Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Criminal Legislation on Crimes of Sexual Violence in Colombia
3.2. Rights and Guarantees for Women Victims of Sexual Violence in Colombia
3.3. Obstacles for Women Victims of Sexual Violence at the Judicial Level in Colombia
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frameworks | Contents Analyzed |
---|---|
Law 95 of 1936 | Articles related to sexual crimes. |
Decree 100 of 1980 | Articles related to sexual crimes. |
Law 360 of 1997 | Articles related to sexual crimes. Rights for women victims of sexual violence. |
Law 599 of 2000 | Articles related to sexual crimes. |
Law 236 of 2008 | Rights and procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence. |
Law 1257 of 2008 | Rights and procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence. |
Law 1719 of 2014 | Rights and procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence. |
Judgment T-211 of 2019 | Obstacles for women victims of sexual violence. |
Judgment T-126 of 2018 | Obstacles for women victims of sexual violence. |
Judgment T-418 of 2015 | Obstacles for women victims of sexual violence. |
Penal Code | |
---|---|
Law 95 of 1936 | Art. 317. Carnal access: anyone who subjects another person to carnal access, without their consent and by means of physical or moral violence. Penalty: 2–8 years in prison. Article 318. Increasing the penalty by one quarter in the following cases: 1st If the crime is committed with someone who is a virgin or of irreproachable honesty. 2nd If it is committed with the help of another person or other persons. 3rd If the responsible person has any character or post in charge that confers him/her particular authority over the victim or prompts her to place her trust in him. Penalty: increased by one quarter. Art. 319. Increased penalty if the acts carried out on victims cause their death or seriously damage their health. Penalty: 3–12 years in prison. Art. 320. Whoever gains carnal access to a woman over the age of 14 years by deceptive maneuvers or trickery of any kind, or by seducing her by a formal promise of marriage; or carnal access with someone who suffers mental alienation or is in a state of unconsciousness. Penalty: 1–6 years in prison. Art. 321. The cases provided for in Article 318 and in that of venereal contamination. Penalty: increased by one quarter. Art. 322. The penalties indicated in the previous chapters will be reduced by up to one half if the victim of the crimes provided therein is a prostitute or a public woman. In this case, one cannot proceed except by virtue of private accusation. Art. 323. The person responsible for the crimes mentioned in the two previous chapters shall be exempt of punishment if he marries the offended woman. Art. 324. Anyone who performs an erotic-sexual act on the body of someone age aged over 16 years, other than carnal access by using any of the means provided in Articles 319 and 322. They shall incur the same penalty. Whoever consumes homosexual carnal access, whatever their age. Penalty: 6 months to 2 years in prison. |
Decree 100 of 1980 | Art. 298. Violent carnal access. Whoever performs carnal access with another person through violence. Penalty: 2–8 years in prison. Art. 299. Violent sexual act. Anyone who performs a sexual act other than carnal access on someone else person through violence. Penalty: 1–3 years in prison. |
Art. 300. Sexual act with a person rendered incapable of resisting. Anyone who performs carnal access with someone who is in a situation of being unable to resist or is in a state of unconsciousness or is in a condition of psychic inferiority that prevents him/her from understanding the sexual relation. Penalty: 2–8 years in prison. Penalty: 1–3 years in prison if a sexual act other than carnal access is performed. Art. 301. Carnal access through deceit. Anyone who through deception obtains carnal access with a person aged over 14 and under 18 years. Penalty: 1–5 years in prison. Art. 302. Sexual act through deceit. Anyone who by deception performs a sexual act other than carnal access on someone aged over 14 and under 18 years. Penalty: 6 months to 2 years in prison. Art. 303. Abusive carnal access with a minor aged under 14 years. Whoever carnally accesses a person aged under 14 years. Penalty: 1–6 years in prison. Art. 304. Abusive carnal access and unable to resist. Whoever carnally accesses a person in a state of unconsciousness, suffers from a mental disorder or is unable to resist. Penalty: 2–6 years in prison. Penalty: 1–3 years in prison if access is not carried out, but various sexual acts are. Art. 305. Corruption. Whoever performs various sexual acts of carnal access with someone aged under 14 years, or in their presence, or induces them to sexual practices. Penalty: 1–4 years in prison. Art. 306. Circumstances of punitive aggravation, increased from one third to one half, in the following cases: 1. If it is committed with the assistance of someone else or other persons. 2. If the responsible person has any character, position or position that confers him/her particular authority over the victim or prompts her to place her trust in him. 3. If the victim becomes pregnant. 4. If venereal contamination occurs. 5. If the crime is carried out on a person aged under 10 years. Art. 307. Termination of the criminal action for marriage. If any of the authors or participants in the crimes described in the previous article’s contracts valid marriage with the taxpayer, the criminal action for them all shall be annulled. | |
Law 360 of 1997 | Art. 298. Violent carnal access. Whoever has carnal access with someone else through violence. Penalty: 8–20 years in prison. Whoever has carnal access with someone aged under 12 through violence. Penalty: 20–40 years in prison. Art. 299. Violent sexual act. Anyone who performs a sexual act other than carnal access through violence on another person. Penalty: 4–8 years in prison. Art. 300. Sexual act in persons rendered incapable of resisting. Whoever performs carnal access with someone who is unable to resist, is in a state of unconsciousness, or is in a condition of mental inferiority that prevents them from understanding the sexual relation or giving their consent. Penalty: 4–10 years in prison. Penalty: 2–4 years if a sexual act other than carnal access is performed. Art. 303. Abusive carnal access with a minor. Whoever carnally accesses a person under the age of 14. Penalty: 4–10 years in prison. Art. 304. Abusive carnal access and unable to resist. Whoever carnally accesses someone in a state of unconsciousness, who suffers from a mental disorder or is unable to resist. Penalty: 3–10 years in prison. Penalty: 2–4 years in prison if access is not performed, but other sexual acts are. Art. 305. Sexual acts with a minor under the age of 14. Whoever performs various sexual acts of carnal access with someone under the age of 14, in their presence, or induces them to sexual practices. Penalty: 2–5 years in prison. |
Law 599 of 2000 | Art. 205. Violent carnal access. Whoever performs carnal access with another person through violence. Penalty: 8–15 years in prison. Art. 206. Violent sexual act. Anyone who performs a sexual act other than carnal access through violence with another person. Penalty: 3–6 years in prison. Art. 207. Carnal access or sexual act in someone rendered incapable of resisting. Whoever performs carnal access with someone who is unable to resist, is in a state of unconsciousness or in psychic inferiority conditions that prevent him/her from understanding. Penalty: 8–15 years in prison. Penalty: 3–6 years in prison if a sexual act other than carnal access is performed. Art. 208. Abusive carnal access with a minor aged under 14 years. Whoever carnally accesses a person aged under 14. Penalty: 4–8 years in prison. Art. 209. Sexual acts with a minor aged under 14. Whoever performs various sexual acts of carnal access with a person aged under 14, or in their presence, or induces them to sexual practices. Penalty: 3–5 years in prison. Article 210. Carnal access or abusive sexual act and unable to resist. Whoever carnally accesses a person in a state of unconsciousness, who suffers from a mental disorder or is unable to resist. Penalty: 4–8 years in prison. Art. 212. Carnal access. For the purposes of the behaviors described in the previous chapters, carnal access means penetration of the penis anally, vaginally, or orally, as well as vaginal or anal penetration of any other part of the human body or another object. |
Law 1236 of 2008 | Art. 205. Violent carnal access. Whoever performs carnal access with another person through violence. Penalty: 12–20 years in prison. Art. 206. Violent sexual act. Anyone who performs a sexual act other than carnal access through violence on another person. Penalty: 8–16 years in prison. Art. 207. Carnal access or sexual act in a person rendered incapable of resisting. Whoever performs carnal access with someone who is unable to resist, is in a state of unconsciousness or in a condition of mental inferiority that prevents him/her from understanding the sexual relation or giving his/her consent. Penalty: 12–20 years in prison. Penalty: 8–16 years in prison if a sexual act other than carnal access is performed. Art. 208. Abusive carnal access with a minor aged under 14 years. Whoever carnally accesses a person aged under 14. Penalty: 12–20 years in prison. Art. 209. Sexual acts with a minor aged under 14 years. Whoever performs various sexual acts of carnal access with a person aged under 14, or in their presence, or induces them to sexual practices. Penalty: 9–13 years in prison. Article 210. Carnal access or abusive sexual act and incapable of resisting. Whoever carnally accesses a person in a state of unconsciousness, who suffers from a mental disorder or is unable to resist. Penalty: 12–20 years in prison. Penalty from 8–16 years in prison if access is not performed, but various sexual acts are. Art 211. Circumstances of punitive aggravation. The penalties for the crimes described in the previous articles shall be increased from one third to one half when: 1. conduct is committed with the assistance of another or other persons. 2. The person responsible has any character, position or position that confers him/her particular authority over the victim or prompts her to place her trust in him. 3. Contamination from sexually transmitted disease (STDs) occurs. 4. Carried out on a person aged under 14 years. 5. Carried out on a spouse or on the person whom one cohabits or has cohabited, or with the person with whom a child has been procreated. 6. Pregnancy occurs. 7. When the victim is an elderly person, or is physically, sensory, or mental handicapped. |
Law | Articles |
---|---|
Law 1719 of 2014 | Art. 13. Right to intimacy, privacy, confidentiality; non-discrimination to specialized legal and psychological care; the right to not be subjected to repetitive tests. Art. 14. Investigations into crimes of sexual violence connected to armed conflicts shall be carried out. Art. 17. Obligation to conduct investigations once judicial officials have knowledge of the facts. Art. 18. Recommendations for judicial officials and treatment of evidence. Art. 19. Recommendations for the conduct of the investigation and assessment of the evidence. Art. 20. Crimes of sexual violence may not be investigated through the military criminal jurisdiction. Art. 21. Existence of technical-legal committees of the National Office of the Attorney General to investigate cases of sexual violence. Art. 22. Psychosocial care for victims and access to victim protection programs. Art. 23–24. Right to comprehensive free health care, including psychosocial care, with specialized professionals for the care of sexual violence. Art. 25. Right to comprehensive repair. Art. 26. Right to participate in defining repair measures. Art. 27–28. Establishment special rules for processing the incident of integral repair in cases of sexual violence connected to armed conflict. Art. 32. Monitoring Committee to evaluate the obligations of institutions being fulfilled. |
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Parra-Barrera, S.M.; Moyano, N.; Boldova, M.Á.; Sánchez-Fuentes, M.d.M. Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171
Parra-Barrera SM, Moyano N, Boldova MÁ, Sánchez-Fuentes MdM. Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171
Chicago/Turabian StyleParra-Barrera, Sandra M., Nieves Moyano, Miguel Ángel Boldova, and María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes. 2021. "Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171
APA StyleParra-Barrera, S. M., Moyano, N., Boldova, M. Á., & Sánchez-Fuentes, M. d. M. (2021). Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171