The Soil Seed Bank Role in Mountainous Heathland Ecosystems after Fire and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Vegetation Analysis
2.4. Soil Seed Bank Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Initial Vegetation Differences between Sites
3.2. Soil Seed Bank Differences among Sites
3.3. Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank Comparisons
3.4. Seedlings Establishment after Controlled Fire
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Riopinos I | Riopinos II | San Isidro | |
---|---|---|---|
Relative moisture (%) | 40 | 56 | 62 |
Wind speed (m s−1) | 2.4 | 1.6 | - |
Air temperature (°C) | 20 | 17 | 16 |
Average fuel loading (kg m−2) | |||
Calluna vulgaris | 2.02 | 2.10 | 1.95 |
Erica tetralix | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
Sites | San Isidro | Riopinos I | Riopinos II |
---|---|---|---|
UTM: 30TUN | 3082 47694 | 3035 47687 | 3007 47685 |
Altitude (m a.s.l.) | 1620 | 1660 | 1560 |
Woody species | |||
Calluna vulgaris L. (Hull) | 65.7 ± 4.1 | 67.9 ± 5.0 | 67 ± 5.5 |
Genista tridentata L. | 0.2 ± 0.31 | - | - |
Cytisus oromediterraneus Rivas Mart. & al. | 0.3 ± 0.4 | - | - |
Erica australis L. | - | 5.5 ± 8.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Erica tetralix L. | 24.1 ± 16.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 36.0 ± 18.2 |
Ulex minor Roth | - | - | 1.5 ± 3.0 |
Vacciniun myrtillus L. | 14.6 ± 5.3 | 2.7 ± 3.2 | 2.2 ± 1.1 |
Vacciniun uliginosum L. | 4.4 ± 6.1 | - | - |
Polygala microphylla L. | 0.2 ± 0.4 | - | 0.02 ± 0.05 |
Herbs | |||
Carex muricata L. | 1.1 ± 1.3 | - | 0.2 ±0.3 |
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 0.9 |
Festuca rubra L. | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | - |
Hieracium pilosella L. | 0.1 ± 0.2 | - | - |
Jasione montana L. | 0.5 ± 0.9 | - | - |
Juncus squarrosus L. | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 2.9 |
Nardus stricta L. | 5.1 ± 0.9 | - | 5.9 ± 4.4 |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. | 1.3 ± 1.2 | - | 1.3 ± 2 |
Life forms | |||
Woody | 109.5 ± 13.9 | 75.1 ± 1.9 | 106.8 ± 12.3 |
Annual herbs | 0.5 ± 0.9 | - | - |
Perennial herbs | 17.1 ± 4.7 | 1.3 ± 2.3 | 10.6 ± 8.5 |
Mean % of Bare soil | 51.2 ± 5.4 | 60.2 ± 3.4 | 38.9 ± 5.6 |
Sites | San Isidro | Riopinos I | Riopinos II | |||
UTM: 30TUN | 3082 47694 | 3035 47687 | 3007 47685 | |||
Altitude (m. asl.) | 1620 | 1660 | 1560 | |||
Species/seed/m2 | Upper Stratum | Lower Stratum | Upper Stratum | Lower Stratum | Upper Stratum | Lower Stratum |
Woody species | ||||||
Calluna vulgaris | 18,100.00 | 5353.125 | 9725.00 | 2750.0 | 13,821.88 | 4253.125 |
Erica australis | 46.88 | 6.25 | 3.13 | - | 3.13 | - |
Erica tetralix | 3.13 | 12.5 | 9.38 | - | 31.25 | 9.375 |
Daboecia cantabrica (Huds.) K.Koch | 806.25 | 159.375 | 3.13 | 3.125 | 1,062.50 | 787.5 |
Vaccinium myrtillus | 3.13 | - | 6.25 | 6.25 | 9.38 | 6.25 |
Genista sp. | 3.13 | - | - | - | - | - |
Herbs | ||||||
Carex sp. | 31.25 | 40.625 | 6.25 | - | 3.13 | 18.75 |
Juncus squarrosus | 690.63 | 2206.25 | 40.63 | 21.875 | 1462.50 | 1253.125 |
Agrostis capillaris L. | 575.00 | 343.75 | 6.25 | 9.375 | 1675.00 | 1300 |
Rumex acetosella L. | 3.13 | 31.25 | 28.13 | 12.5 | 12.50 | 6.25 |
Galimu saxatile L. | 6.25 | 6.25 | - | - | 28.13 | 100 |
Geranium sp L. | 0.00 | 3.125 | 3.13 | 3.125 | - | - |
Potentilla erecta | 0.00 | 3.125 | - | - | - | - |
Potentilla erecta | 0.00 | 3.125 | - | - | - | - |
Leontodon pyrenaicus Gouan | 18.75 | 15.625 | - | - | - | - |
Sonchus sp. L. | 0.00 | 3.125 | - | - | - | - |
Thymelaea sp. Mill | 3.13 | - | - | - | - | - |
Jasione montana | - | - | - | - | - | 3.125 |
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Alday, J.G.; Calvo, L.; Rodríguez, J.L.F.; Valbuena, L. The Soil Seed Bank Role in Mountainous Heathland Ecosystems after Fire and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization. Forests 2023, 14, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020226
Alday JG, Calvo L, Rodríguez JLF, Valbuena L. The Soil Seed Bank Role in Mountainous Heathland Ecosystems after Fire and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization. Forests. 2023; 14(2):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020226
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlday, Josu G., Leonor Calvo, José Luis Fernández Rodríguez, and Luz Valbuena. 2023. "The Soil Seed Bank Role in Mountainous Heathland Ecosystems after Fire and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization" Forests 14, no. 2: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020226
APA StyleAlday, J. G., Calvo, L., Rodríguez, J. L. F., & Valbuena, L. (2023). The Soil Seed Bank Role in Mountainous Heathland Ecosystems after Fire and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization. Forests, 14(2), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020226