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Polymers
Volume 12
Issue 4
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Polymers, Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2020) – 265 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The cycloaddition of CO2 to ethylene oxide takes place in a gaseous phase. Before the formation of the liquid phase of the product, the reaction rate can be very slow. Therefore, a new catalyst based on a hyperbranched polyether backbone, containing CO2-philic, trisiloxane groups that attract carbon dioxide and enhance the catalytic activity of trimethylammonium active sites, was designed. An analogous structure containing hydroxyl groups was also synthesized for comparison reasons. Surprisingly, the hydrophilic catalyst had a higher efficiency in the cycloaddition reaction. However, the siloxane containing catalyst was easily separable from the product and did not promote the formation of the ethylene glycol by-product. View this paper.
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18 pages, 4196 KiB  
Article
Copolymacrolactones Grafted with l-Glutamic Acid: Synthesis, Structure, and Nanocarrier Properties
by Ernesto Tinajero-Díaz, Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya and Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040995 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3977
Abstract
The enzymatic ring-opening copolymerization (eROP) of globalide (Gl) and pentadecalactone (PDL) was performed in solution from mixtures of the two macrolactones at ratios covering the whole range of comonomeric compositions. The resulting P(Glx-r-PDLy) random copolyesters were aminofunctionalized [...] Read more.
The enzymatic ring-opening copolymerization (eROP) of globalide (Gl) and pentadecalactone (PDL) was performed in solution from mixtures of the two macrolactones at ratios covering the whole range of comonomeric compositions. The resulting P(Glx-r-PDLy) random copolyesters were aminofunctionalized by thiol-ene reaction with aminoethanethiol. ROP of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride initiated by P(Glx-r-PDLy)-NH2 provided neutral poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-grafted copolyesters, which were converted by hydrolysis into negatively charged hybrid copolymers. Both water-soluble and nonsoluble copolymers were produced depending on copolymer charge and their grafting degree, and their capacity for self-assembling in nano-objects were comparatively examined. The emulsion solvent-evaporation technique applied to the chloroform-soluble copolymers grafted with benzyl glutamate rendered well-delineated spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 200–300 nm. Conversely, micellar solutions in water were produced from copolyesters bearing grafted chains composed of at least 10 units of glutamic acid in the free form. The copolymer micelles were shown to be able to load doxorubicin (DOX) efficiently through electrostatic interactions and also to release the drug at a rate that was markedly pH dependent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ring Opening Polymerization: A Synthetic Toolbox for New Monomers and Polymers with Tailor-Made Properties and Functions)
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11 pages, 3018 KiB  
Article
A Silk Fibroin Based Hydration Accelerator for Root Canal Filling Materials
by Ching-Shuan Huang, Sung-Chih Hsieh, Nai-Chia Teng, Wei-Fang Lee, Poonam Negi, Wendimi Fatimata Belem, Hsuan-Chen Wu and Jen-Chang Yang
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040994 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3450
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used in various dental endodontic applications such as root-end filling, furcal perforation repair, and vital pulp therapy. In spite of many attempts to improve handling properties and reduce the discoloration of MTA, the ideal root canal filling [...] Read more.
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used in various dental endodontic applications such as root-end filling, furcal perforation repair, and vital pulp therapy. In spite of many attempts to improve handling properties and reduce the discoloration of MTA, the ideal root canal filling material has yet to be fully developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the setting time, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of MTA set by a silk fibroin solution. A 5 wt% silk fibroin (SF) solution (a novel hydration accelerant) was used to set SavDen® MTA and ProRoot® white MTA (WMTA). Changes in setting time, diametral tensile strength (DTS), material crystallization, in vitro cell viability, and cell morphology were assessed by Vicat needle measurement, a universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and WST-1 assay, respectively. The initial setting time of ProRoot® MTA and SavDen® MTA experienced a drastic decrease of 83.9% and 42.1% when deionized water was replaced by 5 wt% SF solution as the liquid phase. The DTS of SavDen® MTA showed a significant increase after set by the SF solution in 24 h. A human osteoblast-like cell (MG-63)-based WST-1 assay revealed that both ProRoot® MTA and SavDen® MTA hydrated using SF solution did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) in cell viability. MG-63 cells with pseudopodia attachments and nuclear protrusions represent a healthier and more adherent status on the surface of MTA when set with SF solution. The results suggest that the 5 wt% SF solution may be used as an alternative hydration accelerant for MTA in endodontic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Performance of Biopolymers)
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17 pages, 3749 KiB  
Article
Aberration-Based Quality Metrics in Holographic Lenses
by Tomás Lloret, Víctor Navarro-Fuster, Manuel G. Ramírez, Marta Morales-Vidal, Augusto Beléndez and Inmaculada Pascual
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040993 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3512
Abstract
Aberrations and the image quality of holographic lenses were evaluated by a Hartmann–Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. Two lenses, one recorded with a symmetrical configuration and the other with an asymmetrical one, were stored in a photopolymer called Biophotopol. Each was reconstructed with two [...] Read more.
Aberrations and the image quality of holographic lenses were evaluated by a Hartmann–Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. Two lenses, one recorded with a symmetrical configuration and the other with an asymmetrical one, were stored in a photopolymer called Biophotopol. Each was reconstructed with two different wavelengths, 473 nm and 633 nm. Different metrics were applied to determine and quantify the aberration of the lenses (Zernike coefficients, Seidel coefficients, Marechal tolerances, root-mean-square (RMS), peak to valley, critical fraction of the pupil), and the quality of the image they provided (Strehl ratio, entropy, cutoff frequency, modulation transfer function (MTF), and area under the MTF). Good agreement between the metrics related to optical quality was obtained. The negative asymmetric holographic lenses had less aberration than the positive symmetric ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric and Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Photonic Applications)
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9 pages, 1510 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Operating Temperature Stability of Organic Solar Cells with Metal Oxide Hole Extraction Layer
by Donggu Lee, Junmo Kim, Gyeongtae Park, Hyeong Woo Bae, Myungchan An and Jun Young Kim
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040992 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3721
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) are promising renewable energy sources for replacing fossil fuels. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has increased based on tremendous effort in material and device engineering. Still, the stability of OSC, such as long lifetime, negative temperature coefficient, [...] Read more.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) are promising renewable energy sources for replacing fossil fuels. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has increased based on tremendous effort in material and device engineering. Still, the stability of OSC, such as long lifetime, negative temperature coefficient, must be enhanced for commercialization. In this study, we investigated OSC performance at a high operating temperature near 300–420 K, which are typical temperature regions in photovoltaic applications, with a different hole-extraction layer (HEL). The metal oxide-based HEL, MoO3, exhibited stable operating properties with a PCE drop rate of −0.13%/°C, as compared to polymeric HEL, PEDOT:PSS (−0.20%/°C). This performance reduction of polymeric HEL originated from the degradation of the interface in contact with PEDOT:PSS, as compared to the robust inorganic metal oxide HEL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optoelectronic Devices Using Polymer Materials)
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14 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
A Smart Strategy to Improve t-Resveratrol Production in Grapevine Cells Treated with Cyclodextrin Polymers Coated with Magnetic Nanoparticles
by Lorena Almagro, Alicia De Gea-Abellán, María Isabel Rodríguez-López, Estrella Núñez-Delicado, José Antonio Gabaldón and María Angeles Pedreño
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040991 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3930
Abstract
One of the most successfully procedures used to increase the production of t-resveratrol in Vitis vinifera suspension-cultured cells is the application of cyclodextrins (CDs) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) as elicitors. In particular, β-CDs are characterized by their chemical structure which makes them [...] Read more.
One of the most successfully procedures used to increase the production of t-resveratrol in Vitis vinifera suspension-cultured cells is the application of cyclodextrins (CDs) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) as elicitors. In particular, β-CDs are characterized by their chemical structure which makes them special, not only by acting as elicitors, but also because they are compounds capable of trapping high added-value hydrophobic molecules such as t-resveratrol. However, the use of β-CDs as elicitors increases the production costs of this compound, making their industrial exploitation economically unfeasible. Therefore, the development of β-CDs recovery strategies is necessary to provide a viable solution to their industrial use. In this work, carboxymethylated and hydroxypropylated β-CDs have been used to form polymers using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as a cross-linking agent. The polymers were coated to Fe3O4 nanoparticles and were jointly used with MJ to elicit V. vinifera suspension-cultured cells. Once elicitation experiments were finished, a magnet easily allowed the recovery of polymers, and t-resveratrol was extracted from them by using ethyl acetate. The results indicated that the production of t-resveratrol in the presence of free carboxymethyl-β-CDs was much lower than that found in the presence of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrins-EPI polymer coated magnetic nanoparticles. In addition, the maximal levels of t-resveratrol were found at 168 h of elicitation in the presence of 15 g/L hydroxypropyl-β-CDs polymer coated magnetic nanoparticles and MJ, and non-t-resveratrol was found in the extracellular medium, indicating that all the t-resveratrol produced by the cells and secreted into the culture medium was trapped by the polymer and extracted from it. This work also showed that polymers can be regenerated and reused during three cycles of continuous elicitation since the induction and adsorption capacity of hydroxypropyl-β-CDs polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles after these cycles of elicitation remained high, allowing high concentrations of t-resveratrol to be obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Agriculture and Food Science)
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12 pages, 4092 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Adding Different HALS on the Curing Process, Film Properties and Lightfastness of Refined Oriental Lacquer
by Chia-Wei Chang, Jia-Jhen Lee and Kun-Tsung Lu
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040990 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2991
Abstract
Oriental lacquer is a natural polymeric coating with a satiny texture and excellent characteristics, such as chemical resistance and durability. However, the poor lightfastness resulted in the natural aromatic structures of the urushiol structures limited its suitability for outdoor application. This study aimed [...] Read more.
Oriental lacquer is a natural polymeric coating with a satiny texture and excellent characteristics, such as chemical resistance and durability. However, the poor lightfastness resulted in the natural aromatic structures of the urushiol structures limited its suitability for outdoor application. This study aimed at the improvement of the lightfastness by adding the different hindered amine light stafbilizers (HALS) with 2 phr addition as well as the effects on the coating and film property of the refined oriental lacquers (RL). The Cryptomeria japonica plate, glass sheets, and the other substrates were used for finishing. The results showed that the lightfastness of RL film was obviously improved by adding 2 phr HALS of Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (H90) containing -NH group and Bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) -4-hydroxyphenyl] methyl] butylmalonate (H60) containing -NCH3 groups. The HALS additions increased the pH value of RL and improved the activities of laccase-catalyzed reaction. Meanwhile, the oxidative polymerization of the side chains of RL was inhibited, caused by a radical scavenging ability of HALS. The changes in the drying process affected not only the curing time, but also the film properties. Among the 2 phr additions of different HALS, the film containing H90 had the best lightfastness. Meanwhile, it kept the most similar properties with RL and shortened the drying time of RL, and it was selected as the best HALS addition under 2 phr in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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20 pages, 5784 KiB  
Article
Achievement of Both Mechanical Properties and Intrinsic Self-Healing under Body Temperature in Polyurethane Elastomers: A Synthesis Strategy from Waterborne Polymers
by Liangdong Zhang, Teng Qiu, Xiting Sun, Longhai Guo, Lifan He, Jun Ye and Xiaoyu Li
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040989 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4752
Abstract
Inspired by the growing demand for smart and environmentally friendly polymer materials, we employed 2,2′-disulfanediyldianiline (22DTDA) as a chain extender to synthesize a waterborne polyurethane (WPUR). Due to the ortho-substituted structure of the aromatic disulfide, the urea moieties formed a unique microphase structure [...] Read more.
Inspired by the growing demand for smart and environmentally friendly polymer materials, we employed 2,2′-disulfanediyldianiline (22DTDA) as a chain extender to synthesize a waterborne polyurethane (WPUR). Due to the ortho-substituted structure of the aromatic disulfide, the urea moieties formed a unique microphase structure in the WPUR, its mechanical strength was enhanced more 180 times relative to that of the material prepared without 22DTDA, and excellent self-healing abilities at body temperature in air or under ultrasound in water were obtained. If the self-healing process was carried out at 37 °C, 50 °C or under ultrasound, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break of the healed film could reach 13.8 MPa and 1150%, 15.4 MPa and 1215%, or 16 MPa and 1056%, respectively. Moreover, the WPUR films could be re-healed at the same fracture location over three cutting–healing cycles, and the recovery rates of the tensile strength and elongation at break remained almost constant throughout these cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polyureas)
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13 pages, 4822 KiB  
Article
Surface Modification of Staple Carbon Fiber by Dopamine to Reinforce Natural Latex Composite
by Xiaolong Tian, Shuang Han, Qianxiao Zhuang, Huiguang Bian, Shaoming Li, Changquan Zhang, Chuansheng Wang and Wenwen Han
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040988 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3966
Abstract
Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface of carbon fiber is smooth, reactive inert and has a poor adhesion with rubber. In this paper, a high-performance rubber composite is prepared by mixing dopamine-modified staple carbon fiber with natural latex, and the mechanisms of modified carbon fiber-reinforced natural latex composite are explored. The experimental results show that the surface-modified staple carbon fiber forms uniform and widely covered polydopamine coatings, which significantly improve the interface adhesion between the carbon fiber and the rubber matrix. Meanwhile, when the concentration of dopamine is 1.5 g/L and the staple carbon fiber is modified for 6h, the carbon fiber rubber composite shows excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dynamic mechanical properties, and its tensile strength is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Reinforced Polymer Composites)
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14 pages, 4626 KiB  
Article
Selective Vapor Permeation Behavior of Crosslinked PAMPS Membranes
by Ye Ji Son, So Jeong Kim, Young-Jin Kim and Kyung-Hye Jung
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040987 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3488
Abstract
The effect of crosslinking on vapor permeation behavior of polyelectrolyte membranes was studied. Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) membranes were crosslinked by using crosslinkers with different lengths between the reactive ends. Crosslinked membranes with a longer crosslinking length showed lower water vapor permeability due to [...] Read more.
The effect of crosslinking on vapor permeation behavior of polyelectrolyte membranes was studied. Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) membranes were crosslinked by using crosslinkers with different lengths between the reactive ends. Crosslinked membranes with a longer crosslinking length showed lower water vapor permeability due to the lower sorption coefficient. It was also shown that the permeation behavior of PAMPS membranes was more affected by sorption than diffusion. For chemical protection applications, the ratio of water over chemical warfare agent permeability (i.e., selectivity) was measured. Due to the high water solubility of polyelectrolytes, crosslinked PAMPS allowed for the selective permeation of water over harmful chemical vapor, showing a selectivity of 20. The addition of electrospun nylon nanofibers in the membranes significantly improved the selectivity to 80, since the embedded nanofibers effectively reduced both diffusion and sorption coefficients of chemical warfare agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Membrane Technology and Applications)
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12 pages, 2709 KiB  
Article
Diblock, Triblock and Cyclic Amphiphilic Copolymers with CO2 Switchability: Effects of Topology
by Yuting Jiang, Tong Zhang, Zheng Yi, Yixiu Han, Xin Su and Yujun Feng
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040984 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3516
Abstract
The combination of topology and CO2 switchability could provide new options for amphiphilic copolymers. Cyclic molecules supply novel topologies, and CO2 switching provides stimulus responsiveness. Cyclic poly(2–(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)–b–poly(ethylene oxide) and their corresponding block copolymers were prepared from poly(ethylene oxide) and 2–(diethylamino)ethyl [...] Read more.
The combination of topology and CO2 switchability could provide new options for amphiphilic copolymers. Cyclic molecules supply novel topologies, and CO2 switching provides stimulus responsiveness. Cyclic poly(2–(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)–b–poly(ethylene oxide) and their corresponding block copolymers were prepared from poly(ethylene oxide) and 2–(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate via atom transfer radical polymerization and Keck allylation with a Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst. Changes in conductivity, surface activity, and hydrodynamic size were examined to illustrate the switchability of the produced amphiphilic copolymers upon contact with CO2 in the presence of water. The reversible emulsification and switchable viscosity behaviors of the copolymers were also demonstrated. Full article
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14 pages, 4945 KiB  
Article
3D Printed Laminated CaCO3-Nanocellulose Films as Controlled-Release 5-Fluorouracil
by Denesh Mohan, Nur Fatin Khairullah, Yan Ping How, Mohd Shaiful Sajab and Hatika Kaco
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040986 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4043
Abstract
Drug delivery constitutes the formulations, technologies, and systems for the transport of pharmaceutical compounds to specific areas in the body to exert safe therapeutic effects. The main criteria for selecting the correct medium for drug delivery are the quantity of the drug being [...] Read more.
Drug delivery constitutes the formulations, technologies, and systems for the transport of pharmaceutical compounds to specific areas in the body to exert safe therapeutic effects. The main criteria for selecting the correct medium for drug delivery are the quantity of the drug being carried and the amount of time required to release the drug. Hence, this research aimed to improve the aforementioned criteria by synthesizing a medium based on calcium carbonate-nanocellulose composite and evaluating its efficiency as a medium for drug delivery. Specifically, the efficiency was assessed in terms of the rates of uptake and release of 5-fluorouracil. Through the evaluation of the morphological and chemical properties of the synthesized composite, the established 3D printing profiles of nanocellulose and CaCO3 took place following the layer-by-layer films. The 3D printed double laminated CaCO3-nanocellulose managed to release the 5-fluorouracil as an effective single composition and in a time-controlled manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Polymers: Synthesis and Properties)
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14 pages, 4045 KiB  
Article
Effect of Gear Pump Extrusion Processing on the Properties of Fiber Reinforced Rubber Composites
by Xiaolong Tian, Lin Zhu, Kunling Li, Kongshuo Wang, Huiguang Bian, Lin Li, Shaoming Li and Chuansheng Wang
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040985 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
Short fiber reinforced rubber composites have been widely used in rubber products attributed to their excellent wear resistance. However, there are still some serious problems in the processing of short fiber reinforced rubber composites, such as Mooney viscosity increasing, temperature and extrusion pressure [...] Read more.
Short fiber reinforced rubber composites have been widely used in rubber products attributed to their excellent wear resistance. However, there are still some serious problems in the processing of short fiber reinforced rubber composites, such as Mooney viscosity increasing, temperature and extrusion pressure rising, and unstable extrusion quality. In particular, short fibers need to be extruded in a specific direction during the molding process, and the problems in this process are particularly prominent. In this manuscript, the influence of gear pump assisted extrusion on the properties of short fiber rubber composites is studied. The experimental results show that the application of a gear pump to assist extrusion could significantly increase the die pressure, reduce the extrusion temperature of the blend, and improve the extrusion efficiency and stability of the blend. Furthermore, it could improve the vulcanization efficiency, increase the tensile strength and tear strength of the compound, reduce wear, and guarantee the quality of extrusion products. Full article
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13 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Coupling Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Ionic Crosslinking Network to Promote Shape Memory Properties of Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymers
by Wenjing Wu, Sreeni Narayana Kurup, Christopher Ellingford, Jie Li and Chaoying Wan
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040983 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3811
Abstract
Dynamic crosslinking networks based on Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry and ionic interactions were introduced to maleic anhydride modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (mEVA) via in situ melt processing. The dual dynamic crosslinking networks were characterized by temperature-dependent FTIR, and the effects on the shape memory [...] Read more.
Dynamic crosslinking networks based on Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry and ionic interactions were introduced to maleic anhydride modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (mEVA) via in situ melt processing. The dual dynamic crosslinking networks were characterized by temperature-dependent FTIR, and the effects on the shape memory properties of mEVA were evaluated with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and cyclic tensile testing. A crosslinking density was achieved at 2.36 × 10−4 mol·cm−3 for DA-crosslinked mEVA; as a result, the stress at 100% extension was increased from 3.8 to 5.6 MPa, and tensile strength and elongation at break were kept as high as 30.3 MPa and 486%, respectively. The further introduction of 10 wt % zinc methacrylate increased the dynamic crosslinking density to 3.74 × 10−4 mol·cm−3 and the stress at 100% extension to 9.0 MPa, while providing a tensile strength of 28.4 MPa and strain at break of 308%. The combination of reversible DA covalent crosslinking and ionic network in mEVA enabled a fixing ratio of 76.4% and recovery ratio of 99.4%, exhibiting an enhanced shape memory performance, especially at higher temperatures. The enhanced shape memory and mechanical performance of the dual crosslinked mEVA showed promising reprocessing and recycling abilities of the end-of-life products in comparison to traditional peroxide initiated covalent crosslinked counterparts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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17 pages, 4982 KiB  
Article
Tuning Functional Behavior of Humic Acids through Interactions with Stöber Silica Nanoparticles
by Giulio Pota, Virginia Venezia, Giuseppe Vitiello, Paola Di Donato, Valentina Mollo, Aniello Costantini, Joshua Avossa, Assunta Nuzzo, Alessandro Piccolo, Brigida Silvestri and Giuseppina Luciani
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040982 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
Humic acids (HA) exhibit fascinating multifunctional features, yet degradation phenomena as well as poor stability in aqueous environments strongly limit their use. Inorganic nanoparticles are emerging as a powerful interface for the development of robust HA bio-hybrid materials with enhanced chemical stability and [...] Read more.
Humic acids (HA) exhibit fascinating multifunctional features, yet degradation phenomena as well as poor stability in aqueous environments strongly limit their use. Inorganic nanoparticles are emerging as a powerful interface for the development of robust HA bio-hybrid materials with enhanced chemical stability and tunable properties. Hybrid organic-inorganic SiO2/HA nanostructures were synthesized via an in-situ sol-gel route, exploiting both physical entrapment and chemical coupling. The latter was achieved through amide bond formation between carboxyl groups of HA and the amino group of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), as confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Monodisperse hybrid nanoparticles about 90 nm in diameter were obtained in both cases, yet Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy highlighted the different supramolecular organization of HA. The altered HA conformation was reflected in different antioxidant properties of the conjugated nanoparticles that, however, resulted in being higher than for pure HA. Our findings proved the key role of both components in defining the morphology of the final system, as well as the efficacy of the ceramic component in templating the HA supramolecular organization and consequently tuning their functional features, thus defining a green strategy for bio-waste valorization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Chemistry in Polymers Research)
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9 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ionic Radius in Metal Nitrate on Pore Generation of Cellulose Acetate in Polymer Nanocomposite
by Woong Gi Lee, Younghyun Cho and Sang Wook Kang
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040981 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3187
Abstract
To prepare a porous cellulose acetate (CA) for application as a battery separator, Cd(NO3)2·4H2O was utilized with water-pressure as an external physical force. When the CA was complexed with Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and [...] Read more.
To prepare a porous cellulose acetate (CA) for application as a battery separator, Cd(NO3)2·4H2O was utilized with water-pressure as an external physical force. When the CA was complexed with Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and exposed to external water-pressure, the water-flux through the CA was observed, indicating the generation of pores in the polymer. Furthermore, as the hydraulic pressure increased, the water-flux increased proportionally, indicating the possibility of control for the porosity and pore size. Surprisingly, the value above 250 LMH (L/m2h) observed at the ratio of 1:0.35 (mole ratio of CA: Cd(NO3)2·4H2O) was of higher flux than those of CA/other metal nitrate salts (Ni(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2) complexes. The higher value indicated that the larger and abundant pores were generated in the cellulose acetate at the same water-pressure. Thus, it could be thought that the Cd(NO3)2·4H2O salt played a role as a stronger plasticizer than the other metal nitrate salts such as Ni(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2. These results were attributable to the fact that the atomic radius and ionic radius of the Cd were largest among the three elements, resulting in the relatively larger Cd of the Cd(NO3)2 that could easily be dissociated into cations and NO3− ions. As a result, the free NO3− ions could be readily hydrated with water molecules, causing the plasticization effect on the chains of cellulose acetate. The coordinative interactions between the CA and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O were investigated by IR spectroscopy. The change of ionic species in Cd(NO3)2·4H2O was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Nanoparticles-Polymer Hybrid Materials)
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15 pages, 3934 KiB  
Article
Straightforward Synthetic Protocol to Bio-Based Unsaturated Poly(ester amide)s from Itaconic Acid with Thixotropic Behavior
by Lazaros Papadopoulos, Marcel Kluge, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris and Tobias Robert
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040980 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4509
Abstract
In the field of polymer chemistry, tremendous efforts have been made over the last decade to replace petrochemical monomers with building blocks from renewable resources. In this respect, itaconic acid has been used as an alternative to acrylic acid or maleic acid in [...] Read more.
In the field of polymer chemistry, tremendous efforts have been made over the last decade to replace petrochemical monomers with building blocks from renewable resources. In this respect, itaconic acid has been used as an alternative to acrylic acid or maleic acid in unsaturated polyesters for thermal or UV-curing applications. However, examples of poly(ester amide)s from itaconic acid are scarce. Under standard polycondensation reactions, the presence of free amines leads to aza-Michael addition reactions at the α,β-unsaturated double bond of the itaconic acid and isomerization reactions to mesaconic acid. Both reactions make the resulting materials useless as UV-curing polymer resins. To avoid these undesired side reactions, we herein report the use of preformed, well-defined diols containing internal amide bonds. The resulting unsaturated poly(ester amide) resins were analyzed before and after UV-induced crosslinking. Viscosity measurements revealed a strong thixotropic behavior induced by the amide groups, which is usually not detected in structurally similar polyester resins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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18 pages, 3680 KiB  
Article
Facile Mixing of Phospholipids Promotes Self-Assembly of Low-Molecular-Weight Biodegradable Block Co-Polymers into Functional Vesicular Architectures
by Amit Kumar Khan, James C. S. Ho, Susmita Roy, Bo Liedberg and Madhavan Nallani
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040979 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6306
Abstract
In this work, we have used low-molecular-weight (PEG12-b-PCL6, PEG12-b-PCL9 or PEG16-b-PLA38; MW, 1.25–3.45 kDa) biodegradable block co-polymers to construct nano- and micron-scaled hybrid (polymer/lipid) [...] Read more.
In this work, we have used low-molecular-weight (PEG12-b-PCL6, PEG12-b-PCL9 or PEG16-b-PLA38; MW, 1.25–3.45 kDa) biodegradable block co-polymers to construct nano- and micron-scaled hybrid (polymer/lipid) vesicles, by solvent dispersion and electroformation methods, respectively. The hybrid vesicles exhibit physical properties (size, bilayer thickness and small molecule encapsulation) of a vesicular boundary, confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, calcein leakage assay and dynamic light scattering. Importantly, we find that these low MW polymers, on their own, do not self-assemble into polymersomes at nano and micron scales. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) model, their surface topographies are homogeneous, independent of cholesterol, suggesting more energetically favorable mixing of lipid and polymer. Despite this mixed topography with a bilayer thickness similar to that of a lipid bilayer, variation in surface topology is demonstrated using the interfacial sensitive phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The biodegradable hybrid vesicles are less sensitive to the phospholipase digestion, reminiscent of PEGylated vesicles, and the degree of sensitivity is polymer-dependent, implying that the nano-scale surface topology can further be tuned by its chemical composition. Our results reveal and emphasize the role of phospholipids in promoting low MW polymers for spontaneous vesicular self-assembly, generating a functional hybrid lipid-polymer interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Membranes and Thin Films)
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13 pages, 2165 KiB  
Article
Wear Resistant Nanocomposites Based on Biomedical Grade UHMWPE Paraffin Oil and Carbon Nano-Filler: Preliminary Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity Investigation
by Michelina Catauro, Cristina Scolaro, Giovanni Dal Poggetto, Severina Pacifico and Annamaria Visco
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040978 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3150
Abstract
In the present paper, we investigate the effectiveness of nanocomposites (composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) mixed with carbon nano-filler (CNF) and medical grade paraffin oil (PO), from the biological point of view. Wear measurements were carried out without (air) and with [...] Read more.
In the present paper, we investigate the effectiveness of nanocomposites (composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) mixed with carbon nano-filler (CNF) and medical grade paraffin oil (PO), from the biological point of view. Wear measurements were carried out without (air) and with lubricant (distilled water, natural, and artificial lubricant), and antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated. The results highlighted that the presence of CNF is important in the nanocomposite formulation because it reduces the wear rate and prevents oxidative degradation during its processing. An amount of 1.0 wt % of CNF is best because it reaches the optimal distribution within the polymeric matrix, resulting in the best wear resistant, bio-active, and anti-bacterial nanocomposite among all investigated samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Italy (2019,2020))
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16 pages, 15665 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Succinoglycan Hydrogel Coordinated With Fe3+ Ions for Controlled Drug Delivery
by Yiluo Hu, Daham Jeong, Yohan Kim, Seonmok Kim and Seunho Jung
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040977 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5050
Abstract
Hydrogel materials with a gel-sol conversion due to external environmental changes have potential applications in a wide range of fields, including controlled drug delivery. Succinoglycans are anionic extracellular polysaccharides produced by various bacteria, including Sinorhizobium species, which have diverse applications. In this study, [...] Read more.
Hydrogel materials with a gel-sol conversion due to external environmental changes have potential applications in a wide range of fields, including controlled drug delivery. Succinoglycans are anionic extracellular polysaccharides produced by various bacteria, including Sinorhizobium species, which have diverse applications. In this study, the rheological analysis confirmed that succinoglycan produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm 1021 binds weakly to various metal ions, including Fe2+ cations, to maintain a sol form, and binds strongly to Fe3+ cations to maintain a gel form. The Fe3+-coordinated succinoglycan (Fe3+-SG) hydrogel was analyzed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Our results revealed that the Fe3+ cations that coordinated with succinoglycan were converted to Fe2+ by a reducing agent and visible light, promoting a gel-sol conversion. The Fe3+-SG hydrogel was then successfully used for controlled drug delivery based on gel-sol conversion in the presence of reducing agents and visible light. As succinoglycan is nontoxic, it is a potential material for controlled drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers for Medical Applications)
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13 pages, 4653 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Test Mold for Thermoplastic Resin Transfer Molding of Reactive PA-6
by Róbert Boros, Ilya Sibikin, Tatyana Ageyeva and József Gábor Kovács
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040976 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5618
Abstract
Thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) is a cutting-edge manufacturing technique for high-volume production of composites with a recyclable thermoplastic matrix. Although a number of reactive thermoplastic matrices as well as industrial manufacturing equipment for T-RTM are commercially available today, the design of a [...] Read more.
Thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) is a cutting-edge manufacturing technique for high-volume production of composites with a recyclable thermoplastic matrix. Although a number of reactive thermoplastic matrices as well as industrial manufacturing equipment for T-RTM are commercially available today, the design of a T-RTM mold is still based on the skills and personal experience of the designer. This study summarizes the best knowledge and expertise in mold design and manufacturing and introduces an innovative mold for T-RTM. A concept and basic principles for designing a T-RTM mold are formulated in this study. The mold developed is manufactured and validated. Full article
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15 pages, 4798 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Strain-Sensing Capabilities of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing Technology
by Alejandro Cortés, Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate, Alberto Jiménez-Suárez, Mónica Campo, Alejandro Ureña and Silvia G. Prolongo
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040975 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6139
Abstract
Mechanical and strain sensing capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology have been studied. Both CNT content and a post-curing treatment effects have been analyzed. It has been observed that post-curing treatment has a [...] Read more.
Mechanical and strain sensing capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology have been studied. Both CNT content and a post-curing treatment effects have been analyzed. It has been observed that post-curing treatment has a significant influence on mechanical properties, with an increase of Young’s modulus and glass transition temperature whereas their effect in electrical properties is not so important. Furthermore, the strain sensing tests show a linear response of electrical resistance with applied strain, with higher values of sensitivity when decreasing CNT content due to a higher interparticle distance. Moreover, the electrical sensitivity of bending tests is significantly lower than in tensile ones due to the compression subjected face effect. Therefore, the good gauge factor values (around 2–3) and the high linear response proves the applicability of the proposed nanocomposites in structural health monitoring applications. Full article
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19 pages, 1521 KiB  
Article
Research on the Strengthening Advantages on Using Cellulose Nanofibers as Polyvinyl Alcohol Reinforcement
by Quim Tarrés, Helena Oliver-Ortega, Manel Alcalà, F. Xavier Espinach, Pere Mutjé and Marc Delgado-Aguilar
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040974 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4592
Abstract
The present work aims to combine the unique properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to obtain high-performance nanocomposites. CNF were obtained by means of TEMPO-mediated ((2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) oxidation, incorporated into the PVA matrix by means of compounding in a single-screw co-rotating [...] Read more.
The present work aims to combine the unique properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to obtain high-performance nanocomposites. CNF were obtained by means of TEMPO-mediated ((2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) oxidation, incorporated into the PVA matrix by means of compounding in a single-screw co-rotating internal mixer and then processed by means of injection molding. It was found that CNF were able to improve the tensile strength of PVA in 85% when 4.50 wt % of CNF were added. In addition, the incorporation of a 2.25 wt % of CNF enhanced the tensile strength to the same level that when 40 wt % of microsized fibers (stone groundwood pulp, SGW) were incorporated, which indicated that CNF possessed significantly higher intrinsic mechanical properties than microsized fibers. SGW was selected as reference for microsized fibers due to their extended use in wood plastic composites. Finally, a micromechanical analysis was performed, obtaining coupling factors near to 0.2, indicating good interphase between CNF and PVA. Overall, it was found that the use of CNF is clearly advantageous to the use of common cellulosic fibers if superior mechanical properties are desired, but there are still some limitations that are related to processing that restrict the reinforcement content at low contents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocellulose-Reinforced Composites: Challenges and Opportunities)
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14 pages, 4202 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Conditions on Co-Pyrolysis Behavior of Corn Stover and Polypropylene
by Fengze Wu, Haoxi Ben, Yunyi Yang, Hang Jia, Rui Wang and Guangting Han
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040973 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 3680
Abstract
The pyrolysis behavior of corn stover and polypropylene during co-pyrolysis was studied using a tube furnace reactor. The effects of mixing ratio of corn stover and polypropylene, pyrolysis temperature, addition amount of catalyst (HZSM-5) and reaction atmosphere (N2 and CO2) [...] Read more.
The pyrolysis behavior of corn stover and polypropylene during co-pyrolysis was studied using a tube furnace reactor. The effects of mixing ratio of corn stover and polypropylene, pyrolysis temperature, addition amount of catalyst (HZSM-5) and reaction atmosphere (N2 and CO2) on the properties of pyrolysis products were studied. The results showed that co-pyrolysis of corn stover and polypropylene can increase the yield of pyrolysis oil. When corn stover:polypropylene = 1:3, the yield of pyrolysis oil was as high as 52.1%, which was 4.5% higher than the theoretical value. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the yield of pyrolysis oil increased first and then decreased, and reached the optimal yield at 550 °C. The addition of catalyst (HZSM-5) reduced the proportion of oxygenates and promoted the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons. CO2 has a certain oxidation effect on the components of pyrolysis oil, which promoted the increase of oxygen-containing aromatics and the reduction of deoxy-aromatic hydrocarbons. This study identified the theoretical basis for the comprehensive utilization of plastic and biomass energy. Full article
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13 pages, 2024 KiB  
Article
Hemolytic and Antimicrobial Activities of a Series of Cationic Amphiphilic Copolymers Comprised of Same Centered Comonomers with Thiazole Moieties and Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives
by R. Cuervo-Rodríguez, A. Muñoz-Bonilla, F. López-Fabal and M. Fernández-García
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040972 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4011
Abstract
A series of well-defined antimicrobial polymers composed of comonomers bearing thiazole ring (2-(((2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy)carbonyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate monomer (MTZ)) and non-hemotoxic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA)) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. By post-polymerization functionalization strategy, polymers were [...] Read more.
A series of well-defined antimicrobial polymers composed of comonomers bearing thiazole ring (2-(((2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy)carbonyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate monomer (MTZ)) and non-hemotoxic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA)) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. By post-polymerization functionalization strategy, polymers were quaternized with either butyl or octyl iodides to result in cationic amphiphilic copolymers incorporating thiazolium groups, thus with variable hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance associated to the length of the alkylating agent. Likewise, the molar percentage of PEGMA was modulated in the copolymers, also affecting the amphiphilicity. The antimicrobial activities of these cationic polymers were determined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be dependent on both length of the alkyl hydrophobic chain and the content of PEGMA in the copolymers. More hydrophobic octylated copolymers were found to be more effective against all tested microorganisms. The incorporation of non-ionic hydrophilic units, PEGMA, reduces the hydrophobicity of the system and the activity is markedly reduced. This effect is dramatic in the case of butylated copolymers, in which the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance is highly affected. The hemolytic properties of polymers analyzed against human red blood cells were greatly affected by the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the copolymers and the content of PEGMA, which drastically reduces the hemotoxicity. The copolymers containing longer hydrophobic chain, octyl, are much more hemotoxic than their corresponding butylated copolymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials)
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19 pages, 5398 KiB  
Article
UV-Casting on Methacrylated PCL for the Production of a Peripheral Nerve Implant Containing an Array of Porous Aligned Microchannels
by Ruth Diez-Ahedo, Xabier Mendibil, Mari Carmen Márquez-Posadas, Iban Quintana, Francisco González, Francisco Javier Rodríguez, Leyla Zilic, Colin Sherborne, Adam Glen, Caroline S. Taylor, Frederik Claeyssens, John W. Haycock, Wandert Schaafsma, Eva González, Begoña Castro and Santos Merino
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040971 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5272
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are basic communication structures guiding motor and sensory information from the central nervous system to receptor units. Severed peripheral nerve injuries represent a large clinical problem with relevant challenges to successful synthetic nerve repair scaffolds as substitutes to autologous nerve grafting. [...] Read more.
Peripheral nerves are basic communication structures guiding motor and sensory information from the central nervous system to receptor units. Severed peripheral nerve injuries represent a large clinical problem with relevant challenges to successful synthetic nerve repair scaffolds as substitutes to autologous nerve grafting. Numerous studies reported the use of hollow tubes made of synthetic polymers sutured between severed nerve stumps to promote nerve regeneration while providing protection for external factors, such as scar tissue formation and inflammation. Few approaches have described the potential use of a lumen structure comprised of microchannels or microfibers to provide axon growth avoiding misdirection and fostering proper healing. Here, we report the use of a 3D porous microchannel-based structure made of a photocurable methacrylated polycaprolactone, whose mechanical properties are comparable to native nerves. The neuro-regenerative properties of the polymer were assessed in vitro, prior to the implantation of the 3D porous structure, in a 6-mm rat sciatic nerve gap injury. The manufactured implants were biocompatible and able to be resorbed by the host’s body at a suitable rate, allowing the complete healing of the nerve. The innovative design of the highly porous structure with the axon guiding microchannels, along with the observation of myelinated axons and Schwann cells in the in vivo tests, led to a significant progress towards the standardized use of synthetic 3D multichannel-based structures in peripheral nerve surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers for Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 2100 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Degradation Behavior of Biomass Pellets
by Hamid Gilvari, Luis Cutz, Urša Tiringer, Arjan Mol, Wiebren de Jong and Dingena L. Schott
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040970 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4408
Abstract
Biomass pellets provide a pivotal opportunity in promising energy transition scenarios as a renewable source of energy. A large share of the current utilization of pellets is facilitated by intensive global trade operations. Considering the long distance between the production site and the [...] Read more.
Biomass pellets provide a pivotal opportunity in promising energy transition scenarios as a renewable source of energy. A large share of the current utilization of pellets is facilitated by intensive global trade operations. Considering the long distance between the production site and the end-user locations, pellets may face fluctuating storage conditions, resulting in their physical and chemical degradation. We tested the effect of different storage conditions, from freezing temperatures (−19 °C) to high temperature (40 °C) and humidity conditions (85% relative humidity), on the physicochemical properties of untreated and torrefied biomass pellets. Moreover, the effect of sudden changes in the storage conditions on pellet properties was studied by moving the pellets from the freezing to the high temperature and relative humidity conditions and vice versa. The results show that, although storage at one controlled temperature and RH may degrade the pellets, a change in the temperature and relative humidity results in higher degradation in terms of higher moisture uptake and lower mechanical strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Wood-Based Materials)
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18 pages, 6687 KiB  
Article
Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes
by Alaa Mohammed, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Emad Yousif, Ahmed A. Ahmed, Dina S. Ahmed and Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040969 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4505
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation [...] Read more.
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Processing and Surfaces)
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11 pages, 3985 KiB  
Article
A Heterocyclic Polyurethane with Enhanced Self-Healing Efficiency and Outstanding Recovery of Mechanical Properties
by Jinsil Kim, Pyong Hwa Hong, Kiwon Choi, Gyeongmin Moon, Jungsoon Kang, Seoyun Lee, Sungkoo Lee, Hyun Wook Jung, Min Jae Ko and Sung Woo Hong
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040968 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
A functional polyurethane based on the heterocyclic group was synthesized and its self-healing and mechanical properties were examined. To synthesize a heterocyclic polyurethane, a polyol and a heterocyclic compound with di-hydroxyl groups at both ends were blended and the blended solution was reacted [...] Read more.
A functional polyurethane based on the heterocyclic group was synthesized and its self-healing and mechanical properties were examined. To synthesize a heterocyclic polyurethane, a polyol and a heterocyclic compound with di-hydroxyl groups at both ends were blended and the blended solution was reacted with a crosslinker containing multiple isocyanate groups. The heterocyclic polyurethane demonstrates better self-healing efficiency than the conventional polyurethane with no heterocyclic groups. Furthermore, unlike the conventional self-healing materials, the heterocyclic polyurethane examined in this study shows an outstanding recovery of the mechanical properties after the self-healing process. These results are attributed to the unique supramolecular network resulting from the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between the urethane group and the heterocyclic group in the heterocyclic polyurethane matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Healing Polymer Composites)
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21 pages, 7266 KiB  
Article
Effect of Subtropical Natural Exposure on the Bond Behavior of FRP-Concrete Interface
by Xinyan Guo, Shenyunhao Shu, Yilin Wang, Peiyan Huang, Jiaxiang Lin and Yongchang Guo
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040967 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3022
Abstract
Subtropical natural exposure may significantly affect the bonding behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) externally bonded to concrete. To study the effect of subtropical natural climates on the FRP-concrete interface, natural exposure tests and an analytical approach were carried out on specimens externally [...] Read more.
Subtropical natural exposure may significantly affect the bonding behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) externally bonded to concrete. To study the effect of subtropical natural climates on the FRP-concrete interface, natural exposure tests and an analytical approach were carried out on specimens externally bonded with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP). The bilinear bond stress-slip relationships for different exposure periods were derived from the experimental results of the strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Based on these bond-slip relationships, the full-range behavior of shear stress along the bond length and debonding load can be obtained through the analytical solution. The testing and numerical results showed that subtropical natural exposure can greatly affect the bond behavior of CFRP-concrete and BFRP-concrete interfaces in the early exposure period. In the late exposure period, the bond behavior was basically stable. With the increase of exposure time, the position of maximum shear stress tended to move backward, which indicated that the behavior of the FRP-concrete interface was weakened by natural exposure. Compared to the CFRP-concrete interface, subtropical natural exposure has greater influence on the bond behavior of the BFRP-concrete interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of the Ageing and Durability of Polymers II: Procedures and Reliability)
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14 pages, 2530 KiB  
Review
Gradient Hydrogels—The State of the Art in Preparation Methods
by Natalia Zinkovska, Jiri Smilek and Miloslav Pekar
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040966 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6363
Abstract
Gradient hydrogels refer to hydrogel materials with a gradual or abrupt change in one or some of their properties. They represent examples of more sophisticated gel materials in comparison to simple, native gel networks. Here, we review techniques used to prepare gradient hydrogels [...] Read more.
Gradient hydrogels refer to hydrogel materials with a gradual or abrupt change in one or some of their properties. They represent examples of more sophisticated gel materials in comparison to simple, native gel networks. Here, we review techniques used to prepare gradient hydrogels which have been reported in literature over the last few years. A variety of simple preparation methods are available, most of which can be relatively easily utilized in standard laboratories Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels)
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