Next Article in Journal
DNA Hypermethylation and Unstable Repeat Diseases: A Paradigm of Transcriptional Silencing to Decipher the Basis of Pathogenic Mechanisms
Next Article in Special Issue
Leukocyte Nucleolus and Anisakis pegreffii—When Falling Apart Means Falling in Place
Previous Article in Journal
Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia–Reperfusion in Rats
Previous Article in Special Issue
Differences in Gene Expression Profiles of Seven Target Proteins in Third-Stage Larvae of Anisakis simplex (Sensu Stricto) by Sites of Infection in Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Genes
Volume 11
Issue 6
10.3390/genes11060683
genes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis

by
Lee Robertson
1,2,*,
Susana C. Arcos
1,
Sergio Ciordia
3,
Noelia Carballeda-Sanguiao
4,5,
María del Carmen Mena
3,
Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
4,
Miguel Gonzalez-Muñoz
5,
Mercedes Careche
4 and
Alfonso Navas
1,*
1
Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
2
Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, Ctra La Coruña Km 7′5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
4
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, CSIC, Calle José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
5
Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario La Paz. Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2020, 11(6), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060683
Submission received: 29 May 2020 / Revised: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 June 2020 / Published: 22 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Omics Studies on Anisakid Nematodes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In plant and animal nematode parasites, proteins derived from esophageal gland cells have been shown to be important in the host-nematodes relationship but little is known about the allergenic potential of these proteins in the genus Anisakis. Taking into account the increase of anisakiasis and allergies related to these nematodes, immunoreactive properties of gland cell proteins were investigated. Two hundred ventricles were manually dissected from L3 stage larvae of Aniskakis simplex s.s. to allow direct protein analysis. Denaturing gel electrophoresis followed by monochromatic silver staining which revealed the presence of differential (enriched) proteins when compared to total nematode extracts. Such comparison was performed by means of 1D and 2D electrophoresis. Pooled antisera from Anisakis spp.-allergic patients were used in western blots revealing the presence of 13 immunoreactive bands in the ventricular extracts in 1D, with 82 spots revealed in 2D. The corresponding protein bands and spots were excised from the silver-stained gel and protein assignation was made by MALDI-TOF/TOF. A total of 13 (including proteoforms) were unambiguously identified. The majority of these proteins are known to be secreted by nematodes into the external environment, of which three are described as being major allergens in other organisms with different phylogenetic origin and one is an Anisakis simplex allergen.

1. Introduction

Humans are incidental hosts of Anisakis simplex and become infected through eating live L3 larvae found in raw or undercooked fish and cephalopod meat, developing the disease known as anisakiosis or anisakiasis. The main symptoms are epigastralgy, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea of differing intensity that generally appear 24 h after intake of infected sea products [1]. Additional symptoms associated with parasite exposure are IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, angioedema, urticaria, and anaphylaxis [2,3].
However, the allergic reaction to Anisakis is not always directly related to larvae ingestion. It has been reported that some people sensitized to A. simplex s.l. can show symptoms after consuming fish that has been properly frozen, cooked, and even processed suggesting the presence of allergens excreted or secreted by the nematodes in the fish host [4,5,6]. On the other hand, immunoblot studies using sera from Anisakis-sensitized patients have proved that some allergenic proteins of Anisakis are not inactivated after thermal treatments [5,6,7]. To date there are 19 described allergens in Anisakis [8]; however, a recent proteomic study combining 2D gel analysis and western blotting described 28 immunoreactive proteins present in of the species complex (A. simplex, A. pegreffii, and their hybrid), including intraspecies variations which could be assessed as potential allergens. None of these new potential allergens are considered as members of the protein secretome and were recovered in the whole-body extract of assayed species complex [9].
Parasitic nematodes secrete/excrete proteins which are thought to be involved in the host-parasite relationship and are often found as circulatory antigens [10]. Secretions and excretions can arise from a number of nematode structures which are open to the external environment including the excretory pore (E/S cells), cuticle, amphids, esophageal gland cells, and anus. The importance of secreted proteins in Anisakis simplex as more potent allergens than somatic ones was highlighted [11] by means of purifying secreted proteins in a nematode culture medium; however, no distinction was made between secreted and excreted proteins. In this study, we analyze and characterize the immuno reactive proteins (potential allergens) from A. simplex s.s. obtained by direct analysis of the esophageal ventricle glands.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Parasite Material

Third stage juveniles (L3 larvae) were collected from the kidney of Merluccius merluccius (European hake) and the species was molecularly determined as A. simplex. s.s. following the diagnostic keys based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the nuclear ribosomal marker internal transcribed spacer (ITS) [12]. Two different extraction buffers using total animal body for control were used to prepare total nematode protein extracts for selecting the proper method in order to proceed with the proteomic characterization of immunoreactive esophageal ventricle gland proteins: a) extraction 1 (E1) was denaturing (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, Triton X-100 2%, 40 mM DTT) and b) extraction 2 (E2) was a not denaturing method (0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer). Ten nematodes were crushed with a mortar and pestle in either the denaturing buffer (E1) or the 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (E2). For esophageal ventricle glands, two hundred gland cells (GC) of the L3 larvae were dissected under a binocular microscope.
Then, gland cells were collected in a total volume of 100 μL of the sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M Na2H3PO4, pH 7.2), and the proteins extracted by gently crushing the gland cells with a micropestle. The extracted proteins were then divided into two replicates (GC1 and GC2). In all cases, the nematode material was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 2 min to pellet insoluble material. The supernatant was removed to a separate tube and quantified either using the RC/DC Protein Assay kit (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA) and the method of Lowry et al. [13] and stored at −20 °C until required, as was the case of proteins extracted in phosphate buffer.

2.2. 1D SDS-PAGE

Before electrophoresis running, samples were prepared for SDS-PAGE by heating the proteins in an equal volume of 2× sample buffer (62 mM Tris HCl pH 6.8, 10% glycerol, 2% SDS, 5% B-mercaptoethanol, and 0.25% Bromofenol blue) for 2 min. Five µg of protein were loaded into each well and separated on a 10%–20% gradient precast gels in Tris/Glycine running buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 0.1% SDS, pH 8.3) using the Criteron system (Bio-Rad). Gels were run for approx. 1 h at a constant voltage of 150 V.

2.3. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Products for 2-D electrophoresis were supplied by GE Healthcare Life Sciences (www.ge.com). The extracted proteins by phosphate buffer were cleaned up in order to improve resolution of 2-D electrophoresis gels; the chemicals used to clean up proteins and their quantification were from Bio-Rad (www.Bio-Rad.com). The other need chemicals were analytical grade from Sigma-Aldrich (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com). 200 μL of rehydration buffer (8 M urea, 1.5 M Thiourea, 2% (v/v) Triton-100, 0.5% (v/v) IPG buffer 3–10, and 0.01% (w/v) bromophenol blue) were used to rehydrate 11 cm IPG strips with a non-linear gradient (pH 3–11 NL, GE Healthcare) before to perform isoelectric focusing (IEF). Approximately 60 μg of total protein was used for each gel. IEF was performed on the Ettan™ IPG phor II™ system (GE Healthcare) with current restricted to 50 μA per strip. Running condition was 20 °C with a voltage of 150 V for 2 h, 500 V for 1 h, 1000 V for 1 h, 8000 V for 2.5 h, 8000 V for 0.5 h, and a 500 V hold when required. Before the second dimension, the IPG strips were gently soaked in equilibration solution (6 M urea, 50 mM Tris-HCI buffer pH 8.8, 29.3% v/v glycerol, 2% w/v SDS, and 0.002% bromophenol blue) containing 1% w/v DTT for 15 min followed by a further incubation in equilibration solution containing 2.5% (w/v) iodoacetamide for 15 min. Second-dimension gel electrophoresis was carried out on 10%–20% polyacrylamide Ready Gel precast gels using the CRITERION™ Cell (Bio-Rad) for 11 cm strips. Equilibrated strips were placed onto gels to perform the SDS-PAGE at a constant temperature of 20 °C. The separation was carried out at 12.5 mA per gel for 15 min and then 25 mA per gel until the bromophenol blue marker reached the bottom of the gel. Electrophoresis was performed simultaneously on two gels which were matched for each sample. Gels were developed following the silver stain procedure. After rinsing, gels were immersed in preserving solution (30% v/v ethanol, 4.6% v/v glycerol) for 1 h before proceeding to image acquisition and analysis.

2.4. Silver Staining

Gels were silver stained as described by Wray et al. (1981) [14]. Briefly, gels were fixed in 50% methanol and then immerse in 100 mL of stain solution (containing 5 mL of 4% NaOH, 700 μL of 35% NH3 solution, and 1 mL of 20% AgNO3 in distilled water) for 30 min. The gel was washed twice for 15 min in distilled water and developed in 500 mL 1% citric acid containing 250 μL 37% formaldehyde.

2.5. Image Acquisition and Analysis

ImageQuant 300 (GE Healthcare) software was used for recording silver-stained gels images and analyzed with the PDQuest 8.0.1 software package (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) to avoid false identification of proteins [15]. Spots were automatically detected on the basis of spot parameters such as the faintest, smallest, and largest spot on the gel scan. Images were filtered and edited to check possible errors. The intensity levels of the images are represented as the relative volume of the spots in each gel. Silver staining showed a dynamic range of 1 to 3 orders of magnitude according the software, and the weakest and strongest spots fell within this range. Only well-resolved spots were taken into account.

2.6. Immunoblotting

Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using the Trans-Blot® TurboTM Transfer system and transfer pack (Bio-Rad). Transfer was carried out under the following conditions: 2.5 A-25 V for 20 min. Membranes were blocked in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 5% powdered milk substitute. The membrane was incubated in primary antiserum (pooled sera from Anisakis-allergic patients diluted 1:20) overnight. Membranes were then washed in TBST and incubated in anti-human IgE monoclonal antibody diluted 1:1000 (E21A11, Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain) for 3 h after which the membranes were washed in TBST. The blots were then incubated in goat anti-mouse IgG-AP (1:30,000) for one hour followed by repeated washing in TBST. The antibody complex was detected by adding BCIP/NBT solution (Amresco, Solon OH, USA). The reaction was stopped by immersing the membranes in distilled water. Sera from Anisakis-nonallergic patients were used as a negative control.

2.7. In-Gel Protein Digestion and Sample Preparation

The corresponding immuno reactive bands and spots in the replicated gels were excised manually from the silver-stained gel, deposited in eppendorfs, and processed automatically in a Proteineer DP (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany). The digestion protocol was based on [16] with minor changes: gel plugs were first washed with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate and then with ACN prior to reduction with 10 mM DTT in 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate solution, and alkylation carried out with 55 mM IAA in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate solution. Gel pieces were further rinsed with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate and ACN and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
A final concentration of 16 ng/μL of Proteomics Grade Trypsin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 25% ACN/50 mM ammonium bicarbonate solution was added and the digestion took place at 37 °C for 6 hr. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.5% TFA for peptide extraction. The tryptic eluted peptides were dried by speed-vacuum centrifugation and resuspended in 4 µL of MALDI solution. A 0.8 μL aliquot of each peptide mixture was deposited onto a 386-well OptiTOFTM Plate (SCIEX, Foster City, CA, USA) and allowed to dry at room temperature. A 0.8 µL aliquot of matrix solution (3 mg/mL α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 30% ACN/15% isopropanol/0.1% TFA) was then deposited onto the dried digest and allowed to dry at room temperature.

2.8. MALDI Peptide Mass Fingerprinting, MS/MS Analysis and Database Mining

For MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis, samples were automatically acquired in an ABi 4800 MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Foster City, CA, USA) in positive ion reflector mode (voltage was 25 kV to MS acquisition and 1 kV to MSMS). The obtained spectra were stored into the ABi 4000 Series Explorer Spot Set Manager. PMF and MS/MS fragment ion spectra were smoothed and corrected to zero baseline using routines embedded in ABi 4000 Series Explorer Software v3.6. Each PMF spectrum was calibrated with the mass signals of trypsin autolysis ions to reach a typical mass measurement accuracy of <25 ppm. Known trypsin and keratin mass signals, as well as potential sodium and potassium adducts (+21 Da and +39 Da) were removed from the peak list. To submit the combined PMF and MS/MS data to MASCOT software v.2.6.1 (Matrix Science, London, UK), GPS Explorer v4.9 was used, searching in Ansakis simplex complex protein database from Uniprot [Uniprot 20200511 (25691sequences; 6802157 residues]. The following search parameters were used: enzyme, trypsin; allowed missed cleavages, 1; carbamidomethyl cysteine as fixed modification by the treatment with iodoacetamide; variable modifications, oxidation of methionine; mass tolerance for precursors was set to ± 25 ppm and for MS/MS fragment ions to ± 0.2 Da. The confidence interval for protein identification was set to ≥95% (p < 0.05) and only peptides with an individual ion score above the identity threshold were considered correctly identified. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE [17] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD019580 and 10.6019/PXD019580.

3. Results

3.1. Silver Staining and Western Blotting

SDS-PAGE (1D) gels clearly demonstrate differences between the two protein extraction buffer systems used. The denaturing extraction buffer extracted more proteins (TE1) when compared to proteins extracted in phosphate buffer (TE2) probably due to the fact that the buffer is able to solubilize more proteins, however this method masks the bands and does not allow to see what are the western blot hybridized bands (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Differences are apparent between the total extracts depending of the applied method (T1 or T2) when same amount of protein is used; also, the same bands pattern is detected comparing total extracted proteins (TE2) and gland cells (GC1 an GC2) extracted in phosphate buffer when equal quantities of protein were loaded in each well.
The small differences detected in Figure 1 suggest that other than the most abundant proteins were present in gland cell components as is detected in bands less 20 kD and higher 100 kD (this part was not immunoreactive). When blots were probed with pooled sera from Anisakis-allergic patients no differences are observed between the total extracts and the gland cells (Figure 2) although the binding of some proteins was very unclear observed in the total extract. Thirteen immunoreactive bands ranging from 25 to 80 kDa were observed in both gland cell extracts suggesting that the gland cells may be an important structure in the production of allergens.
Selected 2-DE gels were incubated for western blotting and only unambiguously identified western blot spots in the 2-DE gels have been considered for proteomics identification (Figure 3A). Western blots spots were easily detected on the other replicated gels because of the high sensitivity range of silver staining (3 orders of magnitude) [18,19]. The 2-DE images of this master western blots displayed 82 spots (Figure 3B). Most of the spots were found between 100 kDa and 20 kDa and throughout the neutral to basic pI value range. The 82 blotting spots were apparently disposed in 14 different lines which seem coincident with the monodimensional western blots gels (Figure 2).

3.2. MALDI Peptide Mass Fingerprinting, MS/MS Analysis and Database Mining

The obtained peptide sequences and homologies from each gel slice are shown in Table 1 (1-D and 2-D). For 2-DE experiment, only 27 spots have resulted in positive significant identification. All peptides gave significant matches to Anisakis simplex in the public databases (UniProt: https://www.uniprot.org) and other nematodes of the super family ascaradoidea, including Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis. In bands F, G, I, and M there are two proteins, while in band H there are three, being the expression of two and three loci respectively. The reason could be that the region where these bands are located is coincident with the not lineal gel concentration. The identification by 2-D electrophoresis allows resolving the mix of proteins. In this case, several proteoforms of the same protein are identified for locus eno (3 proteoforms), locus asim_10032 (5 proteoforms), locus asim_nas-13 (5 proteoforms), locus asim_14439 (6 proteoforms) and locus asim_14262 (2 proteoforms). There are also two proteoforms of the same protein from two different loci (locus asim_7120 and locus asim_19882). In total thirteen different proteins, as expression of sixteen different loci have been found to be immunoreactive to antibodies from allergenic patients (Table 2).

4. Discussion

The SDS-PAGE analysis of the proteins extracted from total nematodes and those extracted from the gland cells clearly show differences in protein banding. The total extract extracted with urea solubilizes a wider range of proteins; however, these proteins are completely denatured. Extracting the proteins in phosphate buffer would allow further study including enzyme activity assays (data not shown). A clear enrichment of proteins is observed in the gland cells (Figure 1). After western blotting, 13 immunoreactive bands were observed when the blots were probed with sera from Anisakis allergic patients. Only potential allergens were detected since anti-human IgE monoclonal was used in the experiment. Sera from Anisakis nonallergic patients showed no binding in western blot experiments. The nature of the esophagus and pharynx region, where many proteins have parasite function [20], grounds the hypothesis of this study. There is a mixture of proteins in the bands F to M and results were complemented by 2-D electrophoresis. In this case from 82 immunoreactive spots, only 27 produced significant positive identification results.
Excretory/secretory products (ES) from both animal and plant parasitic nematodes have been shown to be important in the parasitic process and can arrive from a number of structures including the amphids, cuticle, esophageal gland cells, ES system, and anus are therefore considered as potential origins of immunogenic proteins.
Peptidase_M13_N domain-containing proteins (locus asim_19882 and locus asim_7120) are proteases found in many organisms, including mammals and bacteria. It is a soluble secreted endopeptidase with a broad range of physiological roles allowing a large substrate specificity [21].
A putative chitinase (locus asim_15940) was detected in bands E and G; its sequence characterizes it as glycoside hydrolase, family 19, catalytic [22]. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are thought to be important in immunomodulation during helminth infections. These molecules have also been shown to be secreted [23]. Chitinase found secreted by infective-stage juveniles of the sheep parasitic nematode, Onchocerca volvulus have been shown to be exclusively synthesized in the gland cells of the esophagus and stored as discrete secretory granules with a role in the early post-infective migration and/or development [23]. Other roles have been suggested for chitinases in animal parasitic nematodes including ensheathment in Brugia malayi once the parasite has entered the mosquito [24]. Chitinases have also been detected in the subventral esophageal glands of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glicines [25]. However, no clear function has yet been assigned. To date, most of the chitinases from nematodes would appear to belong to the class 18 family. Chitinases from mites are known to be highly glycosylated major allergens [26]. Chitinase proteins and inactive chitinase-like proteins are very important in mammalian allergy, asthma, and other Th2 type pathologies [27,28].
Lipase-like proteins (Lipase_3 domain-containing protein locus asim_15251) were identified in bands F and G. Lipases have been detected in the excretion/secretion products of nematodes including Heligmosomoides polygyrus [29]. Lipase-like proteins were detected in bands F and G, the best homologies coming from T. canis, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Strongyloides ratti and would appear to be more related to the class 3 lipases. Little information exists on the secretion of these molecules; however, sequence data is available due to a number of nematode genome projects in progress. Lipase-like proteins are known to be of allergenic importance with the majority being found in wasp and bee stings, and snake bites however only two class 3 lipases have been described as allergens “Rhi o” Lipase from Rhizopus oryzae [30] and “the l” Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus [31] from which sources of enzymes are to be incorporated into washing detergents (AllFam database of allergen families).
Other proteases were identified between bands H-L and spots 57–73 with homology to Zinc Metalloproteases (astacin family) nas-13, and probably nas-15 (LOCUS nas-13 and LOCUS14439) due the phylogenetic relationships of astacins within nematodes [32]. These proteases have been shown to be present in the ES products of many animal and plant parasitic nematodes and these proteases are often developmentally regulated with differences between L3 and L4 feeding stage nematodes [33,34,35,36,37], therefore the presence of proteases in the gland cells of A. simplex is not surprising and confirms the results obtained by other authors [38] who identified secreted neutral proteases from A. simplex as circulating antigens.
Protein lethal (2) essential for life (locus asim_12322) has been inferred by orthology as a Drosophila melanogaster protein [39]. It was identified in band M and spot 82; it can be considered as homologous of a small heat shock protein [40] with homology to OV25-1 from Toxocara canis. Small heat shock proteins have been cloned from a number of animal parasitic nematodes including H. contortus [41] N. brasiliensis [42], and B. malayi [43]. The role of these sHSP in parasitism is not very clear however in the trematode Schistosome mansoni sHSPs are immunogenic, producing a strong Th1-type immune response [44].
The structural protein Actin 3 was identified in band F. Other proteoforms of actins have been previously reported in A. simplex complex [9]. Proteins of the actin family have been detected in the ES products of different animal parasitic nematodes including B. malayi and Dirofilaria immitis [45,46] with a possible role in the acceleration of plasmin generation in the host [47].
One of the most interesting proteins identified is glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (locus GPDH) which belongs to the GADPH superfamily. According to the AllFam database of allergen families, GADPH is known to be a major allergen in the indoor mold Aspergillus versicolor [48] and a minor allergen (Tri a 34) for patients with baker’s asthma (IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database). More recently GADPH has been described as a major allergen in rambutan-induced anaphylaxis [49] and it has been detected as a potential allergen in A. pegreffii [9].
SCP domain-containing protein (locus asim_10032 and locus asim_14262) are known Ancylostoma secreted proteins; they were identified in immunoreactive bands D and M. These proteins also known as venom allergen-like proteins (VALs) have become of interest in recent years. VALs belong to the SCP/TAPS family within the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) “superfamily” [50]. Many animal and plant parasitic nematodes are known to contain venom-like allergens [8]. Various roles have been proposed including the initiation and maintenance of the host-parasite relationships in the case of Ancylostoma caninum [51], invasion of the vertebrate host in the case of B. malayi [52], and establishment of plant-host parasite relationships in the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In Onchocerca volvulus, the VAL protein Ov-ASP-1 was shown to be exclusively localized in the granules of the glandular esophagus in L3 stage larvae [53], therefore it is not surprising that we detect this protein in the gland cell extracts of A. simplex.
Uncharacterized protein from locus asim_540 could be considered as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase due its molecular function and the biological process in which it participates, identified in band B is an enzyme belonging to the lyase protein family and is involved in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis converting oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. It is found in two forms, cytosolic and mitochondrial. In this study the molecular weight is predicted to be approximately 72 kDa, this is concurrent with the literature, with the homologous protein in Haemonchus contortus and A. suum which have molecular weights of 75–80 kDa and 70 kDa respectively [54,55]. To date, no information is available as to a possible role in parasitism or its presence in ES products of nematodes.
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (locus14675) is a highly conserved protein found on the outer surface or as a secretory product of pathogenic organisms. It has a role as a virulence factor in a large number of pathogens from unicellular to small invertebrates [56]. Increased GPDH activity, especially GPD2, leads to an increase in glycerol production [57]. This is a mechanism of protection of nematodes against desiccation and freeze [58,59].
Uncharacterized protein from asim_locus16599 (domains DUF4139 and DUF4140) is a member of a conserved hypothetical protein CHP02231 whose function is unknown. DUF families within the Pfam database represent over 22% of known families [60].
CO esterase domain-containing protein (asim_locus12965) is a member of the Carboxylesterase family encompassing hydrolytic enzymes which are widely distributed along evolutionary branches with different catalytic function that share a common folding [61]. This family is a mixture of specialized enzymes with specific substrates, but also includes less selective members with broad and often overlapping ranges of substrates. It is thought to have a special role in insect resistance to pesticides [62]. Carboxylesterases are widely distributed in nature. Most of them participate in the metabolism of toxins or drugs producing carboxylates which are conjugated by other enzymes to increase solubility and excreted [63]. No more specific characteristics can be obtained from our results, but the carboxylesterase family includes a number of proteins with different substrate specificities, such as acetylcholinesterase. The role of acetylcholinesterase in nematode parasitism is well known and studied. Many parasitic nematodes of the alimentary tract release acetylcholinesterases which are thought to reduce the contractions of the alimentary tract and hence prevent parasite expulsion. Another role for secreted acetylcholinesterases may be immune modulation and reduction of inflammation in the site of the nematode infection [64]. Recently acetylcholinesterase was found in A. simplex L3 larva ES products [65,66].
Enolase (allergen Ani s Enolase) from asim_locus eno is found in the cytosol as part of phosphopyruvate hydratase complex (synonym of enolase complex). Enolases form a large superfamily with many proteoforms. The protein in this study was demonstrated to be Anisakis simplex allergen [67]. This and the other two enolase proteoforms were also found to be immunoreactive [9]. Although most enolases are found in the cytosol, cell surface-associated enolase is reported to promote pathological alterations and penetration of host tissues by pathogens and tumor cells [68]. In the case of nematode Steinernema glaseri, this protein was reported as a surface enolase, localized to both the nematode cuticle and the surface coat, which was secreted to the hemolymph of the host insect conferring host immune suppression [69].
Most of the proteins described have been shown to be present in the ES products of animal and plant parasitic nematodes indicating that the collected gland cells contain molecules which can actively be secreted into the host and therefore could be potential allergens accordingly to the immunoreactivity they have shown. Functional analysis using STRING (string-db.org) showed no relationships (88%, data not shown) except for Enolase and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which usually are coexpressed in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have detected 5 proteins (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase, chitinase, lipase_3 domain-containing protein, SCP domain-containing protein, and enolase) which are considered to be allergens ([70], allergome section in www.mncn.csic.es), and in this work for the first time described from Aniskais simplex s.s. which are expressed in their gland cells. Three proteins which were previously detected as immunoreactive in whole-body protein extracts [9] are also detected in gland cells (actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and enolase). The next stage will be to clone and overexpress candidate proteins including the eight other proteins in this study and determine their allergenic potential.

Author Contributions

L.R., S.C.A., M.C., M.G.-M., and A.N. conceived the study. L.R., S.C.A., S.C., M.d.C.M., and A.N. designed de experiments. L.R., S.C.A., S.C., M.d.C.M., I.S.-A., N.C.-S., M.C., M.G.-M., and A.N. performed the experiments. S.C., L.R., S.C.A., and A.N. performed the bioinformatics. L.R. and A.N. wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was partially supported by Spanish National project AGL2015-68248-C2-1-R and National Natural Science Museum. The proteomic analysis was performed in the Proteomics Facility of The Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) that belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019.

Acknowledgments

We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

  1. González Quijada, S.; González Escudero, R.; Arias García, L.; Gil Martín, A.R.; Vicente Serrano, J.; Corral Fernández, E. Anisakiasis gastrointestinal manifestations: Description of 42 cases. Rev. Clin. Esp. 2005, 205, 311–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Daschner, A.; Pascual, C.Y. Anisakis simplex: Sensitization and clinical allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 5, 281–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Audicana, M.T.; Kennedy, M.W. Anisakis simplex: From obscure infectious worm to Inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 21, 360–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Montoro, A.; Pretejer, M.J.; Chivato, T.; Laguna, R.; Cuellar, C. Recidivous acute urticaria caused by Anisakis simplex. Allergy 1997, 52, 985–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Audicana, L.; Audicana, M.T.; Fernandez de Corres, L.; Kennedy, M.W. Cooking and freezing may not protect against allergic reactions to ingested Anisakis simplex antigens in humans. Vet. Rec. 1997, 140, 235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Moneo, I.; Caballero, M.L.; González-Muñoz, M.; Rodríguez-Mahillo, A.I.; Rodríguez-Perez, R.; Silva, A. Isolation of heat-resistant allergen from fish parasite Anisakis simplex. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 96, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Caballero, M.L.; Moneo, I. Several allergens from Anisakis simplex are highly resistant to heat and pepsin treatments. Parasitol. Res. 2004, 93, 248–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Fitzsimmons, C.; Falcone, F.; Dunne, D. Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity. Front. Immunol. 2014, 5, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Arcos, S.C.; Ciordia, S.; Roberston, L.; Zapico, I.; Jiménez-Ruiz, Y.; Gonzalez-Muñoz, M.; Moneo, I.; Carballeda-Sangiao, N.; Rodriguez-Mahillo, A.; Albar, J.P.; et al. Proteomic profiling and characterization of differential allergens in the nematodes Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and A. pegreffii. Proteomics 2014, 12, 1547–1568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Todorova, V.K.; Tankova, C.V.; Dimitrov, T.V. Trichinella spiralis- characterization of circulating and immune-complex-ssociated antigens. Parasitol. Res. 1993, 79, 86–88. [Google Scholar]
  11. Baeza, M.L.; Rodríguez, A.; Matheu, V.; Rubio, M.; Tornero, P.; de Barrio, M.; Herrero, T.; Santaolalla, M.; Zubeldia, J.M. Characterization of allergens secreted by Anisakis simplex parasite: Clinical relevance in comparison with somatic allergens. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004, 34, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. D’Amelio, S.; Mathiopoulos, K.D.; Santos, C.P.; Pugachev, O.N.; Webb, S.C.; Picanço, M.; Paggi, L. Genetic markers in ribosomal DNA for the identification of members of the genus Anisakis (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) defined by polymerase-chain-reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30, 223–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Lowry, O.H.; Rosebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L.; Randall, R.J. Protein mesurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 173, 265–275. [Google Scholar]
  14. Wray, W.; Boulikas, T.; Wray, V.P.; Hancock, R. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 1982, 118, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Biron, D.G.; Brun, C.; Levevre, T.; Lebarbenchon, C.; Loxdale, H.D.; Chevenet, F.; Brizard, J.P.; Thomas, F. The pitfalls of proteomics experiments without the correct use of bioinformatics tools. Proteomics 2006, 6, 5577–5596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Schevchenko, A.; Wilm, M.; Vorm, O.; Mann, M. Mass spectrometric sequencing of proteins from silver stained polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 850–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Perez-Riverol, Y.; Csordas, A.; Bai, J.; Bernal-Llinares, M.; Hewapathirana, S.; Kundu, D.J.; Inuganti, A.; Griss, J.; Mayer, G.; Eisenacher, M.; et al. The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: Improving support for quantification data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D442–D450, PubMed ID: 30395289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Gorg, A.; Weiss, W.; Dunn, M.J. Current two-dimensional electrophoresis technology for proteomics. Proteomics 2004, 4, 3665–3685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Barrett, J.; Brophy, P.M.; Hamilton, J.V. Analysing proteomic data. Int. J. Parasitol. 2005, 35, 543–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Cavallero, S.; Lombardo, F.; Su, X.; Salvemini, M.; Cantacessi, C.; D’Amelio, S. Tissue-specific transcriptomes of Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) and Anisakis pegreffii reveal potential molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenicity. Parasit. Vectors. 2018, 11, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Rawlings, N.D.; Barrett, A.J. Evolutionary families of metallopeptidases. Meth. Enzymol. 1995, 248, 183–228. [Google Scholar]
  22. Henrissat, B.; Callebaut, I.; Fabrega, S.; Lehn, P.; Mornon, J.P.; Davies, G. Conserved catalytic machinery and the prediction of a common fold for several families of glycosyl hydrolases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 7090–7094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Wu, Y.; Egerton, G.; Underwood, A.P.; Sakuda, S.; Bianco, A.E. Expression and Secretion of a Larval-specific Chitinase (Family 18 Glycosyl Hydrolase) by the Infective Stages of the Parasitic Nematode, Onchocerca volvulus. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 42557–42564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Wu, Y.; Preston, G.; Bianco, A.E. Chitinase is stored and secreted from the inner body of microfilariae and has a role in ensheathment in the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2008, 161, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Gao, B.; Allen, R.; Maier, T.; McDermott, J.P.; Davis, E.L.; Baum, T.J.; Hussey, R.S. Characterization and developmental expression of a chitinase gene in Heterodera glycines. Int. J. Parasitol. 2002, 32, 1293–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. O’Neil, S.E.; Heinrich, T.K.; Hales, B.J.; Hazell, L.A.; Holt, D.C.; Fischer, K.; Thomas, W.R. The chitinase allergens Der p 15 and Der p 18 from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006, 36, 831–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Reyes, J.L.; Terrazas, L.I. The divergent roles of alternatively activated macrophages in helminthic infections. Parasite Immunol. 2007, 29, 609–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Sutherland, T.E.; Maizels, R.M.; Allen, J.E. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins: Potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of T-helper type 2 allergies. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2009, 39, 943–955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Hewitson, J.P.; Harcus, Y.; Murray, J.; van Agtmaal, M.; Filbey, K.J.; Grainger, J.R.; Bridgett, S.; Blaxter, M.L.; Ashton, P.D.; Ashford, D.A.; et al. Proteomic analysis of secretory products from the model gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus reveals dominance of Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) proteins. J. Proteomics. 2011, 74, 1573–1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Santiago, H.C.; Bennuru, S.; Ribeiro, J.M.; Nutman, T.B. Structural Differences between Human Proteins and Aero- and Microbial Allergens Define Allergenicity. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e40552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lindstedt, M.; Schiott, A.; Johnsen, C.R.; Roggen, E.; Johansson-Lindbom, B.; Borrebaeck, C.A. Individuals with occupational allergy to detergent enzymes display a differential transcriptional regulation and cellular immune response. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2005, 35, 199–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Park, J.; Pan, J.; Möhrlen, F.; Schupp, M.O.; Johnsen, R.; Baillie, D.L.; Zapf, R.; Moerman, D.G.; Hutter, H. Characterization of the astacin family of metalloproteases in C. elegans. BMC Dev. Biol. 2010, 10, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Decock, H.; Knox, D.P.; Claerebout, E.; Degraff, D.C. Partial characterisation of proteolytic enzymes in different developmental stages of Ostertagia ostertagi. J. Helmin. 1993, 67, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Lawrence, C.E.; Pritchard, D.I. Differential secretion of acetylcholinesterase and proteases during the development of Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Int. J. Parasitol. 1993, 26, 499–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. McKeand, J.B.; Knox, D.P.; Duncan, J.L.; Kennedy, M.W. The immunogenicity of the acetylcholinesterases of the cattle lung worm Dictyocaulus viviparus. Int. J. Parasitol. 1994, 24, 501–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Rhoads, M.L.; Fetterer, R.H. Developmentally regulated secretions of a cathepsin-L like protease by Haemonchus contortus. J. Parasitol. 1995, 81, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Robertson, L.; Robertson, W.M.; Jones, J.T. Direct analysis of the secretions of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Parasitology 1999, 119, 167–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Sakanari, J.A.; McKerrow, J.H. Identification of the secreted neutral proteases from Anisakis simplex. J. Parsitol. 1990, 76, 625–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Kurzik-Dumke, U.; Neubauer, M.; Debes, A. Identification of a novel Drosophila melanogaster heat-shock gene, lethal (2) denticleless [l(2)dtl], coding for an 83-kDa protein. Gene 1996, 171, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Narberhaus, F. Alpha-crystallin-type heat shock proteins: Socializing minichaperones in the context of a multichaperone network. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2002, 66, 64–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Hartman, D.; Cottee, P.A.; Savin, K.W.; Bhave, M.; Presidente, P.J.; Fulton, L.; Walkiewicz, M.; Newton, S.E. Haemonchus contortus: Molecular characterisation of a small heat shock proteín. Exp. Parasitol. 2003, 104, 96–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Tweedie, S.; Grigg, M.E.; Ingram, L.; Selkirk, M.E. The expression of a small heat shock protein homologue is developmentally regulated in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1993, 61, 149–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Raghavan, N.; Ghosh, I.; Eisinger, W.; Pastrana, D.; Scott, A. Development regulated expression of a unique small heat shock protein in Brugia malayi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1999, 104, 233–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Chen, Y.; Boros, D.L. The Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived r38 peptide-induced Th1 response affects the synchronous pulmonary but not the asynchronous hepatic granuloma growth. Parasite Immunol. 2001, 23, 43–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Hewitson, J.P.; Harcus, Y.M.; Curwen, R.S.; Dowle, A.A.; Atmadja, A.K.; Ashton, P.D.; Wilson, A.; Maizels, R.M. The secretome of the filarial parasite, Brugia malayi: Proteomic profile of adult excretory-secretory products. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2008, 160, 8–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. González-Miguel, J.; Morchón, R.; Mellado, I.; Carretón, E.; Montoya-Alonso, J.A.; Simón, F. Excretory/secretory antigens from Dirofilaria immitis adult worms interact with the host fibrinolytic system involving the vascular endothelium. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2012, 181, 134–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Lind, S.E.; Smith, C.J. Actin Is a Noncompetitive Plasmin Inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 5273–5278. [Google Scholar]
  48. Benndorf, D.; Muller, A.; Bock, K.; Manuwald, O.; Herbarth, O.; von Bergen, M. Identification of spore allergens from the indoor mould Aspergillus versicolor. Allergy 2008, 63, 454–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Jirapongsananuruk, O.; Jirarattanasopa, N.; Pongpruksa, S.; Vichyanond, P.; Piboonpocanun, S. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a major allergen in rambutan-induced anaphylaxis. Ann. Allerg. Asthma Im. 2001, 106, 545–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Chalmers, I.W.; McArdle, A.J.; Coulson, R.M.; Wagner, M.A.; Schmid, R.; Hirai, H.; Hoffmann, K.F. Developmentally regulated expression, alternative splicing and distinct subgroupings in members of the Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like (SmVAL) gene family. BMC Genom. 2008, 9, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Zhan, B.; Liu, Y.; Badamchian, M.; Williamson, A.; Feng, J.; Loukas, A.; Hawdon, J.M.; Hotez, P.J. Molecular characterisation of the Ancylostoma-secreted protein family from the adult stage of Ancylostoma caninum. Int. J. Parasitol. 2003, 33, 897–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Murray, J.; Gregory, W.F.; Gomez-Escobar, N.; Atmadja, A.K.; Maizels, R.M. Expression and immune recognition of Brugia malayi VAL-1, a homologue of vespid venom allergens and Ancylostoma secreted proteins. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2001, 118, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. MacDonald, A.J.; Tawe, W.; Leon, O.; Cao, L.; Liu, J.; Oksov, Y. Ov-ASP-1, the Onchocerca volvulus homologue of the activation associated secreted protein family is immunostimulatory and can induce protective anti-larval immunity. Parasite Immunol. 2004, 26, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Klein, R.D.; Winterrowd, C.A.; Hatzenbuhler, N.T.; Shea, M.H.; Favreau, M.A.; Nulf, S.C.; Geary, T.G. Cloning of a cDNA encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Haemonchus contortus. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1992, 50, 285–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Geary, T.G.; Winterrowd, C.A.; Alexander-Bowman, S.J.; Favreau, M.A.; Nulf, S.C.; Klein, R.D. Ascaris suum: Cloning of a cDNA Encoding Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase. Exp. Parasitol. 1993, 77, 155–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Seidler, N.W. GAPDH, as a virulence factor. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2013, 985, 149–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Xu, S.P.; Mao, X.Y.; Ren, F.Z.; Che, H.L. Attenuating effect of casein glycomacropeptide on proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation of in vitro Sprague-Dawley rat preadipocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 676–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  58. Qiu, L.; Bedding, R.A. Characteristics of protectant synthesis of infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae and importance of glycerol as a protectant for survival of the nematodes during osmotic dehydration. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2002, 131, 757–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Rothstein, M. Nematode bio chemistry. X. Excretion of glycerol by free living nematodes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1969, 30, 641–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. El-Gebali, S.; Mistry, J.; Bateman, A.; Eddy, S.R.; Luciani, A.; Potter, S.C.; Qureshi, M.; Richardson, L.J.; Salazar, G.A.; Smart, A.; et al. The Pfam protein families database in 2019. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D427–D432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Carr, P.; Ollis, D. α/β Hydrolase Fold: An Update. Protein Peptide Lett. 2009, 16, 1137–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Reis Montella, I.; Schama, R.; Valle, D. The classification of sterases: An important gene family involved in insecticide resistance. A review. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2012, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  63. Aranda, J.; Cerqueira, N.M.F.S.A.; Fernandes, P.A.; Roca, M.; Tuñon, I.; Ramos, M.J. The Catalytic Mechanism of Carboxylesterases. A Computational Study. Biochemistry 2014, 53, 5820–5829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Lee, D.L. Why do some nematode parasites of the alimentary tract secrete acetylcholinesterase. Int. J. Parasitol. 1996, 26, 499–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Podolska, M.; Nadolna, K.; Wąs, A.; Gosz, E.; Szostakowska, B. Acetylcholinesterase secretion by third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Baltic herring. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 2012, 32, 225–232. [Google Scholar]
  66. Podolska, M.; Nadolna, K. Acetylcholinesterase secreted by Anisakis simplex larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitizing herring, Clupea harengus: An inverse relationship of enzyme activity in the host-parasite system. Parasitol. Res. 2014, 13, 2231–2238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Rodriguez, E.; Romaris, F.; Lorenzo, S.; Moreno, J.; Bonay, P.; Ubeira, F.M.; Garate, T.A. A recombinant enolase from Anisakis simplex is differentially recognized in natural human and mouse experimental infections. Med. Microbiol Immunol. 2006, 195, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Liu, J.K.; Shih, N.Y. The role of enolase in tissue invasion and metastasis of pathogens and tumor cells. J. Cancer Mol. 2007, 3, 45–48. [Google Scholar]
  69. Liu, H.; Zeng, H.; Yao, Q.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Qiu, D.; Yang, X.; Yang, H.; Liu, Z. Steinernema glaseri surface enolase: Molecular cloning, biological characterization, and role in host immune suppression. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2012, 185, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Llorens, C.; Arcos, S.C.; Robertson, L.; Ramos, R.; Futami, R.; Soriano, B.; Ciordia, S.; Careche, M.; González-Muñoz, M.; Jiménez-Ruiz, Y.; et al. Functional insights into the infective larval stage of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and their hybrids based on gene expression patterns. BMC Genom. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Genes 11 00683 g001 550
Figure 1. Monochromatic silver staining of total extracts and gland cell extracts of A. simplex (GC = gland cells), (TE = total extracts); (TE1 = denaturing), (TE2 = not denaturing). GC1 and GC2 are two technical replicates with phosphate.
Figure 1. Monochromatic silver staining of total extracts and gland cell extracts of A. simplex (GC = gland cells), (TE = total extracts); (TE1 = denaturing), (TE2 = not denaturing). GC1 and GC2 are two technical replicates with phosphate.
Genes 11 00683 g001
Genes 11 00683 g002 550
Figure 2. Western blot of total extracts and gland cell extracts probed with pooled serum of Anisakis-positive patients.
Figure 2. Western blot of total extracts and gland cell extracts probed with pooled serum of Anisakis-positive patients.
Genes 11 00683 g002
Genes 11 00683 g003 550
Figure 3. (A) 2-DE gel in which the corresponding proteins of western blots are highlighted. (B) Western blot showing the immunoreactive proteins
Figure 3. (A) 2-DE gel in which the corresponding proteins of western blots are highlighted. (B) Western blot showing the immunoreactive proteins
Genes 11 00683 g003
Table
Table 1. Identified immunoreactive protein markers using MASCOT database searches. For 1-D experiments the results are for the two replicates (GC1, GC2) except for bands L and M which were negative for GC2.
Table 1. Identified immunoreactive protein markers using MASCOT database searches. For 1-D experiments the results are for the two replicates (GC1, GC2) except for bands L and M which were negative for GC2.
ProteinUniProt AccessionTaxonomyMatched Peptides(MS/MS)ScoreGene
1-D bands (Figure 1 and Figure 2)
APeptidase_M13_N domain-containing proteinA0A0M3KHN4Anisakis simplex10R.ILTNYIVWR.Y R.YDDILQDFLR.V K.WAQNYWFR.K 133/175ASIM_LOCUS19882
BUncharacterized protein A0A0M3IZF7Anisakis simplex21/22R.PFMGYNFGR.Y R.MGAAVLHELTR.T R.RPEGVPLVFESR.D R.LYAINPEAGFFGVAPGTSHK.T 205/238ASIM_LOCUS540
Cunidentified 4R.SFLGVPFAEPPIGENR.F51/56N/A
DSCP domain-containing protein predictedA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex12/13R.RAQEYAER.C R.NMYYLDYDCDLER.R R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P 193/255ASIM_LOCUS10032
EUncharacterized proteinA0A0M3K6E2Anisakis simplex20R.SKEEADDCFYR.G K.EFVALNEDNQKR.C K.TADGFYTDCYFGR.G K.CWPYSYEAFVIAAR.Y R.FGTSSPNSVYTPEENTR.R R.FGTSSPNSVYTPEENTRR.D R.DVAAFFAHAIQETGANDASVYTGR.S469/530 ASIM_LOCUS15940
FLipase_3 domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K4F3 Anisakis simplex10K.HTELVPYSFR.V K.IIADHASYFDR.V K.NVLPSDEKWEVVER.I R.GTTTSSQLFLQGAGAISGR.A120/134ASIM_LOCUS15251
Actin 3A0A0B4SVN7Anisakis simplex9/10K.QEYDESGPSIVHR.K K.SYELPDGQVITIGNER.F113/119N/A
G Lipase_3 domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K4F3Anisakis simplex7/6K.HTELVPYSFR.V71/68ASIM_LOCUS15251
GUncharacterized proteinA0A0M3K6E2Anisakis simplex11K.TADGFYTDCYFGR.G80ASIM_LOCUS15940
HGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseA0A097IYH5Anisakis simplex4R.VPTPDVSVVDLTCR.L K.LISWYDNEFGYSCR.V96GPDH
HHemoglobinA0A1W7HP35 Anisakis simplex10---58N/A
HUncharacterized proteinA0A0M3JQQ1Anisakis simplex2R.VLTDAIYLISHIDGTTR.M147ASIM_LOCUS9737 (very sort seq)
HMetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299 Anisakis simplex9/7R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A142/94ASIM_LOCUS14439
IMetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299 Anisakis simplex10/9R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A180/156ASIM_LOCUS14439
IMetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99 Anisakis simplex10/9R.TGFSLNDVR.K102/94nas-13
JMetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299 Anisakis simplex8R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A 92/134ASIM_LOCUS14439
KMetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex9R.DPNALWPK.G R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A139/126ASIM_LOCUS14439
L MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex10 R.DPNALWPK.G R.ADRDDYVR.V R.VLFENINPPMR.C 138ASIM_LOCUS14439
MProtein lethal(2) essential for life (inferred by orthology to a D. melanogaster protein)A0A0M3JX08 Anisakis simplex8R.SIPIQAAPR.Q K.QNQQLPAAR.S R.YAIVPPTFER.A96ASIM_LOCUS12322
MSCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K1U4Anisakis simplex5K.QVNVVCEYR.N71ASIM_LOCUS14262
2-D spots (Figure 3)
16Peptidase_M13_N domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JI80 Anisakis simplex7K.YDLTNLLIHTSLTR.A 78ASIM_LOCUS7120
16Peptidase_M13_N domain-containing protein A0A0M3KHN4Anisakis simplex4R.ILTNYIVWR.Y70 ASIM_LOCUS19882
29Uncharacterized protein A0A0M3K8A1Anisakis simplex21K.SASIVNEQR.I R.FVCSLGVDPGIK.L K.LAAEIGALQHDER.Y214ASIM_LOCUS16599
31CO esterase domain-containing protein A0A0M3JYK8Anisakis simplex6R.ADVFLGVPYAQPPVGALR.F101ASIM_LOCUS12965
35EnolaseQ8MU59Anisakis simplex8R.AAVPSGASTGVHEALELR.D K.STLNIQLVGDDLTVTNR.E101eno
36EnolaseQ8MU59Anisakis cimplex16R.AAVPSGASTGVHEALELR.D K.STLNIQLVGDDLTVTNR.E R.YGLDATAVGDEGGFAPNIQDNR.E276eno
37EnolaseQ8MU59Anisakis simplex7R.AAVPSGASTGVHEALELR.D66eno
46SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex6R.RAQEYAER.C R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P59ASIM_LOCUS10032
50SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex7R.RAQEYAER.C R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P84ASIM_LOCUS10032
51SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex10R.RAQEYAER.C R.NMYYLDYDCDLER.R R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P159ASIM_LOCUS10032
52SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex9R.RAQEYAER.C R.NMYYLDYDCDLER.R R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P148ASIM_LOCUS10032
54SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JRE8Anisakis simplex9R.RAQEYAER.C R.NMYYLDYDCDLER.R R.STNLCIAPGYTAPEPNPR.P136ASIM_LOCUS10032
57MetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99Anisakis simplex9R.TGFSLNDVR.K97nas-13
58MetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99Anisakis simplex6R.TGFSLNDVR.K75nas-13
59MetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99Anisakis simplex15R.TGFSLNDVR.K R.TGFSLNDVRK.I K.GVVIHELMHALGIQHEQSR.T190nas-13
60MetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99Anisakis simplex10R.TGFSLNDVR.K R.TGFSLNDVRK.I K.NGKPTIVALEPNR.N103nas-13
61MetalloendopeptidaseA0A3G5BC99Anisakis simplex7R.TGFSLNDVR.K70nas-13
63Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseA0A0M3K2U5Anisakis simplex10MVSLRNAIVGFTR.A47ASIM_LOCUS14675
64MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex8R.ADRDDYVR.V R.VLFENINPPMR.C R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A96ASIM_LOCUS14439
67MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex8R.VLFENINPPMR.C R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A139ASIM_LOCUS14439
68MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex10R.VLFENINPPMR.C R.VLFENINPPMR.C K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A K.SSNYFLTDEDFERAR.S169ASIM_LOCUS14439
69MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex7R.ADRDDYVR.V K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A82ASIM_LOCUS14439
70MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex8R.ADRDDYVR.V R.VLFENINPPMR.C R.VLFENINPPMR.C90ASIM_LOCUS14439
73MetalloendopeptidaseA0A0M3K299Anisakis simplex4 R.ADRDDYVR.V K.SSNYFLTDEDFER.A84ASIM_LOCUS14439
79SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K1U4Anisakis simplex9K.QVNVVCEYR.N K.YGVTASEAWWSELKR.V R.HAGENIFASSTTGSLGDLGK.Y 247ASIM_LOCUS14262
80SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K1U4Anisakis simplex6K.QVNVVCEYR.N75ASIM_LOCUS14262
81SCP domain-containing proteinA0A0M3K1U4Anisakis simplex4K.QVNVVCEYR.N53ASIM_LOCUS14262
82Protein lethal(2)essential for lifeA0A0M3JX08Anisakis simplex9R.SIPIQAAPR.Q R.YAIVPPTFER.A88ASIM_LOCUS12322
Table
Table 2. Identified and assigned proteins based on higher score of Table 1, with important molecular functions and biological processes. (*) are allergen proteins.
Table 2. Identified and assigned proteins based on higher score of Table 1, with important molecular functions and biological processes. (*) are allergen proteins.
GeneProtein UniProt Accession1-D band2-D spotMolecular functionBiological Process
ASIM_LOCUS19882Peptidase_M13_N domain-containing proteinA0A0M3KHN4band A 16Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain Metalloendopeptidase activity
ASIM_LOCUS7120 Peptidase_M13_N domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JI80 16
ASIM_LOCUS540Uncharacterized protein A0A0M3IZF7band B phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) activitygluconeogenesis
ASIM_LOCUS10032SCP domain-containing protein (*)A0A0M3JRE8band D46, 50, 51, 52, 54Unclear function. Venom allergens of some insects and Scolopendra Belongs to the CRISP family (cysteine-rich secretory proteins)
ASIM_LOCUS14262SCP domain-containing protein (*)A0A0M3K1U4band M79, 80, 81
ASIM_LOCUS15940Uncharacterized protein (*) A0A0M3K6E2bands E, G chitinase activitycell wall macromolecule catabolic process
ASIM_LOCUS15251 Lipase_3 domain-containing protein (*)A0A0M3K4F3 bands F, G hydrolase activitylipid metabolic process
N/AActin 3 A0A0B4SVN7band F ATP bindingCytoskeleton
ASIM_LOCUS14439 Metalloendopeptidase A0A0M3K299bands H, I, J, K, L64, 67,68, 69, 70, 73MetalloproteaseMetalloendopeptidase activity
nas-13 Metalloendopeptidase A0A3G5BC99 band I57, 58, 59, 60, 61
GPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (*)A0A097IYH5band H Catalytic activity (Oxidoreductase) glucose metabolic process (Glycolisis)
ASIM_LOCUS14675 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseA0A0M3K2U5 63Catalytic activity (calcium ion binding)Oxydation-reduction process
ASIM_LOCUS12322Protein lethal(2)essential for lifeA0A0M3JX08band M82prevent the precipitation of denatured proteins and to increase cellular tolerance to stressAlpha crystallin/Small heat shock protein, animal type
ASIM_LOCUS16599Uncharacterized protein A0A0M3K8A1 29Unknown functionFrom a family of proteins over 500 amino acids in Caenorhabditis elegans and several bacteria
ASIM_LOCUS12965CO esterase domain-containing proteinA0A0M3JYK8 31Unknown function
enoEnolase (allergen Ani s Enolase) (*)Q8MU59 35, 36, 37magnesium ion binding Phosphopyruvate hydratase activityGlycolytic process

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Robertson, L.; C. Arcos, S.; Ciordia, S.; Carballeda-Sanguiao, N.; Mena, M.d.C.; Sánchez-Alonso, I.; Gonzalez-Muñoz, M.; Careche, M.; Navas, A. Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis. Genes 2020, 11, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060683

AMA Style

Robertson L, C. Arcos S, Ciordia S, Carballeda-Sanguiao N, Mena MdC, Sánchez-Alonso I, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Careche M, Navas A. Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis. Genes. 2020; 11(6):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060683

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robertson, Lee, Susana C. Arcos, Sergio Ciordia, Noelia Carballeda-Sanguiao, María del Carmen Mena, Isabel Sánchez-Alonso, Miguel Gonzalez-Muñoz, Mercedes Careche, and Alfonso Navas. 2020. "Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis" Genes 11, no. 6: 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060683

APA Style

Robertson, L., C. Arcos, S., Ciordia, S., Carballeda-Sanguiao, N., Mena, M. d. C., Sánchez-Alonso, I., Gonzalez-Muñoz, M., Careche, M., & Navas, A. (2020). Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis. Genes, 11(6), 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060683

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop