A Comprehensive Review of Biochar Utilization for Low-Carbon Flexible Asphalt Pavements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Research Question
2.2. Study Scientometric Search Approach and Criteria
2.3. Screening
2.4. Eligibility Criteria
2.5. Descriptive Results Analysis
3. Biochar
3.1. Biochar Sources
3.2. Biochar Production Process
3.2.1. Pyrolysis
3.2.2. Gasification
3.2.3. Hydrothermal Process
3.3. Biochar Characteristics and Modification Methods
Raw Material | Production Process | Temp.(°C) | pH Value | Surface Area (m2/g) | Dry Basis Proximate Analysis (%) | Dry Basis Ultimate Analysis (%) | Ref. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MC | AC | VM | FC | C | O | H | N | ||||||
Rice straw | Pyrolysis | 400 | 6.7 | - | - | 47.92 | 38.21 | - | 37.2 | 12.4 | 1.20 | 1.30 | [37] |
Switchgrass | Pyrolysis | 500 | 10.8 | 188 | - | 7.80 | - | - | 84.4 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 1.1 | [48] |
Sugarcane | Pyrolysis | 450 | - | 1.40 | 20.11 | - | 78.60 | 57.3 | - | 1.90 | 0.90 | [49] | |
Nutshell | Pyrolysis | 900 | 9.7 | 230 | - | 40.4 | - | 55.5 | 2.0 | 0.90 | 0.47 | [50] | |
Bamboo | Pyrolysis | 550 | - | 43.9 | 1.80 | 9.70 | 15.1 | 73.5 | 78.1 | - | 2.00 | 0.7 | [49] |
Wood waste | Gasification | 789 | - | - | 25.11 | 1.11 | 79.91 | 19.01 | 49.9 | 43.5 | 5.6 | 0.10 | [51] |
Cornstalk | Gasification | 800 | - | 342.30 | - | - | - | - | 70.70 | - | 2.10 | 0.70 | [52] |
Pinewood | Pyrolysis | 450 | - | 166 | - | 5.0 | 8.20 | - | 81.4 | 15.3 | 2.99 | 0.3 | [37] |
Swine manure | Pyrolysis | 500 | 10.48 | 47.51 | - | 48.43 | 10.98 | - | 42.68 | - | - | - | [37] |
Waste sea plant | Hydrothermal | 200 | 5.31 | - | - | 19.43 | - | - | 45.42 | 26.30 | 5.14 | 3.60 | [53] |
Algae waste | Pyrolysis | 300–700 | - | - | - | - | - | 50.5 | 31.0 | 7.6 | 11.0 | [54] | |
Wetland waste | Hydrothermal | - | 7.71 | - | - | 14.52 | - | - | 59.10 | 17.01 | 5.45 | 3.14 | [53] |
Municipal sludge | Pyrolysis | 500 | 8.8 | - | - | 74.19 | - | - | 17.5 | 11.0 | 0.9 | 1.50 | [55] |
Domestic sludge | Pyrolysis | 400 | 7.3 | - | - | 37.1 | 35.0 | - | 43.0 | 3.4 | 8.1 | 8.1 | [37] |
4. Biochar Applications in the Flexible Asphalt Pavement
5. Biochar Interaction with Asphalt
6. Biochar as a Carbon-Neutral Material for Flexible Asphalt Pavement Applications
7. Discussion
7.1. Key Findings
- It has been discovered that utilizing biochar can positively impact the environment by lowering the carbon emissions generated by natural resource exploration and usage. By integrating biochar as a paving material, waste disposal and landfilling problems can be addressed.
- Most of the methods employed in the literature for utilizing biochar in the asphalt industry are still in the laboratory and pilot phases, and additional testing is required before they can be prevalently used. In addition, limited research has been conducted on the application of biochar in the asphalt pavement industry under real axle loading conditions over a specific period or using full-scale field pavement testing.
- Moreover, no standard criteria or specifications for the formulation, design, and production of biochar-modified asphalt binders and mixtures on a large scale have been established to encourage stakeholders and professionals to use biochar asphalt pavement construction. This is because most research has mainly utilized laboratory tests to determine the optimal amount.
- The review, data analysis, and graphical representations and mapping will assist innovative scholars in establishing scholarly connections, developing joint projects, and working to increase the use of biochar in flexible asphalt pavement construction.
- This review describes the various approaches that can be employed to utilize biochar in asphalt binders and mixtures, supported by experimental evidence and results based on guidelines and methodologies.
7.2. Motivation, and Potentials of Employing Biochar in the Pavement
- Biochar is a sustainable and environmentally friendly substance as opposed to conventionally synthesized modifiers. Biochar has a higher potential for sustainability, according to research findings, as evidenced by its positive and improved performance in relevant literary works.
- Because they are locally created, biomaterials are affordable and made from renewable resources. They also consume less energy than materials made from petroleum and are more environmentally friendly, with low and heavy metal leaching and radioactivity.
- The need for disposal facilities can be reduced by using bio-asphalt binders made from bio-waste or biomass sources, thereby lowering carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, because CO2 is naturally converted to biomaterials, it does not emit greenhouse gases.
- The utilization of biochar in asphalt binders has the potential to be a promising bio-asphalt for asphalt pavements. However, further research into low- and intermediate-temperature performances is recommended. Thus, biochar composites using more sustainable and environmentally friendly materials can be incorporated to improve performance at low temperatures.
- Biochar is also a potential material for use in sustainable, innovative, and game-changing carbon-neutral technologies to reduce the adverse effects of CO2 emissions during asphalt pavement mixing and production. Furthermore, biochar is less hazardous as a modifier than other chemical modifiers.
- The integration of multiple technologies, such as biochar, bio-asphalt binders, cold mix asphalt, and the use of other waste material technologies, will result in a paradigm shift in research directions for more economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable asphalt pavement construction.
7.3. Drawbacks and Limitations of Employing Biochar in Flexible Asphalt Pavement
- The chemical components, aging, compatibility, and elemental composition of biochar from various sources with various types of asphalt binders and mixtures should be investigated. Furthermore, the use of experimental scale procedures for assessment, which do not accurately reflect field procedures and performance, necessitates the adoption of new and more effective approaches.
- Waste material management is due to inadequate infrastructure and facilities for large-scale waste material adoption, as well as inefficient waste material processing and conversion equipment.
- There were no specifications on the effects of the technological production method on the final mixing result, nor was there detailed information on the costs, resources, timelines, and general implementation information required for field production. Many discoveries and assessments have been made in the research laboratory.
- Another issue is the location of alternative binders for road pavements that can withstand varying loads and environmental conditions. However, well-designed and built asphalt pavements depreciate during their service life because of the environment and increased traffic loading.
- According to the literature, biochar is better suited for use in tropical and subtropical regions because of its poor performance at low temperatures. Consequently, its application is restricted to low-temperature regions.
- There are concerns regarding policymaking and regulation due to a lack of strict guidelines and a designated entity to regulate the utilization of biomass waste and adherence to relevant national policies and standards. In addition, there are no design specifications or procedures for the use of biochar in various scenarios, such as extreme cold, heat, or changing weather patterns.
- Another major hurdle is the production of an asphalt pavement modified with biochar that has adequate workability and mechanical performance, with a varied range of traffic flow and environmental factors, and requires less energy to produce, with fewer carbon emissions. In addition, there is a lack of studies on the molecular-level interface properties of biochar and pavement materials.
8. Conclusions
- Research findings on biochar and its use in asphalt modification show that aromatic rings, alkanes, and hydroxyl groups dominate the chemical composition of biochar. No chemical reaction was observed during the asphalt modification process, suggesting that the application of biochar in the asphalt binder was primarily due to its physical rather than chemical properties.
- The shift in the absorption peaks and homogeneous dispersion observed in the biochar-modified asphalt indicates changes in the internal chemical environment of the asphalt and a good interaction between the biochar and the asphalt binder. These modifications have the potential to improve the stiffness, viscosity, and aging resistance of asphalt. Furthermore, the use of biochar in asphalt mixtures can reduce the need for petroleum-based asphalt binders, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions and more environment-friendly asphalt mixtures.
- When used in asphalt mixtures, the micrometer-scale pores and rough surface of biochar, along with the abundance of functional groups and good dispersion on the binder surface, all contribute to improved performance and environmental benefits. By increasing the carbon content, biochar has been found to improve the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures, making them stronger and more resistant.
- Because biochar particles are small and porous, they can bind to the binder and form more durable and stable mixtures. In addition, biochar has a low water absorption rate, which helps reduce the risk of moisture and water damage. Furthermore, the fibrous and amorphous structure of biochar has been found to aid in the formation of a stiffening region in the asphalt mixture, which contributes to the improved mechanical properties of the pavement.
- The incorporation of biochar into asphalt mixtures has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the asphalt mixture by more than 50% by reducing the amount of petroleum-based asphalt binder required. Biochar can be used in asphalt mixtures to reduce radioactive contamination and heavy metal leaching into the environment owing to its high carbon content and low heavy metal levels. Furthermore, biochar can be used to limit the release of radioactive materials from asphalt mixtures, making it a more environmentally friendly option.
- According to the literature, it is considered an environmentally friendly component of asphalt pavement. This is because there are more sustainable methods for producing biochar in the literature; this sustainable process produces less volume and less toxic gaseous products than other biochar production processes. Furthermore, compared to other conventional materials used in asphalt pavement production, the biochar production process is more environmentally friendly. However, more efforts should be made to reduce pollutant emissions during biochar production, such as by using renewable energy sources and implementing the best production and transportation practices.
9. Future Study and Literature Gaps
- To improve the performance of biochar-pavement materials, future studies should investigate the use of advanced technologies such as micro-computed tomography, nanoindentation, molecular dynamic simulation, optical and transmission electron microscopes, and microscopy, which can be used to improve studies on biochar-asphalt interactions. These technologies can provide extensive data on the micro- and nanoscale structures and properties of biochar and asphalt, assisting in understanding how biochar influences the mechanical and thermal properties of pavements, their toughness and durability, and the adhesion and interaction between biochar and asphalt.
- To improve sustainability, more studies on the use of micro-, ultrafine, and nanoparticle biochar in pavement applications can help improve sustainability by providing detailed information on the effects of biochar on pavement material properties. These studies can investigate how the size and surface area of biochar particles affect the properties of biochar and asphalt as well as the optimal dosages and mixing processes for integrating biochar into asphalt mixtures. This can provide relevant data on the use of biochar to improve the sustainability and performance of pavement materials in the pavement industry.
- More studies using advanced modeling and simulation techniques can help to better understand biochar-asphalt interactions by providing numerical modeling, predictions, and insight into the behavior of biochar-modified asphalt pavements. ANN predictive models can be used to estimate the performance of biochar-modified asphalt using the properties of biochar asphalt binders and mixtures. It can also aid in the design and performance optimization of biochar-modified asphalt, simulate the mechanical behavior of biochar-modified asphalt, and provide information on the effects of biochar on the performance mechanisms.
- More studies and analyzes are needed to address the storage stability and low-temperature performance issues of current biochar-modified binders as well as to improve our understanding of biochar-asphalt interactions. The lack of studies on the influence of biochar at intermediate temperatures results in a limited understanding of its effects on pavement materials, making it difficult to predict the performance of biochar-modified pavements. These studies will aid in determining the optimal storage conditions, improving the low-temperature performance, and better understanding the effects of biochar on asphalt pavement properties.
- Before field applications, a comprehensive techno-economic analysis and life cycle evaluation can help to assess the technical and economic feasibility of biochar in the pavement industry, as well as the environmental impacts, leading to a better understanding of biochar-asphalt pavement interactions. The techno-economic analysis looks at the costs and benefits of producing and incorporating biochar into asphalt mixtures, whereas the life cycle assessment looks at the entire life cycle of biochar, from generation to disposal. These studies can aid in determining the long-term suitability and environmental impacts of biochar in the pavement industry as well as the best methods for incorporating biochar into asphalt pavements.
- A more in-depth study of the impact of biochar on flexible asphalt pavement materials in terms of carbon capture can aid in better understanding biochar-asphalt interactions by providing insights into the mechanisms. This research includes the physicochemical characteristics of asphalt, the role of biochar in carbon capture and storage reduction, and its ability to enhance pavement serviceability. The studies will involve experimental, modeling, and pilot studies to validate the results and assess the performance of biochar-modified pavements under real field conditions. The outcome of these studies can help provide a greater comprehension of the impact of biochar and aid in its implementation as a carbon capture and storage solution in the transportation sector.
- More advanced studies on the properties of biochar for various applications in the asphalt pavement industry can aid the development of novel carbon-neutral pavement materials. This advances our understanding of biochar-asphalt interactions by shedding light on the use of biochar as a key component in the development of sustainable pavement materials and the potential for carbon sequestration, as well as a better understanding of carbon storage mechanisms. In addition, by studying the interactions of biochar with other asphalt pavement components, new materials that leverage the unique properties of biochar to improve conventional asphalt materials can be developed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Objectives | Questions | |
---|---|---|
1 | To ascertain the utilization of biochar in flexible asphalt pavement and assess its influence on performance | What effect does biochar application have on the performance of flexible asphalt pavement, and how does it contribute to low-carbon pavements? |
2 | To assess the potential applications of biochar for a low-carbon flexible asphalt pavement | What are the prospects and applications of biochar that can be used to achieve carbon neutrality in flexible asphalt pavement |
Parameter | Production Process | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pyrolysis | Gasification | Hydrothermal | |
Biomass type | Dry | Moist | Wet |
Moisture content | Low | Moderate | High |
Capital cost | High | Moderate | Low |
Process plant accessibility | Easily | Moderate | Scare |
Operation | Simple | Mild | Complex |
Biomass drying | Yes | Yes | No |
Biochar yield | Low | Moderate | High |
Oxygen present | Absent | Little | Absent |
Energy consumption | High | Moderate | Low |
Process temperature | High | High | Low |
References | [37,39,44,45,46] | [37,39,45,47] | [38,39,44,45] |
Raw Material | Biochar Process | Biochar Particle Sizes/Content, wt.% | Study Focus/ Application/Binder Type | Study Objectives | Analysis Conducted | Findings | Future Recommendation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop straw | Pyrolysis | <75 µm (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12%) | Asphalt binder modifier (PEN 60-80) | To evaluate the viability of using biochar to improve asphalt binder properties. | Morphological and particle size analysis, as well as conventional testing, were used to characterize the binder. | - Biochar has a higher specific surface area than coal, smaller particle size, and improves binder performance at elevated temperatures. | - Studies of the surface energy adhesion and adsorption properties of biochar-modified binders, as well as a comprehensive viscoelastic study and techno-economic analysis, are required. | [62] |
Swine manure | Not stated | - (3 and 6%) | Asphalt binder modifier (PG 64-22) | The evaluate the influence of biochar on asphalt binders’ aging and its ability to absorb chromium from contaminated surface runoff. | DSR, RTFO, rotational viscosity, and chromium removal test. | - Asphalt binders’ viscoelastic properties and aging resistance were improved by biochar. At a pH of 5.5, it has been found to absorb up to 75% of chromium. | - Analyzes on the interaction between biochar and asphalt binder with regard to thixotropic behavior. A life cycle cost analysis and mechanical performance tests are also recommended. | [70] |
Waste wood | Pyrolysis | <75 µm and between 75–150 µm (2, 4 and 8%) | Asphalt binder modifier PG 58-28 | The influence of biochar on asphalt binder rheological, fatigue, and rutting resistance is being studied. | DSR, RV, BBR and RTFO aging test. | - Biochar addition enhances viscosity, aging resistance, and rutting resistance of binder while maintaining fatigue resistance. | - A further investigation into the surface energy and adhesion properties of asphalt binders treated with POBA. - Furthermore, no mechanical performance testing is performed. | [66] |
Rice straw | incineration | <75 µm (Filler to binder the ratio of 58.5:41.5) | Surrogate filler PG64-22 | To determine and model the viscoelastic properties of biochar-modified asphalt binder via soft computing techniques. | Morphological, rheological properties and finite element (FE). | - Asphalt mixtures’ resistance to rutting is improved by biochar’s creation of a thick coating layer that increases blend stiffness and modulus. - FE is suitable for accurate and effective modeling. | - More studies are needed on employing biochar as a surrogate filler in asphalt mixtures, particularly on the synergetic interaction between the biochar, asphalt binder, and aggregate. | [64] |
Straw stalk | Thermal cracking | <89 µm (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-80 | To assess the effect of biochar on asphalt binder high-temperature performance. | Penetration, rutting factor, complex modulus, and viscosity-temperature index. | - There are no chemical reactions when using biochar in asphalt modification. Biochar improves binder deformation at high temperatures while decreasing resistance at low temperatures. | - Future research is needed to investigate the environmental effects of biochar-modified asphalt, and atomistic modeling could help us better understand the molecular-level interface between biochar and asphalt. | [57] |
Cornstalk | Hydrothermal | 2 mm (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-70 | To examine the impact of hydrochar on binder chemical and rheological properties. | Rotational viscosity, storage stability, DSR test, gel permeation chromatography, and FTIR. | - The incorporation of hydrochar improves asphalt binder rheological properties. - FTIR shows that Hydrochar has improved well dispersion and aging resistance binder. | - In-depth studies are needed to understand the influence of hydrochar on asphalt binder on viscoelastic thixotropic behavior properties. | [74] |
Switchgrass | Pyrolysis | <75 µm and 75–150 µm (5,10,15, and 20%) | Asphalt binder bio-modifier PG 64-22 | To determine the viability and rheological properties of the carbonaceous bio-modifier before and after aging. | SEM, and DSR RTFOT and PAV. | - The addition of biochar to asphalt binder improves its rheological properties at high temperatures, as well as its aging properties. | - The study only focuses on one binder grade. As a result, more research into other binder grade and biochar materials is encouraged. | [43] |
Waste wood | Pyrolysis | <75 µm and 75–150 µm (2, 4, and 8%) | Asphalt binder modifier PG 58-28 | To investigate the influence of biochar on the rheological, fatigue, and rutting resistance of asphalt binder. | DSR, RTFO, PAV and SEM. | - Incorporating biochar improves elastic properties and rutting resistance at high temperatures while sustaining fatigue resistance before and after aging. | - To fully comprehend how biochar-modified binders affect the mechanical performance of mixes, more studies are required. | [67] |
Wood chips | Pyrolysis | <75 µm (2, 4, 6, and 8%) | Asphalt binder modifier PG 58-28 modified with bio-oil | To analyze the flow-induced biochar crystallization in bio asphalt with varying aging conditions. | DSR, FTIR, XRD, molecular dynamic simulation, and optical microscope. | - Biochar improves the high-temperature performance, flow-induced crystallization, and aging resistance of bio-asphalt, with little effect on its low-temperature performance. | - Bio-based wood chips bio-oil as an alternative binder can help with the development of sustainable and renewable bio asphalt.— More studies with a variety of bio-oils are recommended. | [58] |
Walnut and apricot seed shells | Pyrolysis | <75 µm | Asphalt binder modifier B 160/200 5, 10, and 15% | To evaluate the influence of various biochar on asphalt binder performance at high temperatures. | Penetration, softening point, rotational viscometer, and DSR Test. | - Biochar decreases the penetration thermal sensitivity increase with the increase in softening point and viscosity.—Biochar also enhances the viscoelastic properties of the asphalt binder. | - For future research, the mechanical and long-term performance of the biochar-modified mixture should be evaluated. —The atom-level analysis could be used to better comprehend the molecular-level interface characteristics of biochar and asphalt. | [56] |
Cornstalk | Hydrothermal | 2 mm (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-70 | To assess the viability of utilizing hydrochar bio-asphalt modifier to improve asphalt binder high-temperature performance. | Penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity, time sweep test, XRD, FTIR, and gas permeation chromatography. | - Hydrochar demonstrated good compatibility with asphalt. - Hydrochar improves binder high temperature and reduces low-temperature performance. | - The use of hydrochar in asphalt binder has the potential to be a promising bio-asphalt for asphalt pavements. —More research into rheological, low, and intermediate temperature performance is recommended. | [75] |
Mesua ferrea seed shells | pyrolysis | <150 µm (5, 10, 15, and 20%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-70 | To explore the potential of using Mesua ferrea seed shells biochar in asphalt binders. | Flow behavior, DSR, RTFO, and PAV test. | - The addition of biochar increased the binder viscosity’s resistance to rutting deformation and decreased its susceptibility to aging. - Biochar decreased accumulated strain and non-recoverable compliance. | - Future research should examine the mechanical properties of biochar-modified binders, as well as how various biochar materials influence the flow and rheological properties of the binder. | [63] |
Biochar DS-510F | Not stated | <89 µm (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-80 | To examine the short and long-term aging of asphalt binder modified with biochar. | DSR, BBR, and FTIR. | - Biochar enhances asphalt binder’s aging resistance. - Biochar affects asphalt binder’s low-temperature performance depending on the content. FTIR shows only physically blending between biochar and binder. | - More advanced rheological and performance tests are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the biochar behavior of biochar-modified asphalt binder thixotropic behavior. | [61] |
Pinewood and pig manure | Pyrolysis | - (5%) | Asphalt binder modifier Pinewood bio asphalt (PG 52-28) Pig manure bio asphalt (PG58-22) | To assess the environmental impact and life cycle evaluation of using biochar-modified asphalt binder. | Conventional, DSR, and morphology tests. Energy consumption and emission test. | - Bio asphalt and biochar-modified binders are more energy efficient and emit less CO2 than petroleum-based asphalt, with wood-based biochar being especially effective. | - Additional laboratory and field testing is required to validate the limited study on biochar-modified asphalt binder. Both academic and government efforts are needed. | [76] |
Woody and Algae | Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal | - (5%) | Asphalt binder modifier PG 64-10 | To investigate the effect of incorporating biochar and hydrochar on the aging resistance of asphalt binder. | DSR, FTIR, and molecular dynamic simulation test. | - According to rheology and chemistry analysis, adding biochar and hydrochar improves the aging indexes of asphalt binder. | - Future research should delve into the chemical interactions between biochar and asphalt at the atomic level using microscopic modeling. | [65] |
Corn stalks | Hydrothermal | 2 mm (3,6, and 9%) | Asphalt binder modifier PEN 60-70 | To assess the viability of using hydrochar as an asphalt binder modifier. | Consistency, storage stability, rotational viscosity, and DSR test. | - Hydrochar improves binders’ consistency but has poor storage stability. It also improves the binder’s rutting and fatigue resistance. | - Some drawbacks of using hydrochar in asphalt binder have been reported, such as poor storage stability. More research is needed to address these concerns. | [77] |
Raw Material | Biochar Process | Biochar Particle Sizes/Content, wt.% | Application/Binder Type | Study Objectives | Analysis Conducted | Findings | Recommendation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not stated | <75 µm (5%) | Asphalt binder and mixture modifier PG 64-10 and Crumb rubber modified PG 64-16 | To evaluate the impact of using biochar as a free radical scavenger during construction to reduce UV-aging of both asphalt binder and mixtures. | DSR, FTIR, ultraviolet, oxidative, and Xenon arc aging tests, as well as overall asphalt mixture performance. | - Both the rheological and chemical aging indices revealed that asphalt incorporated with biochar had a lower aging index. | - Biochar has the potential to contribute to the creation of sustainable bio-asphalt, but more research is needed to fully understand its potential applications. | [78] | |
Switch Grass | Pyrolysis | <4.75 mm (5 and 10%) | Asphalt binder and mixture modifier PG 64-22 | To study the performance of biochar-modified asphalt binder and mixtures. | Binder (DSR, rutting, and fatigue) Mixture (moisture damage; Superpave IDT and rutting). | - The integration of biochar into asphalt improves its rutting resistance and durability against cracking, rutting, and water damage. | - Biochar-modified asphalt binder has shown promise as a bio-asphalt solution, but more testing is required to fully assess its potential. | [59] |
Coconut shell, rice straw, and nutshell | Not stated | <75 µm as filler 1–2 mm and 2–5 mm as a filter layer | As filler in asphalt mixtures PG 76-22 SBS- modified binder | To assess the influence of biochar on the purification efficiency of runoff in porous asphalt pavement. | Infiltration and leachate contamination test and Purification efficiency. | - The use of biochar reduces nitrogen and phosphorus leaching by 70–86% and 48–85%, respectively, without affecting pollutant filtration. | - The use of biochar as an environmentally friendly filler and filtration material results in the creation of environmentally sustainable porous asphalt mixtures. | [71] |
Swine manure | Hydrothermal | <75 µm (5%) | Asphalt mixture PG 64-10 | To assess the impact of biochar on the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture. | Rutting, fatigue, and moisture damage tests. Semi-circular bending. | - Biochar improves the permanent deformation, fatigue, and water resistance of the mixture. Biochar improves the mixture of energy strain values. | - More testing and field evaluations, as well as large-scale design and product life assessment, are required. | [68] |
Bamboo and coconut shell | Not mentioned | <3 mm (3–6% w/w) | Asphalt mixture bedding course | To improve nitrogen removal from permeable pavements by using bamboo and coconut shell biochar. | Nitrogen mass balances and Denitrification test. | - Biochar increases nitrogen removal rates by 52.6–57.7% while decreasing the effectiveness of blank controls by 20%. It also improves denitrification without causing organic matter to leach. | - It is suggested that more studies be done on environmental impact and techno-economic analysis of using different biochar in asphalt mixtures. | [72] |
Straw | - | - | Porous asphalt mixtures surrogate filler and purification material | To assess the viability of employing biochar as a filler in porous asphalt mixtures for water purification. | Static adsorption, and pollutant removal. | - Biochar has been shown to increase the removal rate of suspended solids to 60–80% and to improve the ability to absorb dissolved contaminants. | - To fully understand and implement the use of biochar, more laboratory testing, field evaluations, large-scale design, and life cycle assessment are required. | [73] |
Switchgrass | Pyrolysis | <75 µm (5 and 10%) | Asphalt binder and mixture modifier PG 64-22 | To study the performance of asphalt mixtures modified with biochar derived under controlled environments. | DSR, resilient modulus test, asphalt pavement analyzer test, and semi-circular bend fracture test. | - The use of biochar-modified asphalt binder results in environmentally sustainable and performance-enhanced asphalt pavement. | - The integration of biochar into asphalt binder production will result in a low-carbon and sustainable asphalt pavement with improved performance. | [60] |
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Yaro, N.S.A.; Sutanto, M.H.; Habib, N.Z.; Usman, A.; Kaura, J.M.; Murana, A.A.; Birniwa, A.H.; Jagaba, A.H. A Comprehensive Review of Biochar Utilization for Low-Carbon Flexible Asphalt Pavements. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086729
Yaro NSA, Sutanto MH, Habib NZ, Usman A, Kaura JM, Murana AA, Birniwa AH, Jagaba AH. A Comprehensive Review of Biochar Utilization for Low-Carbon Flexible Asphalt Pavements. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086729
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Noor Zainab Habib, Aliyu Usman, Jibrin Mohammed Kaura, Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana, Abdullahi Haruna Birniwa, and Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba. 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of Biochar Utilization for Low-Carbon Flexible Asphalt Pavements" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086729
APA StyleYaro, N. S. A., Sutanto, M. H., Habib, N. Z., Usman, A., Kaura, J. M., Murana, A. A., Birniwa, A. H., & Jagaba, A. H. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Biochar Utilization for Low-Carbon Flexible Asphalt Pavements. Sustainability, 15(8), 6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086729