Rice Straw as Green Waste in a HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized as an Adsorbent and Photocatalytic Material for Chlorpyrifos Removal from Aqueous Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- In the presence of light, it is nontoxic, photo stable, low cost, and exceedingly effective.
- Many researchers now focus on the photodegradation of organic pollutants via titanium oxide immobilization on carbon supports. One of the titanium oxide components is employed as a matrix.
- The synergistic effect of active carbon degradation rates on HTiO2’s catalytic capabilities extends much beyond mere synergy.
- Adsorption between the catalyst and substrate is made easier with HTiO2@AC/porous SiO2’s support and incorporation of amorphous silica. Both are present in the AC as HTiO2 active centers do not disperse photogenerated oxidizing species (•O.H.); the interface between the catalyst and the water is where the majority of the catalytic reaction occurs.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Description of Materials
2.1.1. XRD
2.1.2. Nanocomposite Morphology
2.1.3. Surface Properties
2.1.4. Composite Optical Characterization
2.2. Batch Studies
2.2.1. The Influence of pH
2.2.2. Dosage Effect of HTiO2@AC/SiO2
2.2.3. Effect of Initial Concentration
2.2.4. The Stirring Effect
2.2.5. Temperature Impact
2.2.6. Contact Time and Its Impact
2.3. Study of Models
2.3.1. Isotherm Models
2.3.2. Langmuir Isotherm
2.3.3. Freundlich Isotherm
2.3.4. Models of Kinetics and Diffusion
2.3.5. The Model of Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics
2.3.6. The Model of the Pseudo-Second-Order
2.3.7. Model of Diffusion
2.4. Thermodynamic Study
2.5. Photocatalytic Materials Can Be Reused
2.6. Mechanism of Photodegradation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Rice-Straw-Activated Carbon Silica Composite Synthesis
3.3. Carbonization Step
3.4. Activation Step
3.5. HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesis
3.6. Photocatalysis
3.7. Material Characterization
3.8. Adsorption Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Langmuir | X-Y Axis | HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Case | qo (mg g−1) | K.L. (L mg−1) | R.L. | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dark | 42.706 | 0.032 | 0.606–0.071 | 0.996 | ||
Light | 46.258 | 0.04 | 0.558–0.059 | 0.997 | ||
Dark | 40.737 | 0.043 | 0.533–0.054 | 0.995 | ||
Light | 43.7161 | 0.062 | 0.444–0.038 | 0.991 | ||
Freundlich | Kf | n | R2 | |||
Dark | 59.442 | 2.834 | 0.961 | |||
Light | 77.674 | 3.075 | 0.977 | |||
- | Dark | 34.893 | 2.112 | 0.977 | ||
Light | 58.201 | 2.527 | 0.991 | |||
Dubinin–Radushkevich Model | qm | β | E | R2 | ||
Dark | 278.169 | 1.130 × 10−6 | 665.045 | 0.676 | ||
Light | 380.034 | 3.497 × 10−5 | 119.569 | 0.966 | ||
Dark | 278.169 | 1.130 × 10−6 | 665.045 | 0.887 | ||
Light | 299.808 | 2.113 × 10−7 | 1538.179 | 0.878 | ||
Tempkin Model | b | K.T. | B | R2 | ||
- | Dark | 36.053 | 0.963 | 68.721 | 0.968 | |
Light | 40.839 | 3.1652 | 60.667 | 0.941 | ||
Dark | 36.053 | 0.963 | 68.721 | 0.968 | ||
Light | 40.839 | 3.1652 | 60.667 | 0.941 |
The Pseudo-First-Order | HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Condition | k1 min−1 | qe mg g−1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nonlinear | Dark | 0.02 | 36.07 | 0.833 |
Light | 0.03 | 38.3 | 0.798 | |
Linear | Dark | 0.02 | 42.8 | 0.932 |
Light | 0.02 | 40.67 | 0.933 | |
The Pseudo-Second-Order | K2 g mg−1 min−1 | qe mg g−1 | R2 | |
Nonlinear | Dark | 0.001 | 41.14 | 0.881 |
Light | 0.000631 | 77.03 | 0.923 | |
Linear | Dark | 0.001 | 42.54 | 0.987 |
Light | 0.001 | 44.82 | 0.989 |
Diffusion Model | Composite Case | k1 mg g−1 min−0.5 | C mg g−1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nonlinear | Dark | 1.039 | 0.00 | 0.971 |
Light | 1.48 | 17.12 | 0.971 | |
Linear | Dark | 1.48 | 14.62 | 0.971 |
Light | 1.48 | 17.12 | 0.971 | |
Pore Diffusion | kp min−0.5 | Dii cm2 min−1 | R2 | |
Dark | 0.075 | 2.752 × 10−8 | 0.979 | |
Light | 0.082 | 3.272 × 10−8 | 0.978 | |
Film Diffusion | kfd min−1 | Dii cm2 min−1 | R2 | |
Dark | 0.013 | 4.051 × 10−8 | 0.99 | |
Light | 0.002 | 6.197 × 10−8 | 0.98 |
The Thermodynamic | Temp. | Composite Condition | ΔG (KJ/mol) | ΔH (KJ/mol) | ΔS (KJ/mol) | R2 | Ke Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
298.15 | Dark | −1.38 | −5.72 | 0.014 | 0.997 | 1.78 | |
Light | −1.89 | −6.01 | 0.014 | 0.996 | 2.185 | ||
298.15 | Dark | −1.38 | −5.717 | 0.014 | 0.997 | 0.574 | |
Light | −1.89 | −6.01 | 0.014 | 0.997 | 0.782 |
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Shahawy, A.E.; Al-Mhyawi, S.R.; Mubarak, M.F.; Mousa, A.E.; Ragab, A.H. Rice Straw as Green Waste in a HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized as an Adsorbent and Photocatalytic Material for Chlorpyrifos Removal from Aqueous Solution. Catalysts 2022, 12, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070714
Shahawy AE, Al-Mhyawi SR, Mubarak MF, Mousa AE, Ragab AH. Rice Straw as Green Waste in a HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized as an Adsorbent and Photocatalytic Material for Chlorpyrifos Removal from Aqueous Solution. Catalysts. 2022; 12(7):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070714
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahawy, Abeer El, Saedah R. Al-Mhyawi, Mahmoud F. Mubarak, Abdullah E. Mousa, and Ahmed H. Ragab. 2022. "Rice Straw as Green Waste in a HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized as an Adsorbent and Photocatalytic Material for Chlorpyrifos Removal from Aqueous Solution" Catalysts 12, no. 7: 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070714
APA StyleShahawy, A. E., Al-Mhyawi, S. R., Mubarak, M. F., Mousa, A. E., & Ragab, A. H. (2022). Rice Straw as Green Waste in a HTiO2@AC/SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized as an Adsorbent and Photocatalytic Material for Chlorpyrifos Removal from Aqueous Solution. Catalysts, 12(7), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070714