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Nutrients
Volume 16
Issue 18
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Nutrients, Volume 16, Issue 18 (September-2 2024) – 179 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): We investigated fish consumption and DHA supplement intake, concerning gestational and neonatal outcomes in 501 women. Our results support the current recommendation to pregnant women to include fish and seafood as part of a balanced diet while limiting the intake of species with high concentrations of environmental pollutants. The use of n-3 or fish oil supplements appears to be safe and offers the benefits of DHA and EPA without the risk of mercury and toxin exposure; this exposure can otherwise lead to a loss of crucial nutrients in fish that are essential for overall human health. Future recommendations should highlight the importance of increasing DHA intake during pregnancy, through a combination of fish consumption and DHA-containing supplements. View this paper
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24 pages, 881 KiB  
Review
Improving Undernutrition with Microalgae
by Sunil K. Panchal, Kirsten Heimann and Lindsay Brown
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183223 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
Undernutrition is an important global health problem, especially in children and older adults. Both reversal of maternal and child undernutrition and heathy ageing have become United Nations-supported global initiatives, leading to increased attention to nutritional interventions targeting undernutrition. One feasible option is microalgae, [...] Read more.
Undernutrition is an important global health problem, especially in children and older adults. Both reversal of maternal and child undernutrition and heathy ageing have become United Nations-supported global initiatives, leading to increased attention to nutritional interventions targeting undernutrition. One feasible option is microalgae, the precursor of all terrestrial plants. Most commercially farmed microalgae are photosynthetic single-celled organisms producing organic carbon compounds and oxygen. This review will discuss commercial opportunities to grow microalgae. Microalgae produce lipids (including omega-3 fatty acids), proteins, carbohydrates, pigments and micronutrients and so can provide a suitable and underutilised alternative for addressing undernutrition. The health benefits of nutrients derived from microalgae have been identified, and thus they are suitable candidates for addressing nutritional issues globally. This review will discuss the potential benefits of microalgae-derived nutrients and opportunities for microalgae to be converted into food products. The advantages of microalgae cultivation include that it does not need arable land or pesticides. Additionally, most species of microalgae are still unexplored, presenting options for further development. Further, the usefulness of microalgae for other purposes such as bioremediation and biofuels will increase the knowledge of these microorganisms, allowing the development of more efficient production of these microalgae as nutritional interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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9 pages, 422 KiB  
Article
Application of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Weight Management of Children with Spina Bifida
by Joanna Bagińska-Chyży and Agata Korzeniecka-Kozerska
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183222 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 745
Abstract
Background: Children with spina bifida (SB) face an elevated risk of obesity, which necessitates precise methods for assessing body composition to ensure effective weight management. Conventional measures like BMI are inadequate for this population because of variations in growth patterns and skeletal structure. [...] Read more.
Background: Children with spina bifida (SB) face an elevated risk of obesity, which necessitates precise methods for assessing body composition to ensure effective weight management. Conventional measures like BMI are inadequate for this population because of variations in growth patterns and skeletal structure. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method that offers a clearer picture of body composition, yet its use in children with SB remains underexplored. Methods: Conducted on 57 children with SB and 28 healthy controls, with a median age of 11 years, this study evaluated anthropometrics, including BMI and BIA-derived metrics. The Hoffer’s scale to assess physical activity was applied in SB children. Results: Results showed that while 32% of SB patients were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI, 62% exhibited high body fat percentage via BIA. Fat-free mass, muscle and fat mass, and fat-to-muscle ratio (FMR) differed significantly compared to the reference group. Non-ambulators showed a higher median body fat mass percentage (25.9% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.01) and FMR (0.92 vs. 0.44, p = 0.003) in comparison to the community walkers. Conclusions: In SB children, BIA-measured fat mass is a better obesity indicator than BMI. Non-ambulatory, SB patients with obesity had the highest FMR values, indicating a higher risk for metabolic syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Nutrition and Obesity 2024)
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16 pages, 1169 KiB  
Article
Association between Visceral Adiposity Index and Hyperuricemia among Steelworkers: The Moderating Effects of Drinking Tea
by Xun Huang, Zixin Zhong, Junwei He, Seydaduong Them, Mengshi Chen, Aizhong Liu, Hongzhuan Tan, Shiwu Wen and Jing Deng
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183221 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 835
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Steelworkers are more likely to have a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia due to their exposure to special occupational factors and dietary habits. The interrelationships of visceral adiposity index (VAI), hyperuricemia, and drinking tea remain uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Steelworkers are more likely to have a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia due to their exposure to special occupational factors and dietary habits. The interrelationships of visceral adiposity index (VAI), hyperuricemia, and drinking tea remain uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association between VAI and hyperuricemia among steelworkers, and if drinking tea modified this association. Methods: A total of 9928 steelworkers from Hunan Hualing Xiangtan Iron and Steel Company participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants completed a questionnaire, received anthropometric measurements, and provided blood samples for biochemical testing. Three logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between VAI and hyperuricemia. Results: In this study, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was approximately 23.74% (males: 24.41%; females: 20.63%), and a positive correlation between VAI and hyperuricemia risk was observed. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of hyperuricemia increased 1.76 times (95% CI: 1.64–1.89) and 2.13 times (95% CI: 1.76–2.57) with the increase of ln VAI in males and females, respectively. For males, compared to quartile 1, the risk of hyperuricemia in the second, third, and fourth quartile of VAI were 1.75 (95% CI: 1.11–2.71), 2.56 (95% CI: 1.67–3.93) and 4.89 (95% CI: 3.22–7.43). For females, compared to quartile 1, the risk of hyperuricemia in the second, third, and fourth quartile of VAI were 1.99 (95% CI: 1.40–2.82), 2.92 (95% CI: 1.96–4.34) and 4.51 (95% CI: 2.89–7.02). Additionally, our study found that, compared with not consuming tea, drinking tea could reduce uric acid levels by 0.014 in male steelworkers (t = −2.051, p = 0.040), 0.020 in workers consuming smoked food (t = −2.569, p = 0.010), and 0.022 in workers consuming pickled food (t = −2.764, p = 0.006). Conclusions: In conclusion, VAI is positively correlated with hyperuricemia in steelworkers. Drinking tea may lower uric acid levels in male steelworkers and steelworkers who prefer smoked and pickled foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Behavior, Dietary Patterns and Health Outcomes: Insights from Research and Practice)
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29 pages, 477 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Effect of an Obesity-Prevention Intervention on Various Child Subgroups: A Post Hoc Subgroup Analysis of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study
by Elizabeth Mannion, Kristine Bihrmann, Sandra Plachta-Danielzik, Manfred J. Müller, Anja Bosy-Westphal and Christian Ritz
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183220 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 686
Abstract
Background: This study investigated potential subgroups of children within the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS) for differing treatment effects for the outcome measures of overweight or obesity at 4 years. The KOPS study delivered a multicomponent school intervention to cohorts of children in [...] Read more.
Background: This study investigated potential subgroups of children within the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS) for differing treatment effects for the outcome measures of overweight or obesity at 4 years. The KOPS study delivered a multicomponent school intervention to cohorts of children in Kiel but found no overall effect on the weight status outcome. However, KOPS authors suggested there may be subgroup variations in treatment effect. Data were collected as part of the KOPS for samples of 6-year-olds between 1996 and 2001, with 4-year follow-up measurements between 2000 and 2004. Methods: The present study conducted a post hoc subgroup analysis of the odds of obesity or overweight at 4-year follow-up compared to normal weight (n = 1646). A generalized linear mixed-effects model, including a treatment–subgroup interaction term, was used to estimate subgroups as a moderator of the treatment effects on the outcomes of obesity or overweight at 4-year follow-up. Results: The findings indicated several subgroup–treatment interaction effects relating to physical activity indicators. TV or PC not being one of a child’s top 3 activities at baseline was associated with a significantly decreased odds ratio of obesity at 4 years in the intervention group (OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.004 to 0.45) compared to the non-intervention group (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.29 to 3.14), p = 0.02. Weekly activity in a sports club at baseline was associated with a decreased odds ratio of overweight at 4 years in the intervention group (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.85) compared to the non-intervention group (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.17). This was a significant difference (p = 0.04). Conclusions: These findings suggest that children’s baseline physical activity may impact treatment effects on the outcomes of overweight and obesity, creating opportunities to increase the effectiveness of interventions on preventing obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
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14 pages, 466 KiB  
Systematic Review
Caffeine Placebo Effect in Sport and Exercise: A Systematic Review
by Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, Nicolás Contreras-Barraza, Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda, Nelson Lay, Miseldra Gil-Marín and Nicolás Muñoz-Urtubia
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183219 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2904
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set [...] Read more.
The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set of articles that refer strictly to the topics of caffeine and its placebo effect in sport and exercise, considering the databases integrated to the Core Collection Web of Science and Scopus, as well as the registration of the documents in PubMed®, a system with a selection process aligned with the guidelines for the PRISMA methodology, establishing the eligibility criteria of the articles with the PICOS tool, to which a systematic review is applied. Finally, the results show that caffeine improves anaerobic capacity and endurance, while placebo perceived as caffeine can also increase performance by reducing pain and improving concentration. This finding underscores the influence of expectations and placebo on physical performance, suggesting that managing these expectations may be an effective strategy for improving athletic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Placebo Effect of Ergogenic Aids: Sport Performance, Subjective Feelings and Potential Side-Effects)
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13 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
Mediterranean Diet Prior to Ischemic Stroke and Potential Circulating Mediators of Favorable Outcomes
by María Castañón-Apilánez, Carmen García-Cabo, Cristina Martin-Martin, Belén Prieto, Eva Cernuda-Morollón, Pablo Rodríguez-González, Daniela Pineda-Cevallos, Lorena Benavente, Sergio Calleja and Elena López-Cancio
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183218 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Background/Objectives. A Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to assess the MD’s association with stroke prognosis and the potential mediators involved. Methods. Seventy patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were included. Dietary patterns were evaluated [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives. A Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to assess the MD’s association with stroke prognosis and the potential mediators involved. Methods. Seventy patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were included. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the MEDAS scale, a food-frequency questionnaire, and a 24 h recall. Circulating biomarkers including insulin resistance (HOMA index), adipokines (resistin, adiponectin, leptin), choline pathway metabolites (TMAO, betaine, choline), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were measured. Early neurological improvement (ENI) at 24 h, final infarct volume, and functional outcome at 3 months were assessed. Results. Adherence to MD and olive oil consumption were associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes and atherothrombotic stroke, and with lower levels of fasting glycemia, hemoglobinA1C, insulin resistance, and TMAO levels. Monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid consumption correlated with lower resistin levels, while olive oil consumption was significantly associated with EPC mobilization. Multivariate analysis showed that higher MD adherence was independently associated with ENI and good functional prognosis at 3 months. EPC mobilization, lower HOMA levels, and lower resistin levels were associated with ENI, a smaller infarct volume, and good functional outcome. Conclusions. MD was associated with better prognosis after ischemic stroke, potentially mediated by lower insulin resistance, increased EPC mobilization, and lower resistin levels, among other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)
23 pages, 3534 KiB  
Article
Global Incidence of Diarrheal Diseases—An Update Using an Interpretable Predictive Model Based on XGBoost and SHAP: A Systematic Analysis
by Dan Liang, Li Wang, Shuang Liu, Shanglin Li, Xing Zhou, Yun Xiao, Panpan Zhong, Yanxi Chen, Changyi Wang, Shan Xu, Juan Su, Zhen Luo, Changwen Ke and Yingsi Lai
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183217 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1269
Abstract
Background: Diarrheal disease remains a significant public health issue, particularly affecting young children and older adults. Despite efforts to control and prevent these diseases, their incidence continues to be a global concern. Understanding the trends in diarrhea incidence and the factors influencing these [...] Read more.
Background: Diarrheal disease remains a significant public health issue, particularly affecting young children and older adults. Despite efforts to control and prevent these diseases, their incidence continues to be a global concern. Understanding the trends in diarrhea incidence and the factors influencing these trends is crucial for developing effective public health strategies. Objective: This study aimed to explore the temporal trends in diarrhea incidence and associated factors from 1990 to 2019 and to project the incidence for the period 2020–2040 at global, regional, and national levels. We aimed to identify key factors influencing these trends to inform future prevention and control strategies. Methods: The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model was used to predict the incidence from 2020 to 2040 based on demographic, meteorological, water sanitation, and sanitation and hygiene indicators. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value was performed to explain the impact of variables in the model on the incidence. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to assess the temporal trends of age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) from 1990 to 2019 and from 2020 to 2040. Results: Globally, both incident cases and ASIRs of diarrhea increased between 2010 and 2019. The incident cases are expected to rise from 2020 to 2040, while the ASIRs and incidence rates are predicted to slightly decrease. During the observed (1990–2019) and predicted (2020–2040) periods, adults aged 60 years and above exhibited an upward trend in incidence rate as age increased, while children aged < 5 years consistently had the highest incident cases. The SHAP framework was applied to explain the model predictions. We identified several risk factors associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea, including age over 60 years, yearly precipitation exceeding 3000 mm, temperature above 20 °C for both maximum and minimum values, and vapor pressure deficit over 1500 Pa. A decreased incidence rate was associated with relative humidity over 60%, wind speed over 4 m/s, and populations with above 80% using safely managed drinking water services and over 40% using safely managed sanitation services. Conclusions: Diarrheal diseases are still serious public health concerns, with predicted increases in the incident cases despite decreasing ASIRs globally. Children aged < 5 years remain highly susceptible to diarrheal diseases, yet the incidence rate in the older adults aged 60 plus years still warrants additional attention. Additionally, more targeted efforts to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation services are crucial for reducing the incidence of diarrheal diseases globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)
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18 pages, 1639 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions on the Course of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
by Karolina Kędzierska-Kapuza, Inga Łopuszyńska, Grzegorz Niewiński, Edward Franek and Małgorzata Szczuko
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183216 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1888
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive (ARPKD) forms, both of which are primary genetic causes of kidney disease in adults and children. ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, with a prevalence of 329 cases per million [...] Read more.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive (ARPKD) forms, both of which are primary genetic causes of kidney disease in adults and children. ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, with a prevalence of 329 cases per million in Europe. This condition accounts for 5–15% of end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESKD) cases, and in developed countries such as Poland, 8–10% of all dialysis patients have ESKD due to ADPKD. The disease is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, with PKD1 mutations responsible for 85% of cases, leading to a more aggressive disease course. Recent research suggests that ADPKD involves a metabolic defect contributing to cystic epithelial proliferation and cyst growth. Aim: This review explores the interplay between metabolism, obesity, and ADPKD, discussing dietary and pharmacological strategies that target these metabolic abnormalities to slow disease progression. Conclusion: Metabolic reprogramming therapies, including GLP-1 analogs and dual agonists of GIP/GLP-1 or glucagon/GLP-1 receptors, show promise, though further research is needed to understand their potential in ADPKD treatment fully. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Kidney Disease: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies)
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24 pages, 924 KiB  
Review
Gut Dysbiosis and Dietary Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis—A Narrative Review
by Estera Bakinowska, Wiktoria Stańska, Kajetan Kiełbowski, Agata Szwedkowicz, Dominika Boboryko and Andrzej Pawlik
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183215 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3128
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves interactions between articular cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and immune cells. These cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and other molecules that together participate in [...] Read more.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves interactions between articular cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and immune cells. These cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and other molecules that together participate in joint degradation. The current evidence suggests the important immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiome, which can affect susceptibility to diseases and infections. An altered microbiome, a phenomenon known as gut dysbiosis, is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the profile of the gut microbiome depends on dietary habits. Therefore, dietary elements and interventions can indirectly impact the progression of diseases. This review summarises the evidence on the involvement of gut dysbiosis and diet in the pathogenesis of RA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)
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11 pages, 232 KiB  
Article
Nutrition in Educational Institutions—The Perspective of School Principals and Parents on the Tasks of Local Governments (Poland)
by Karolina Sobczyk, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Marlena Robakowska, Jarosław Markowski and Mateusz Grajek
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183214 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 598
Abstract
Background: The financing of nutrition in educational institutions is one of the cornerstones of the activities of local governments in Poland. Proper management of this area is crucial to ensuring that children and young people have access to wholesome meals, which directly affects [...] Read more.
Background: The financing of nutrition in educational institutions is one of the cornerstones of the activities of local governments in Poland. Proper management of this area is crucial to ensuring that children and young people have access to wholesome meals, which directly affects their health, physical development, as well as educational effectiveness. Objective: This study aimed to examine how school principals and parents perceive the role of local governments in managing school nutrition in Poland, given the growing importance of nutrition programs for children’s health. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 school principals and 1000 parents, assessing satisfaction with the implementation, quality, and organization of nutrition programs overseen by local authorities. Results: The results revealed significant differences between the two groups. While 75% of principals expressed satisfaction with the quality of meals provided in schools, only 55% of parents shared this view. Similarly, 80% of principals rated the organization of cooperation with food suppliers positively, compared to only 50% of parents. Regarding allergen information, 65% of principals felt adequately informed, while only 30% of parents agreed. These differences were statistically significant in several key areas, including adherence to nutrition standards (p = 0.009), frequency of health inspections (p = 0.009), and availability of allergen information (p = 0.013). Conclusions: The findings highlight a need for improved communication and collaboration between schools, parents, and local governments to enhance the effectiveness of nutrition programs. It is recommended that regular informational meetings be held and that the flow of information be improved to increase parental satisfaction and the overall effectiveness of school nutrition initiatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Promotion and Development of Community Health for Personal Health: Theories and Applications)
17 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Exposure to Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Phthalates in Patients with Phenylketonuria and Its Differences According to Dietary Status
by İzzet Erdal, Yılmaz Yıldız, Sıddıka Songül Yalçın, Anıl Yirün, Göksun Demirel and Pınar Erkekoğlu
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183213 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 949
Abstract
Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common amino acid metabolism disorder. Patients with blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels of ≥6 mg/dL require treatment, and the most definitive treatment is the Phe-restricted diet. Bisphenols and phthalates are widely used endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in personal [...] Read more.
Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common amino acid metabolism disorder. Patients with blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels of ≥6 mg/dL require treatment, and the most definitive treatment is the Phe-restricted diet. Bisphenols and phthalates are widely used endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in personal care products, baby bottles, and food packaging. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the possible routes of exposure to these EDCs in patients diagnosed with PKU (n = 105, 2–6 years of age) and determined the relationship between the plasma levels of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and dietary regimens. Participant characteristics and exposure routes were evaluated according to their dietary treatment status. Results: Thirty-four of these patients were on a Phe-restricted diet, while the remaining 71 had no dietary restrictions. DBP and DEHP levels were higher in those using plastic tablecloths (p = 0.049 and p = 0.04, respectively). In addition, plasma DBP levels were higher in those who used bottled water (p = 0.01). Being under 4 years of age, using plastic food containers, and using plastic shower curtains were characteristics associated with higher MEHP levels (p = 0.027, p = 0.019, and p = 0.014, respectively). After adjustment for baseline characteristics (Model 1), the odds of having a plasma BPA level in the upper tertile were 3.34 times higher in the free-diet group (95% CI = 1.09–10.25). When we additionally adjusted for plastic exposure (Model 2), the odds ratio was found to be 18.64 (95% CI = 2.09–166.42) for BPA. In the free-diet group, the probability of having plasma DEHP levels in the upper tertile was increased by a relative risk of 3.01 (p = 0.039, 95% CI = 1.06–8.60). Conclusion: Our results indicate that exposure to bisphenols and phthalates varies with dietary treatment. The difference in sources of exposure to EDCs between the diet and non-diet groups indicates that diet plays an important role in EDC exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
10 pages, 248 KiB  
Article
Relationships between Morning Thirst and Later Hydration Status and Total Water Intake
by Kelly B. Elliott, Marcos S. Keefe, Jan-Joseph S. Rolloque, Nigel C. Jiwan, Ryan A. Dunn, Hui-Ying Luk and Yasuki Sekiguchi
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183212 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1264
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of thirst on later hydration status, total water intake (TWI-MA), and its potential sex differences. Methods: Twelve men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 21 ± 2 years; mass: 81.0 ± 15.9 kg) and twelve women (age: 22 ± [...] Read more.
Purpose: To investigate the effects of thirst on later hydration status, total water intake (TWI-MA), and its potential sex differences. Methods: Twelve men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 21 ± 2 years; mass: 81.0 ± 15.9 kg) and twelve women (age: 22 ± 3 years; mass: 68.8 ± 15.2 kg) visited the laboratory in the morning (first thing in the morning) and afternoon (2:00–4:00 p.m.) for three consecutive days under a free-living condition. At each visit, urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (UCOL), body mass loss (BML), thirst, and plasma osmolality (POSM) were collected and analyzed. The participants recorded their food and fluid intake between the visits to determine TWI-MA. Linear regression was used to predict the effect of morning thirst on the afternoon hydration indices for all the participants, as well as for males and females separately. Results: Higher morning thirst predicted lower UOSM (r2 = 0.056, p = 0.045), USG (r2 = 0.096, p = 0.008), UCOL (r2 = 0.074, p = 0.021), and higher thirst (r2 = 0.074, p = 0.021) in the afternoon. However, morning thirst did not predict afternoon BML, POSM, or TWI-MA (p > 0.05). In males, higher morning thirst predicted lower afternoon UOSM (r2 = 0.130, p = 0.031) and USG (r2 = 0.153, p = 0.018). Additionally, higher morning thirst predicted higher TWI-MA (r2 = 0.154, p = 0.018) in females. Conclusions: Morning thirst had a negligible impact on later hydration status, specifically with afternoon urine indices. Furthermore, higher thirst sensation did not impact BML, POSM, or TWI-MA. However, thirst sensation minimally contributed to drinking behavior in females. Overall, individuals may not rely solely on thirst sensation to manipulate their drinking behavior to optimize their fluid balance during their daily lives due to the complexity of thirst mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
13 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Follow-Up Period Affects the Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Incidence of Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Cognitive Impairment
by William B. Grant
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183211 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1444
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D’s effect on risk health outcomes is often evaluated using prospective cohort studies. For vitamin D, risk ratios (RRs) are based on health outcomes with respect to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations measured at time of enrollment. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations vary [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D’s effect on risk health outcomes is often evaluated using prospective cohort studies. For vitamin D, risk ratios (RRs) are based on health outcomes with respect to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations measured at time of enrollment. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations vary over time, thereby diluting the effect of 25(OH)D for long follow-up periods. Inverse relationships between RR and follow-up period have been reported for all-cause mortality rate and cancer incidence rates. Here, the effect for neurological outcomes is evaluated. Methods: The analysis examines how follow-up period affected results from nine cohort studies of all-cause dementia, six studies of Alzheimer’s disease, and nine for cognitive impairment with respect to vitamin D deficiency. Results: For all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive impairment, respectively, the linear regression fits are RR = 2.9 − 0.14 × years, r = 0.73, p = 0.02; RR = 2.9 − 0.14 × years, r = 0.69, p = 0.13; and RR = 1.8 − 0.066 × years, r = 0.72, p = 0.03. The regression fit to RR for the shortest follow-up period for each outcome is considered the best estimate of vitamin D deficiency’s effect on risk. Those values are approximately twice that found by averaging all RRs without considering the effect of follow-up period. Conclusions: Vitamin D’s effect on risk of neurological conditions is inversely correlated with mean follow-up period in prospective cohort studies. This effect should be considered in the design and analysis of such studies. Additional studies should also be conducted regarding raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations to reduce risk of brain function decline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders)
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12 pages, 269 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Characteristics of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver in Patients with Obesity Who Undergo One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data
by Silke Crommen, Karl Peter Rheinwalt, Andreas Plamper, Daniela Rösler, Leonie Weinhold, Christine Metzner and Sarah Egert
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183210 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1049
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Identifying characteristics that predict a higher risk of fibrosis using noninvasive methods is particularly important. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from an RCT of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Identifying characteristics that predict a higher risk of fibrosis using noninvasive methods is particularly important. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from an RCT of 48 patients after one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) surgery, supplemented with specifically formulated probiotics and micronutrients or control treatment for 12 weeks. Patients were categorized using alanine aminotransferase (ALAT; >35 U/L for women, >50 U/L for men), higher NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) > −1.455), and IR (HOMA-IR > 2.0). This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03585413). Results: Abnormal ALAT was associated with high triglycerides, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and fatty liver index (FLI). NFS > −1.455 was linked to higher age, body mass, waist circumference, and FLI, and lower albumin and platelet count. HOMA-IR > 2.0 was associated with higher BP and triglycerides, lower HDL-cholesterol, higher serum transaminases, and higher probabilities of steatosis and fibrosis. Twelve weeks postoperatively, patients with NFS > −1.455 showed greater reductions in body mass, systolic BP, serum insulin, and HbA1c, whereas those with NFS ≤ −1.455 showed improvements in FLI and lipid metabolism but had high glucose concentrations. Patients with HOMA-IR ≤ 2.0 also had high glucose concentrations. Conclusions: The evaluation of common biomarker scores for fibrosis and IR may help clinicians to recognize severe NAFLD and improve the outcomes of OAGB surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
21 pages, 4279 KiB  
Article
Limosilactobacillus reuteri Alleviates Anxiety-like Behavior and Intestinal Symptoms in Two Stressed Mouse Models
by Liang Zhang, Shuwen Zhang, Minzhi Jiang, Xue Ni, Mengxuan Du, He Jiang, Mingxia Bi, Yulin Wang, Chang Liu and Shuangjiang Liu
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183209 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1206
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Limosilactobacillus (Lm.) reuteri is a widely utilized probiotic, recognized for its significant role in alleviating symptoms associated with gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders. However, the effectiveness of Lm. reuteri is strain-specific, and its genetic diversity leads to significant differences in phenotypes among different [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Limosilactobacillus (Lm.) reuteri is a widely utilized probiotic, recognized for its significant role in alleviating symptoms associated with gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders. However, the effectiveness of Lm. reuteri is strain-specific, and its genetic diversity leads to significant differences in phenotypes among different strains. This study aims to identify potential probiotic strains by comparing the strain-specific characteristics of Lm. reuteri to better understand their efficacy and mechanisms in alleviating stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: We cultivated 11 strains of Lm. reuteri from healthy human samples and conducted phenotypic and genomic characterizations. Two strains, WLR01 (=GOLDGUT-LR99) and WLR06, were screened as potential probiotics and were tested for their efficacy in alleviating anxiety-like behavior and intestinal symptoms in mouse models subjected to sleep deprivation (SD) and water avoidance stress (WAS). Results: The results showed that the selected strains effectively improved mouse behaviors, including cognitive impairment and inflammatory response, as well as improving anxiety and regulating gut microbiota composition. The improvements with WLR01 were associated with the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in the SD model mice and were associated with visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal integrity in the WAS model mice. Conclusions: In summary, this study identified the Lm. reuteri strain WLR01 as having the potential to alleviate anxiety-like behavior and intestinal symptoms through the analysis of Lm. reuteri genotypes and phenotypes, as well as validation in mouse models, thereby laying the foundation for future clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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15 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
Alleviation of Lipid Disorder and Liver Damage in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Selenium-Enriched Cardamine violifolia with Cadmium Accumulation
by Junying Zhu, Qingqing Lv, Fengna Li, Ping Xu, Ziyu Han, Aolin Yang, Zhan Shi, Chao Wang, Jie Jiang, Yunfen Zhu, Xiaofei Chen, Lvhui Sun, Xin Gen Lei and Ji-Chang Zhou
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183208 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1424
Abstract
Background/Objectives: As a hyperaccumulator of selenium (Se), Cardamine violifolia (Cv) and its peptide extract could ameliorate the negative effects of a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the effects of the coaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Se-enriched Cv (Cv2) and the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: As a hyperaccumulator of selenium (Se), Cardamine violifolia (Cv) and its peptide extract could ameliorate the negative effects of a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the effects of the coaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Se-enriched Cv (Cv2) and the potential confounding effect on the roles of enriched Se remain unknown. We aimed to investigate whether Cv2 could alleviate HFD-induced lipid disorder and liver damage. Methods: Three groups of 31-week-old female mice were fed for 41 weeks (n = 10–12) with a control Cv-supplemented diet (Cv1D, 0.15 mg Se/kg, 30 µg Cd/kg, and 10% fat calories), a control Cv-supplemented HFD (Cv1HFD, 45% fat calories), and a Cv2-supplemented HFD (Cv2HFD, 1.5 mg Se/kg, 0.29 mg Cd/kg, and 45% fat calories). Liver and serum were collected to determine the element concentrations, markers of liver injury and lipid disorder, and mRNA and/or protein expression of lipid metabolism factors, heavy metal detoxification factors, and selenoproteins. Results: Both Cv1HFD and Cv2HFD induced obesity, and Cv2HFD downregulated Selenoi and upregulated Dio3 compared with Cv1D. When comparing Cv2HFD against Cv1HFD, Cv2 increased the liver Se and Cd, the protein abundance of Selenoh, and the mRNA abundance of 10 selenoproteins; reduced the serum TG, TC, and AST; reduced the liver TG, lipid droplets, malondialdehyde, and mRNA abundance of Mtf1 and Mt2; and differentially regulated the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism factors. Conclusions: Cv2 alleviated HFD-induced lipid dysregulation and liver damage, which was probably associated with its unique Se speciation. However, further research is needed to explore the interaction of plant-coenriched Se and Cd and its effects on health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selenium-Rich Products: Their Development and Regulation of Human Health)
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20 pages, 1073 KiB  
Article
Multifactorial Analysis of Influences on Quality of Life in Cancer Patients
by Elwira Gliwska, Dominika Głąbska, Zuzanna Zaczek, Jacek Sobocki and Dominika Guzek
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183207 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 902
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The diminished quality of life experienced by cancer patients impacts not only the individuals but also the broader healthcare system. Despite the effect that cancer has on quality of life both during and after treatment, quality of life assessments are not yet [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The diminished quality of life experienced by cancer patients impacts not only the individuals but also the broader healthcare system. Despite the effect that cancer has on quality of life both during and after treatment, quality of life assessments are not yet commonly implemented, and the specific factors influencing quality of life are not well understood. The aim of this study was to conduct comprehensive multifactorial analysis to identify the factors that influence the quality of life in cancer patients. Methods: This study comprised a cohort of 108 patients diagnosed with cancer. The EORTC QLQ C-30 and EORTC QLQ-INFO 25 questionnaires were used to interview participants, along with questions related to disease course and lifestyle factors. Results: Differences were found in various subdomains among male versus female, individuals who solicited nutritional information in cancer themselves versus those who did not, individuals who reported consulting a dietitian versus those who did not, individuals who reported a recent decrease in their food intake versus those who did not report it. The results of the stepwise multiple regression show the following factors as the most important factors affecting their quality of life: patients soliciting nutritional information, reduced food intake, types of nutrition support, age, gender, seeking consultation with a dietitian, place of residence, and education level. Conclusions: In addition to sociodemographic variables and those related to the location, course, and treatment of cancer, including type of cancer, the variable related to patients’ declared need for soliciting nutritional information and seeking consultation with a dietitian may also influence quality of life. Therefore, the above factors in determining the quality of life and well-being of patients should also be considered in a holistic approach to patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutritional Factors and Their Effect on Different Stages of Cancer)
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22 pages, 2838 KiB  
Review
Balancing the Oral–Gut–Brain Axis with Diet
by Rebecca Kerstens, Yong Zhi Ng, Sven Pettersson and Anusha Jayaraman
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183206 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3404
Abstract
Background: The oral microbiota is the second largest microbial community in humans. It contributes considerably to microbial diversity and health effects, much like the gut microbiota. Despite physical and chemical barriers separating the oral cavity from the gastrointestinal tract, bidirectional microbial transmission occurs [...] Read more.
Background: The oral microbiota is the second largest microbial community in humans. It contributes considerably to microbial diversity and health effects, much like the gut microbiota. Despite physical and chemical barriers separating the oral cavity from the gastrointestinal tract, bidirectional microbial transmission occurs between the two regions, influencing overall host health. Method: This review explores the intricate interplay of the oral–gut–brain axis, highlighting the pivotal role of the oral microbiota in systemic health and ageing, and how it can be influenced by diet. Results: Recent research suggests a relationship between oral diseases, such as periodontitis, and gastrointestinal problems, highlighting the broader significance of the oral–gut axis in systemic diseases, as well as the oral–gut–brain axis in neurological disorders and mental health. Diet influences microbial diversity in the oral cavity and the gut. While certain diets/dietary components improve both gut and oral health, others, such as fermentable carbohydrates, can promote oral pathogens while boosting gut health. Conclusions: Understanding these dynamics is key for promoting a healthy oral–gut–brain axis through dietary interventions that support microbial diversity and mitigate age-related health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Novel Nutritional Therapy)
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12 pages, 1045 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Body Composition on Mortality and Hospital Length of Stay after Endovascular and Open Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Rosaria Del Giorno, Alessandro Robaldo, Alessia Astorino, Luca Gabutti, Vito Chianca, Stefania Rizzo, Francesca Riva, Ludovica Ettorre, Kevyn Stefanelli, Reto Canevascini, Luca Giovannacci and Giorgio Prouse
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183205 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 819
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is an indicator of preoperative frailty and a patient-specific risk factor for poor prognosis in elderly surgical patients. Some studies have explored the prognostic significance of body composition parameters in relation to perioperative mortality after aortic repair and to mid- and [...] Read more.
Background: Sarcopenia is an indicator of preoperative frailty and a patient-specific risk factor for poor prognosis in elderly surgical patients. Some studies have explored the prognostic significance of body composition parameters in relation to perioperative mortality after aortic repair and to mid- and long-term survival following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of various body composition parameters, including but not limited to sarcopenia, on short- and long-term mortality as well as the length of hospital stay in two large cohorts of patients undergoing open surgical aortic repair (OSR) or EVAR. Methods: A single-institution retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent EVAR or OSR from January 2010 to December 2017. Several parameters of body composition on axial CT angiography images were analyzed, such as skeletal muscle area (SMA) with derived skeletal muscle index (SMI), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Results: 477 patients were included: 250 treated by OSR and 227 by EVAR; the mean age was 70.8 years (OSR) and 76.3 years (EVAR), with a mean follow-up of 54 months. Sarcopenia was associated with a prolonged length of hospital stay in EVAR patients but not in OSR patients (β coefficient 3.22; p-value 0.022 vs. β coefficient 0.391; p-value 0.696). Sarcopenia was an elevated one-year mortality risk post-EVAR compared to those without sarcopenia (p-value for the log-rank test 0.05). SMA and SMI were associated with long-term mortality in EVAR patients even after adjusting for multiple confounders (HR 0.98, p-value 0.003; HR 0.97, p-value 0.032). The analysis of the OSR cohort did not show a significant correlation between short- and long-term mortality and sarcopenia indicators. Conclusions: The results suggest that body composition could predict increased mortality and longer hospital stays in patients undergoing EVAR procedures. These findings were not confirmed in the cohort of patients who underwent OSR. Patients with sarcopenia and pre-operative malnutrition should be critically assessed to define the indication for treatment in this predominantly elderly and morbid cohort, despite EVAR procedures being less invasive. Body composition evaluation is an inexpensive and reproducible tool that can contribute to an improved decision-making process by identifying patients who will benefit most from EVAR, ensuring a more personalized and cost-effective treatment strategy. Further studies are planned to explore the added value of integrating body composition into a comprehensive risk stratification before aortic surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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15 pages, 1161 KiB  
Article
Does Colostrum Bovinum Supplementation Affect Swimming Performance in Endurance-Trained Males? A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study
by Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Natalia Główka, Tomasz Podgórski, Mikołaj Szymocha, Błażej Przybylik, Krystian Wochna, Małgorzata Woźniewicz and Paulina M. Nowaczyk
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183204 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1561
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Colostrum Bovinum (COL) is recognized for its unique composition and potential ergogenic and immunological benefits. Unlike mature milk, COL is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and various growth factors, making it one of the most potent natural immune stimulants. The purpose of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Colostrum Bovinum (COL) is recognized for its unique composition and potential ergogenic and immunological benefits. Unlike mature milk, COL is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and various growth factors, making it one of the most potent natural immune stimulants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12-weeks of COL supplementation on swimming-specific performance (SSP) and exercise adaptations in endurance-trained male athletes. Methods: Twenty-eight male triathletes and swimmers (age: 31.1 ± 10.2 years; body mass: 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height: 1.82 ± 0.06 m) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled crossover study and received 25 g∙day−1 of COL or PLA for 12 weeks. The study assessed the effects of COL on SSP (8 × 100 m performed at various intensities) and exercise adaptations [heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations ([La−])]. Four main study visits were conducted—before and after COL (COLPRE and COLPOST) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST) supplementation. Results: COL had no significant effect on SSP. Still, the total time of the SSP test was about ~3.04 s shorter after COL supplementation, and ~7.13 s longer after PLA supplementation. Neither COL nor PLA supplementation affected HR during the SSP test. Post-exercise blood [La−] was significantly reduced after both COL and PLA supplementation. The analysis of SSP results in the consecutive study visits revealed possible existence of the practice effect. Conclusions: Colostrum Bovinum and high-quality milk protein (PLA) seem to be comparably effective in evoking exercise adaptation in endurance-trained male athletes. Long-term crossover supplementation protocols in athletes must consider the impact of possible practice effect when interpreting the outcomes related to exercise performance, but not biochemical or physiological markers of exercise adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
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14 pages, 286 KiB  
Review
Baked Egg Oral Immunotherapy: Current State in Pediatric Age
by Simone Foti Randazzese, Lucia Caminiti, Mariarosaria La Rocca, Cristina Italia, Fabio Toscano, Francesca Galletta, Giuseppe Crisafulli and Sara Manti
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183203 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 868
Abstract
Hen’s egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies in the Western world, with an increase in recent years. It affects about 9.5% of the pediatric population, and the onset most often occurs before the first year of life. The occurrence [...] Read more.
Hen’s egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies in the Western world, with an increase in recent years. It affects about 9.5% of the pediatric population, and the onset most often occurs before the first year of life. The occurrence of spontaneous oral tolerance acquisition varies among studies, but it is generally high by school age. Nowadays, allergen immunotherapy may represent the only therapeutic strategy able to modify the natural history of hen’s egg allergy. Specifically, many children with hen’s egg allergy may tolerate baked eggs. Food processing, specifically high temperatures, alters the allergenicity of hen’s egg proteins by causing conformational changes in allergen epitopes, which makes them less allergenic. This review aims to discuss the scientific evidence in the field of baked egg oral immunotherapy in hen’s egg-allergic children, with a meticulous examination of the pertinent literature surrounding the subject matter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Immune Diseases)
14 pages, 1185 KiB  
Article
Visceral Fat-Reducing Effect of Novel Dietary Intervention Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Japanese Males
by Naohisa Shobako, Hiroyasu Shimada, Tsuyoshi Yamato, Takuo Nakazeko, Yukio Hirano, Futoshi Nakamura and Keiko Honda
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183202 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1200
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Reducing visceral fat is a critical factor in preventing obesity-related health complications. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of our previously reported novel dietary intervention program, “Optimized Nutri-Dense Meals”, designed according to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in Japan in reducing [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Reducing visceral fat is a critical factor in preventing obesity-related health complications. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of our previously reported novel dietary intervention program, “Optimized Nutri-Dense Meals”, designed according to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in Japan in reducing visceral fat. Method: This open-label, randomized controlled trial included 100 Japanese males with obesity or overweight. In total, 50 participants were assigned to a control group that continued their usual diets, and the other 50 consumed test meals twice per week for four weeks (test group). Result: The primary outcome, visceral fat area, significantly decreased in the test group compared to that in the control group (−7.5 cm2, confidence interval [CI]: −14.3 to −0.6). In addition, we measured the changes in gut flora and work productivity. The abundance of Bifidobacterium (+1.5%, CI: 0.3–2.7) and Christensenellaceae (+0.4%, CI: 0.01–0.8) increased significantly in the test group compared with those in the control group. Work Limitation Questionnaire Japanese version scores representing presenteeism also significantly increased in the test group (+1.2 points, CI: 0.2–2.3) compared with the control group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that dietary interventions based on Japanese DRIs can effectively decrease visceral fat and improve health outcomes over the short term without the need for a complete dietary overhaul. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies for Obesity)
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22 pages, 1688 KiB  
Review
Transplant-Acquired Food Allergy in Children
by Cristiana Indolfi, Angela Klain, Giulio Dinardo, Carolina Grella, Alessandra Perrotta, Simone Colosimo, Fabio Decimo and Michele Miraglia del Giudice
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183201 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1228
Abstract
Background: Organ transplantation in children is a vital procedure for those with end-stage organ failure, but it has been linked to the development of post-transplant allergies, especially food allergies. This phenomenon, known as transplant-acquired food allergy (TAFA), is becoming increasingly recognized, though its [...] Read more.
Background: Organ transplantation in children is a vital procedure for those with end-stage organ failure, but it has been linked to the development of post-transplant allergies, especially food allergies. This phenomenon, known as transplant-acquired food allergy (TAFA), is becoming increasingly recognized, though its mechanisms remain under investigation. Pediatric transplant recipients often require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection, which can alter immune function and heighten the risk of allergic reactions. Our review aimed to gather the latest evidence on TAFA. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search from 25 June to 5 July 2024, using specific search terms, identifying 143 articles. After screening, 36 studies were included: 24 retrospective studies, 1 prospective study, 2 cross-sectional researches, and 9 case reports/series. Results: Most studies focused on liver transplants in children. The prevalence of food allergies ranged from 3.3% to 54.3%. Tacrolimus, alongside corticosteroids, was the most commonly used immunosuppressive therapy. In addition to food allergies, some patients developed atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis. Allergic symptoms typically emerged within a year post-transplant, with common allergens including milk, eggs, fish, nuts, soy, wheat, and shellfish. Both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated reactions were observed, with treatment often involving the removal of offending foods and the use of adrenaline when necessary. Conclusions: Consistent immunological monitoring, such as skin prick tests and IgE level assessments, is essential for early detection and management of allergies in these patients. Understanding the link between transplantation and allergy development is crucial for improving long-term outcomes for pediatric transplant recipients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Reviews on Infant Nutrition and Allergic Disease)
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17 pages, 965 KiB  
Article
Daily Adequate Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortalities in Malaysian Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Lay Kim Tan, Nabilah Hanis Zainuddin, Najjah Tohar, Ridwan Sanaudi, Yong Kang Cheah, Mohd Azahadi Omar and Chee Cheong Kee
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183200 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 918
Abstract
Background/Objective: We investigated the relationship between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortalities among Malaysian adults. Methods: Data from a total of 18,211 Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above whom participated in the National Health [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: We investigated the relationship between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortalities among Malaysian adults. Methods: Data from a total of 18,211 Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above whom participated in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 were analyzed. The participants were followed up for approximately 11 years, and mortality data were ascertained through record linkages with the death registry from the Malaysian National Registration Department. Multiple Cox regression was applied to assess the association between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortalities, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health conditions. Results: During the follow-up period, we observed a total of 1809 all-cause, 374 CVD, and 216 cancer mortalities. No significant association between daily adequate FV intake with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI: 0.79–1.31), CVD mortality (aHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.57–1.47), and cancer mortality (aHR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.74–2.17) were observed, even after excluding deaths that occurred in the first two years of observation. Conclusions: Further investigation on the type of FV intake and its preparation method with risk of mortality will provide a holistic insight into the causal relationship between FV intake and mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthy Longevity: Targeting Functional Food Components, Aging Biomarkers and Chronic Disease Risk)
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17 pages, 571 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Social Media and Socio-Cultural Attitudes toward Body Image on the Risk of Orthorexia among Female Football Players of Different Nationalities
by Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Kommi Kalpana, Samet Aktaş, Gulshan Lal Khanna, Grzegorz Zydek, Marek Kardas and Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183199 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1422
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of socio-cultural attitudes towards body image and the role of social media on the risk of ON among female football players from Poland, Turkey, and India. This study hypothesizes that socio-cultural pressures and media usage significantly influence the risk of developing ON, particularly in cultures more exposed to Western beauty ideals. Methods: The study was conducted from May to August 2024, employing the Computer-Assisted Web Interview method. A total of 142 female football players aged 16–36 from Poland, Turkey, and India participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information and health metrics, the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, and the Duesseldorf Orthorexia Scale. Statistical analyses included an ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, the chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The study found that nearly half of the participants were at risk of or presented with ON, with the highest prevalence being among Indian athletes. Statistically significant relationships were observed between the risk of ON and factors such as age, dietary exclusions, social media usage, and sources of nutritional information. However, no significant correlation was found between socio-cultural attitudes and the risk of ON, suggesting that other factors may play a more critical role. Conclusions: While socio-cultural pressures and media use are contributing factors to the risk of ON, psychological factors and individual behaviors appear to be equally, if not more, significant. This study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs and psychological support for young athletes, with a focus on promoting healthy dietary practices and positive body image perceptions across varying cultural contexts. Additionally, the results suggest the need for further research into the specific psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying ON. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
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12 pages, 1656 KiB  
Article
Correlation between the Quantity and Type of Dietary Fiber with the Activity in Mexican Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
by Sophia Eugenia Martínez-Vázquez, José Miguel Corral-Ceballos and Jesús K. Yamamoto-Furusho
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183198 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 955
Abstract
Background/Objective: Ingestion of dietary fiber can influence in the remission of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). There are no current recommendations for fiber intake in UC; therefore, we evaluate the association between dietary fiber and the activity of the disease. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Ingestion of dietary fiber can influence in the remission of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). There are no current recommendations for fiber intake in UC; therefore, we evaluate the association between dietary fiber and the activity of the disease. Methods: Ours is a cross-sectional study in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of UC to whom a 24 h recall was applied; this allowed for the estimation and classification of type of dietary fiber. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) remission and (2) active UC. We analyzed the quantity and type of fiber with the grades of disease activity through Spearman correlation and logistic regression. Results: A total of 152 patients were included; it was found that those with clinically active UC consumed less total fiber (p = 0.016) and insoluble fiber (p = 0.018). Meanwhile, in endoscopic grade, the difference was for insoluble fiber (p = 0.038). Insoluble fiber had an inversely significant correlation with fecal calprotectin levels (r = −0.204; p = 0.018). Logistic regression showed that less than 11 g of insoluble fiber was a risk factor for clinical activity (OR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.107–5.019; p = 0.026). Conclusions: Consumption below the current recommendation of total and insoluble dietary fiber is associated with clinical activity of UC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation and Nutritional Therapy)
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10 pages, 238 KiB  
Article
Associations of Serum Vitamin A and E Concentrations with Pulmonary Function Parameters and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
by Wonjun Noh and Inkyung Baik
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183197 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 969
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, is known to affect pulmonary function (PF), thereby leading to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, data on the associations of serum vitamin A and E concentrations with PF parameters and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, is known to affect pulmonary function (PF), thereby leading to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, data on the associations of serum vitamin A and E concentrations with PF parameters and COPD are inconsistent. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate these associations, considering inflammatory status. Participants/Methods: This study included 2005 male and female adults aged ≥40 years who had participated in a population-based national survey. Spirometry without a bronchodilator was conducted to yield PF parameters, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the FEV1/FVC ratio, which were used to define COPD. Serum vitamin A (retinol) and E (α-tocopherol) concentrations were assayed. Multivariable regression analysis was performed after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Results: Serum vitamin A concentration was positively associated with FEV1 (p for trend < 0.01) among all participants. In addition, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the highest serum vitamin A concentration tertile for the prevalence of COPD, which was defined by the FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7, was 0.53 (0.31, 0.90) compared with that of the lowest tertile (p for trend < 0.05). Analysis stratified by a cutoff point of 1 mg/L serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) revealed that such associations with FEV1 and COPD prevalence were stronger in participants with lower hs-CRP levels (p for trend < 0.05). In contrast, serum vitamin E concentration was associated with neither PF parameters nor COPD prevalence. Conclusions: These findings suggest that serum vitamin A concentration may be important in preventing the progressive decline in PF parameters that results in COPD. Further epidemiological investigations are warranted to evaluate the causal associations of antioxidant vitamin status with PF parameters and COPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 2nd Edition)
20 pages, 3404 KiB  
Article
Common Bean Suppresses Hepatic Ceramide Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
by Vanessa K. Fitzgerald, Tymofiy Lutsiv, John N. McGinley, Elizabeth S. Neil, Mary C. Playdon and Henry J. Thompson
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183196 - 21 Sep 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition linked to the ongoing obesity pandemic, is rapidly increasing worldwide. In turn, its multifactorial etiology is consistently associated with low dietary quality. Changing dietary macronutrient and phytochemical quality via incorporating cooked [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition linked to the ongoing obesity pandemic, is rapidly increasing worldwide. In turn, its multifactorial etiology is consistently associated with low dietary quality. Changing dietary macronutrient and phytochemical quality via incorporating cooked common bean into an obesogenic diet formulation has measurable health benefits on the occurrence of both obesity and hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: A cohort of C57BL/6 mice were randomized into experimental diets containing multiple dietary concentrations of common bean. The primary endpoint of this study was comparing metabolomic analyses from liver and plasma of different treatment groups. Additionally, RNA sequencing and protein expression analysis via nanocapillary immunoelectrophoresis were used to elucidate signaling mediators involved. Results: Herein, global metabolomic profiling of liver and plasma identified sphingolipids as a lipid subcategory on which bean consumption exerted significant effects. Of note, C16 and C18 ceramides were significantly decreased in bean-fed animals. Hepatic RNAseq data revealed patterns of transcript expression of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism that were consistent with metabolite profiles. Conclusions: Bean incorporation into an otherwise obesogenic diet induces effects on synthesis, biotransformation, and degradation of sphingolipids that inhibit the accumulation of ceramide species that exert pathological activity. These effects are consistent with a mechanistic role for altered sphingolipid metabolism in explaining how bean inhibits the development of MASLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))
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10 pages, 843 KiB  
Article
Exploring Total Immunoglobulin A’s Impact on Non-Biopsy Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: Implications for Diagnostic Accuracy
by Alberto Raiteri, Alessandro Granito, Dante Pio Pallotta, Alice Giamperoli, Agnese Pratelli, Giovanni Monaco, Chiara Faggiano and Francesco Tovoli
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183195 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Objective: In the current debate surrounding the biopsy-free diagnosis of CeD, it is crucial to identify factors influencing the accuracy of results. This study investigated the impact of total IgA on the non-invasive diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD). Methods: We retrospectively assessed total [...] Read more.
Objective: In the current debate surrounding the biopsy-free diagnosis of CeD, it is crucial to identify factors influencing the accuracy of results. This study investigated the impact of total IgA on the non-invasive diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD). Methods: We retrospectively assessed total IgA titers’ influence on the diagnostic accuracy of different tTG-IgA thresholds compared to the upper reference value (UNL). Results: Of 165 included patients, tTG-IgA values at 10× UNL and 6× UNL showed specificity of 82.6% and 73.9% and sensitivity of 49.3% and 69.0%, respectively, in predicting intestinal villous atrophy (Marsh 3). In 130 patients, total IgA levels were known at baseline. These patients were divided into three tertiles according to total IgA, i.e., patients with lower, intermediate, or higher total IgA within the population. For patients with total IgA ≥ 245 mg/dL, using a tTG-IgA cutoff of 6× UNL instead of 10× UNL resulted in decreased specificity from 71.4% to 42.8% and increased sensitivity from 67.6% to 81.1%. For patients with total IgA < 174 mg/dL and between 174 mg/dL and 245 mg/dL, using a tTG-IgA cutoff of 6× UNL instead of 10× UNL maintained specificity (75.0% and 85.7%, respectively) with increased sensitivity (from 46.2% to 64.1% and from 36.1% to 52.8%, respectively). Conclusions: In conclusion, total IgA influences the diagnostic accuracy of a predetermined tTG-IgA cutoff. Greater consideration should be given to total IgA, beyond its deficiency, in evaluating the applicability and accuracy of non-invasive CeD diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gluten-Free Diet and Celiac Disease)
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11 pages, 772 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Impact of Folic Acid Supplementation and Vitamin B12 Deficiency on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Celiac Disease
by Lily Lev, Katherine Petersen, Joseph L. Roberts, Kevin Kupferer and Steven Werder
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183194 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Background: Celiac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, affecting approximately 1% of the global population and two million Americans. An increasing number of studies have identified a link between celiac disease and adverse maternal and [...] Read more.
Background: Celiac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, affecting approximately 1% of the global population and two million Americans. An increasing number of studies have identified a link between celiac disease and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy and after birth. Additionally, both celiac disease and pregnancy are associated with an increased risk for nutrient deficiencies, specifically vitamin B12 and folate. Methods: This review examines the current literature related to the folate trap and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with celiac disease and pregnant women independently and provides rationale for future research to explore the relationship between the folate-to-12 ratio in pregnant women with celiac disease. Results: Deficiencies in vitamin B12 are linked with several negative maternal and fetal health outcomes including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, spontaneous abortion/miscarriage, preterm birth, neural tube defects, intrauterine growth restriction, and low gestational age and birthweight. Conclusions: Folic acid supplementation is widely recommended during pregnancy, but complementary vitamin B12 supplementation is not standard. Physicians should consider celiac disease screening during pregnancy as well as vitamin B12 supplementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)
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