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Article

Advanced Treatment of Phosphorus Pesticide Wastewater Using an Integrated Process of Coagulation and Ozone Catalytic Oxidation

by
Shengping Cao
1,2,
Lei Chen
2,*,
Minyan Zhao
3,
Ankang Liu
3,
Mingxiu Wang
3 and
Yongjun Sun
4,*
1
Ningxia Baichuan New Materials Co., Ltd., Yinchuang 750411, China
2
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
3
Nanjing Water Purification Environmental Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211100, China
4
College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2022, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010103
Submission received: 20 October 2021 / Revised: 15 November 2021 / Accepted: 17 November 2021 / Published: 17 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Environmental Catalysis)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Conventional pretreatment and secondary biochemical treatment are ineffective methods for removing phosphorus from phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater. In this study, coagulation-coupled ozone catalytic oxidation was used to treat secondary biochemical tailwater of phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater thoroughly. The effects of the coagulant type, coagulant dosage, coagulant concentration, wastewater pH, stirring rate, and stirring time on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and chromaticity were investigated during coagulation. When the dosage of the coagulant PAFS was equal to 100 mg/L, the concentration of the coagulant, pH, stirring rate, and stirring time were 5 wt%, 8, 100 rpm, and 5 min, respectively, and the removal rates of COD, TP, and chroma in wastewater reached the maximum value of 17.6%, 86.8%, and 50.0%, respectively. Effluent after coagulation was treated via ozone catalytic oxidation. When the respective ozone dosage, H2O2 dosage, catalyst dosage, and reaction time were 120 mg/L, 0.1 vt‰, 10 wt%, and 90 min, residual COD and chromaticity of the final effluent were 10.3 mg/L and 8, respectively. The coagulation-coupled ozone catalytic oxidation process has good application prospects in the treatment of secondary biochemical tailwater from phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater.

1. Introduction

The abuse of pesticides worldwide has caused severe environmental problems and widespread concern [1]. As the main agricultural agent, phosphorus-containing pesticides are widely used in local and foreign agricultural production because of their wide killing range, significant effect, and high pest lethality [2]. Raw materials, such as phosphorus trichloride, chloroacetic acid, methanol, and toluene, are primarily used in the production of phosphorus-containing pesticides with dimethyl phosphite and phosphorothioate as the principal intermediates [3]. Production wastewater is characterized by its high toxicity, high salt content, foul odor, and poor biodegradability [4]. The rapid development of agriculture, increasing use of phosphorus-containing pesticides, and large amounts of phosphorus-containing wastewater generated in the production process of pesticides have discharged harmful substances, which can be absorbed by passive plants into water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans [5]. These substances seriously threaten human life and health through their enrichment in the food chain. The discharge of phosphorus-containing wastewater increases the load of nutrients in the water body, easily causes eutrophication of water bodies, and threatens the ecological environment [6]. Therefore, effective degradation techniques or methods are necessary to alleviate the pollution of phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater in the environment.
Activated sludge, adsorption, and wet catalytic oxidation are commonly used treatment methods for phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater [7]. Activated sludge is an effective sewage treatment that can remove soluble and colloidal biochemical organic matter from sewers [8]. However, phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater can eliminate microorganisms in the sludge, cause a poor treatment effect, and has a high treatment cost because of its complex composition and high toxicity [9]. The adsorption method uses the porous structure and large specific surface area of adsorbents to adsorb pollutants in wastewater. Activated carbon and synthetic macroporous adsorption resins are commonly used adsorbents in pesticide wastewater treatment [10]. However, general adsorbents are expensive and have a poor treatment effect due to the strong polarity and water solubility of organic phosphate ester compounds in wastewater. Moreover, problems in the industrial application of adsorbents in recovery and regeneration methods still persist [11]. The wet oxidation method uses oxygen in its gaseous state to oxidize organic matter in pesticide wastewater to CO2 and H2O under high temperature and pressure condition. Wet catalytic oxidation can effectively treat the issues of high concentration, biological refractory, and toxicity of harmful pesticide wastewater [12]. Organic phosphorus in wastewater is degraded and converted into inorganic phosphorus. The promotion and use of the wet oxidation method in actual projects are limited because of the harsh reaction conditions that have high equipment requirements involving complicated operations and large investment for equipment cost [13].
Coagulation technology has been widely used in domestic sewage and industrial wastewater treatment for wastewater pretreatment and advanced treatment in combination with other processes. The coagulation method can effectively remove suspended solids and achieve the separation of pollutants. The treatment efficiency for Ni containing electroplating wastewater was comparatively evaluated through ozone oxidation (42% Ni and 26% Cr removal efficiencies) and coagulation process (98% and 99% removal of Ni and Cr) [14]. The coagulant-dependent action process includes coagulation and flocculation. Coagulants can reduce the stability of the suspended colloidal particles in water, cause colloidal particles to agglomerate with one another, and form many small alum flowers [15]. Alum flowers are aggregated to form large flocs through adsorption, bridging, and sweeping [16]. Ozone catalytic oxidation, a kind of advanced oxidation method, is widely used in the advanced treatment of wastewater with complex components for the promotion of ozone decomposition through the action of a catalyst to form hydroxyl radicals with strong oxidation [17]. For example, hydroxyl radicals in cocoa undergo a chain reaction with phosphorus in phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater. P = S bonds in oxygen atoms or hydroxyl radicals of phosphorus-containing pesticides are oxidized into P = O bonds, which change the molecular structure of the substance for the effective degradation and decomposition of pesticides [18]. In addition, the ozone catalytic oxidation method can not only rapidly degrade organic matter but also improve the biodegradability, decolorization, deodorization, and sterilization of wastewater [19].
In this study, coagulation coupled with ozone catalytic oxidation was used to treat the biochemical tailwater of phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater thoroughly. The effects of coagulant type, coagulant dosage, coagulant concentration, pH, stirring rate, and stirring time on COD, TP, and color were explored during coagulation. The wastewater treated under the optimal conditions of coagulation was then catalyzed with ozone. The effects of ozone addition, H2O2 addition, catalyst addition, and reaction time on COD and chroma removal efficiency were investigated during ozone catalytic oxidation.

2. Results

2.1. Coagulation Treatment of Biochemical Tailwater from Phosphorus-Containing Pesticide Wastewater

2.1.1. Effect of Coagulant Type on Coagulation Performance

Figure 1 shows that the coagulant CaCl2 has the worst removal effect on TP with a removal rate of 72.9%. Similarly, the TP removal efficiency obtained by inorganic polymer coagulants (PAC, AlCl3, PFS, Fe2 (SO4)3, PAFC, and PAFS) is better than that by inorganic low molecular coagulants. Among the inorganic polymer coagulants, PAFS demonstrated an excellent removal effect with a removal rate of up to 17.0%. PAC, AlCl3, PFS, Fe2 (SO4)3, CaCl2, and PAFC have a relatively low effect on the removal of chromaticity. The excellent removal efficiency of PAFS on chromaticity is exhibited at the removal rate of 50.0%.
PAFS shows superior performance in removing COD, TP, and chroma because of its longer molecular chain and more cationic functional groups compared with other inorganic low molecular coagulants. PAFS can provide enough adsorption sites for adsorbing pollutants [20]. The simultaneous action of adsorption bridging, precipitation net trapping, and charge neutralization in the destabilization process of PAFS treatment of wastewater is beneficial to the formation of flocs. Compared with PAFC, PAFS is a mixture of two aluminum–iron salts with a better aluminum–iron ratio [21]. A large amount of high-charge and high-polymerization aluminum–iron multinuclear complex ions or metal oxide gels will be produced during PAFS hydrolysis of substances, and aluminum–iron polynuclear complex ions or metal oxide gels produce adsorption bridging and sweeping sedimentation of destabilized particles that cause the pollutants in the water to settle and further improve the treatment effect of wastewater [22].

2.1.2. Effect of pH on Coagulation Performance

Figure 2 shows the effect of pH on the coagulation performance. The removal rate of COD increased with increasing pH. When pH = 9, the removal rate of COD reached the maximum value of 17.0%. The removal rate of TP first increased with pH and then gradually stabilized and achieved the maximum value of 85.0% when pH = 9. When pH < 6, the degradation of wastewater color was unaffected by PAFS. When 6 < pH < 8, the removal rate of chromaticity increased rapidly with the increase in pH, and the removal efficiency reached the maximum value of 75.0% at pH = 8. When pH was between 8 and 10, the removal rate of color was unaffected by the pH changes.
The degree of PAFS hydrolysis and the form of phosphorus in wastewater are related to the pH level. A low pH value inhibits the hydrolysis of PAFS primarily in the form of A13+ and Fe3+ ions with high charge and low polymerization degree and does not contribute to the action mechanisms of net sweeping and adsorption bridging [23]. Hence, the removal efficiency of COD, TP, and chroma in wastewater is low. The corresponding degree of hydrolysis of PAFS increases with increasing pH. Phosphorus in water exists in the form of H2PO4− and HPO42−. When pH is too high, high OH− concentrations will likely form electrostatic repulsion reactions [24,25], which directly affect the charge adsorption process in flocculation, which in turn stops the increase in the wastewater removal rate. In summary, the optimal pH for PAFS coagulation is 8.

2.1.3. Effect of PAFS Dosage on Coagulation Performance

The effect of PAFS dosage on coagulation performance is illustrated in Figure 3. The removal efficiency of COD increased slowly with the increase in PAFS dosage. When the dosage was equal to 200 mg/L, the removal rate reached the maximum value of 17.8%. With the increase in PAFS dosage, the removal rate of TP first increased rapidly and then slowed down. When the dosage was equal to 250 mg/L, the maximum removal rate of TP reached the maximum value of 96.0%. When the PAFS dosage was greater than 50 mg/L, the removal rate of chromaticity first increased, stabilized, decreased, and then stabilized with the increase in PAFS dosage. When the dosage of PAFS was equal to 100 mg/L, the removal rate of chromaticity reached the maximum value of 75.0%.
The action mechanism of coagulant PAFS primarily includes adsorption bridging, net catching and sweeping, and charge neutralization. When the amount of added PAFS is too small, adsorption bridging and net trapping ability weaken, and the floc particles are small. At this time, electrical neutralization is dominant and the removal efficiency of COD, TP, and chroma is low. The increase in adsorption bridging and net capturing capabilities with the increasing amount of added PAFS increases the wastewater removal efficiency [26]. When the dosage is too large, PAFS primarily exhibits the function of adsorption and bridging. According to the principle of colloidal protection, the colloidal particles formed through PAFS hydrolysis will be hindered by the repulsive force derived from the PAFS molecules This repulsive force may either be due to the compressive deformation between the colloidal particles formed by the hydrolysis of PAFS to generate repulsive potential energy or the electrical repulsive force between PAFS molecules [27]. In summary, the optimal dosage of coagulant PAFS is 100 mg/L.

2.1.4. Effect of PAFS Concentration on Coagulation Performance

The effect of PAFS concentration on coagulation performance is illustrated in Figure 4. The removal rate of COD gradually decreases with the increase in PAFS concentration. The COD removal effect reaches the maximum when the concentration of PAFS is equal to 5 wt% with a corresponding removal rate of 16.9%. The removal rate of TP gradually decreases with the increase in the concentration of coagulant PAFS. When the concentration of PAFS is equal to 1.0 wt%, the removal rate reaches the maximum value at 87.7%. When the concentration of PAFS is 1–5 wt%, the removal efficiency of chromaticity is stable at 75.0%. When the concentration is greater than 5 wt%, the removal rate of chromaticity reduces significantly with the increase in PAFS concentration. When the concentration of PAFS is equal to 12 wt%, the chroma removal rate reaches 0.
The appropriate concentration of PAFS can improve the treatment effect. Given that PAFS is a cationic coagulant, Fe3+ and Al3+, which generate positive charges after hydrolysis, can react with the negatively charged pollutants in wastewater to remove COD, chroma, and TP in wastewater when the dosage of the coagulant PAFS is within a suitable range. When the concentration of added PAFS is too high, the number of positive charges in water is remarkably higher than that of negative charges [28]. Electrostatic repulsion will occur when too many positive charges exist, affect the neutralization of the charge, and thus worsen the treatment effect. In summary, the optimal concentration of the coagulant PAFS in the coagulation test is 5 wt%.

2.1.5. Effect of Stirring Speed on Coagulation Performance

Figure 5 shows the effect of stirring speed on the coagulation performance. When the stirring rate is less than 100 rpm, the COD removal rate first increases and then decreases with the increasing stirring rate. When the stirring rate is equal to 100 rpm, the COD and TP removal rates reach the maximum and optimal values of 17.6% and 87.6%, respectively. When the stirring rate is between 20 and 100 rpm, the removal rate of TP is slightly affected by the stirring rate. When the stirring rate is greater than 100 rpm, the TP removal rate reduces slowly with the increasing stirring rate. When the stirring rate is between 20 and 120 rpm, the removal rate of chromaticity is stabilized at 75.0% but decreases to 50.0% when the stirring rate continues to increase.
The appropriate stirring rate can lead to good coagulation performance. PAFS typically removes COD, TP, and chroma in water bodies through electric neutralization and adsorption bridging [29]. When the stirring speed is too slow, PAFS can only partially come into contact with the pollutants in the sewage, and the weakened electrical neutralization and adsorption bridging effect of the coagulant will result in a poor coagulation effect [30]. Increasing the stirring speed to an appropriate rate can improve the collision efficiency of PAFS hydrolysis, form highly charged aluminum–iron polynuclear complex ions and pollutants [31], and accelerate the formation of flocs. When the stirring speed is too fast, the flocs will be broken by the shearing force in the water and the weakened adsorption bridging of the coagulant and net sweeping, and the sweeping effect is not conducive to coagulation. In summary, the optimal stirring rate for the coagulation test is equal to 100 rpm.

2.1.6. Effect of Stirring Time on Coagulation Performance

Figure 6 illustrates that the COD removal rate first increases and then gradually decreases with the increase in stirring time. When the stirring time was 5 min, the removal rate reached the maximum value of 17.6%. The removal rate of TP slowly increased and then decreased with the increasing stirring time. When the stirring time was 2 min, the removal rate reached the maximum value of 87.2%. The removal rate of chroma increased from 50.0% to 75.0% when the stirring time was increased from 1 min to 2 min. The removal rate of chromaticity is unaffected by the change of stirring time between 2 and 8 min. The rate first decreased and then remained unchanged at 50.0%.
When the stirring rate is constant, the stirring time generally affects the coagulation effect to a certain extent. The appropriate increase in stirring time can improve the treatment performance [32]. When the stirring time is too short, the contact between the PAFS molecules and the particulate matter in the water body is insufficient and the charge neutralization and adsorption bridging effect of PAFS is poorly exerted [33]. When the agitation time is too long, the extended shear force in the water body can separate the particulate matter that has been adsorbed by PAFS, release it into the water body again, and weaken the adsorption bridging and net sweeping effect of PAFS. If the stirring time exceeds a certain range, then the treatment efficiency of coagulation is reduced [34]. In summary, the appropriate stirring time is 5 min.

2.2. Ozone Catalytic Oxidation Treatment of Biochemical Tailwater from Phosphorus-Containing Pesticide Wastewater

2.2.1. Effect of H2O2 Dosage on Catalytic Oxidation Performance

Figure 7 illustrates that the COD removal rate first increases and then decreases with the increase in H2O2 dosage. The COD removal rate reaches the maximum value of 41.2% at an H2O2 volume fraction of 0.1 vt‰. The chroma removal is unaffected by the change of H2O2 dosage, and the chroma removal rate is maintained at 75.0%.
When the ozone dosage is fixed, the small dosage of H2O2 is clearly unaffected by Fe3+ in the laboratory-made iron-based catalyst and the amount of hydroxyl radicals generated by the decomposition of H2O2 is relatively small [35,36]. The appropriate increase in the amount of added H2O2 can improve the treatment effect to a certain extent. When the amount of added H2O2 is too large, the excess H2O2 consumes a portion of the ozone from the gas phase to the liquid phase and reduces the ozone utilization rate [37]. H2O2 itself is also an inhibitor of OH that can rapidly react with hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, a large amount of captured, quenched, and inactivated hydroxyl radicals adversely affects the degradation of organic matter in water and causes the degradation rate of COD to reduce rapidly [38,39]. In summary, the optimal dosage of H2O2 is 0.1 vt‰.

2.2.2. Effect of O3 Dosage on Catalytic Oxidation Performance

Figure 8 illustrates the effect of ozone dosage on the catalytic oxidation of ozone. The removal rate of COD continues to increase with the increase in ozone dosage. When the dosage of ozone is 150 mg/L, the removal rate reaches the optimal value of 58.8%. The generally increasing state of removal rate of chromaticity first increases, stabilizes, increases again, and then stabilizes with the increase in ozone dosage. The removal rate of chromaticity reaches its maximum value of 75.0% when the dosage of ozone is equal to 120 mg/L.
Ozone catalytic oxidation primarily produces ·OH through ozone catalysis and oxidizes organic matter in water through ·OH. Appropriately increasing the dosage of ozone can enhance the oxidation of ozone itself and increase the production of active free radicals in the reaction system [40,41]. However, high concentrations of ozone will also be trapped by ·OH radicals. When the ozone concentration is further increased, the reaction rates will no longer increase and then stabilize the removal rate of chroma after a period of increase. The concentration of ozone in the water is close to saturation, and the excess ozone that escapes in the form of microbubbles causes wastage of resources [42]. In summary, the optimal ozone dosage for ozone catalytic oxidation is equal to 120 mg/L.

2.2.3. Effect of Catalyst Dosage on Catalytic Oxidation Performance

Figure 9 shows the effect of changes in catalyst dosage on the catalytic oxidation performance of ozone. When the amount of catalyst added is less than 10 wt%, the COD removal rate increases with the increasing amount of catalyst added, to a large extent. When the amount of catalyst added is more than 10 wt%, the COD removal rate stabilizes as the amount of catalyst added increases. The COD removal rate reached the maximum of 56.9% when the catalyst dosage was 25 wt%. The removal rate of chromaticity is unaffected by the change of catalyst dosage and maintained at 75.0%.
The increase in the amount of catalyst added increases the available active sites, remarkably increases the chance of ozone molecules colliding with the catalyst, speeds up the reaction rate of the system, and makes full use of the ozone. When the ozone concentration is constant, adding too much catalyst prevents the active sites from being fully occupied and results in the wastage of catalyst. If the dosage of iron-based catalyst is too high, then the excessive hydroxyl radicals generated can interact to form hydrogen peroxide, which weakens the effect of hydroxyl radicals and results in a stable removal rate [43]. In summary, the optimal catalyst dosage for ozone catalytic oxidation is 10 wt%.

2.2.4. Effect of Reaction Time on Catalytic Oxidation Performance

The effect of reaction time on the catalytic oxidation performance of ozone is illustrated in Figure 10. When the reaction time is less than 90 min, the COD removal rate increases with the extension of the reaction time. When the reaction time is longer than 90 min, the removal rate of COD is slightly affected by the change of reaction time and the removal rate is stable within the range of 60.4%–61.8%. The removal rate of chroma is increased from 50.0% at a reaction time of 10 min to 75.0% at 30 min. When the reaction time is greater than 30 min, the removal rate of chroma is maintained at 75.0%.
The extension of reaction time increases the residual ozone concentration in the water, the substrate of the ozone catalytic oxidation system, and removal efficiency of wastewater. When the reaction time is short, the ozone concentration in the water is very low and the substrate of the ozone catalytic oxidation reaction system is insufficient to remove pollutants in the water [44]. The ozone concentration affects the mass transfer rate of ozone in the water phase, which typically affects the ozone utilization rate. When the reaction time is too long, the accumulation of ozone in catalytic oxidation will increase, the improvement of the catalytic oxidation effect becomes increasingly difficult, and the removal rates remain stable [45]. In summary, the optimal reaction time is 90 min.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Analytical-grade PAC, AlCl3, PFS, Fe2 (SO4)3, CaCl2, PAFC, and PAFS were purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Analytical-grade concentrated hydrochloric acid, NaOH, hydrogen peroxide, and KI were obtained from Nanjing Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). High-purity oxygen was bought from Nanjing Sanle Electronics Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The iron-based catalyst used in this study was self-made in the laboratory. The actual wastewater from this experiment was collected from the second settling tank of a sewage treatment plant of a pesticide production enterprise in Jiangsu Province. The quality of the raw water is listed in Table 1.

3.2. Coagulation and Catalytic Oxidation Experiment

The steps of the coagulation experiment are presented as follows: Weigh a certain amount of coagulant using an electronic balance (AL104; Sartorius Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd.; Beijing, China). Place the weighed coagulant (20 g/100mL) in pure water and then mix with a magnetic stirrer at a constant temperature to dissolve (85-2A; Boyuan Experimental Analysis Instrument Factory; Changzhou, China). Prepare the solutions with different concentrations. Set the coagulation test mixer (ZR4-6; Zhongrun Water Industrial Technology Development Co., Ltd.; Shenzhen, China) at a certain speed and rotation time. Place the beaker with an appropriate amount of wastewater in the mixer to stir and then add the prepared coagulant solution. For the pH adjustment in the experiment, use 1 mol/L HCl or 1 mol/L NaOH, and observe the pH value using a pH meter (PHB-4; Dazhong Analytical Instrument Factory; Shanghai, China). After the completed stirring reaction and standing for 10 min, extract the supernatant to measure the values of COD, TP, and chromaticity and observe the changes in floc morphology and water color.
The experimental steps of ozone catalytic oxidation are presented as follows: Connect an oxygen bottle, ozone generator (CF-G-3-010g; Guolin Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.; Qingdao, China), columnar plexiglass reactor, and gas cylinder, in this order. Attach the gas outlet pipe of the ozone generator to the aeration disk at the bottom of the reactor and connect the gas outlet at the upper part of the reactor to the gas cylinder containing the KI solution. Extract a certain volume of water sample after the coagulation treatment, and then pour the water sample into the laboratory-made cylindrical plexiglass reactor. Seal the reactor after pouring the laboratory-made catalyst and the prepared H2O2 solution in the electronic balance into the reactor. Activate the power to generate ozone gas and open the oxygen cylinder valve. After a period of reaction, deactivate the instrument and extract the water sample to determine the water quality.
TP was measured using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV2600; Shimadzu Corporation; Kyoto, Japan). Chromaticity was determined following the national standard (GB11903-89). COD was measured on a Hach COD analyzer (DR1010, HACH, Loveland, CO, USA) using potassium dichromate.

4. Conclusions

In this study, coagulation-coupled ozone catalytic oxidation is used to treat phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater thoroughly. The remaining amount of TP is only 0.68 mg/L at the optimal coagulation condition, and PAFS has an advantage in removing TP. After coagulation, the remaining amounts of COD and chroma are 64.8 mg/L and 16, respectively. The effluent after coagulation is then subjected to ozone catalytic oxidation treatment. Under the optimal conditions of ozone catalytic oxidation, the removal efficiency of the final effluent COD and chromaticity is significantly improved by 60.4% and 25.0%, respectively, compared with coagulation alone. Compared with coagulation, ozone catalytic oxidation can easily remove refractory organics and effectively reduce the COD and color of wastewater. Charge neutralization and adsorption bridging are the primary mechanisms of action in the process of PAFS treatment of phosphorus-containing wastewater. Ozone and H2O2 have a synergistic effect on the ozone catalytic oxidation reaction. The self-made catalyst accelerates the catalytic reaction, promotes the production of additional hydroxyl radicals, and improves the removal efficiency of organic matter with poor biodegradability. Therefore, in the treatment of phosphorus-containing pesticide wastewater, the coagulation-coupled ozone catalytic oxidation process has good development prospects.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.C., M.Z., A.L., Y.S., L.C. and M.W.; methodology, S.C., Y.S., L.C.; software, S.C. and M.Z.; validation, A.L. and M.W.; formal analysis, A.L. and M.W.; investigation, A.L., M.W., Y.S., L.C.; resources, S.C., A.L. and M.W.; data curation, A.L. and M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.S., L.C.; writing—review and editing, Y.S., L.C.; visualization, A.L. and M.W.; supervision, S.C., Y.S., L.C.; project ad-ministration, S.C., Y.S., L.C.; funding acquisition, S.C., Y.S., L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 12 00103 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of coagulant type on coagulation performance.
Figure 1. Effect of coagulant type on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g002 550
Figure 2. Effect of pH on coagulation performance.
Figure 2. Effect of pH on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g003 550
Figure 3. Effect of PAFS dosage on coagulation performance.
Figure 3. Effect of PAFS dosage on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g004 550
Figure 4. Effect of PAFS concentration on coagulation performance.
Figure 4. Effect of PAFS concentration on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of stirring speed on coagulation performance.
Figure 5. Effect of stirring speed on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g006 550
Figure 6. Effect of stirring time on coagulation performance.
Figure 6. Effect of stirring time on coagulation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g007 550
Figure 7. Effect of H2O2 dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
Figure 7. Effect of H2O2 dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g008 550
Figure 8. Effect of O3 dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
Figure 8. Effect of O3 dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g009 550
Figure 9. Effect of catalyst dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
Figure 9. Effect of catalyst dosage on catalytic oxidation performance.
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Catalysts 12 00103 g010 550
Figure 10. Effect of reaction time on catalytic oxidation performance.
Figure 10. Effect of reaction time on catalytic oxidation performance.
Catalysts 12 00103 g010
Table
Table 1. Raw water quality of coal chemical biochemical tailwater.
Table 1. Raw water quality of coal chemical biochemical tailwater.
IndexCharacteristicpHCOD
(mg/L)		TP
(mg/L)		Chroma
(time)
ValueLight yellow, transparent, and no pungent odor8.178.65.232.0
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Cao, S.; Chen, L.; Zhao, M.; Liu, A.; Wang, M.; Sun, Y. Advanced Treatment of Phosphorus Pesticide Wastewater Using an Integrated Process of Coagulation and Ozone Catalytic Oxidation. Catalysts 2022, 12, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010103

AMA Style

Cao S, Chen L, Zhao M, Liu A, Wang M, Sun Y. Advanced Treatment of Phosphorus Pesticide Wastewater Using an Integrated Process of Coagulation and Ozone Catalytic Oxidation. Catalysts. 2022; 12(1):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010103

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Shengping, Lei Chen, Minyan Zhao, Ankang Liu, Mingxiu Wang, and Yongjun Sun. 2022. "Advanced Treatment of Phosphorus Pesticide Wastewater Using an Integrated Process of Coagulation and Ozone Catalytic Oxidation" Catalysts 12, no. 1: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010103

APA Style

Cao, S., Chen, L., Zhao, M., Liu, A., Wang, M., & Sun, Y. (2022). Advanced Treatment of Phosphorus Pesticide Wastewater Using an Integrated Process of Coagulation and Ozone Catalytic Oxidation. Catalysts, 12(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010103

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