13′17.7, CH31.54, s
5/5′76.1, CH3.73, m14/14′11.2, CH31.50, s
6/6′137.2, C–15/15′16.5, CH31.56, s
7/7′129.5, CH5.16, d (8.2)OH-5/5′–4.64, d (3.6)
8/8′65.7, CH4.25, mOH-8/8′–4.41, d (4.6)
9/9′48.1, CH22.10, m; 1.92 a, m
a Data with the same label in each column were overlapped.
Table
Table 4. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data of penipyridinone A (7, in DMSO-d6).
Table 4. 13C-NMR (150 MHz) and 1H-NMR (600 MHz) data of penipyridinone A (7, in DMSO-d6).
No13C, Type1H (J in Hz)No13C, Type1H (J in Hz)
169.7, CH23.69, dd (11.5, 1.7);
3.56, dd (11.5, 2.3)		1413.6, CH30.87, t (7.4)
231.5, CH2.27, m1510.5, CH30.94, d (7.0)
380.3, CH3.42, dd (9.5, 5.5)1611.5, CH31.66, s
470.0, CH4.84, t (9.5)1755.7, CH33.25, s
583.7, CH3.58, d (9.5)18167.5, C–
6132.8, C–1952.7, CH24.85, d (18.2);
4.75, d (18.2)
7129.3, CH5.97, d (10.1)20148.7, C–
8125.9, CH6.29, dd (15.0, 10.1)21117.7, CH5.98, d (2.8)
9134.2, CH6.24, dd (15.0, 10.1)22177.8, C–
10130.7, CH6.13, dd (15.6, 10.1)23116.0, CH5.93, dd (8.0, 2.8)
11135.3, CH5.74, m24142.7, CH7.41, d (8.0)
1234.3, CH22.05, m2518.4, CH32.01, s
1321.9, CH21.36, m
Table
Table 5. Antiproliferative activity of compounds against human glioma cells (IC50: µM).
Table 5. Antiproliferative activity of compounds against human glioma cells (IC50: µM).
CompoundU87MGU251CompoundU87MGU251
14.0 ± 0.214.1 ± 0.4522.1 ± 0.3NA
25.6 ± 0.59.8 ± 0.965.9 ± 0.327.6 ± 1.8
353.0 ± 1.0NADoxorubicin0.5 ± 0.03.5 ± 0.4
419.4 ± 1.6NA
NA: No activity at a concentration of 50 µM.
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Yong, K.; Kaleem, S.; Wu, B.; Zhang, Z. New Antiproliferative Compounds against Glioma Cells from the Marine-Sourced Fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090483

AMA Style

Yong K, Kaleem S, Wu B, Zhang Z. New Antiproliferative Compounds against Glioma Cells from the Marine-Sourced Fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19(9):483. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090483

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yong, Kuo, Sidra Kaleem, Bin Wu, and Zhizhen Zhang. 2021. "New Antiproliferative Compounds against Glioma Cells from the Marine-Sourced Fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750" Marine Drugs 19, no. 9: 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090483

APA Style

Yong, K., Kaleem, S., Wu, B., & Zhang, Z. (2021). New Antiproliferative Compounds against Glioma Cells from the Marine-Sourced Fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750. Marine Drugs, 19(9), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090483

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