Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Eyes | Upper Respiratory | Lower Respiratory | Skin | Non-Specific | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (prevalence, %) | 91 (23.4) | 61 (15.7) | 27 (6.90) | 8 (2.10) | 102 (26.2) | |
Personal factors | ||||||
Gender | Male | 21 (23.6) | 11 (12.4) | 9 (10.1) | 3 (3.40) | 31 (34.8) |
Female | 70 (23.3) | 50 (16.7) | 18 (6.00) | 5 (1.70) | 71 (23.7) | |
Age, years | <30 | 24 (23.8) | 15 (14.9) | 5 (5.00) | 2 (2.00) | 34 (33.7) |
30–39 | 35 (20.8) | 37 (22.0) | 11 (6.50) | 4 (2.40) | 51 (30.4) | |
40–49 | 16 (25.8) | 4 (6.50) | 3 (4.80) | 0 | 7 (11.3) | |
≥50 | 16 (27.6) | 5 (8.60) | 8 (13.8) | 2 (3.40) | 10 (17.2) | |
Smoking habit | Never | 72 (23.2) | 41 (13.2) | 20 (6.40) | 5 (1.60) | 67 (21.5) |
Former | 10 (30.3) | 2 (6.10) | 6 (18.2) | 0 | 13 (39.4) | |
Current | 9 (20.0) | 18 (40.0) | 1 (2.20) | 3 (6.70) | 22 (48.9) | |
Psychosocial factors | ||||||
High work pressure | No | 76 (21.7) | 56 (16.0) | 18 (5.10) | 8 (2.30) | 85 (24.3) |
Yes | 15 (38.5) | 5 (12.8) | 9 (23.1) | 0 | 17 (43.6) | |
Low social support | No | 53 (21.7) | 26 (10.7) | 14 (5.70) | 7 (2.90) | 56 (23.0) |
Yes | 38 (26.2) | 35 (24.1) | 13 (9.00) | 1 (0.70) | 46 (31.7) | |
Work days per week | ≤5 | 83 (24.2) | 50 (14.6) | 20 (5.80) | 8 (2.30) | 84 (24.5) |
>5 | 8 (17.4) | 11 (23.9) | 7 (15.2) | 0 | 18 (39.1) | |
Work hours per day | ≤10 | 69 (22.6) | 45 (14.8) | 16 (5.20) | 8 (2.60) | 80 (26.2) |
>10 | 22 (26.2) | 16 (19.0) | 11 (13.1) | 0 | 22 (26.2) | |
Tobacco sensitivity | No | 13 (10.7) | 24 (19.7) | 7 (5.70) | 5 (4.10) | 25 (20.5) |
Yes | 78 (29.2) | 37 (13.9) | 20 (7.50) | 3 (1.10) | 77 (28.8) | |
Chemical sensitivity | No | 20 (14.5) | 25 (18.1) | 4 (2.90) | 4 (2.90) | 29 (21.0) |
Yes | 71 (28.3) | 36 (14.3) | 23 (9.20) | 4 (1.60) | 73 (29.1) | |
Migraine | No | 75 (23.4) | 46 (14.4) | 16 (5.00) | 8 (2.50) | 83 (25.9) |
Yes | 16 (23.2) | 15 (21.7) | 11 (15.9) | 0 | 19 (27.5) | |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Sanitizing with chemicals | No | 70 (26.0) | 29 (10.8) | 19 (7.10) | 2 (0.70) | 62 (23.0) |
Yes | 21 (17.5) | 32 (26.7) | 8 (6.70) | 6 (5.00) | 40 (33.3) | |
Recent painting | No | 87 (23.5) | 60 (16.2) | 21 (5.70) | 8 (2.2) | 97 (26.2) |
Yes | 4 (21.1) | 1 (5.3) | 6 (31.6) | 0 | 5 (26.3) | |
High indoor air flow | No | 46 (18.4) | 37 (14.8) | 13 (5.20) | 7 (2.80) | 49 (19.6) |
Yes | 45 (32.4) | 24 (17.3) | 14 (10.1) | 1 (0.70) | 53 (38.1) | |
Low indoor air flow | No | 29 (15.0) | 23 (11.9) | 7 (3.60) | 4 (2.1) | 23 (11.9) |
Yes | 62 (31.6) | 38 (19.4) | 20 (10.2) | 4 (2.0) | 79 (40.3) | |
Indoor dryness | No | 45 (19.4) | 18 (7.80) | 13 (5.60) | 3 (1.30) | 36 (15.5) |
Yes | 46 (29.3) | 43 (27.4) | 14 (8.90) | 5 (3.20) | 66 (42.0) | |
CO2, ppm | <800 | 33 (24.3) | 11 (8.10) | 7 (5.10) | 0 | 21 (15.4) |
800–1000 | 24 (23.1) | 18 (17.3) | 13 (12.5) | 0 | 25 (24.0) | |
>1000 | 34 (22.8) | 32 (21.5) | 7 (4.70) | 8 (5.40) | 56 (37.6) | |
TVOCs, ppb | <115 | 34 (25.6) | 20 (15.0) | 6 (4.5) | 0 | 16 (12.0) |
115–406 | 28 (22.2) | 13 (10.3) | 16 (12.7) | 0 | 39 (31.0) | |
>406 | 29 (22.3) | 28 (21.5) | 5 (3.80) | 8 (6.20) | 47 (36.2) | |
Temperature, °C | 15–28 | 87 (23.2) | 60 (16.0) | 21 (5.60) | 8 (2.10) | 96 (25.6) |
<15 or >28 | 4 (28.6) | 1 (7.10) | 6 (42.9) | 0 | 6 (42.9) |
Variables | Eye | Upper Respiratory | Lower Respiratory | Non-Specific | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal factors | |||||
Gender | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.99 (0.56–1.72) | 1.42 (0.70–2.86) | 0.57 (0.25–1.31) | 0.58 (0.35–0.97) | |
Age, years | <30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
30–39 | 0.84 (0.47–1.52) | 1.62 (0.84–3.13) | 1.35 (0.45–3.99) | 0.86 (0.51–1.46) | |
40–49 | 1.12 (0.54–2.32) | 0.40 (0.13–1.25) | 0.98 (0.23–4.24) | 0.25 (0.10–0.61) | |
≥50 | 1.22 (0.59–2.55) | 0.54 (0.19–1.57) | 3.07 (0.96–9.88) | 0.41 (0.19–0.91) | |
Smoking habit | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Former | 1.44 (0.66–3.17) | 0.43 (0.10–1.84) | 3.23 (1.20–8.74) | 2.37 (1.12–5.01) | |
Current | 0.83 (0.38–1.80) | 4.39 (2.22–8.67) | 0.33 (0.04–2.53) | 3.48 (1.83–6.63) | |
Psychosocial factors | |||||
High work pressure | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.25 (1.13–4.51) | 0.77 (0.29–2.06) | 5.53 (2.29–13.4) | 2.41 (1.22–4.75) | |
Low social support | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.28 (0.79–2.07) | 2.67 (1.53–4.66) | 1.62 (0.74–3.55) | 1.56 (0.99–2.47) | |
Work days per week | ≤5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>5 | 0.66 (0.30–1.47) | 1.84 (0.88–3.86) | 2.90 (1.15–7.29) | 1.98 (1.04–3.76) | |
Work hours per day | ≤10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>10 | 1.21 (0.70–2.12) | 1.36 (0.72–2.55) | 2.72 (1.21–6.12) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | |
Tobacco sensitivity | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 3.46 (1.84–6.52) | 0.66 (0.37–1.16) | 1.33 (0.55–3.24) | 1.57 (0.94–2.63) | |
Chemical sensitivity | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.33 (1.35–4.03) | 0.76 (0.43–1.32) | 3.38 (1.14–9.98) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) | |
Migraine | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | 1.66 (0.86–3.18) | 3.60 (1.59–8.16) | 1.09 (0.61–1.95) | |
Environmental factors | |||||
Sanitizing with chemicals | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 3.01 (1.72–5.26) | 0.94 (0.40–2.21) | 1.67 (1.04–2.68) | |
Recent painting | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.87 (0.28–2.68) | 0.29 (0.04–2.19) | 7.67 (2.65–22.2) | 1.01 (0.35–2.86) | |
High indoor air flow | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.12 (1.32–3.43) | 1.20 (0.69–2.11) | 2.04 (0.93–4.48) | 2.53 (1.59–4.02) | |
Low indoor air flow | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.62 (1.59–4.30) | 1.78 (1.01–3.12) | 3.02 (1.25–7.32) | 4.99 (2.97–8.40) | |
Indoor dryness | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.72 (1.07–2.77) | 4.48 (2.47–8.13) | 1.65 (0.75–3.61) | 3.95 (2.45–6.36) | |
CO2, ppm | <800 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
800–1000 | 0.94 (0.51–1.71) | 2.38 (1.07–5.29) | 2.63 (1.01–6.86) | 1.73 (0.91–3.31) | |
>1000 | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | 3.11 (1.50–6.45) | 0.91 (0.31–2.66) | 3.30 (1.86–5.84) | |
TVOCs, ppb | <115 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
115–406 | 0.83 (0.47–1.48) | 0.65 (0.31–1.37) | 3.08 (1.16–8.14) | 3.28 (1.72–6.25) | |
>406 | 0.84 (0.47–1.48) | 1.55 (0.82–2.92) | 0.85 (0.25–2.85) | 4.14 (2.19–7.80) | |
Temperature, °C | 15–28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
<15 or >28 | 1.32 (0.41–4.33) | 0.40 (0.05–3.15) | 12.6 (4.02–39.8) | 2.18 (0.74–6.44) |
Variables | Eye | Upper Respiratory | Lower Respiratory | Non-Specific | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal factors | |||||
Gender | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.70 (0.32–1.58) | 3.84 (1.21–12.2) | 0.29 (0.05–1.71) | 0.86 (0.38–1.95) | |
Age, years | <30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
30–39 | 0.97 (0.49–1.89) | 1.10 (0.48–2.51) | 1.90 (0.45–8.02) | 0.77 (0.39–1.55) | |
40–49 | 2.22 (0.92–5.37) | 0.30 (0.08–1.15) | 4.14 (0.59–29.1) | 0.27 (0.09–0.79) | |
≥50 | 3.08 (1.18–8.07) | 0.73 (0.20–2.70) | 4.17 (0.53–32.9) | 0.95 (0.33–2.77) | |
Smoking habit | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Former | 0.62 (0.20–1.93) | 0.34 (0.06–1.85) | 0.37 (0.05–2.94) | 1.30 (0.43–3.89) | |
Current | 1.33 (0.50–3.55) | 4.84 (1.67–14.0) | 0.07 (0.01–0.95) | 4.34 (1.61–11.7) | |
Psychosocial factors | |||||
High work pressure | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.67 (0.71–3.93) | 0.68 (0.20–2.34) | 7.17 (1.49–34.5) | 2.06 (0.81–5.22) | |
Low social support | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.23 (0.70–2.18) | 2.98 (1.45–6.13) | 0.61 (0.19–1.94) | 1.32 (0.71–2.44) | |
Work days per week | ≤5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>5 | 0.64 (0.24–1.68) | 3.72 (1.22–11.3) | 3.65 (0.94–14.2) | 2.75 (1.10–6.90) | |
Work hours per day | ≤10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>10 | 1.12 (0.57–2.21) | 1.00 (0.41–2.44) | 5.16 (1.42–18.8) | 0.90 (0.43–1.90) | |
Tobacco sensitivity | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 3.24 (1.42–7.36) | 1.40 (0.56–3.50) | 0.4 (0.07–1.74) | 1.93 (0.85–4.38) | |
Chemical sensitivity | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.60 (0.81–3.17) | 0.64 (029–1.40) | 14.0 (2.03–96.2) | 1.87 (0.93–3.94) | |
Migraine | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.54 (0.26–1.14) | 1.63 (0.66–4.03) | 6.44 (1.88–22.1) | 0.91 (0.42–1.98) | |
Environmental factors | |||||
Sanitizing with chemicals | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.75 (0.40–1.44) | 1.93 (0.93–3.98) | 1.49 (0.39–5.67) | 1.72 (0.90–3.31) | |
Recent painting | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.16 (0.31–4.29) | 0.16 (0.02–1.76) | 20.6 (2.96–143) | 0.77 (0.19–3.14) | |
High indoor air flow | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.75 (0.92–3.33) | 0.29 (0.13–0.67) | 1.74 (0.43–7.09) | 1.10 (0.58–2.07) | |
Low indoor air flow | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.95 (1.51–5.75) | 1.31 (0.62–2.79) | 2.53 (0.55–11.6) | 2.88 (1.49–5.57) | |
Indoor dryness | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.11 (0.61–2.03) | 3.82 (1.77–8.25) | 1.36 (0.37–4.97) | 2.70 (1.43–5.62) | |
CO2, ppm | <800 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
800–1000 | 1.05 (0.49–2.25) | 1.25 (0.44–3.69) | 3.83 (0.72–20.4) | 1.21 (0.48–3.06) | |
>1000 | 0.87 (0.23–3.27) | 3.11 (0.58–16.7) | 8.26 (0.73–93.0) | 1.55 (0.43–5.62) | |
TVOCs, ppb | <115 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
115–406 | 0.64 (0.29–1.41) | 0.90 (0.31–2.59) | 3.20 (0.62–16.7) | 5.03 (1.92–13.1) | |
>406 | 0.93 (0.22–3.94) | 0.63 (0.11–3.75) | 0.66 (0.05–9.00) | 4.39 (0.98–19.6) | |
Temperature, °C | 15–28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
<15 or >28 | 0.52 (0.09–3.17) | 1.22 (0.10–15.6) | 7.65 (0.60–97.6) | 0.54 (0.08–3.63) |
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Lu, C.-Y.; Tsai, M.-C.; Muo, C.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Sung, F.-C.; Wu, C.-C. Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010007
Lu C-Y, Tsai M-C, Muo C-H, Kuo Y-H, Sung F-C, Wu C-C. Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Chung-Yen, Meng-Chuan Tsai, Chih-Hsin Muo, Yu-Hsien Kuo, Fung-Chang Sung, and Chin-Ching Wu. 2018. "Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010007
APA StyleLu, C. -Y., Tsai, M. -C., Muo, C. -H., Kuo, Y. -H., Sung, F. -C., & Wu, C. -C. (2018). Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010007