Food Addiction in a Group of Italian Adolescents Diagnosed for Eating Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
2.2. Psychometric Measures
2.2.1. Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children 2
2.2.2. Children Depression Inventory 2
2.2.3. Youth Self-Report
2.2.4. Eating Disorder Inventory-3
2.2.5. Eating Attitudes Test–26
2.2.6. Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0
- No Food Addiction = 1 or fewer symptoms/Does not meet criteria for impairment/distress criteria;
- Mild Food Addiction = 2 or 3 symptoms and impairment/distress criteria;
- Moderate Food Addiction = 4 or 5 symptoms and impairment/distress criteria;
- Severe Food Addiction = 6 or more symptoms and impairment/distress criteria.
2.2.7. Body Uneasiness Test
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. FA in the Different Subgroups of EDs
3.3. FA and Patients’ Characteristics
3.4. FA and Psychopathology and Eating Pattern
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
A-AN | Atypical Anorexia Nervosa |
ARFID | Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder |
BED | Binge Eating Disorder |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
BN | Bulimia Nervosa |
BP-AN | Binge Purging Anorexia Nervosa |
CDI 2 | Child Depression Inventory 2 |
DSM–5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition |
DSM–IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition |
EAT-26 | Eating Attitude Test 26 |
EDI-3 | Eating Disorders Inventory 3 |
ED-NOS | Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified |
EDs | Eating Disorders, |
IQR | Interquartile Range |
MASC 2 | Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. |
R-AN | Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa |
SRAD | Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders |
YFAS | Yale Food Addiction Scale |
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Whole Sample (n = 87) | ARFID (n = 9) | R-AN (n = 41) | BN (n = 7) | BED (n = 2) | ED-NOS (n = 8) | BP-AN (n = 1) | A-AN (n = 19) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 15.60 (2.8) | 14.10 (3.9) | 16.00 (2.40) | 16.30 (1.80) | 14.75 (-) | 16.10 (3.05) | 16.60 | 15.10 (3.20) | 0.000 |
Gender (F) | 79 (90.8) | 5 (55.6) | 41 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | 1 (50.0) | 6 (75.0) | 1 (100.0) | 18 (94.7) | - |
Weight (kg) | 43.50 (11.80) | 38.60 (11.90) | 41.60 (8.40) | 54.20 (2.80) | 116.20 (-) | 38.9 (18.2) | 41.30 | 49.10 (11.60) | 0.003 |
Height (cm) | 159.00 (9.50) | 160.50 (13.50) | 159.00 (7.50) | 157.00 (9.80) | 166.50 (-) | 157.00 (6.50) | 160.00 | 159.00 (11.0) | 0.259 |
BMI (kg/cm2) a | 17.24 (3.55) | 14.98 (2.74) | 16.47 (2.87) | 21.58 (2.30) | 41.95 (-) | 15.81 (4.07) | 16.13 | 19.43 (2.61) | 0.000 |
BMI percentile a | 10.00 (32.00) | 3.00 (15.5) | 4.0 (9.5) | 65.00 (43.0) | 99.0 (-) | 5.00 (16.3) | 1.0 | 40.00 (34.00) | 0.000 |
Whole Sample (n = 87) | ARFID (n = 9) | R-AN (n = 41) | BN (n = 7) | BED (n = 2) | ED-NOS (n = 8) | BP-AN (n = 1) | A-AN (n = 19) | Test Value | p | V di Cramer a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Addiction | |||||||||||
Positive | 43 (49.4) | 3 (33.3) | 22 (53.7) | 4 (57.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (100) | 10 (52.6) | 4.520 | 0.653 a | - |
Severity | |||||||||||
Mild | 15 (17.2) | 1 (11,1) | 8 (19,5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 1 (100) | 3 (15,8) | 9.630 | 0.416 a | - |
Moderate | 12 (13.8) | 1 (11,1) | 7 (17,1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (21,1) | - | - | - |
Severe | 16 (18.4) | 1 (11,1) | 7 (17,1) | 4 (57,1) | 0 (0) | 1 (12,5) | 0 (0) | 3 (15,8) | - | - | - |
Yfas 2.0 Symptoms | |||||||||||
Amount | 16 (18,40) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (9.8) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.8) | 18.425 | 0.001a | 0.543 |
Attemps | 22 (25,30) | 1 (11.1) | 12 (29.3) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (21.1) | 6.862 | 0.300 a | -- |
Time | 35 (40,20) | 4 (44.4) | 14 (34.1) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (100.0) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (100.0) | 8 (42.1) | 6.311 | 0.367 a | -- |
Activities | 27 (31,00) | 2 (22.2) | 15 (36.6) | 4 (57.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (31.6) | 7.676 | 0.227 a | -- |
Consequences | 24 (27,60) | 2 (22.2) | 12 (29.3) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.8) | 9.545 | 0.101 a | -- |
Tolerance | 21 (24,10) | 2 (22.2) | 8 (19.5) | 3 (42.9) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (26.3) | 7.690 | 0.217 a | -- |
Withdrawal | 44 (50,60) | 4 (44.4) | 18 (43.9) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (100.0) | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (63.2) | 6.325 | 0.363 a | -- |
Problems | 28 (32,20) | 2 (22.2) | 15 (36.6) | 3 (42.9) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100.0) | 4 (21.1) | 8.816 | 0.141 a | -- |
Obligations | 9 (10,30) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (9.8) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.8) | 5.977 | 0.389 a | -- |
Situations | 12 (13,80) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (12.2) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 10.439 | 0.061 a | -- |
Craving | 19 (21,80) | 1 (11.1) | 9 (22.0) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 11.957 | 0.032a | 0.415 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variables | Coefficient (B) | 95% CI | p | Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Food addiction | Age | 0.430 | 1.034 | 2.288 | 0.034 | 1.538 |
EAT-26 | 0.046 | 1.009 | 1.087 | 0.015 | 1.047 | |
Interoceptive Deficits (EDI-3) | 0.095 | 1.024 | 1.181 | 0.009 | 1.100 | |
Constant | −9.662 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
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Cinelli, G.; Criscuolo, M.; Bifone, C.; Chianello, I.; Castiglioni, M.C.; De Lorenzo, A.; Di Renzo, L.; Tozzi, A.E.; Vicari, S.; Zanna, V. Food Addiction in a Group of Italian Adolescents Diagnosed for Eating Disorder. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051524
Cinelli G, Criscuolo M, Bifone C, Chianello I, Castiglioni MC, De Lorenzo A, Di Renzo L, Tozzi AE, Vicari S, Zanna V. Food Addiction in a Group of Italian Adolescents Diagnosed for Eating Disorder. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051524
Chicago/Turabian StyleCinelli, Giulia, Michela Criscuolo, Costanza Bifone, Ilenia Chianello, Maria Chiara Castiglioni, Antonino De Lorenzo, Laura Di Renzo, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi, Stefano Vicari, and Valeria Zanna. 2020. "Food Addiction in a Group of Italian Adolescents Diagnosed for Eating Disorder" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051524
APA StyleCinelli, G., Criscuolo, M., Bifone, C., Chianello, I., Castiglioni, M. C., De Lorenzo, A., Di Renzo, L., Tozzi, A. E., Vicari, S., & Zanna, V. (2020). Food Addiction in a Group of Italian Adolescents Diagnosed for Eating Disorder. Nutrients, 12(5), 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051524