Tetrodotoxins in Tissues and Cells of Different Body Regions of Ribbon Worms Kulikovia alborostrata and K. manchenkoi from Spokoynaya Bay, Sea of Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. HPLC-MS/MS
2.2. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies
2.2.1. Integument
2.2.2. Digestive System
2.2.3. Proboscis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
5.2. Species Identification
5.3. Extraction and HPLC–MS/MS Analysis of TTX and Its Analogues
5.4. Immunohistochemical Studies
5.5. Morphological Studies
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Body Region | Weight, g | 5,6,11-TrideoxyTTX | TTX | 5-DeoxyTTX | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ng/g | ng | % * | ||||
Proboscis | 0.39 | 0.91 | 0.36 | 3.81 | − | − |
Precerebral | 0.04 | 5.52 | 0.20 | 2.19 | − | − |
Mouth | 0.26 | 5.51 | 1.43 | 15.33 | − | − |
Anterior body | 0.98 | 3.19 | 3.13 | 33.46 | − | − |
Middle body | 1.10 | 2.59 | 2.84 | 30.45 | + | − |
Posterior body | 0.75 | 1.84 | 1.38 | 14.76 | − | − |
Body Region | Weight, g | 5,6,11-TrideoxyTTX | TTX | 5-DeoxyTTX | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ng/g | ng | % * | ||||
Proboscis | 0.30 | 7.47 | 2.24 | 2.07 | − | − |
Precerebral | 0.06 | 24.06 | 1.44 | 1.33 | − | − |
Mouth | 0.39 | 11.27 | 4.39 | 4.06 | − | − |
Anterior body | 0.76 | 48.16 | 36.60 | 33.82 | − | + |
Middle body | 0.59 | 54.99 | 32.44 | 29.98 | − | + |
Posterior body | 0.43 | 72.32 | 31.10 | 28.74 | − | + |
Cell Type | Morphological Description | Methylene Blue Staining | Kulikovia alborostrata | Kulikovia manchenkoi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Localization | Distribution | TTXs-Positive Immunoreactivity | Localization | Distribution | TTXs-Positive Immunoreactivity | |||
se | single large secretory granule | light blue | epidermis | +++ | − | epidermis | +++ | − |
gc1 | small rounded secretory granules | blue-purple | cutis | +++ | weak | cutis | +++ | − |
gc2 | elongated secretory granules | blue-green | cutis | ++ | − | cutis | ++ | − |
gc3 | small rounded secretory granules | blue-green | cutis | + | − | cutis | + | − |
gc4 | large spherical secretory granules | blue | cutis | + | high | cutis | + | high |
g1 | small rounded secretory granules | light blue | buccal cavity, foregut | +++ | − | buccal cavity | +++ | − |
g2 | large rounded secretory granules | blue | buccal cavity, foregut | ++ | − | buccal cavity, foregut | ++ | − |
g3 | rounded or oval secretory granules | blue | foregut | ++ | − | buccal cavity, foregut | ++ | − |
g4 | rounded or oval secretory granules | purple-blue | foregut | + | − | buccal cavity, foregut | + | − |
g5 | rounded secretory granules | purple | foregut | +++ | − | foregut | +++ | medium |
g6 | large spherical secretory granules with heterogeneous contents | light purple | foregut | + | high | buccal cavity, foregut | + | high |
g7 | large rounded secretory granules | dark blue | buccal cavity | + | − | − | − | − |
g8 | large rounded secretory granules | blue-purple | intestine | +++ | weak | intestine | +++ | high |
g9 | rounded or oval secretory granules | light blue | − | − | − | intestine | ++ | − |
g10 | large rounded secretory granules with heterogeneous contents | light blue | − | − | − | intestine | ++ | high |
g11 | rounded secretory granules | blue-purple | intestine | ++ | high | − | − | − |
gp1 | pseudocnidae | light blue | proboscis | +++ | − | proboscis | +++ | − |
gp2 | large bacillary secretory granules | purple or light purple | proboscis | +++ | − | proboscis | +++ | − |
gp3 | large spherical secretory granules | blue or light blue | proboscis | ++ | − | proboscis | ++ | − |
gp4 | small rounded secretory granules | dark blue | proboscis | + | high | proboscis | ++ | high |
gp5 | large spherical secretory granules with heterogeneous content | purple | − | − | − | proboscis | ++ | − |
gp6 | rounded secretory granules with heterogeneous content | blue | proboscis | ++ | − | − | − | − |
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Vlasenko, A.E.; Pereverzeva, A.O.; Velansky, P.V.; Magarlamov, T.Y. Tetrodotoxins in Tissues and Cells of Different Body Regions of Ribbon Worms Kulikovia alborostrata and K. manchenkoi from Spokoynaya Bay, Sea of Japan. Toxins 2024, 16, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040186
Vlasenko AE, Pereverzeva AO, Velansky PV, Magarlamov TY. Tetrodotoxins in Tissues and Cells of Different Body Regions of Ribbon Worms Kulikovia alborostrata and K. manchenkoi from Spokoynaya Bay, Sea of Japan. Toxins. 2024; 16(4):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040186
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlasenko, Anna E., Alexandra O. Pereverzeva, Peter V. Velansky, and Timur Yu. Magarlamov. 2024. "Tetrodotoxins in Tissues and Cells of Different Body Regions of Ribbon Worms Kulikovia alborostrata and K. manchenkoi from Spokoynaya Bay, Sea of Japan" Toxins 16, no. 4: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040186
APA StyleVlasenko, A. E., Pereverzeva, A. O., Velansky, P. V., & Magarlamov, T. Y. (2024). Tetrodotoxins in Tissues and Cells of Different Body Regions of Ribbon Worms Kulikovia alborostrata and K. manchenkoi from Spokoynaya Bay, Sea of Japan. Toxins, 16(4), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040186