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Article

Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara

by
Yeyao Du
1,†,
Nooral Amin
1,†,
Naveed Ahmad
2,
Hanzhu Zhang
3,
Ye Zhang
4,
Yang Song
1,
Sujie Fan
1 and
Piwu Wang
1,*
1
College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
2
Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
Jilin Provincial Seed Management Station, Changchun 130033, China
4
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130118, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Genes 2023, 14(4), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040920
Submission received: 4 March 2023 / Revised: 8 April 2023 / Accepted: 10 April 2023 / Published: 15 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genome-Wide Identifications: Recent Trends in Genomic Studies)
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Abstract

:
Pathogenesis-related proteins, often used as molecular markers of disease resistance in plants, can enable plants to obtain systemic resistance. In this study, a gene encoding a pathogenesis-related protein was identified via RNA-seq sequencing analysis performed at different stages of soybean seedling development. Because the gene sequence showed the highest similarity with PR1L sequence in soybean, the gene was named GmPR1-9-like (GmPR1L). GmPR1L was either overexpressed or silenced in soybean seedlings through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to examine the resistance of soybean to infection caused by Cercospora sojina Hara. The results revealed that GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants had a smaller lesion area and improved resistance to C. sojina infection, whereas GmPR1L-silenced plants had low resistance to C. sojina infection. Fluorescent real-time PCR indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L induced the expression of genes such as WRKY, PR9, and PR14, which are more likely to be co-expressed during C. sojina infection. Furthermore, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly increased in GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants after seven days of infection. The resistance of the GmPR1L-overexpressing lines OEA1 and OEA2 to C. sojina infection was significantly increased from a neutral level in wild-type plants to a moderate level. These findings predominantly reveal the positive role of GmPR1L in inducing resistance to C. sojina infection in soybean, which may facilitate the production of improved disease-resistant soybean cultivars in the future.

1. Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important economic and oil-bearing crop worldwide. Its production is affected by various factors, such as limited land resources and uncontrollable environmental changes, with the most serious factor being the frequent occurrence of diseases [1]. In recent years, soybean yield reduction caused by diseases is approximately 5–10%, and up to 30–50% [2]. Viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases are common in soybean. Fungal diseases have many subtypes, a high incidence, and severe harmful effects. Long-term use of pesticides is usually adopted to control these dangerous diseases. However, it not only increases the cost of soybean production but also causes serious pollution to the soil environment. Moreover, diseases are difficult to be controlled once pathogens develop resistance. The most direct and effective way of reducing the occurrence of diseases is to cultivate new resistant germplasm. Compared with traditional breeding methods, transgenic technology can overcome the problem of distant hybridization incompatibility and offers abundant target gene resources, greatly shortening the breeding period. Therefore, cultivating new disease-resistant varieties through genetic engineering is an effective strategy.
Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) are produced by plants under adversity and stress. These proteins play an important role in defense mechanisms and can be induced by pathogenic agents, chemical reagents, and plant hormones [3]. PRPs are widely found in many plants. They can participate in disease resistance through cell wall thickening, antibacterial activity, signal transduction, and many other mechanisms [2]. The primary functions of PRPs include degradation of toxins, elimination of pathogens, and binding to or inhibition of viral coat proteins [4]. PRPs are mainly divided into 19 subclasses according to their sources, differences in electrophoretic mobility, amino acid sequence homology, and association with serum [5]. Of the different gene classes, PR1 family genes are most abundant, conservative, and stable. They are an indispensable part of the PRP family, and most proteases have no effect on them [6]. PR1 proteins participates in defense mechanisms in plants and have strong antifungal activity. Several studies have reported that PR-1 proteins interact with other proteins in plants. Ghorbel et al. demonstrated that durum wheat PR1 (TdPR1.2) interacted with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner and this interaction enhanced the catalytic activity of TdPR1.2 in vitro, especially in the presence of Mn2+ cations. OsSAP1, a stress-associated protein in rice, interacts with aminotransferases and PR1a called OsScP to regulate abiotic stress response in rice [7].
As early as 1980, Antoniw et al. were the first to identify PR1 proteins from tobacco extracts. PR1 proteins are involved in the response to various biotic and abiotic stresses and are promising marker genes for systemic acquired resistance (SAR). PR1 proteins are classified as acidic and basic. Acidic proteins are secreted in the intercellular space, whereas basic proteins are secreted in the cellular fluid. With the increasing number of studies on the PR1 family, PR1 proteins have been identified from rice [8], corn [9], and grape [10]. Previous studies have demonstrated that PR1 proteins are easily induced by pathogenic agents and salicylic acid and can accumulate up to tens of thousands of times in infected plant tissues, accounting for 1.2–2.5% of the total protein content in the leaves of the whole plant [9]. Exogenous SA can induce the development of SAR and expression of PR1 genes in model plants [10]. Some studies have demonstrated that PR1 genes in some plants can induce a certain level of resistance to pathogens. Alexander et al. [11] transferred the PR1-a gene into tobacco and found that it enhanced the resistance to Phytophthora and Peronospora infections in a highly constitutive expression-dependent manner. Niki et al. [12] demonstrated that the transfer of the PR1 gene into over-expressed Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to rape downy mildew, and the induced expression of the gene was closely related to the accumulation of salicylic acid. Sarowar et al. [13] transferred the pepper PR1 gene into tobacco, which enhanced the resistance to not only heavy metal stress but also to various pathogens such as Phytophthora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Plant PR1 genes are polygenic; however, only some genes participate in disease resistance. A study reported that only the VvPR1b1 gene in grape plants was involved in the resistance to P. syringae pv.tabaci [14]. Bonasera et al. [15] transferred PR-1a, PR-1b, and PR-1c into apple seedlings and found no disease resistance. In addition to their involvement in disease resistance, PR genes play an important role in normal plant growth, abiotic stress response, anti-aging, and hormone induction. The transcriptional levels of PR1, PR2, and WRKY41 in Arabidopsis are significantly increased under drought stress [16], and those of PR-5c are increased in tobacco under salt stress [17]. In rice, the expression of the OsPR1a and OsPR1b genes can be induced by jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the protease inhibitor cantharidin (CN), and Magnaporthe grisea, and these genes are involved in the response to chemical and environmental stresses such as light, injury, and exposure to phosphatase inhibitors [18]. In this preliminary study, we identified a disease course-related gene, named GmPR1, in soybean using the Jinong 18 mutant (M18) transcriptomic library. The cDNA of GmPR1L with the complete coding region was cloned using M18 and introduced into soybean to detect the resistance to C. sojina and the activity of defense-related enzymes in transgenic soybean plants. Altogether, this study highlights the role of GmPR1L in resistance to fungal diseases and proposes an effective strategy for developing disease-resistant soybean cultivars.
Several studies have reported that PR proteins are involved in resistance to diverse biological stresses. Yamamoto et al. demonstrated that overexpression of PR2 alone or in combination with PR3 enhanced the resistance to multi-fungal infection [19]. Dai et al. reported that overexpression of the PR4 gene in Vitis vinifera enhanced the resistance to powdery mildew infection [20]. Liu et al. proposed that another important member of the PR protein family is PR5 or thaumatin-like protein, which is considered an important antimicrobial agent [21]. When overexpressed in tobacco or wheat plants, PR5 exhibits increased resistance to a wide range of pathogens. Consistently, Chye et al. reported that overexpression of PR12 and PR13 enhanced the resistance to a wide range of pathogens. In particular, overexpression of PR13 in tomato and potato plants enhanced the resistance to fungal pathogens [22]. These studies reflect substantial research progress of plant–pathogen interactions.

2. Results

2.1. Cloning and Bioinformatic Analysis of GmPR1L

Using the soybean M18 leaf cDNA as a template, a specific target band was obtained via PCR amplification (Figure 1). The sequence encoded 174 aa residues and had a total length of 525 bp. The nucleotide sequence of the identified gene was compared with that of multiple PR1 family genes of soybean, Arabidopsis, wheat, and maize (Figure 1). The identified sequence had the highest similarity with the sequence of PR1-9 gene in soybean (registration number: NM_001371209.1). Therefore, the identified gene was named GmPR1-like, abbreviated as GmPR1L. In addition, the sequence of GmPR1L was >60% homologous to that of NM_001371185.1 (PR1-6), NC_038251.2:4793226-4794056 (PR1-7), and NC_038251.2:4797098-4797858 (PR1-8) in soybean.
Isoleucine (Ile) at position 16 had the highest score (3.189) and high hydrophobicity, whereas arginine (Arg) at position 115 had the lowest score (−2.467) and the strongest hydrophilicity (Figure 2A). Overall, the number of hydrophilic amino acids was higher than that of hydrophobic amino acids in the sequence of GmPR1L, indicating that GmPR1L is hydrophilic. The three-dimensional structure of the GmPR1L protein is shown in Figure 2B.

2.2. Acquisition of the GmPR1L Expression Vector and Production of Transgenic Soybean Plants

The gene overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-GmPR1L-over and the gene silencing vector pCAMBIA3301-GmPR1L-RNAi were successfully constructed through restriction enzyme digestion of BglⅡ and BstEⅡ. After PCR detection, the GmPR1L-overexpressing transgenic lines OEA1 and OEA2 and the GmPR1L-silenced lines IEA1 and IEA2 were obtained, which were added to T2 for subsequent functional identification.

2.3. Southern Blot Detection of Transgenic Soybean Plants

According to the results of southern hybridization, the four transgenic plants showed hybrid fragments at different sites, with different sheet lengths, and in single copy forms (Figure 3), indicating that the exogenous screening marker Bar was successfully integrated into the plant genome.

2.4. Identification of the Phenotype of Soybean Plants Overexpressing the GmPR1L Gene during C. sojina Infection

As shown in Figure 4A,B, evident rust spots gradually appeared on leaves after 7 days of C. sojina infection in the transgenic plants. Compared with control (WT) plants, OEA1 and OEA2 plants had significantly smaller leaf lesions. In addition, leaves were green, and the severity of disease was relatively mild in OEA1 and OEA2 plants. However, IEA1 and IEA2 plants had several rust spots and a larger lesion area, and their leaves were yellow, green, and slightly dry.

2.5. Resistance of Transgenic Soybean Plants to C. sojina Infection

According to the disease severity of transgenic soybean plants, the disease-related statistics of all transgenic plants are shown in Table 1. The results revealed that the disease index of the control line M18 was 50.22%, reaching a moderate level. The disease index of OEA1 and OEA2 plants was 37.78% and 35.56%, respectively, which improved from the moderate susceptibility level of the control plants to the moderate resistance level. The disease index of IEA1 and IEA2 plants was 62.86% and 62.54%, respectively, indicating the susceptibility of these plants to C. sojina infection. These results suggest that overexpression of GmPR1L can improve the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection.

2.6. Determination of Disease Resistance and the Activity of Defense-Related Enzymes in Different Transgenic Soybean Lines

When plants are infected by pathogens and encounter other biological stresses, the activity of defense-related enzymes is altered to improve resistance to the corresponding stresses. In this study, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL were measured in transgenic soybean plants to examine the role of these enzymes in disease resistance. The results revealed that SOD activity was not significantly different among the five plant lines before C. sojina infection (Figure 5A). After 3 days of infection, SOD activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants. After 5 days of infection, SOD activity remained significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants; however, it was significantly lower in IEA1 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, SOD activity was extremely significantly higher in OEA1 plants and significantly higher in OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants without significant differences.
No significant difference was observed in POD activity among the five plant lines before C. sojina infection (Figure 5B). After 3 days of infection, POD activity was slightly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants and slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants; however, the differences were not significant. After 5 days of infection, POD activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, POD activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants.
No significant difference was observed in CAT activity among the five plant lines before C. sojina infection (Figure 5C). After 3 days of infection, CAT activity was slightly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 5 days of infection, CAT activity was slightly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants, which had not reached a significant level. After 7 days of infection, CAT activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants.
No significant difference was observed in PAL activity among the five plant lines before C. sojina infection (Figure 5D). After 3 days of infection, PAL activity was slightly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. However, the differences were not significant. After 5 days of infection, PAL activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, PAL activity was slightly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA1 plants than in control plants.
The abovementioned results suggest that overexpression of GmPR1L can improve the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection.

2.7. Overexpression of GmPR1L Induced the Expression of Disease-Resistant Genes in Transgenic Soybean Plants

The relative expression of GmPR1L in the five soybean plant lines was measured before and after C. sojina infection (Figure 6A). The results revealed that the expression of GmPR1L was not different among the plant line before infection. After 3 days of infection, the relative expression of GmPR1L was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants, without a significant difference. After 5 days of infection, the relative expression of GmPR1L was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, the relative expression of GmPR1L was extremely significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was extremely significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. These results indicated that the relative expression of GmPR1L gradually increased with the prolongation of the infection period in OEA1 and OEA2 plants. In particular, the expression of GmPR1L increased moderately during 0–5 days of infection but increased substantially after 7 days of incubation. Altogether, soybean plants with overexpression of GmPR1L had the strongest resistance to C. sojina infection.
Similarly, the relative expression of WRKY41 was measured in the five soybean plant lines (Figure 6B). After 3 days of infection, the expression of WRKY41 was significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 5 days of infection, the expression of WRKY41 was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA1 plants and extremely significantly lower in IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, the expression of WRKY41 was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants, whereas it was extremely significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. These results indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L promoted the expression of WRKY41 in transgenic soybean plants under biological stress.
Owing to the overexpression of the target gene GmPR1L in soybean plants, the related resistance genes were activated after C. sojina infection. The expression of GmPR9 was measured in the five soybean plant lines (Figure 6C). After 3 days of infection, the expression of GmPR9 was significantly higher in OEA1 plants and significantly lower in IEA1 plants than in control plants. After 5 days of infection, the expression of GmPR9 was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and extremely significantly lower in IEA1 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, the expression of GmPR9 was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and extremely significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. These results suggested that overexpression of GmPR1L induced the expression of GmPR9 in soybean plants under biological stress. GmPR9 was continuously and stably expressed from the initial stage of C. sojina infection to day 7, when the infection was most serious, thus improving the ability of transgenic plants to resist biological stress.
Furthermore, the relative expression of the disease duration-related gene GmPR14 was measured in transgenic plants (Figure 6D). After 3 days of infection, the expression of GmPR14 was not significantly different among the five plant lines. After 5 days of infection, the expression of GmPR14 was extremely significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. After 7 days of infection, the expression of GmPR14 was extremely significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants. These results indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L induced the expression of GmPR14 in transgenic soybean plants under biological stress and the expression of GmPR1L in transgenic lines remained high after 5 days of infection. Altogether, the results indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L in transgenic plants induced the upregulated expression of WRKY41, GmPR9, and GmPR14 after C. sojina infection. GmPR9 was expressed in the earliest stage of infection, and its expression was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants after 3 days of infection and peaked after 7 days of infection. GmPR14 expression began to significantly increase after 5 days of infection and remained stable after 7 days of inoculation compared with that after 5 days of infection.

2.8. Statistical Analysis of Agronomic Traits of Transgenic Soybean Lines

The agronomic characteristics of transgenic soybean plants were investigated 120 days after the entire growth period from sowing to harvest (Table 2). The height of OEA1 plants was significantly higher than that of control plants. The height of IEA1 and IEA2 plants was slightly lower than that of control plants; however, the difference was not significant. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the number of branches and main stem nodes between the transgenic and control plants. The total pod number was significantly higher in OEA2 plants and slightly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. The four pod number was significantly higher in OEA1 plants than in control plants. The 100-grain weight of OEA1 plants was significantly higher than that of control plants, whereas the 100-grain weight of IEA1 and IEA2 plants was significantly lower than that of control plants. The growth period, leaf type, flower color, and seed umbilical color of all lines were consistent. These results demonstrated that overexpression of GmPR1L resulted in small improvements in plant height, total pod number per plant, and 100-grain weight in soybean plants.

3. Discussion

3.1. Relationship between Changes in the Activity of Defense-Related Enzymes and Disease Resistance

Peroxidase, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumarin acetyl coenzyme A ligase are key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in plants. This pathway is closely associated with the synthesis of defense-related substances such as lignin and phytoalexin. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of phenylpropanoid substances in plants. Infection caused by pathogenic bacteria and treatment with pathogenic toxins can induce an increase in the activity of PAL, which is positively correlated with disease resistance.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), an important reactive oxygen species scavenger in plants [23], can greatly reduce the toxicity induced by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species so as to protect the cell membrane from damage [24,25,26,27]. Abiotic stresses such as drought, saline, cold injury, and endogenous and exogenous phytohormones [28] and biotic stresses such as pathogenic bacteria can lead to changes in SOD activity [29,30,31]. Du et al. [32] demonstrated that overexpression of hrpzm() resulted in different degrees of increase in SOD activity in transgenic soybean plants, and multiple peaks appeared, which enhanced the resistance of transgenic soybean to Phytophthora root rot [33]. This study demonstrated that SOD activity was significantly or extremely significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants after C. sojina infection. With the increase in infection time, SOD activity gradually increased and peaked after 7 days of infection. These results indicate that overexpression of GmPR1L can improve the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection by increasing SOD activity.
Catalase (CAT) is one of the most important enzymes for scavenging reactive oxygen species in plants, mainly in the glyoxylate cycle and peroxidation cycle pathways [34,35,36,37]. Gao et al. [38] demonstrated that CAT activity in the leaves of grape plants was significantly altered after the plants were subjected to Apolygus lucorum infection. Consistently, this study showed that CAT activity peaked during 5–7 days of infection with C. sojina in GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants. CAT activity was higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants but lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants. These results indicate that overexpression of GmPR1L can improve the resistance of soybean to C. sojina infection by increasing CAT activity.
Peroxidase (POD) is another important defense-related enzyme in plant cells. It not only participates in scavenging reactive oxygen species [39,40,41,42] but also plays a role in the synthesis of lignin. In addition, POD activity is closely related to the synthesis of phytoprotectin and the oxidation of phenolic substances [43]. The high lignification of the cell wall has a certain limiting effect on the invasion and spread of pathogenic bacteria. This study demonstrated that POD activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants but lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants on days 5 and 7 of infection. These results indicate that overexpression of GmPR1L increases the activity of POD, thus improving the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection.
When plants are infected by pathogens, numerous phenolic substances synthesized through shikimic acid or acetic acid metabolism are accumulated in the plant body. PAL is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of shikimic acid metabolism [44,45] and also in the anabolism of phenolic substances. Previous studies have reported that PAL activity is significantly increased in most resistance responses owing to incompatible interactions. Gayoso et al. [46] demonstrated that the activities of PAL and POD and the content of lignin in verticillium wilt-resistant tomatoes were increased after the plants were infected with the causative agent of verticillium wilt. This study revealed that PAL activity began to increase in transgenic overexpression lines after 3 days of C. sojina infection. PAL activity was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants than in control plants after 5 days of infection, whereas it was significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants after 7 days of infection. PAL activity substantially increased in the early stage of infection. These results indicate that overexpression of GmPR1L can increase PAL activity, thereby reducing the production of phenolic substances and improving the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection.

3.2. Analysis of Expression Patterns of Disease Resistance-Related Endogenous Genes

Numerous studies have validated that transcription factors are important factors affecting biotic and abiotic stresses in plants [47,48,49]. The main transcription factors involved in disease resistance in plants include WRKY, MYB, ZFP, and ZIP. Among these, WRKY has the most positive response [50]. P. syringae infection induces the expression of AtWRKY41, which regulates AtPR5 and induces the expression of AtPDF1.2, indicating that AtWRKY41 participates in SA and JA signal transduction to regulate the response of plants to pathogens. This study demonstrated that GmPR1L expression gradually increased with an increase in infection time in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and peaked on day 7 of infection. The expression pattern of WRKY41 was consistent with that of GmPR1L in GmPR1L-overexpressing plants. After 7 days of inoculation, the expression of WRKY41 was significantly higher in OEA1 and OEA2 plants and significantly lower in IEA1 and IEA2 plants than in control plants, indicating that overexpression of GmPR1L promoted the expression of WRKY41. Among PR family genes, PR9 and PR14 are important genes involved in the resistance of soybean to fungal diseases, and their expression is positively regulated by the ethylene (ETH) synthesis signal during stress response. In addition, PR9 expression is related to the auxin (AUX) synthesis signal. Overexpressed PR9 and PR14 are involved in the formation of antimicrobial substances, such as lignin, and other major components of the plant cell wall or cuticle. Therefore, the upregulated expression of PR9 and PR14 enhances the ability of plants to defend against disease. This study consistently demonstrated that the expression of GmPR9 and GmPR14 was significantly higher in GmPR1L-overexpressing plants than in control plants. In GmPR1L-overexpressing plants, the expression of GmPR9 began to increase significantly after 3 days of infection, whereas that of GmPR14 began to increase significantly after 5 days of inoculation. These results indicate that overexpression of GmPR1L can induce the upregulation of GmPR9 and GmPR14, thereby improving the resistance of soybean to C. sojina infection.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Identification and Sequence Homology Analysis of the Target Gene GmPR1L

An M18 pathogenesis-related gene was detected via RNA-seq. GmPR1L S/GmPR1LAS was cloned as a specific primer for this gene. The primer sequences are shown in Table S1. In addition, the pMD-18T-GmPR1L cloning vector was constructed. Homologous sequences were searched according to the nucleotide sequences of target genes in the NCBI database, and sequence similarity was compared using DNAMAN8.0.

4.2. Construction of GmPR1 L Overexpression Vector and Genetic Transformation

The CE Design software was used to design the overexpression homologous-arm primer GmPR1L-overS/GmPR1L-overAS to construct the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-GmPR1L-over. The GmPR1L-zS, GmPR1L-zASGmPR1L-fS, GmPR1L-fAS, GmPR1L-nS, and GmPR1L-nAS primers were designed to construct the RNAi interference vector pCAMBIA3301-GmPR1L-RNAi. The specific sequences of the abovementioned primers are shown in Table S1. The soybean cotyledon node was transformed into M18 through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transformed plants were detected via PCR until T2-generation positive plants were obtained. The marker gene Bar was used as a probe and the GmPR1L overexpression vector was used as a positive control for southern blotting. Subsequently, the expression of disease resistance-related genes was evaluated.

4.3. Bioinformatic Analysis of GmPR1L

Based on the full-length sequence of the GmPR1L gene, the online website ORF Finder was used to obtain its open reading frame and amino acid sequence. The online software SWISS-MODEL was used to construct the tertiary structure of the protein based on the amino acid sequence, and ProtScale was used to analyze the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the protein.

4.4. Infection of Transgenic Soybean Plants with C. sojina

Experimental materials were strictly selected, and impurities were removed. Uniform and healthy T2-generation GmPR1L-overexpressing (OEA1 and OEA2) plants, GmPR1L-silenced (IEA1 and IEA2) plants, and control (M18) plants were selected for identification of plants successfully infected with C. sojina at the first flowering stage. Each line was sampled thrice. For bacterial species propagation, PDA was used to propagate C. sojina at 25 °C for 20 days. For infection, the leaf surface was sprayed with water containing C. sojina, and plants were selected for verifying successful infection before the flowering period. A high-power microscope was used for analysis. After the number of spores was approximately 20 under a 100-fold field of view, the plants were sprayed with the infective agent. The humidity was >90%, and the temperature was approximately 25 °C.

4.5. Evaluation of the Resistance of Transgenic Soybean to C. sojina Infection

According to NY/T495-2002 “Technical Specifications for Identification of C. sojina”, the disease-related parameters of plants were evaluated at different time points during seven days of infection. In addition, the lesion area on plant leaves was evaluated and recorded to determine the disease severity. The disease index (DI) was calculated using the following Formula (1) to determine the resistance of plants to gray spot disease.
      Disease   index   ( DI ) = Σ   Representative   value   of   incidence   level   ×   number   of   diseased   plants   of   this   level × 100 % Total   number   of   investigated   plants   ×   representative   value   of   the   highest   incidence   level
In the abovementioned equation, Σ represents the sum of the product values of all levels.

4.6. Determination of the Activity of Defense-Related Enzymes in Transgenic Soybean Plants Infected with C. sojina

The receptor material with three fully expanded compound leaves at the seedling stage and different transgenic soybean lines with either overexpression or suppression of GmPR1L gene were used to examine disease resistance. The leaves of these plants were used to determine the activity of various defense-related enzymes. SOD activity was determined via nitrogen blue tetrazole (NBT) photoreduction. POD activity was determined using the guaiacol method. The activities of CAT and PAL were measured via spectrophotometry. Each experiment was repeated thrice. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics (version 11.0) software.

4.7. Analysis of the Expression Pattern of GmPR1L Gene and Related Endogenous Genes in Plants Infected with C. sojina

After 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days of C. sojina infection, total RNA was extracted from the leaves of the infected plants for fluorescence quantitative detection, and the relative expression of the target gene GmPR1L in transgenic plants was further analyzed. The total RNA of the recipient material M18 was extracted using an RNA extraction kit. cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription kit, and the relative mRNA expression of GmPR1L, WRKY, PR9, and PR14 was determined via qRT-PCR. The primers used for PCR included QT-GmPR1LS/QT-GmPR1LAS, QT-WRKYS/QT-WRKYAS, QT-PR9S/QT-PR9AS, and QT-PR14S/QT-PR14AS. Actin2S and Actin2AS were used as internal reference primers. The sequences of all abovementioned primers are shown in Table S1.

4.8. Agronomic Trait Analysis of Transgenic Soybean Lines Resistant to C. sojina

Completely positive soybean plants were collected from the field, with five plants collected from each line. The plant height, branch number, main stem node number, total pod number per plant, four pod number, 100-grain weight, growth period, leaf type, flower color, and umbilical color were examined. The SPSS Statistics (version 11.0) software was used for statistical analysis. One-factor analysis of variance was used for estimating differences between groups. A p-value of <0.05 indicated significant differences, and a p-value of <0.01 indicated extremely significant differences.

5. Conclusions

Overexpression of GmPR1L can improve the ability of soybean plants to scavenge reactive oxygen species and enhance cell wall lignification during C. sojina infection. In addition, it can accelerate the response of plants to biological stress, thereby transmitting signals to pathways associated with hormone metabolism and inducing the expression of multiple resistance-related genes to improve the resistance of soybean plants to C. sojina infection.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes14040920/s1, Table S1. Primer sequence.

Author Contributions

Y.D. and N.A. (Nooral Amin) conducted the experiments and wrote the manuscript. N.A. (Naveed Ahmad) interpreted the data and reviewed the manuscript. H.Z. performed formal analysis. Y.Z. and Y.S. conducted software analysis. S.F. performed writing-original draft preparation. P.W. supervised and support the funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Major science and technology projects (20210302002NC), Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project, grant number 20190103120JH. Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan—Outstanding Young Talents Fund Project, grant number 20190103120J. The fourth batch of Jilin Province Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Project, grant number QT202020 and National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects, grant number 31801381.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jilin Agricultural University, Plant Biotechnology Center for facilitating the working environment to conduct the experiment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Gene similarity comparison between GmPR1L and multi-species PR1 Family. Glycine soja NM_001371209.1: GmPR1L Target gene; Glycine soja NM_001371185.1: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-6); Glycine soja NC_038251.2:4793226-4794056: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-7); Glycine soja NC_038251.2:4797098-4797858: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-8); Arabidopsis thaliana NC_003071.7: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (AtPR-1); Triticum aestivum NC_057814.1: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (TrPR-1); Zea mays NM_001159109.2: pathogenesis-related protein (ZmPR-1); Hevea brasiliensis NW_018745933.1: Hevea brasiliensis PR-1; Camellia sinensis NW_021025394.1: pathogenesis-related protein (Camellia sinensis PR-1); Helianthus annuus NC_035435.2: pathogenesis-related protein Helianthus annuus PR-1; Carica papaya NW_019014672.1: pathogenesis-related protein (Carica papaya PR-1); Brassica rapa NC_024797.2: pathogenesis-related protein (Brassica rapa PR-1); Solanum lycopersicum NC_015438: pathogenesis-related protein (Solanum lycopersicum PR-1).
Figure 1. Gene similarity comparison between GmPR1L and multi-species PR1 Family. Glycine soja NM_001371209.1: GmPR1L Target gene; Glycine soja NM_001371185.1: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-6); Glycine soja NC_038251.2:4793226-4794056: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-7); Glycine soja NC_038251.2:4797098-4797858: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1-8); Arabidopsis thaliana NC_003071.7: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (AtPR-1); Triticum aestivum NC_057814.1: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (TrPR-1); Zea mays NM_001159109.2: pathogenesis-related protein (ZmPR-1); Hevea brasiliensis NW_018745933.1: Hevea brasiliensis PR-1; Camellia sinensis NW_021025394.1: pathogenesis-related protein (Camellia sinensis PR-1); Helianthus annuus NC_035435.2: pathogenesis-related protein Helianthus annuus PR-1; Carica papaya NW_019014672.1: pathogenesis-related protein (Carica papaya PR-1); Brassica rapa NC_024797.2: pathogenesis-related protein (Brassica rapa PR-1); Solanum lycopersicum NC_015438: pathogenesis-related protein (Solanum lycopersicum PR-1).
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Figure 2. Bioinformatics analysis of GmPR1L. (A) Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of GmPR1L protein; (B) The tertiary structure of GmPR1L protein.
Figure 2. Bioinformatics analysis of GmPR1L. (A) Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of GmPR1L protein; (B) The tertiary structure of GmPR1L protein.
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Figure 3. Southern blot detection of T2 transgenic plants. M: molecular weight standard. P: GmPR1L Overexpression Vector Plasmid N: water negative control C: untransformed plants 1–2: OEA1 and OEA2 overexpression positive transformed plants 3–4: IEA1 and IEA2 interference expression positive transformed plants.
Figure 3. Southern blot detection of T2 transgenic plants. M: molecular weight standard. P: GmPR1L Overexpression Vector Plasmid N: water negative control C: untransformed plants 1–2: OEA1 and OEA2 overexpression positive transformed plants 3–4: IEA1 and IEA2 interference expression positive transformed plants.
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Figure 4. Identification of Cercospora sojina Hara resistance. (A) After 7 days of C. sojina pathogen infection, the untransformed receptor control WT, overexpression line OEA1-OEA2 and plant phenotype interference expression IEA1-IEA2 with the overall phenotype of plants. (B) After 7 days of C. sojina pathogen infection, the untransformed receptor control WT, overexpression line OEA1-OEA2, and leaf phenotype of interference expression IEA1–IEA2.
Figure 4. Identification of Cercospora sojina Hara resistance. (A) After 7 days of C. sojina pathogen infection, the untransformed receptor control WT, overexpression line OEA1-OEA2 and plant phenotype interference expression IEA1-IEA2 with the overall phenotype of plants. (B) After 7 days of C. sojina pathogen infection, the untransformed receptor control WT, overexpression line OEA1-OEA2, and leaf phenotype of interference expression IEA1–IEA2.
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Figure 5. Defense enzyme activities of transgenic soybean lines infected by Cercospora sojina Hara. (A) Changes of SOD activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and the IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (B) Changes of CAT activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (C) Changes of POD activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (D) Changes of PAL activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Defense enzyme activities of transgenic soybean lines infected by Cercospora sojina Hara. (A) Changes of SOD activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and the IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (B) Changes of CAT activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (C) Changes of POD activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (D) Changes of PAL activity in OEA1-OEA2 overexpression line and IEA1-IEA2 interference expression line after 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 6. Determination of relative expression levels of GmPR1L and related endogenous genes in transgenic soybean lines infected by Cercospora sojina Hara. (A) Determination of relative expression of GmPR1L in overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (B) Determination of relative expression of WRKY in OEA1-OEA2 and IEA1-IEA2 were measured at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (C) Determination of relative expression of GmPR9 in the overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and the interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection.; (D) Determination of relative expression of GmPR14 in overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
Figure 6. Determination of relative expression levels of GmPR1L and related endogenous genes in transgenic soybean lines infected by Cercospora sojina Hara. (A) Determination of relative expression of GmPR1L in overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (B) Determination of relative expression of WRKY in OEA1-OEA2 and IEA1-IEA2 were measured at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection; (C) Determination of relative expression of GmPR9 in the overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and the interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection.; (D) Determination of relative expression of GmPR14 in overexpression lines OEA1-OEA2 and interference expression lines IEA1-IEA2 at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of C. sojina infection (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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Table
Table 1. Statistics of Cercospora sojina Hara.
Table 1. Statistics of Cercospora sojina Hara.
LinesTotal Number of InvestigationsDisease LevelDisease IndexResistance Evaluation
013579
WT452132550050.22MS
OEA1458161830037.78MR
OEA2457191720035.56MR
IEA145345267062.86S
IEA245239256062.54S
Table
Table 2. Agronomic traits analysis of the transgenic plants.
Table 2. Agronomic traits analysis of the transgenic plants.
GenotypeWTOEA1OEA2IEA1IEA2
Plant height (cm)85.4 ± 6.88100 ± 7.04 *99.4 ± 4.18 *83.2 ± 8.4281.8 ± 6.55
Branching number3.6 ± 1.144.8 ± 1.174 ± 0.712.2 ± 1.093.4 ± 1.52
Node number17.4 ± 1.9519.4 ± 2.319.2 ± 1.3015.6 ± 1.5215 ± 3.08
Total pods per plant80.4 ± 28.31165.6 ± 90.83136 ± 33.29 *73.8 ± 23.0179.4 ± 38.11
Number of four pods2.2 ± 2.174.8 ± 4.60 **5.4 ± 3.914.4 ± 2.611.6 ± 1.14
100 seed weight (g)17.34 ± 0.3919.44 ± 1.31 *18.71 ± 2.7414.2 ± 1.51 **14.32 ± 1.98 *
Maturity period (days)124124124124124
Leaf shapeRoundRoundRoundRoundRound
Flower colorPurplePurplePurplePurplePurple
Hilum colorBlackBlackBlackBlackBlack
Within a row and treatment (WT or transformed strain), values followed by asterisks are significantly different from WT (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Du, Y.; Amin, N.; Ahmad, N.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Song, Y.; Fan, S.; Wang, P. Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara. Genes 2023, 14, 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040920

AMA Style

Du Y, Amin N, Ahmad N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Song Y, Fan S, Wang P. Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara. Genes. 2023; 14(4):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040920

Chicago/Turabian Style

Du, Yeyao, Nooral Amin, Naveed Ahmad, Hanzhu Zhang, Ye Zhang, Yang Song, Sujie Fan, and Piwu Wang. 2023. "Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara" Genes 14, no. 4: 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040920

APA Style

Du, Y., Amin, N., Ahmad, N., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Song, Y., Fan, S., & Wang, P. (2023). Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara. Genes, 14(4), 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040920

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