Cryptocurrency Returns before and after the Introduction of Bitcoin Futures

Abstract

This paper examines the behaviour of Bitcoin returns and those of several other cryptocurrencies in the pre and post period of the introduction of the Bitcoin futures market. We use the principal component-guided sparse regression (PC-LASSO) model to analyze several sample sizes for the pre and post periods. Besides the neighbourhood of the break time, the current period is also investigated as returns start to recover after some time. Search intensity is observed to be the most important variable for Bitcoin for all periods, whereas for the other cryptocurrencies there are other variables that seem more important in the pre period, while search intensity still stands out in the post period. Furthermore, GARCH analyses suggest that search intensity increases the volatility of Bitcoin returns more in the post period than it does in the pre period. Our empirical findings suggest that the top five cryptocurrencies are substitutes before the launch of Bitcoin futures. However, this effect is lost, and moreover, there are spillover effects on altcoins during both the post and the recovery period. We find a spillover effect of the introduction of bitcoin futures on altcoins and this effect seems to persist during the recovery period.

1. Introduction

Cryptocurrencies have recently received attention both by the investors and technology-lovers due to several reasons such as: (i) they facilitate transactions by lowering costs and time-spending due to their peer-to-peer structure, i.e., excluding intermediaries and rendering the cryptocurrency-holder the governor of the account; (ii) they provide privacy in transactions which may matter for those who worry about account theft; (iii) they present relatively higher returns to the investors due to their volatile structure; (iv) they are not controlled by a central authority like other financial assets which provides an alternative for novelty-seekers; (v) they are popular and have already started to take part in the daily business and financial news network; (vi) last but not least, they have started to be used as a medium of exchange, such that you can buy yourself a cup of coffee with your coins.

The first digital currency, Bitcoin (BTC), created by the anonymous identity Satoshi Nakamoto (2008), is still dominating other cryptocurrencies1 by market capitalization. Reaching a market capitalization of over 170 billion US Dollars2, the futures market for Bitcoin was introduced by 10 December 20173 to provide more transparency, liquidity and efficiency to the system. Including ups and downs, the Bitcoin price had seen an exponential rise until its drop-down in December 2017, which coincided with the introduction of the futures market (Corbet et al. 2018; Hale et al. 2018), even though this may be the result of an expected behaviour of a newly-established asset due to speculations (Stein 1987).

Recently, a vast empirical literature on cryptocurrencies has emerged. Some studies concentrate on the volatility of Bitcoin using GARCH-type models (Aalborg et al. 2019; Ardia et al. 2019; Bouoiyour and Selmi 2016; Bouri et al. 2017a; Charles and Darné 2019; Dyhrberg 2016a; Katsiampa 2017; Wu et al. 2019). Some studies analyze the volatility dynamics between different cryptocurrencies (Katsiampa 2018, 2019). There are studies that examine the possibility of hedging cryptocurrencies with other assets (Dyhrberg 2016b; Bouri et al. 2017a, 2017b; Corbet et al. 2018; Pal and Mitra 2019; Wu et al. 2019; Sebastião and Godinho 2019). Some studies investigate the behaviour of Bitcoin whether it is a speculative investment or a currency (Aalborg et al. 2019; Bouoiyour and Selmi 2015; Corbet et al. 2018; Yermack 2015). In the literature, regarding their impact on cryptocurrencies, several macroeconomic and financial variables are investigated such as: search intensity (Dastgir et al. 2019; Kristoufek 2013; Panagiotidis et al. 2019); gold prices (Dyhrberg 2016a, 2016b; Wu et al. 2019); and (policy) uncertainty (Bouri et al. 2017b; Demir et al. 2018; Panagiotidis et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2019).

In this paper, we concentrate on the introduction of Bitcoin futures and use this date as the break point for pre and post analyses to examine the determinants of the top five cryptocurrencies, namely as, Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), Bitcoin Cash (BHC) and Litecoin (LTC). Regarding the effect of the introduction of Bitcoin futures, Corbet et al. (2018), Liu et al. (2019) and Kim et al. (2019) observe a rise in the volatility, however the latter further added the information of a decline over time. Köchling et al. (2018) observe that introduction of futures market contributes only to Bitcoin in informational efficiency.

We use a principal component-guided sparse regression (PC-LASSO) model of Tay et al. (2018) for the identification of the most important variable. In the literature for cryptocurrencies, LASSO based models are employed by Panagiotidis et al. (2018), observing that search intensity, gold returns and policy uncertainty are the most important variables for Bitcoin returns; and by Panagiotidis et al. (2020), observing that policy uncertainty and stock market volatility are among the most important variables out of forty-one variables for the identification of Bitcoin returns using several subperiods of the overall period of 2010–2018. In this study, we use PC-LASSO to identify the most important variables regarding the returns of top five cryptocurrencies for the pre and post break point. We employ 12 subperiods to investigate the behaviour during the pre and post periods using samples of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Empirical findings suggest that in the post break point period, search intensity is observed to be the most important variable out of several financial/macroeconomic variables for all cryptocurrencies examined. For the pre break point period, the most important variable is changing between different cryptocurrencies. Moreover, taking into account the non-normality of variables, the GARCH methodology is used to examine the behaviour of five cryptocurrencies for the pre and post break point period with the main drivers included as exogenous variables in the model. Empirical findings are consistent regarding the impact of search intensity on returns for the post break point period for all cryptocurrencies. Finally, the recovery period (Bitcoin prices started to recover after December 2018) is investigated to get information about the recent behaviour of the cryptocurrencies, which again highlights search intensity as the most important variable.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes data and methodologies of PC-LASSO and six different GARCH models. Section 3 discusses the empirical findings. Section 4 concludes the paper.

2. Data and Methodology

2.1. Data

The dataset4 consists of 4 cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin5, namely as, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin, and several financial or macroeconomic variables as their potential determinants, namely as, gold prices (Gold), NYSE index (NYSE), oil price, Google search intensity (GTrends), China economic policy uncertainty (China EPU), VIX index (VIX), federal funds rate (FFR) and US economic policy uncertainty (US EPU). December 10, 2017 is selected as the threshold date (the first trade date for Bitcoin futures) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days before and after this date is used as the time span6. The datasets are obtained from different sources given in

Table 1. Dataset.

Variable	Source	Code	Frequency	Type
Cryptocurrencies	coinmarketcap.com	-	daily	% change
€/$	quandl.com	FRED/DEXUSEU	daily	% change
Gold	quandl.com	WGC/GOLD_DAILY_USD	daily	% change
NYSE	quandl.com	BCB/7809	daily	% change
Oil price	quandl.com	FRED/DCOILBRENTEU	daily	% change
GTrends	“gtrendsR” R package	-	daily	% change
China EPU	policyuncertainty.com	-	monthly	% change
VIX	cboe.com	-	daily	% change
FFR	quandl.com	FED/RIFSPFF_N_D	daily	levels
US EPU	policyuncertainty.com	-	daily	% change

Note: Cryptocurrencies include all top 5 cryptocurrencies’ returns using daily close prices. e/$ is U.S./Euro foreign exchange rate. Gold is gold prices in US dollars. NYSE is Dow Jones NYSE index. Oil price is in US dollars per barrel for crude oil prices for Brent - Europe. GTrends is an index between 0$-100$ to measure the number of searches for the term “bitcoin” in Google. China EPU index is linearly interpolated to daily frequency. VIX is Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) volatility index in US dollars. FFR is daily federal funds effective rate. US EPU is the economic policy uncertainty index for the US.

. All datasets, except for the Federal Funds Rate (FFR), are daily returns. The figures for daily closing prices and price returns are given in Figure A1 and Figure A2 with the break time of the introduction of futures for Bitcoin depicted in dashed line. Descriptive statistics highlight the non-normality of all variables, given in

Table 2. Summary statistics.

	BTC	e$/\mathit{\$}$	Gold	NYSE	Oil Price	GTrends	China EPU
Mean	0.47	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.14	1.51	0.21
Max.	25.25	0.98	2.59	2.33	4.64	100.00	2.58
Min.	−18.74	−1.06	−1.88	−4.15	−4.32	−38.00	−3.70
Std. Dev.	5.44	0.31	0.46	0.59	1.13	18.84	1.26
Skewness	0.24	0.01	0.58	−1.48	0.00	1.73	−1.09
Kurtosis	5.10	4.80	8.25	14.81	5.32	9.34	4.25
JB	61.63 **	43.24 **	384.98 **	1971.16 **	71.84 **	693.08 **	83.55 **
	VIX	FFR	US EPU	ETH	XRP	CASH	LTC
Mean	0.20	1.37	16.48	0.49	0.81	0.88	0.61
Max.	115.60	1.70	564.19	26.46	83.47	53.97	47.60
Min.	−22.87	1.06	−79.58	−22.81	−29.76	−35.98	−32.64
Std. Dev.	9.35	0.22	74.56	5.99	9.83	11.05	7.81
Skewness	6.52	0.41	2.61	0.10	3.21	1.41	1.51
Kurtosis	76.83	1.69	14.55	5.19	24.48	8.36	11.47
JB	74,722.37 **	31.90 **	2134.85 **	64.48 **	6677.14 **	486.74 **	1074.70 **

Note: JB is Jarque–Bera statistics with the null hypothesis of normality. (**) denotes significance at 5%. All variables except for FFR are in percentage changes.

.

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. PC-LASSO

In order to identify the most important variables that determine the returns of the most traded cryptocurrencies, we apply principal component-guided sparse regression (PC-LASSO, Tay et al. 2018) following Panagiotidis et al. (2020). This is a new method for large data to shrink predictions toward the most important principle components of the feature matrix by combining LASSO sparsity penalty with a quadratic penalty. Hence, the method is a combination of LASSO and principle components regression. This technique solves the optimization problem below for $\ell (y,\eta )$, negative log-likelihood function for observation using the observation weight, $\omega$:

$${\displaystyle \underset{{\beta }_0,\beta }{\min }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^N{w}_i\ell (y_i,{\beta }_0+{\beta }^T{x}_i)+\lambda {\parallel \beta \parallel }_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{2}}\sum _{k=1}^K{\beta }_k^T{V}_k{D}_{d_{k1}^2-d_{kj}^2}{V}_k^T{\beta }_k.}$$

where n is the number of observations, $x_i$ is feature vector for each observation and $y_i$, the response. The data features may come in K groups or K may simply be equal to one, referring to no group. $U_k{D}_k{V}_k^T$ is singular value decomposition for each feature matrix and $D_{d_{k1}^2-d_{kj}^2}$ is the diagonal matrix. The multiplier for the quadratic penalty is presented by $\theta$.

In this study, PC-LASSO test is implemented using R package of “pcLasso”, taking the observation weight equal to 1 for each observation, the ratio of shrinkage equal to 0.8 and the features belong to a single group.

2.2.2. GARCH-M Model

The six GARCH models used in this paper consist of an autoregressive term ($y_{t-1}$), the exogenous variable ($X_t$) and volatility term (${\sigma }_t$) in the conditional mean equation, which renders them GARCH in mean (GARCH-M) models. The exogenous variable is selected as the most important variable observed from the PC-LASSO method for pre and post periods, i.e., $X_t^{pre}$ and $X_t^{post}$, according to the introduction of futures7. Each conditional variance equation also includes these, given in Equation (2).

Conditional mean equation for the basic GARCH model:

$$y_t={\lambda }_0+{\lambda }_1{y}_{t-1}+{\lambda }_2{\sigma }_t+{\kappa }^{pre}{X}_t^{pre}+{\kappa }^{post}{X}_t^{post}+{ϵ}_t$$

(1)

Conditional variance equation for the basic GARCH model:

$${\sigma }_t^2=\omega +\beta {\sigma }_{t-1}^2+\alpha {ϵ}_{t-1}^2+{\mu }^{pre}{X}_t^{pre}+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$$

(2)

Apart from the basic GARCH model (Bollerslev 1986), we employ five different GARCH-type models, namely as, TGARCH (Glosten et al. 1993), EGARCH (Nelson 1991), Asymmetric Power ARCH (APARCH, (Ding et al. 1993)), Component GARCH (CGARCH) and Asymmetric Component GARCH (ACGARCH) (Engle and Lee 1993) models. The model with the highest log-likelihood (LL) will be selected as the best model out of 6 different GARCH specifications.

3. Empirical Findings

All variables except for FFR are in percentage changes and are stationary8. In order to be able to compare the coefficients obtained from empirical analyses, all variables are standardized to have a mean of 0 and variance of 1.

Table 3. Principal component-guided sparse regression (PC-LASSO) coefficients for Bitcoin.

Variable	Pre-30	Post-30	Pre-60	Post-60	Pre-90	Post-90
€/$	0.00000	−0.02872	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	−0.00165	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.05370	0.00000	0.02231	0.00000	0.00000
Oil price	−0.00669	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.08133	0.00000
GTrends	0.08211	−0.07252	0.14020	−0.14161	0.13052	−0.13083
China	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	0.00000	−0.03311	0.00000	−0.06211	0.00000	−0.05824
FFR	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.04333	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Variable	Pre-120	Post-120	Pre-150	Post-150	Pre-180	Post-180
€/$	0.00000	0.00000	0.01970	0.00000	0.00139	0.00000
Gold	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Oil price	−0.03595	0.00000	−0.01879	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	0.13613	−0.10881	0.09501	−0.08957	0.08510	−0.09490
China	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	0.00000	−0.04241	0.00000	−0.04599	0.00000	−0.03787
FFR	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000

Note: Each sample is divided into two periods at the date 10-Dec-2017. Sample 60: 10-Nov-2017 to 8-Jan-2018; sample 120: 11-Oct-2017 to 7-Feb-2018; sample 180: 11-Sep-2017 to 9-Mar-2018; sample 240: 12-Aug-2017 to 8-Apr-2018; sample 300: 13-Jul-2017 to 8-May-2018; sample 360: 13-Jun-2017 to 7-Jun-2018.

presents the PC-LASSO coefficients for each sample for Bitcoin. For each time period, Google search intensity is observed to be the most important as it provides the highest coefficient out of nine potential drivers, in line with Bouoiyour and Selmi (2015) and Panagiotidis et al. (2018). The coefficients of search intensity are positive for each pre-futures period and negative for each post-futures period. This finding signifies the date of the launch of Bitcoin futures as a break point consistent with the literature (Akyildirim et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019).

Table A1. PC-LASSO coefficients for ethereum.

Variable	Pre-30	Post-30	Pre-60	Post-60	Pre-90	Post-90
€/$	0.05797	−0.06112	0.04370	0.00000	0.08528	0.00000
Gold	0.01325	0.00000	0.03587	0.00000	0.00127	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.00686	0.00000	0.03944	0.00000	0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	−0.02636	0.02719	0.00000	−0.01326	0.00000
GTrends	−0.08592	−0.07312	−0.09030	−0.14124	−0.03892	−0.14067
China	0.00000	−0.00051	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	0.00000	0.00000	−0.03018	−0.04220	−0.01026	−0.03466
FFR	0.00000	−0.08267	0.00000	−0.04378	0.00000	−0.05206
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Variable	Pre-120	Post-120	Pre-150	Post-150	Pre-180	Post-180
€/$	0.07214	0.00000	0.07686	0.00000	0.05873	0.00000
Gold	0.02406	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.01647	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	0.00000	−0.01884	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	−0.04826	−0.11394	0.00000	−0.09425	0.00000	−0.09571
China	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.03256	0.00000
VIX	−0.01647	−0.02691	0.00000	−0.03041	0.00000	−0.02155
FFR	0.00000	−0.01705	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000

Notes: Same notes as in Table 3.

,

Table A2. PC-LASSO coefficients for Ripple.

Variable	Pre-30	Post-30	Pre-60	Post-60	Pre-90	Post-90
€/$	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	0.00000	0.00000	0.06074	0.00565	0.05274	0.00000
NYSE	0.02333	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.01320	0.00000
Oil price	0.00292	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	−0.07065	−0.05535	−0.06001	−0.09956	−0.06491	−0.10650
China	0.00000	0.02429	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	0.00000	0.09031	−0.01531	0.00000	−0.04728	−0.08191
FFR	0.00000	−0.01027	0.00000	−0.07337	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.08298	0.00000	0.11181	0.00000	0.08644	0.00000
Variable	Pre-120	Post-120	Pre-150	Post-150	Pre-180	Post-180
€/$	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
NYSE	0.05410	0.00000	0.02893	0.00000	0.04384	0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	−0.00497	−0.08598	−0.01832	−0.07421	−0.02516	−0.07788
China	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.01425	0.00000
VIX	−0.09069	0.00000	−0.05761	0.00000	−0.04949	0.00000
FFR	0.00000	−0.03492	−0.00740	−0.00225	−0.01483	−0.00834
EPU	0.02202	0.00000	0.02258	0.00000	0.02380	0.00000

Notes: Same notes as in Table 3.

,

Table A3. PC-LASSO coefficients for Bitcoin cash.

Variable	Pre-30	Post-30	Pre-60	Post-60	Pre-90	Post-90
€/$	0.00000	0.02043	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	0.06636	0.00000	0.00762	0.00782	0.01986	0.00000
NYSE	−0.02661	−0.06739	−0.05978	0.00000	−0.05335	0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	−0.00465	0.00529	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.09794	0.00000	−0.10878
China	0.00000	0.00128	−0.01140	0.00000	−0.03693	0.00000
VIX	0.02349	0.02554	0.00924	−0.05607	0.00989	−0.00845
FFR	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.02171	0.00000
Variable	Pre-120	Post-120	Pre-150	Post-150	Pre-180	Post-180
€/$	0.00000	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
Gold	0.01163	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
NYSE	−0.09299	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
GTrends	0.00000	−0.08825		−0.07688		−0.08235
China	0.00000	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
VIX	0.02653	−0.00629		−0.01039		−0.00046
FFR	0.00000	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.00000		0.00000		0.00000

Notes: Results for pre-150 and pre-180 are not available since Bitcoin Cash began trading by 1 August 2017.

and

Table A4. PC-LASSO coefficients for Litecoin.

Variable	Pre-30	Post-30	Pre-60	Post-60	Pre-90	Post-90
€/$	0.00000	−0.11001	0.00000	−0.01104	0.00428	0.00000
Gold	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00674	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Oil price	0.02470	−0.00478	0.02981	0.00000	−0.01220	0.00000
GTrends	−0.09051	0.00000	−0.07668	−0.08981	−0.05857	−0.08395
China	0.02133	0.00000	0.08864	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.00148	−0.02796	−0.04056
FFR	0.00000	−0.11581	0.00000	−0.13053	0.00000	−0.12258
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Variable	Pre-120	Post-120	Pre-150	Post-150	Pre-180	Post-180
€/$	0.00000	0.00000	0.00877	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	0.04201	0.00000	0.01465	0.00000	0.00328	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.01919	0.00000	0.01539	0.00000	0.00803
Oil price	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
GTrends	−0.05496	−0.08195	−0.04049	−0.07049	−0.04516	−0.07398
China	0.00000	0.00000	0.00441	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
VIX	−0.03459	−0.04667	−0.03398	−0.04767	−0.03155	−0.04121
FFR	0.00000	−0.05128	−0.00172	−0.00206	0.00000	−0.00627
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00747	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000

Notes: Same notes as in Table 3.

presents PC-LASSO coefficients for Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin, successively. The findings for Ethereum highlight the importance of (i) search intensity in the pre-futures period for the samples between 30 and 60 days whereas it is €/$ for the samples of 90 days and more; (ii) search intensity in the post-futures period for the samples of 60 days and more. €/$ is observed to have a positive effect on Ethereum returns for the pre-futures period whereas search intensity has a negative effect for the post-futures period similar to Bitcoin. The findings for Ripple highlight the importance of (i) US EPU in the pre-futures period for the samples between 30 and 90 days whereas it is VIX for the samples of 120 and more; (ii) search intensity in the post-futures period for the samples of 60 days and more. Similar to Bitcoin, search intensity has a negative effect on Ripple returns for post-futures period, whereas US EPU has a positive and VIX has a negative effect for the pre-futures period. The findings for Bitcoin Cash highlight the importance of (i) gold in the pre-futures period for the sample of 30 days whereas it is NYSE for the samples between 60 and 120 days; (ii) search intensity in the post-futures period for the samples of 60 days and more. Similar to Bitcoin, search intensity is negatively affecting Bitcoin Cash returns for the post-futures period. In the pre-futures period, NYSE also has a negative effect. Lastly, the findings for Litecoin highlight the importance of (i) search intensity in the pre-futures period for the samples of 30 days and the samples of 90 days and more; (ii) FFR in the post-futures period for the samples between 30 and 90 days whereas it is search intensity for the samples of 120 days and more. Similar to Bitcoin, search intensity is negatively affecting Litecoin returns for post-futures period. FFR is also observed to have a negative effect on returns for the post-futures period for samples closer to the chosen break point. For the pre-futures period, search intensity is also found to have an overall negative effect.

The skewness and kurtosis statistics and Jarque-Bera test shown in Table 2 suggest the absence of normality for all variables. Following Katsiampa (2017) and Charles and Darné (2019), we estimate six GARCH models for all cryptocurrency returns under the existence of an exogenous variable (it is incorporated in two separate forms as pre and post-futures period), which is search intensity for Bitcoin and Litecoin as it stands out as the main driver from PC-LASSO, whereas for other cryptocurrencies, the most important variables in the pre-futures period are varying, i.e., €/$, VIX and NYSE for Ethereum, Ripple and Bitcoin Cash, respectively.

Table 4. GARCH-M Tests for Bitcoin for the sample of 360 days.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.3130 *	−0.2056	−0.3532	−0.3742 **	−0.0416	−0.4107 ***
	(0.1679)	(0.2005)	(0.6283)	(0.1508)	(0.1240)	(0.1140)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0685	−0.0722	−0.0674	−0.0499	−0.0440	−0.0802
	(0.0624)	(0.0559)	(0.0431)	(0.0562)	(0.0550)	(0.0513)
${\lambda }_2$	0.3772 *	0.2207	0.3676	0.4128 **	0.0489	0.4921 ***
	(0.2065)	(0.2474)	(0.6946)	(0.1998)	(0.1583)	(0.1692)
${\kappa }_{pre}$	0.0949	0.1363	0.0263	0.0854	0.1892 ***	0.1227 *
	(0.0992)	(0.0954)	(0.1860)	(0.0955)	(0.0610)	(0.0656)
${\kappa }_{post}$	−0.3078 ***	−0.2884 ***	−0.3625 ***	−0.3137 ***	−0.3172 ***	−0.3621 ***
	(0.0765)	(0.0781)	(0.1238)	(0.0962)	(0.0809)	(0.0690)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.2285 ***	0.2020 ***	−0.3394 **	0.1320 ***	0.8275 ***	0.6977 ***
	(0.0663)	(0.0552)	(0.1612)	(0.0414)	(0.1541)	(0.1206)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.1172 **	0.0547	0.0962	0.0816 ***	0.2421	0.1115
	(0.0467)	(0.0413)	(0.1447)	(0.0232)	(0.7781)	(0.2192)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.6147 ***	0.6530 ***	−0.1126	0.8061 ***	0.6998	0.7331 **
	(0.0917)	(0.0872)	(0.1403)	(0.0526)	(0.7025)	(0.3045)
${\mu }_{pre}$	0.4204 ***	0.4145 ***	0.6586 ***	0.1482 ***	0.1995 ***	0.2764 ***
	(0.0827)	(0.0547)	(0.1612)	(0.0256)	(0.0424)	(0.1016)
${\mu }_{post}$	0.1136	0.1314 *	0.3069 **	0.0561 *	0.2625 ***	0.0811
	(0.0703)	(0.0767)	(0.1553)	(0.0315)	(0.0884)	(0.0931)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.0914
		(0.0715)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.0804
			(0.0952)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.9594 ***
				(0.1210)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9601 ***	0.7914 ***
					(0.0199)	(0.1124)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					−0.1511	−0.0841
					(0.7997)	(0.2323)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.0703
						(0.0705)
AIC	2.5983	2.5829	2.6158	2.5616	2.5732	2.5839
SIC	2.7065	2.7019	2.7456	2.6806	2.7138	2.7353
LL	−456.40	−452.63	−457.53	−448.82	−448.88	−449.81
JB stat	16.5278	12.4547	16.9623	10.3891	10.7820	15.6510
	[0.0003]	[0.0020]	[0.0002]	[0.0055]	[0.0046]	[0.0004]
ARCH(5)	1.4018	1.5379	4.3657	0.7529	1.4881	0.7208
	[0.2229]	[0.1773]	[0.0007]	[0.5844]	[0.1930]	[0.6082]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	4.3556	4.6183	7.9512	2.5770	3.3294	5.0435
	[0.9300]	[0.9150]	[0.6340]	[0.9900]	[0.9730]	[0.8880]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Both for pre and post-futures period, search intensity is used as the exogeneous variable, according to PC-LASSO findings. Values in paranthesis are standard deviations. Values in brackets are p-values for the diagnostic test. Sample covers daily period between 13-Jun-17 and 7-Jun-18. AIC is Akaike Information Criterion, SIC is Schwarz Information Criterion, LL is Log-likelihood. There are 6 GARCH models used: GARCH: ${\sigma }_t^2=\omega +\alpha {ϵ}_{t-1}^2+\beta {\sigma }_{t-1}^2+{\mu }^{pre}{X}_t^{pre}+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. TGARCH: ${\sigma }_t^2=\omega +\alpha {ϵ}_{t-1}^2+\beta {\sigma }_{t-1}^2-\gamma {ϵ}_{t-1}^2{I}_{t-1}+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. EGARCH: $log\left({\sigma }_t^2\right)=\omega +\alpha (\frac{|{ϵ}_{t-1}|}{|{\sigma }_{t-1}|}-\sqrt{2/\pi })+\beta log\left({\sigma }_{t-1}^2\right)+\delta \frac{|{ϵ}_{t-1}|}{|{\sigma }_{t-1}|}+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. APARCH: ${\sigma }_t^{\delta }=\omega +\alpha \left(\right|{ϵ}_{t-1}{|-\gamma {ϵ}_{t-1})}^{\delta }+\beta {\sigma }_{t-1}^{\delta }+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. CGARCH: ${\sigma }_t^2=q_t+\alpha ({ϵ}_{t-1}^2-q_{t-1})+\beta ({\sigma }_{t-1}^2-q_{t-1})+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. $q_t=\omega +\rho (q_{t-1}-\omega )+\theta ({ϵ}_{t-1}^2-{\sigma }_{t-1}^2)$. ACGARCH: ${\sigma }_t^2=q_t+\alpha ({ϵ}_{t-1}^2-q_{t-1})+\gamma ({ϵ}_{t-1}^2-q_{t-1})D_{t-1}+\beta ({\sigma }_{t-1}^2-q_{t-1})+{\mu }^{post}{X}_t^{post}$. $q_t=\omega +\rho (q_{t-1}-\omega )+\theta ({ϵ}_{t-1}^2-{\sigma }_{t-1}^2)$.

reflects the results for all GARCH models for Bitcoin returns for the largest sample size of 360 days. ARCH(5), $Q^2\left(10\right)$ and JB are diagnostic test results for heteroscedasticity, serial correlation and normality for standardized residuals, successively. Empirical findings suggest APARCH as the best model according to log-likelihood and also information criteria. Diagnostics for the APARCH model are also appropriate since the hypotheses of no heteroscedasticity and no serial correlation have not failed or been rejected. The finding of negative impact of search intensity on returns for the post-future period is consistent with PC-LASSO findings. Moreover, search intensity is observed to be positively affecting volatility for both periods and the impact during pre-futures period is higher compared to the post-futures period. Last but not least, volatility is found to have a positive impact on Bitcoin returns, as observed in the mean equation.

Table A5. GARCH-M Tests for Ethereum for the sample of 360 days.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.4675 ***	−0.1141	−0.7912 *	−0.4358 ***	−0.2475 *	−0.7289 ***
	(0.1506)	(0.2416)	(0.4619)	(0.1685)	(0.1450)	(0.2204)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0350	−0.0010	−0.1585 ***	0.0251	−0.0992 **	−0.1089 **
	(0.0499)	(0.0572)	(0.0601)	(0.0489)	(0.0491)	(0.0525)
${\lambda }_2$	0.5264 ***	0.1282	0.7816	0.4585 **	0.2081	0.7805 ***
	(0.1727)	(0.2738)	(0.5049)	(0.2032)	(0.1660)	(0.2510)
${\kappa }_{pre}$	0.0555	0.0856	0.0417	0.0980 **	0.0488	0.0396
	(0.0891)	(0.0825)	(0.0796)	(0.0415)	(0.0575)	(0.0669)
${\kappa }_{post}$	−0.3571 ***	−0.2048 ***	−0.3597 ***	−0.2482 ***	−0.2984 ***	−0.4509 ***
	(0.0719)	(0.0761)	(0.1195)	(0.0719)	(0.0689)	(0.0735)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.7580 ***	0.1202 **	−0.4421 **	0.1502 ***	1.0254 ***	0.9304 ***
	(0.0680)	(0.0472)	(0.1838)	(0.0039)	(0.2319)	(0.1406)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.3373 ***	0.0819 **	0.3985 **	0.1696 ***	0.2683 ***	0.0889
	(0.0772)	(0.0327)	(0.1862)	(0.0324)	(0.0939)	(0.0679)
GARCH ($\beta$)	−0.1310 ***	0.7165 ***	−0.0340	0.7091 ***	−0.2371	0.1826
	(0.0461)	(0.0795)	(0.1689)	(0.0240)	(0.1661)	(0.1130)
${\mu }_{pre}$	0.0566	−0.0515	0.1132	−0.0196	0.0629	0.0142
	(0.1007)	(0.0609)	(0.1550)	(0.0182)	(0.0635)	(0.0512)
${\mu }_{post}$	0.2796 ***	0.2581 ***	0.3316 *	0.0888 ***	0.3164 ***	0.0753
	(0.0511)	(0.0645)	(0.1930)	(0.0302)	(0.1004)	(0.1232)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.1501 *
		(0.0873)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			0.0393
			(0.0979)
Variance Equation
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.1035
				(0.1412)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9480 ***	0.9361 ***
					(0.0323)	(0.0239)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0368	0.0057
					(0.0332)	(0.0235)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.3570 ***
						(0.1112)
AIC	2.6756	2.6935	2.6392	2.6934	2.5995	2.6234
SIC	2.7838	2.8125	2.7690	2.8124	2.7401	2.7748
LL	−470.27	−472.49	−461.73	−472.46	−453.60	−456.90
JB stat	33.30	33.54	38.92	26.12	43.18	64.73
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	1.9968	0.3147	0.0286	0.3058	1.2229	0.7757
	[0.0785]	[0.9040]	[0.8660]	[0.9093]	[0.2978]	[0.5678]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	1.3503	0.4346	1.9568	0.0000	0.8557	0.3332
	[0.2450]	[0.5100]	[0.0845]	[0.9950]	[0.3550]	[0.5640]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. During the pre-futures period, e$/\$$ is used as the exogeneous variable whereas it is search intensity for the post-futures period, according to PC-LASSO findings.

,

Table A6. GARCH-M Tests for Ripple for the sample of 360 days.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.2030	−0.3726 **	−0.2401 ***	−0.3679 ***	−0.2793 ***	−0.3668 ***
	(0.1602)	(0.1896)	(0.0798)	(0.0911)	(0.0770)	(0.0968)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0284	−0.0520	−0.0999 **	−0.2151 ***	−0.1066 **	−0.1031 **
	(0.0641)	(0.0639)	(0.0413)	(0.0400)	(0.0434)	(0.0440)
${\lambda }_2$	0.1545	0.3915 *	0.1310	0.4189 ***	0.1809 *	0.3061 **
	(0.2028)	(0.2380)	(0.1067)	(0.1167)	(0.1089)	(0.1267)
${\kappa }_{pre}$	−0.0228	0.0050	−0.0185	−0.0092	−0.0207	−0.0276
	(0.0238)	(0.0496)	(0.0257)	(0.0330)	(0.0233)	(0.0306)
${\kappa }_{post}$	−0.1985 **	−0.2365 ***	−0.1177 ***	−0.3163 ***	−0.1161 **	−0.1662 **
	(0.0900)	(0.0862)	(0.0457)	(0.0584)	(0.0453)	(0.0536)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.0587 ***	0.0840 ***	−0.2302 ***	0.2145 ***	0.5443 ***	0.5788 ***
	(0.0082)	(0.0118)	(0.0583)	(0.0303)	(0.1832)	(0.2172)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.1516 ***	0.2374 ***	0.2668 ***	−0.0512 ***	0.2191 ***	0.1181 *
	(0.0226)	(0.0376)	(0.0816)	(0.0080)	(0.0143)	(0.0661)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.7970 ***	0.7493 ***	0.9089 ***	0.8111 ***	−0.1932	−0.0921
	(0.0195)	(0.0245)	(0.0298)	(0.0328)	(0.1199)	(0.1309)
${\mu }_{pre}$	−0.0881 ***	−0.0980 ***	−0.2875 *	−0.1153 ***	−0.0532 ***	−0.0402
	(0.0230)	(0.0107)	(0.1482)	(0.0144)	(0.0204)	(0.0327)
${\mu }_{post}$	0.2080 ***	0.1444 **	0.2364	−0.0082	0.1896 ***	0.2470 ***
	(0.0557)	(0.0663)	(0.1602)	(0.0154)	(0.0537)	(0.0764)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		−0.1718 ***
		(0.0431)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			0.0857
			(0.0550)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.9995 ***
				(0.0125)
Variance Equation
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9788 ***	0.9864 ***
					(0.0120)	(0.0082)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0425 ***	0.0204 ***
					(0.0017)	(0.0078)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.2784 ***
						(0.0693)
AIC	2.5585	2.5409	2.3566	2.7027	2.3191	2.3491
SIC	2.6666	2.6599	2.4864	2.8217	2.4597	2.5006
LL	−449.24	−445.10	−411.01	−474.13	−403.27	−407.67
JB stat	432.02	314.41	511.96	514.13	703.90	822.11
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.9767	0.5925	0.6531	5.9086	1.2792	2.6045
	[0.4319]	[0.7057]	[0.6594]	[0.0000]	[0.2723]	[0.0249]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	3.1287	1.6729	1.5658	18.7030	0.1352	0.899
	[0.077]	[0.1960]	[0.2110]	[0.0000]	[0.7130]	[0.343]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. During the pre-futures period, VIX is used as the exogeneous variable whereas it is search intensity for the post-futures period, according to PC-LASSO findings.

,

Table A7. GARCH-M Tests for Bitcoin Cash for the sample of 360 days.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.6232 ***	−1.0192 ***	−0.4045 **	−1.1033 ***	−0.2813 *	−0.2343 *
	(0.2298)	(0.1967)	(0.1723)	(0.2288)	(0.1500)	(0.1366)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.1056	−0.0959	−0.0678	−0.1104 **	−0.0692	−0.0482
	(0.0729)	(0.0731)	(0.0547)	(0.0452)	(0.0531)	(0.0527)
${\lambda }_2$	0.6630 **	1.1014 ***	0.3151	1.2664 ***	0.1618	0.1037
	(0.2739)	(0.2369)	(0.2099)	(0.2646)	(0.1801)	(0.1631)
${\kappa }_{pre}$	0.0914 *	0.1226 **	0.0521	0.1622 ***	0.0500	0.0340
	(0.0505)	(0.0502)	(0.0452)	(0.0534)	(0.0423)	(0.0455)
${\kappa }_{post}$	−0.4645 ***	−0.4766 ***	−0.4100 ***	−0.3608 ***	−0.4021 ***	−0.3883 ***
	(0.0982)	(0.0912)	(0.0636)	(0.0680)	(0.0566)	(0.0560)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.3829 ***	0.5656 ***	−0.4941 ***	0.5197 ***	0.9669 ***	1.0479 ***
	(0.0762)	(0.0811)	(0.1333)	(0.0654)	(0.3132)	(0.4068)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.3385 ***	0.2685 ***	0.5618 ***	0.2139 ***	0.2204 *	0.2430
	(0.0902)	(0.0781)	(0.1903)	(0.0318)	(0.1331)	(0.1615)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.2665 **	−0.0186 ***	0.6070 ***	0.2823 ***	−0.0631	−0.0331
	(0.1088)	(0.0888)	(0.1368)	(0.0734)	(0.3172)	(0.3434)
${\mu }_{pre}$	−0.1618 ***	−0.1902 ***	−0.3808 ***	−0.0892 ***	−0.1414 ***	−0.1363 ***
	(0.0320)	(0.0223)	(0.1130)	(0.0164)	(0.0469)	(0.0389)
${\mu }_{post}$	0.1131	0.0857	0.1089	0.0169	0.1348	0.1493
	(0.1042)	(0.0908)	(0.1583)	(0.0215)	(0.1561)	(0.1572)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.3171 *
		(0.1808)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.0788
			(0.1228)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				−0.1077
				(0.1418)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.8328 ***	0.8829 ***
					(0.1183)	(0.0847)
Variance Equation
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.1400	0.1309
					(0.1092)	(0.0896)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						−0.0529
						(0.1951)
AIC	2.6339	2.6134	2.5097	2.6367	2.5085	2.5221
SIC	2.7522	2.7436	2.6517	2.7668	2.6622	2.6878
LL	−408.79	−404.54	−387.05	−408.23	−385.84	−387.02
JB stat	137.23	133.54	94.10	80.45	138.93	138.92
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.1644	0.1136	0.0713	0.1375	0.1831	0.1669
	[0.9754]	[0.9893]	[0.9964]	[0.9835]	[0.9689]	[0.9746]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.3046	0.1472	0.0689	0.0689	0.4737	0.3910
	[0.5810]	[0.7010]	[0.7930]	[0.7930]	[0.4910]	[0.5320]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. During the pre-futures period, NYSE is used as the exogeneous variable whereas it is search intensity for the post-futures period, according to PC-LASSO findings.

and

Table A8. GARCH-M Tests for Litecoin for the sample of 360 days.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.2591 **	−0.3346 **	−0.2956 *	−0.0290	0.0143	−0.0695
	(0.1023)	(0.1305)	(0.1647)	(0.1509)	(0.1212)	(0.0986)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0041	−0.0641	−0.1441 ***	−0.0292	−0.1207 ***	−0.1217 ***
	(0.0637)	(0.0622)	(0.0275)	(0.0334)	(0.0399)	(0.0433)
${\lambda }_2$	0.2570 *	0.3780 **	0.1754	0.0390	−0.1744	−0.0747
	(0.1438)	(0.1828)	(0.1950)	(0.1869)	(0.1460)	(0.1267)
${\kappa }_{pre}$	0.0253	−0.0189	−0.1171 **	−0.1266 **	−0.0650	−0.0460
	(0.0801)	(0.0874)	(0.0522)	(0.0573)	(0.0450)	(0.0508)
${\kappa }_{post}$	−0.2611 ***	−0.2991 ***	−0.3790 ***	−0.2443 ***	−0.3271 ***	−0.3104 ***
	(0.0809)	(0.0774)	(0.0459)	(0.0825)	(0.0494)	(0.0545)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.0965 ***	0.1537 ***	−0.6286 ***	0.0822 ***	0.6497 ***	0.5583 ***
	(0.0323)	(0.0344)	(0.1741)	(0.0269)	(0.1592)	(0.1470)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.2172 ***	0.3231 ***	0.3897 **	0.1139 ***	0.0748	0.0768 *
	(0.0530)	(0.0713)	(0.1734)	(0.0280)	(0.0718)	(0.0453)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.6795 ***	0.6257 ***	−0.3831 ***	0.8302 ***	−0.3088	0.6554 ***
	(0.0667)	(0.0665)	(0.1172)	(0.0458)	(0.7181)	(0.1820)
${\mu }_{pre}$	0.1961 ***	0.2489 ***	0.2828 **	0.0649 ***	0.1090 **	0.1565 ***
	(0.0395)	(0.0299)	(0.1221)	(0.0100)	(0.0503)	(0.0283)
${\mu }_{post}$	0.0853	0.0959	0.1969	0.0597 **	0.2085 ***	0.2068 **
	(0.0888)	(0.0979)	(0.1561)	(0.0261)	(0.0751)	(0.0978)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		−0.2961 ***
		(0.0833
EGARCH ($\delta$)			0.1859
			(0.1357)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				−0.6354 ***
				(0.1680)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9553 ***	0.9822 ***
					(0.0248)	(0.0010)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0355 *	−0.0063
					(0.0207)	(0.0089)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.1005
						(0.1129)
AIC	2.5709	2.5505	2.4590	2.5828	2.4463	2.4261
SIC	2.6791	2.6694	2.5888	2.7018	2.5869	2.5775
LL	−451.48	−446.81	−429.39	−452.61	−426.11	−421.48
JB stat	163.564	144.089	1134.740	162.583	372.786	171.846
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.6315	0.9938	4.6074	1.1945	0.9658	0.8211
	[0.6758]	[0.4214]	[0.0004]	[0.3114]	[0.4387]	[0.5353]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.1111	0.3153	0.1323	0.1113	0.7483	0.1809
	[0.7390]	[0.5740]	[0.7160]	[0.7390]	[0.3870]	[0.6710]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Both for the pre and post-futures period, search intensity is used as the exogenous variable, according to PC-LASSO findings.

suggest that search intensity has a negative effect on returns for the post-future period for all other cryptocurrencies, as well. These results are in line with PC-LASSO findings for altcoins. Moreover, search intensity is observed to be positively affecting the conditional volatilities of altcoins except for Bitcoin Cash.

As an additional robustness analysis, a recovery period (the period is selected informally by eyeballing from 15 December 2018 up to the latest available (8 August 2019)) is checked to investigate the recent behaviours of cryptocurrency returns.

Table A9. PC-LASSO coefficients for recovery period.

Variable	Bitcoin	Ethereum	Ripple	Bitcoin Cash	Litecoin
€/$	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
Gold	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
NYSE	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.01234	0.00000
Oil price	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	−0.01177	0.00000
GTrends	0.12767	0.07840	0.08463	0.10887	0.06412
China	0.00000	0.03764	0.00000	0.00000	0.00097
VIX	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
FFR	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
EPU	0.00000	0.00000	0.00168	0.00000	0.03764

Notes: Sample covers daily period between 15-Dec-2018 and 8-Aug-2019.

presents PC-LASSO coefficients for the relevant period. Search intensity is again observed to be the main driver not only for Bitcoin returns but also for all other cryptocurrency returns.

Table A10. GARCH-M Tests for Bitcoin for the recovery period.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	0.4170 ***	0.2853 *	−0.2034 ***	−0.1562 ***	−0.2102 *	−0.2223 *
	(0.1128)	(0.1701)	(0.0447)	(0.0464)	(0.1187)	(0.1182)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0402	−0.0915 **	−0.1196 **	−0.1488 **	−0.1289 **	−0.1189 **
	(0.0487)	(0.0455)	(0.0496)	(0.0738)	(0.0542)	(0.0469)
${\lambda }_2$	−0.5829 ***	−0.4114 *	0.2869 ***	0.1657	0.2905 *	0.2947 *
	(0.1413)	(0.2227)	(0.0972)	(0.1109)	(0.1610)	(0.1582)
$\kappa$	0.3929 ***	0.3087 ***	0.1316 ***	0.0774 *	0.2140 ***	0.1964 ***
	(0.0703)	(0.0753)	(0.0386)	(0.0466)	(0.0493)	(0.0493)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.2883 ***	0.2987 ***	0.0164 ***	0.0061	0.6080 ***	0.5983 ***
	(0.0355)	(0.0380)	(0.0061)	(0.0044)	(0.2184)	(0.1820)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.1649 ***	0.1241 ***	−0.0385 ***	0.0307 ***	−0.0265	−0.0940
	(0.0317)	(0.0340)	(0.0098)	(0.0092)	(0.0927)	(0.0915)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.4425 ***	0.4513 ***	0.9953 ***	0.9723 ***	−0.3160	0.8987 ***
	(0.0500)	(0.0467)	(0.0057)	(0.0097)	(2.6136)	(0.3353)
$\mu$	0.4401 ***	0.4229 ***	0.5865 ***	0.1269 ***	0.2188 ***	0.2512 ***
	(0.0378)	(0.0314)	(0.0909)	(0.0144)	(0.0618)	(0.0658)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		−0.0374
		(0.0534)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.0824
			(0.0523)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.9463 ***
				(0.2114)
Variance Equation
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9338 ***	0.9356 ***
					(0.0286)	(0.0260)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0751	0.0699
					(0.0478)	(0.0936)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.0303
						(0.0929)
AIC	2.4232	2.4650	2.0630	2.1581	2.2378	2.2266
SIC	2.5406	2.5971	2.2098	2.2902	2.3993	2.4027
LL	−277.93	−281.86	−233.44	−245.65	−253.06	−250.73
JB stat	16.16	35.23	297.92	11.07	22.71	24.12
	[0.0003]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0039]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	2.6733	6.4518	0.4024	1.0228	0.1956	1.4488
	[0.0227]	[0.0000]	[0.8469]	[0.4050]	[0.9640]	[0.2078]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.7854	0.3883	1.5919	0.4933	0.1204	0.1141
	[0.3760]	[0.5330]	[0.2070]	[0.4820]	[0.7290]	[0.7350]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Same notes as in Table A9.

,

Table A11. GARCH-M Tests for Ethereum for the recovery period.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.2035 ***	−0.2195 ***	−0.1775 **	−0.1501	−0.2376 **	−0.2310 **
	(0.0785)	(0.0427)	(0.0814)	(0.0895)	(0.1130)	(0.1067)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.1447 *	−0.1403 *	−0.1867 ***	−0.1609 **	−0.1786 ***	−0.1743 ***
	(0.0791)	(0.0730)	(0.0462)	(0.0662)	(0.0499)	(0.0459)
${\lambda }_2$	0.2071 *	0.2351 **	0.1266	0.1640	0.2266	0.1975
	(0.1105)	(0.0984)	(0.1187)	(0.1365)	(0.1448)	(0.1352)
$\kappa$	0.1189 *	0.1065 *	0.0666	0.1046 *	0.1393 ***	0.1103 **
	(0.0678)	(0.0636)	(0.0436)	(0.0568)	(0.0466)	(0.0469)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.0379 **	0.0266 *	0.0219 *	−0.0117 *	0.5357 ***	0.5919 ***
	(0.0179)	(0.0152)	(0.0127)	(0.0060)	(0.0836)	(0.2265)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.0907 ***	0.0569 **	−0.0387 ***	0.0153	0.0805	0.0610
	(0.0296)	(0.0232)	(0.0141)	(0.0259)	(0.1146)	(0.0938)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.8586 ***	0.8947 ***	1.0114 ***	1.0003 ***	0.2420	0.8529 ***
	(0.0371)	(0.0334)	(0.0064)	(0.0185)	(0.6634)	(0.2367)
$\mu$	0.2575 ***	0.2397 ***	0.3568 ***	0.0824 ***	0.1773 ***	0.2032 ***
	(0.0365)	(0.0391)	(0.0660)	(0.0080)	(0.0558)	(0.0787)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.0109
		(0.0223)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			0.0264
			(0.0425)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.8462 *
				(0.4909)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9785 ***	0.9730 ***
					(0.0018)	(0.0144)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					−0.0123	−0.0055
					(0.0219)	(0.0553)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						−0.0392
						(0.0842)
AIC	2.6108	2.6056	2.3896	2.4999	2.4252	2.4305
SIC	2.7282	2.7377	2.5364	2.6320	2.5867	2.6066
LL	−300.07	−298.46	−271.98	−285.98	−275.18	−274.79
JB stat	54.14	52.86	191.67	13.41	34.27	40.47
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0012]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.2800	0.1706	2.1382	0.3198	0.6598	0.3411
	[0.9238]	[0.9733]	[0.0619]	[0.9008]	[0.6543]	[0.8876]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.2520	0.0423	8.5346	0.1539	0.0277	0.0224
	[0.6160]	[0.8370]	[0.0030]	[0.6950]	[0.8680]	[0.8810]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Same notes as in Table A9.

,

Table A12. GARCH-M Tests for Ripple for the recovery period.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.1765 ***	−0.2225 ***	−0.1429 ***	−0.1293 ***	−0.2057 *	−0.2234 **
	(0.0671)	(0.0342)	(0.0554)	(0.0463)	(0.1109)	(0.1027)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.1838 ***	−0.1641 **	−0.2038 ***	−0.2528 ***	−0.2280 ***	−0.2265 ***
	(0.0692)	(0.0776)	(0.0514)	(0.0442)	(0.0623)	(0.0585)
${\lambda }_2$	0.2086 *	0.2670 ***	0.1651 **	0.0602	0.2838	0.3197 *
	(0.1123)	(0.0797)	(0.0841)	(0.0438)	(0.1767)	(0.1701)
$\kappa$	0.1014	0.0832	0.0664	0.0131	0.1272 ***	0.1071 **
	(0.0695)	(0.0594)	(0.0434)	(0.0533)	(0.0468)	(0.0469)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.0673 ***	0.1285 ***	0.0532 ***	0.0256 **	0.3265 ***	0.2899 ***
	(0.0194)	(0.0296)	(0.0008)	(0.0115)	(0.0714)	(0.0056)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.0813 **	0.0992	−0.0952 ***	0.1123 ***	0.1259 *	0.0367
	(0.0362)	(0.0666)	(0.0046)	(0.0291)	(0.0698)	(0.0665)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.8110 ***	0.6376 ***	0.9899 ***	0.8918 ***	0.4824	0.6058
	(0.0467)	(0.0596)	(0.0073)	(0.0260)	(0.3141)	(0.3766)
$\mu$	0.2843 ***	0.3420 ***	0.5179 ***	0.1591 ***	0.1469 ***	0.1366 ***
	(0.0317)	(0.0374)	(0.0458)	(0.0164)	(0.0327)	(0.0313)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.1726 *
		(0.1000)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.1243 ***
			(0.0447)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.7351 ***
				(0.1863)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9378 ***	0.9303 ***
					(0.0037)	(0.0237)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0327	0.0363
					(0.0287)	(0.0354)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.0551
						(0.0869)
AIC	2.4175	2.4266	2.1666	2.2814	2.3181	2.2987
SIC	2.5349	2.5587	2.3134	2.4135	2.4795	2.4748
LL	−277.27	−277.34	−245.66	−260.21	−262.53	−259.24
JB stat	79.59	70.53	362.77	6.93	147.43	173.41
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0313]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.6538	0.7382	3.5939	0.8075	0.3923	0.4899
	[0.6589]	[0.5956]	[0.0038]	[0.5453]	[0.8538]	[0.7837]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.5331	0.0374	11.4740	0.5719	0.0107	0.3417
	[0.4650]	[0.8470]	[0.0010]	[0.4490]	[0.9170]	[0.5590]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Same notes as in Table A9.

,

Table A13. GARCH-M Tests for Bitcoin Cash for the recovery period.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_0$	−0.2111	−0.2262	−0.5563 ***	−0.1677	−0.4240 ***	−0.4109 ***
	(0.1840)	(0.1725)	(0.1284)	(0.1157)	(0.0862)	(0.1056)
${\lambda }_1$	−0.1564 *	−0.1327	−0.1912 ***	−0.1406 ***	−0.1818 ***	−0.1446 ***
	(0.0900)	(0.0973)	(0.0240)	(0.0542)	(0.0306)	(0.0379)
${\lambda }_2$	0.1940	0.2124	0.6017 ***	0.1159	0.3802 ***	0.4311 ***
	(0.2768)	(0.2668)	(0.1799)	(0.1966)	(0.1062)	(0.1458)
$\kappa$	0.1499 ***	0.1352 ***	−0.0638	0.0233	−0.0005	0.0386
	(0.0494)	(0.0500)	(0.0459)	(0.0695)	(0.0173)	(0.0388)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.2277 ***	0.1930 ***	−0.5416 ***	0.0575 ***	0.6733 ***	0.6241 ***
	(0.0436)	(0.0387)	(0.1130)	(0.0121)	(0.2453)	(0.1464)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.3782 ***	0.2911 ***	0.4422 ***	0.0406 **	0.2773 **	0.0662
	(0.0804)	(0.0596)	(0.1066)	(0.0217)	(0.1270)	(0.0821)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.3272 ***	0.3941 ***	0.5845 ***	0.9059 ***	−0.0356	−0.1009
	(0.0851)	(0.0873)	(0.0846)	(0.0186)	(0.1541)	(0.1195)
$\mu$	0.2839 ***	0.2778 ***	0.6286 ***	0.1217 ***	0.2037 ***	0.1853 ***
	(0.0345)	(0.0344)	(0.1053)	(0.0200)	(0.0771)	(0.0631)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.1419
		(0.1403)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.0410
			(0.0710)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				0.9941 ***
				(0.0675)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.8414 ***	0.8337 ***
					(0.0656)	(0.0674)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					0.0569	0.0021
					(0.0937)	(0.0319)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.3304 **
						(0.1424)
AIC	2.3033	2.3107	2.0289	2.1924	2.0589	2.0692
SIC	2.4207	2.4428	2.1757	2.3245	2.2204	2.2453
LL	−263.79	−263.67	−229.41	−249.70	−231.95	−232.17
JB stat	43.14	46.60	126.81	50.92	93.88	114.54
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	1.1687	1.2851	0.4671	0.4418	0.7987	0.4301
	[0.3255]	[0.2712]	[0.8005]	[0.8190]	[0.5516]	[0.8274]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.8169	0.4563	0.2478	0.6182	1.0492	0.3069
	[0.3660]	[0.4990]	[0.6190]	[0.4320]	[0.3060]	[0.5800]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Same notes as in Table A9.

and

Table A14. GARCH-M Tests for Litecoin for the recovery period.

	GARCH	TGARCH	EGARCH	APARCH	CGARCH	ACGARCH
Mean Equation
${\lambda }_1$	−0.0713	−0.0241	−0.0111	−0.0584	−0.0675	−0.1011 ***
	(0.0611)	(0.0679)	(0.0714)	(0.0484)	(0.0687)	(0.0128)
${\lambda }_2$	−0.0973 *	−0.0140	0.5668	−0.0054	−0.0309	−0.1239 **
	(0.0526)	(0.0739)	(0.4937)	(0.0455)	(0.0718)	(0.0574)
$\kappa$	0.0871	0.0587	−0.0238	0.0402	0.0155	0.0749
	(0.0586)	(0.0712)	(0.0959)	(0.0680)	(0.0633)	(0.0555)
Variance Equation
$\omega$	0.2765	0.1619 **	−0.1000 *	0.0442 ***	0.9047 ***	1.0285 ***
	(0.1764)	(0.0636)	(0.0525)	(0.0171)	(0.0457)	(0.1838)
ARCH ($\alpha$)	0.1750	0.0022	0.0915	−0.0207	0.0910 **	0.0594
	(0.1256)	(0.0199)	(0.0654)	(0.0229)	(0.0367)	(0.0851)
GARCH ($\beta$)	0.5767 ***	0.7714 ***	0.8115 ***	0.9664 ***	0.7361 ***	0.4306
	(0.2034)	(0.0808)	(0.0876)	(0.0273)	(0.1177)	(0.2625)
$\mu$	0.3130 **	0.4084 ***	0.3061 ***	0.0538 ***	0.2760 ***	0.2720 ***
	(0.1417)	(0.0825)	(0.0965)	(0.0155)	(0.0561)	(0.0830)
TGARCH ($\gamma$)		0.1343
		(0.0874)
EGARCH ($\delta$)			−0.1216 *
			(0.0678)
APARCH ($\gamma$)				−0.7531
				(1.1979)
(A)CGARCH ($\rho$)					0.9192	0.9524 ***
					(0.0102	(0.0216)
(A)CGARCH ($\theta$)					−0.0754 ***	−0.0314
					(0.0182)	(0.0269)
ACGARCH ($\gamma$)						0.3516 **
						(0.1474)
AIC	2.6401	2.7415	2.7525	2.7384	2.6236	2.5969
SIC	2.7575	2.8589	2.8846	2.8558	2.7703	2.7584
LL	−303.53	−315.50	−315.80	−315.13	−299.58	−295.44
JB stat	456.38	180.95	296.19	233.12	141.80	135.54
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
ARCH(5)	0.1269	0.0971	0.1219	0.1676	0.0445	0.1827
	[0.9862]	[0.9925]	[0.9874]	[0.9743]	[0.9988]	[0.9689]
$Q^2\left(10\right)$	0.1793	0.0284	0.0187	0.0178	0.0015	0.2114
	[0.6720]	[0.8660]	[0.8910]	[0.8940]	[0.9690]	[0.6460]

Notes: (*), (**) and (***) denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%, successively. Same notes as in Table A9.

provides GARCH results for the recovery period. As an exogenous variable, search intensity is incorporated both into the conditional mean and the variance equations for all cryptocurrencies during the recovery period. GARCH tests reflect that search intensity is increasing the conditional volatilities of all cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, whereas the impact on returns is strictly positive only for Bitcoin.

4. Conclusions

This study investigates the behaviour of cryptocurrencies before and after the launch of Bitcoin futures market by 10 December 2017. Several potential drivers of cryptocurrency returns are investigated using the PC-LASSO test for different sample sizes around the neighborhood of the launch date. The results suggest Google search intensity as the most important variable for Bitcoin returns for all samples. However, the sign of the effect is changing depending on the pre and post-periods. Search intensity is observed to have a positive impact on Bitcoin returns during pre period, whereas it is negative during the post period. For other cryptocurrency returns, search intensity is generally observed to be the main driver during the post-futures period. However, the main driver is varying depending on the sample and the cryptocurrency during the pre-futures period, yet during the post-futures period, they are mainly affected by the same indicator, i.e., search intensity. Hence, we may interpret this finding as suggesting that altcoins are substitutes for Bitcoin before the introduction of the futures market; however, this result may not hold during the post-futures period.

Moreover, volatilities are examined so as to further investigate the behaviour of the cryptocurrencies. Several GARCH models are tested using the largest sample size of 360 days with the exogeneous variables determined by PC-LASSO. The effect of post-futures search intensity is observed to have a negative impact on all cryptocurrency returns, which is in line with PC-LASSO findings. According to the GARCH models, search intensity is increasing the volatility of cryptocurrency returns except for Bitcoin Cash.

As a further analysis, for the recovery period, the PC-LASSO results suggest that the same indicator, search intensity, is the most important and has an effect in the same direction, something that may be interpreted to imply that these cryptocurrencies are no longer substitutes. Last but not least, the main driver, search intensity, incorporated into the GARCH models, is observed to be increasing conditional volatilities of all cryptocurrencies, whereas the impact on conditional returns is positive for Bitcoin but is not effective for the rest of the altcoins. To conclude, our empirical findings suggest that the top five cryptocurrencies are substitutes before the launch of Bitcoin futures. However, this effect is lost and, moreover, there are spillover effects on altcoins during both the post and the recovery period. As a policy recommendation, it may be suggested that holding different cryptocurrencies may not be an optimal risk diversification policy as the most traded cryptocurrencies tend to be mainly affected by the same indicator and in the same direction.