The Influence of Local Governance: Effects on the Sustainability of Bioenergy Innovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Problem Articulation
3. Theory and Methodology
3.1. Theoretical Framework
“Governance refers to all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market, or network; whether over a family, tribe, corporation, or territory; and whether by laws, norms, power, or language. Governance is a broader term than government because it focuses not only on the state and its institutions but also on the creation of rule and order in social practices”.[23] (p. 1)
3.2. Methodology and Methods
- (1)
- (2)
- It confirms the evidence that bioenergy development has also produced harmful consequences despite the expectation of several benefits for rural areas. However, the two sub-units display somewhat different sustainable outcomes.
- (3)
- One case presents a strong connection between existing industries, such as manufacturing, food industry and sugar industry and biogas development, whereas forest-based bioenergy development does not share the same strong links with existing industrial specialisations. During industrialisation (1950s–1960s), many people left the mountains to relocate in the Po Valley. The majority of workers abandoned forestry to work in manufacturing and services; thus, forestry became quite marginal in the regional economic structure. The Po Valley areas became highly industrialised and many rural families invested in manufacturing leading to the creation of some of the most successful companies in Europe [61,62,63]. Consequently, the leading regional sectors are concentrated in the Po Valley and these are services (56.4%), manufacturing (29.5%) and agriculture (2.77%, regional value added) [64]. Manufacturing specialises in natural gas infrastructure and plants, methane engines and cars components. Agriculture is currently specialised in food crops such as wheat, corn and barley [64] and the average productive property size is around 14.6 h. These data show an increasing trend from the 2000s (10 h).
- (4)
- From a governance perspective, the sub-units show two different settings regarding the development of bioenergy. Therefore, the case-study unit is believed to provide an attractive ground for exploring the research question.
4. Results
4.1. The Regional Context
The National and Regional Energy System
4.2. The Case of Biogas in Emilia Romagna
- The absence of local authorities in the decision-making process which has made their role as mediators between inhabitants and regional/national governments and agencies complicated. Local governments have urban planning responsibility, but the most they could do in this case was to organise meetings with the local people and biogas businesses or take part of ad-hoc events with experts to try to cope with local opposition.
- The support scheme did not explicitly prioritised the use of a particular type of biomass but rather encouraged non-farmers and small farmers who did not have enough available land to rent it for the purpose of installing the plant facilities and cultivate energy crops (tax exemption).
- Most of the biogas producers invested in German technology which was developed for livestock farms and energy crops—also fitting quite well the Emilia Romagna agriculture features—and therefore have been using energy crops and manure [5]. The use of this biomass mix is also justified by the idea that only manure and energy crops can give the highest production efficiency [5].
- Due to weather conditions and land limitations, the in-house cultivation of energy crops has not always been constant and sufficient. Therefore, many biogas firms have had to buy biomass on the market and transport it to the facilities.
4.3. The Case of Forest-Based Bioenergy and CISA District
A Best and Worst Practice in the Bologna Apennine
5. Discussion
6. Policy Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Key Interviewees
Informants | Area | Date | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Bioenergy Businesses | Province | ||
biogas cooperative | Bologna | 24/11/2014 | [1] |
biogas cooperative | Bologna | 15/09/2014 | [2] |
biogas cooperative | Bologna | 22/09/2014 | [3] |
biogas cooperative | Reggio Emilia | 07/11/2014 | [4] |
HERA multi-utility (Since 2002, Hera combines public service companies (11 of them operating in Emilia-Romagna) into a single multi-utility. Nowadays, Hera is one of Italy’s largest local utilities and operates mainly in Environmental services (waste collection and treatment), Energy services (distribution and sale of electricity and gas) and Water services (waterworks, sewerage and purification). http://eng.gruppohera.it/group/who_we_are/) | Bologna | 11/02/2015 | [5] |
biogas firm | Bologna | 02/12/2014 | [6] |
biogas firm | Bologna | 11/09/2014 | [7] |
biogas firm | Ferrara | 24/11/2014 | [8] |
IREN—multi-utility (IREN, a multiutility company listed on the Italian Stock Exchange, operates in the sectors of electricity (production, distribution and sale), thermal energy for district heating (production and sale), gas (distribution and sale), the management of integrated water services, environmental services (collection and disposal of waste) and services for the local authorities. Iren is structured as an industrial holding with its main corporate offices in Reggio Emilia, operating units in Genoa, Parma, Piacenza, and Turin, and separate companies in charge of the individual business lines. Holding company, Iren handles strategic, development, coordination and monitoring activities, while the operating companies ensure the coordination and development of the business lines. http://www.gruppoiren.it/chi_siamo.asp) | Parma | 06/03/2015 | [9] |
biogas firm | Ferrara | 21/10/2014 | [10] |
biogas cooperative | Reggio Emilia | 09/10/2014 and updated on 11/11/2014 | [11] |
biofuel cooperative | Ravenna | 05/08/2014 | [12] |
bioenergy cooperative | Ravenna | 10/11/2014 | [13] |
biogas firm | Ferrara | 29/07/2014 | [14] |
Public institutions | |||
Regional Environmental Agency (ARPA) | Bologna (regional council) | 21/11/2014 | [15] |
Regional Environmental Agency—Province Section (ARPA) | Bologna | 28/11/2014 | [16] |
Municipal Council | Ferrara | 03/11/2014 | [17] |
Municipal Council | Medicina (Bologna) | 21/11/2014 | [18] |
Department of Environment | Bologna (regional council) | 18/02/2015 | [10] |
Department of Environment | Bologna (municipal council) | 09/02/2015 | [19] |
Department of Economic Development—Energy Section | Bologna (regional council) | 20/10/2014 | [20] |
Municipal Council | Ravenna (in the province of) | 02/10/2014 | [21] |
Municipal Council | Bologna (in the province of) | 13/03/2015 | [22] |
Department of Environment | Province of Ferrara | [23] | |
Municipal Council | Province of Ravenna | 02/10/2014 | [42] |
Farmers Unions and Interest Organizations | |||
CIA (regional office) | Bologna | 24/02/2012 | [24] |
CIA | Ferrara | 10/12/2014 | [25] |
Italian Biogas Consortium (CIB) | Milano | 23/06/2014 | [26] |
CNA Emilia Romagna | Bologna | 29/10/2014 | [27] |
COLDIRETTI (regional office) | Bologna | 02/02/2015 | [28] |
COLDIRETTI | Ferrara | 29/07/2014 | [29] |
Confagricoltura (regional office) | Bologna | 21/11/2014 | [30] |
Legambiente | Bologna | 28/02/2012 | [31] |
EPAV | Porretta Terme | 3/11/2014 updated in 11/02/2015 | [32] |
Forest-owners cooperative | Ravenna | 10/11/2014 | [43] |
Research centers and Innovation platforms | |||
CISA | Bologna | 03/11/2014 updated in 24/08/2014 | [33] |
ASTER (Emilia Romagna) | Bologna | 22/09/2014 | [33] |
University of Ferrara (Economic History) | Ferrara | 06/08/2014 | [34] |
CRPA | Reggio Emilia | 30/05/2014 | [35] |
University o Bologna (History of Regional Economic Development) | Bologna | 17/04/2014 | [36] |
University of Bologna (History of the Energy System) | Bologna | 16/06/2014 | [37] |
Local Commitees | |||
Comitato Argenta | Ferrara | 12/03/2012 updated in January 2015 | [38] |
Comitato Galliera | Bologna | 05/12/14 | [39] |
Comitato Vigarano | Ferrara | 12/03/2015 updated in January 2015 | [40] |
Comitato Sgonfia il Biogas | 23/09/2014 | [41] |
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Cavicchi, B.; Palmieri, S.; Odaldi, M. The Influence of Local Governance: Effects on the Sustainability of Bioenergy Innovation. Sustainability 2017, 9, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030406
Cavicchi B, Palmieri S, Odaldi M. The Influence of Local Governance: Effects on the Sustainability of Bioenergy Innovation. Sustainability. 2017; 9(3):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030406
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavicchi, Bianca, Sergio Palmieri, and Marco Odaldi. 2017. "The Influence of Local Governance: Effects on the Sustainability of Bioenergy Innovation" Sustainability 9, no. 3: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030406
APA StyleCavicchi, B., Palmieri, S., & Odaldi, M. (2017). The Influence of Local Governance: Effects on the Sustainability of Bioenergy Innovation. Sustainability, 9(3), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030406