Extractive Economies in Material and Political Terms: Broadening the Analytical Scope
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extractive Economies in the Global Economy
3. Defining Extractive Economies in Quantitative Terms
4. Comparing Extractive Economies
4.1. Extractive Economies in Global Trade by Income Groups
4.2. Extractive Economies’ Material Flows and Income
4.3. Extractive Economies by Material Types
5. Insights from Political Ecology and Political Economy
5.1. Contested Access to and Control Over Land and Resources
5.2. Transnational Production and Consumption Networks
5.3. Inequality and Justice
6. Conclusions: Socio-Ecological Research on Extractive Economies
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Export-Dominated | Net-Exporters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(1) | Share in Global Exports | Average Income (GNI/cap) | Average Income Level | n(2) | Share in Global Exports | Average Income (GNI/cap) | Average Income Level | |
Total | 7 | 13.5% | 43,228 | H | 49 | 59.0% | 6813 | UM |
Biomass | 1 | 0.1% | 36,670 | H | 57 | 68.3% | 10,136 | UM |
Fossil Fuels | 25 | 52.0% | 6787 | UM | 38 | 76.0% | 6110 | UM |
Metals | 11 | 47.1% | 3359 | LM | 28 | 62.6% | 4176 | UM |
Industrial Minerals | 14 | 32.3% | 10,673 | UM | 26 | 61.0% | 7484 | UM |
Construction Minerals | 3 | 3.8% | 8301 | UM | 45 | 78.3% | 7150 | UM |
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Schaffartzik, A.; Pichler, M. Extractive Economies in Material and Political Terms: Broadening the Analytical Scope. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071047
Schaffartzik A, Pichler M. Extractive Economies in Material and Political Terms: Broadening the Analytical Scope. Sustainability. 2017; 9(7):1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071047
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchaffartzik, Anke, and Melanie Pichler. 2017. "Extractive Economies in Material and Political Terms: Broadening the Analytical Scope" Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071047
APA StyleSchaffartzik, A., & Pichler, M. (2017). Extractive Economies in Material and Political Terms: Broadening the Analytical Scope. Sustainability, 9(7), 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071047