Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Precipitation Data
2.2.2. Temperature Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Meteorological Drought Indices
- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
- Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
- Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)
2.3.2. Classification Criteria
2.3.3. Agricultural Remote Sensing Drought Indices
- Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Enhanced Vegetation Index
- Crop Water Stress Index
2.3.4. Google Earth Engine (GEE)
2.3.5. Trend Tests
- Mann–Kendall test
- Sen’s Slope method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Drought Characteristics Analysis
3.1.1. Drought Duration
3.1.2. Drought Intensity
3.2. Multivariate Analysis of Precipitation, Drought Indices, and Remote-Sensing Indices
3.2.1. Correlation Analysis at Sub-Basins Level
3.2.2. Correlation Analysis at Watershed Level
3.3. Trend Analysis
3.3.1. Trend Analysis at Sub-Basins Level
- For the period between 1979 and 2022
- For the period between 2010 and 2022
3.3.2. Trend Analysis at Upper OER Watershed Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SPI/SPEI/RDI | Category |
---|---|
−0.99 to 0.99 | Near normal |
−1.0 to −1.49 | Moderately dry |
−1.5 to −1.99 | Severely dry |
−2 and less | Extremely dry |
Time Step | Ahmed El Hansali | Taghzoute | Chacha N Amellah | Aval El Heri | Tarhat | Tamchachate | Upper OER |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 month | 75 | 81 | 59 | 82 | 72 | 96 | 76 |
3 months | 109 | 145 | 116 | 123 | 136 | 143 | 132 |
6 months | 131 | 147 | 144 | 159 | 149 | 147 | 151 |
12 months | 160 | 153 | 122 | 155 | 125 | 128 | 147 |
Ahmed El Hansali | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Drought | 9.3 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 48.8 | 53.8 | 48.8 |
Moderate Drought | 2.3 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 30.6 | 26.9 | 27.5 |
Severe Drought | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 16.3 | 15.6 | 18.8 |
Extreme Drought | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 5.0 |
Taghzoute | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
Normal Drought | 10.7 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 10.3 |
Moderate Drought | 2.5 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 12.3 | 14.3 |
Severe Drought | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 4.4 |
Extreme Drought | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
Chacha N Amellah | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
Normal Drought | 6.4 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 10.8 | 17.6 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 13.7 |
Moderate Drought | 2.5 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 5.4 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 5.1 | 13.3 | 11.1 | 4.8 |
Severe Drought | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 4.4 |
Extreme Drought | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.4 |
Aval El Heri | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
Normal Drought | 9.9 | 8.5 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 12.1 | 14.1 |
Moderate Drought | 3.3 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 12.3 | 10.3 |
Severe Drought | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 6.1 |
Extreme Drought | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
Tarhat | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
Normal Drought | 8.3 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 14.2 | 10.5 | 16.0 | 14.5 | 11.7 | 18.2 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 12.9 |
Moderate Drought | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 11.5 | 5.4 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 5.5 | 13.1 | 11.5 | 6.9 |
Severe Drought | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 4.6 |
Extreme Drought | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
Tamchachate | SPI1 | SPEI1 | RDI1 | SPI3 | SPEI3 | RDI3 | SPI6 | SPEI6 | RDI6 | SPI 12 | SPEI 12 | RDI 12 |
Normal Drought | 12.6 | 8.9 | 13.2 | 14.4 | 11.9 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 5.5 |
Moderate Drought | 2.5 | 6.6 | 4.7 | 7.8 | 11.5 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 11.7 | 11.5 |
Severe Drought | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 7.3 |
Extreme Drought | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Correlation | (a) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual | (b) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPEI/SPI | 1979–2022 | 0.767 *** | 0.858 *** | 0.906 *** | 0.942 *** | 0.931 *** | 1979–2022 | 0.782 *** | 0.868 *** | 0.934 *** | 0.945 *** | 0.940 *** |
RDI/SPI | 0.871 *** | 0.962 *** | 0.990 *** | 0.995 *** | 0.995 *** | 0.845 *** | 0.956 *** | 0.991 *** | 0.995 *** | 0.996 *** | ||
RDI/SPEI | 0.870 *** | 0.902 *** | 0.938 *** | 0.966 *** | 0.960 *** | 0.858 *** | 0.907 *** | 0.958 *** | 0.969 *** | 0.967 *** | ||
PRCP/SPI | 0.680 *** | 0.460 *** | 0.363 *** | 0.271 *** | 0.990 *** | 0.682 *** | 0.458 *** | 0.364 *** | 0.237 *** | 0.992 *** | ||
PRCP/SPEI | 0.685 *** | 0.457 *** | 0.352 *** | 0.239 *** | 0.915 *** | 0.681 *** | 0.450 *** | 0.341 *** | 0.202 *** | 0.925 *** | ||
PRCP/RDI | 0.685 *** | 0.470 *** | 0.361 *** | 0.262 *** | 0.984 *** | 0.637 *** | 0.462 *** | 0.362 *** | 0.228 *** | 0.987 *** | ||
NDVI/SPI | 2000–2022 | 0.04 | 0.255 *** | 0.351 *** | 0.289 *** | 0.610 ** | 2000–2022 | 0.013 | 0.111 | 0.198 ** | 0.263 *** | 0.265 |
NDVI/SPEI | 0.194 ** | 0.358 *** | 0.437 *** | 0.294 *** | 0.573 ** | 0.062 | 0.153 * | 0.226 *** | 0.260 *** | 0.193 | ||
NDVI/RDI | 0.085 | 0.280 *** | 0.364 *** | 0.287 *** | 0.600 ** | −0.098 | 0.085 | 0.193 ** | 0.267 *** | 0.242 | ||
NDVI/PRCP | 0.392 *** | 0.586 ** | 0.321 *** | 0.27 | ||||||||
EVI/SPI | 0.016 | 0.187 ** | 0.305 *** | 0.262 *** | 0.634 ** | 0.049 | 0.088 | 0.134 * | 0.249 *** | 0.367 | ||
EVI/SPEI | 0.12 | 0.271 *** | 0.389 *** | 0.261 *** | 0.609 ** | −0.017 | 0.056 | 0.152 * | 0.254 *** | 0.317 | ||
EVI/RDI | 0.064 | 0.208 *** | 0.317 *** | 0.261 *** | 0.627 ** | −0.025 | 0.048 | 0.12 | 0.254 *** | 0.346 | ||
EVI/PRCP | 0.222 *** | 0.602 ** | −0.008 | 0.365 | ||||||||
EVI/NDVI | 0.911 *** | 0.987 *** | 0.680 *** | 0.884 *** | ||||||||
CWSI/SPI | 0.301 *** | 0.384 *** | 0.356 *** | 0.193 ** | 0.702 *** | 0.356 *** | 0.383 *** | 0.383 *** | 0.217 *** | 0.692 *** | ||
CWSI/SPEI | 0.482 *** | 0.504 *** | 0.427 *** | 0.191 ** | 0.719 *** | 0.464 *** | 0.477 *** | 0.428 *** | 0.199 ** | 0.721 *** | ||
CWSI/RDI | 0.336 *** | 0.416 *** | 0.369 *** | 0.187 ** | 0.718 *** | 0.265 *** | 0.396 *** | 0.394 *** | 0.215 *** | 0.708 *** | ||
CWSI/PRCP | 0.737 *** | 0.697 *** | 0.755 *** | 0.715 *** | ||||||||
CWSI/NDVI | 0.732 *** | 0.562 ** | 0.491 *** | 0.208 | ||||||||
CWSI/EVI | 0.538 *** | 0.584 ** | 0.055 | 0.32 | ||||||||
Correlation | (c) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual | (d) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual |
SPEI/SPI | 1979–2022 | 0.781 *** | 0.912 *** | 0.964 *** | 0.976 *** | 0.976 *** | 1979–2022 | 0.812 *** | 0.913 *** | 0.953 *** | 0.960 *** | 0.960 *** |
RDI/SPI | 0.889 *** | 0.664 *** | 0.722 *** | 0.764 *** | 0.767 *** | 0.872 *** | 0.978 *** | 0.997 *** | 0.996 *** | 0.996 *** | ||
RDI/SPEI | 0.871 *** | 0.678 *** | 0.706 *** | 0.736 *** | 0.739 *** | 0.909 *** | 0.930 *** | 0.968 *** | 0.979 *** | 0.979 *** | ||
PRCP/SPI | 0.675 *** | 0.359 *** | 0.304 *** | 0.194 *** | 0.749 *** | 0.686 *** | 0.483 *** | 0.404 *** | 0.297 *** | 0.982 *** | ||
PRCP/SPEI | 0.680 *** | 0.354 *** | 0.281 *** | 0.173 *** | 0.700 *** | 0.695 *** | 0.473 *** | 0.375 *** | 0.269 *** | 0.926 *** | ||
PRCP/RDI | 0.694 *** | 0.454 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.247 *** | 0.987 *** | 0.708 *** | 0.486 *** | 0.399 *** | 0.291 *** | 0.976 *** | ||
NDVI/SPI | 2000–2022 | 0.01 | 0.186 ** | 0.246 *** | 0.217 *** | 0.299 | 2000–2022 | 0.006 | 0.172 ** | 0.249 *** | 0.246 *** | 0.247 |
NDVI/SPEI | 0.087 | 0.236 *** | 0.265 *** | 0.214 *** | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.202 *** | 0.261 *** | 0.220 *** | 0.14 | ||
NDVI/RDI | −0.019 | 0.096 | 0.193 ** | 0.260 *** | 0.24 | 0.021 | 0.151 * | 0.243 *** | 0.246 *** | 0.217 | ||
NDVI/PRCP | 0.289 *** | 0.254 | 0.340 *** | 0.218 | ||||||||
EVI/SPI | 0.002 | 0.118 | 0.225 *** | 0.213 *** | 0.349 | −0.009 | 0.1 | 0.177 ** | 0.226 *** | 0.265 | ||
EVI/SPEI | −0.006 | 0.147 * | 0.254 *** | 0.218 *** | 0.314 | 0 | 0.097 | 0.207 *** | 0.220 *** | 0.203 | ||
EVI/RDI | −0.035 | 0.065 | 0.146 * | 0.256 *** | 0.342 | −0.011 | 0.087 | 0.173 ** | 0.235 *** | 0.247 | ||
EVI/PRCP | 0.018 | 0.333 | −0.013 | 0.235 | ||||||||
EVI/NDVI | 0.815 *** | 0.640 *** | 0.858 *** | |||||||||
CWSI/SPI | 0.307 *** | 0.417 *** | 0.388 *** | 0.116 | 0.704 *** | 0.303 *** | 0.402 *** | 0.410 *** | 0.240 *** | 0.733 *** | ||
CWSI/SPEI | 0.467 *** | 0.489 *** | 0.400 *** | 0.106 | 0.726 *** | 0.454 *** | 0.491 *** | 0.440 *** | 0.228 *** | 0.743*** | ||
CWSI/RDI | 0.325 *** | 0.359 *** | 0.354 *** | 0.071 | 0.661 *** | 0.322 *** | 0.411 *** | 0.414 *** | 0.237 *** | 0.743*** | ||
CWSI/PRCP | 0.740 *** | 0.671 *** | 0.706 *** | 0.745*** | ||||||||
CWSI/NDVI | 0.536 *** | 0.286 | 0.670 *** | 0.331 | ||||||||
CWSI/EVI | 0.182 ** | 0.364 | 0.246 *** | 0.411 | ||||||||
Correlation | (e) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual | (f) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | Annual |
SPEI/SPI | 1979–2022 | 0.772 *** | 0.912 *** | 0.964 *** | 0.976 *** | 0.976 *** | 1979–2022 | 0.771 *** | 0.912 *** | 0.964 *** | 0.976 *** | 0.976 *** |
RDI/SPI | 0.032 | 0.696 *** | 0.772 *** | 0.822 *** | 0.836 *** | 0.844 *** | 0.958 *** | 0.996 *** | 0.995 *** | 0.996 *** | ||
RDI/SPEI | 0.022 | 0.733 *** | 0.781 *** | 0.829 *** | 0.840 *** | 0.914 *** | 0.960 *** | 0.979 *** | 0.990 *** | 0.991 *** | ||
PRCP/SPI | 0.014 | 0.469 *** | 0.389 *** | 0.265 *** | 0.989 *** | 0.522 *** | 0.363 *** | 0.297 *** | 0.184 *** | 0.743 *** | ||
PRCP/SPEI | 0.03 | 0.467 *** | 0.372 *** | 0.244 *** | 0.954 *** | 0.541 *** | 0.360 *** | 0.278 *** | 0.168 *** | 0.708 *** | ||
PRCP/RDI | 0.571 *** | 0.364 *** | 0.304 *** | 0.205 *** | 0.826 *** | 0.526 *** | 0.371 *** | 0.296 *** | 0.179 *** | 0.735 *** | ||
NDVI/SPI | 2000–2022 | 0.09 | 0.173 ** | 0.214 *** | 0.201 ** | 0.299 | 2000–2022 | −0.026 | −0.012 | −0.005 | 0.059 | 0.023 |
NDVI/SPEI | 0.155 * | 0.220 *** | 0.223 *** | 0.205 *** | 0.245 | −0.035 | −0.015 | −0.019 | 0.072 | −0.015 | ||
NDVI/RDI | −0.008 | 0.094 | 0.211 *** | 0.269 *** | 0.271 | −0.096 | −0.032 | −0.024 | 0.064 | 0.002 | ||
NDVI/PRCP | 0.311 *** | 0.337 | 0.004 | 0.001 | ||||||||
EVI/SPI | 0.079 | 0.109 | 0.202 *** | 0.197 ** | 0.347 | −0.048 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.101 | 0.174 | ||
EVI/SPEI | 0.144 * | 0.134 * | 0.225 *** | 0.209 *** | 0.323 | −0.075 | −0.007 | 0.047 | 0.117 | 0.149 | ||
EVI/RDI | −0.032 | 0.07 | 0.164 ** | 0.267 *** | 0.373 | −0.1 | −0.022 | 0.028 | 0.106 | 0.157 | ||
EVI/PRCP | 0.012 | 0.333 | −0.101 | 0.158 | ||||||||
EVI/NDVI | 0.783 *** | 0.928 *** | 0.917 *** | 0.936 *** | ||||||||
CWSI/SPI | 0.176 ** | 0.418 *** | 0.392 *** | 0.219 *** | 0.718 *** | 0.360 *** | 0.402 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.184 ** | 0.666 *** | ||
CWSI/SPEI | 0.242 *** | 0.493 *** | 0.406 *** | 0.213 *** | 0.743 *** | 0.472 *** | 0.472 *** | 0.365 *** | 0.176 ** | 0.696 *** | ||
CWSI/RDI | 0.328 *** | 0.371 *** | 0.392 *** | 0.229 *** | 0.806 *** | 0.360 *** | 0.432 *** | 0.364 *** | 0.184 ** | 0.681 *** | ||
CWSI/PRCP | 0.726 *** | 0.707 *** | 0.728 *** | 0.696 *** | ||||||||
CWSI/NDVI | 0.510 *** | 0.271 | −0.109 | −0.084 | ||||||||
CWSI/EVI | 0.163 ** | 0.354 | −0.245 *** | 0.066 |
Correlation | Fall | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPEI6/NDVI | 0.572 ** | 0.739 *** | 0.582 ** | 0.577 ** |
SPEI6/EVI | 0.502 * | 0.746 *** | 0.556 ** | 0.447 * |
SPEI3/CWSI | 0.668 *** | 0.821 *** | 0.610 ** | 0.632 ** |
Correlation | 1 Month | 3 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | Annual | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979–2022 | SPEI/SPI | 0.828 *** | 0.900 *** | 0.943 *** | 0.949 *** | 0.947 *** |
RDI/SPI | 0.940 *** | 0.996 *** | 0.996 *** | 0.994 *** | 0.995 *** | |
RDI/SPEI | 0.875 *** | 0.920 *** | 0.964 *** | 0.974 *** | 0.974 *** | |
PRCP/SPI | 0.657 *** | 0.456 *** | 0.377 *** | 0.054 | 0.992 *** | |
PRCP/SPEI | 0.681 *** | 0.449 *** | 0.350 *** | 0.062 | 0.930 *** | |
PRCP/RDI | 0.681 *** | 0.459 *** | 0.371 *** | 0.056 | 0.985 *** | |
2000–2022 | NDVI/SPI | 0.055 | 0.202 *** | 0.294 *** | 0.295 *** | 0.421 * |
NDVI/SPEI | 0.137 * | 0.270 *** | 0.336 *** | 0.279 *** | 0.339 | |
NDVI/RDI | 0.067 | 0.198 ** | 0.290 *** | 0.298 *** | 0.395 | |
NDVI/PRCP | 0.367 *** | 0.481 * | ||||
EVI/SPI | 0.011 | 0.150 * | 0.253 *** | 0.293 *** | 0.419 * | |
EVI/SPEI | 0.038 | 0.188 ** | 0.302 *** | 0.283 *** | 0.462 * | |
EVI/RDI | −0.001 | 0.144 * | 0.249 *** | 0.297 *** | 0.454 * | |
EVI/PRCP | 0.095 | 0.602 ** | ||||
EVI/NDVI | 0.829 *** | 0.829 *** | 0.829 *** | 0.829 *** | 0.930 *** | |
CWSI/SPI | 0.201 ** | 0.255 *** | 0.251 *** | 0.117 | 0.763 *** | |
CWSI/SPEI | 0.328 *** | 0.335 *** | 0.276 *** | 0.103 | 0.764 *** | |
CWSI/RDI | 0.233 *** | 0.278 *** | 0.260 *** | 0.111 | 0.773 *** | |
CWSI/PRCP | 0.593 *** | 0.768 *** | ||||
CWSI/NDVI | 0.366 *** | 0.365 | ||||
CWSI/EVI | −0.029 | 0.428 * |
1979–2022 | Ahmed El Hansali | Taghzoute | Chacha N Amellah | Aval El Heri | Tarhat | Tamchachate | Upper OER | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Z Mann–Kendall | 1.452 | 0.942 | −0.188 | 0.544 | −0.649 | 0.942 | 0.230 |
Sen’s Slope | 3.458 | 1.650 | −0.529 | 1.456 | −1.567 | 1.650 | 0.547 | |
Temperature | Z Mann–Kendall | 4.812 *** | 4.730 *** | 5.400 *** | 5.274 *** | 5.358 *** | 5.086 *** | 5.253 *** |
Sen’s Slope | 0.041 *** | 0.040 *** | 0.047 *** | 0.045 *** | 0.045 *** | 0.044 *** | 0.044 *** | |
PET | Z Mann–Kendall | 4.357 *** | 3.747 *** | 4.877 *** | 4.395 *** | 4.919 *** | 4.899 *** | 4.625 *** |
Sen’s Slope | 3.936 *** | 2.905 *** | 3.866 *** | 3.532 *** | 4.083 *** | 3.537 *** | 3.626 *** | |
SPI | Z Mann–Kendall | 1.452 | 0.931 | −0.188 | −0.649 | −0.649 | −0.649 | 0.230 |
Sen’s Slope | 0.018 | 0.010 | −0.003 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.006 | 0.003 | |
SPEI | Z Mann–Kendall | 0.238 | −0.460 | −1.612 | −1.507 | −1.507 | −1.507 | −1.005 |
Sen’s Slope | 0.004 | −0.008 | −0.021 | −0.022 | −0.022 | −0.022 | −0.015 | |
RDI | Z Mann–Kendall | 0.954 | 0.544 | −0.754 | 0.293 | −0.105 | −0.963 | −0.126 |
Sen’s Slope | 0.019 | 0.007 | −0.009 | 0.005 | −0.002 | −0.013 | −0.003 |
2010–2022 | Ahmed El Hansali | Taghzoute | Chacha N Amellah | Aval El Heri | Tarhat | Tamchachate | Upper OER | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Z Mann–Kendall | −2.400 ** | −1.525 | −1.769 * | −1.769 * | 2.135 ** | −1.525 | −2.257 ** |
Sen’s Slope | −48.723 ** | −29.250 | −38.088 * | −34.125 * | −64.666 ** | −29.250 | −44.835 ** | |
Temperature | Z Mann–Kendall | 0.891 | 1.647 | 2.013 ** | 2.013 ** | 1.769 * | −1.525 | 1.891 * |
Sen’s Slope | 0.047 | 0.092 | 0.106 ** | 0.108 ** | 0.077 * | 0.080 | 0.078 * | |
PET | Z Mann–Kendall | 1.851 * | 1.647 | 1.891 * | 1.891 * | 2.013 ** | 1.891 * | 1.891 * |
Sen’s Slope | 10.245 * | 7.717 | 9.279 * | 9.133 * | 9.659 ** | 7.669 * | 8.457 * | |
SPI | Z Mann–Kendall | −2.400 ** | −1.525 | −1.769 * | −2.135 ** | −2.135 ** | −2.135 ** | −2.257 ** |
Sen’s Slope | −0.228 ** | −0.144 | −0.165 * | −0.225 ** | −0.225 ** | −0.225 ** | −0.224 ** | |
SPEI | Z Mann–Kendall | −2.537 ** | −1.891 * | −2.257 ** | −2.501 ** | −2.501 ** | −2.501 ** | −2.501 ** |
Sen’s Slope | −0.249 ** | −0.188 * | −0.200 ** | −0.205 ** | −0.205 ** | −0.205 ** | −0.246 ** | |
RDI | Z Mann–Kendall | −2.263 ** | −1.647 | −1.891 * | −2.013 ** | −2.135 ** | −2.257 ** | −2.379 ** |
Sen’s Slope | −0.245 ** | −0.152 | −0.169 * | −0.202 ** | −0.172 ** | −0.221 ** | −0.234 ** |
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Mliyeh, M.M.; Ait Brahim, Y.; Koutsovili, E.-I.; Tzoraki, O.; Zian, A.; Aqnouy, M.; Benaabidate, L. Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco. Water 2024, 16, 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213104
Mliyeh MM, Ait Brahim Y, Koutsovili E-I, Tzoraki O, Zian A, Aqnouy M, Benaabidate L. Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco. Water. 2024; 16(21):3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213104
Chicago/Turabian StyleMliyeh, Mohammed Mouad, Yassine Ait Brahim, Eleni-Ioanna Koutsovili, Ourania Tzoraki, Ahmed Zian, Mourad Aqnouy, and Lahcen Benaabidate. 2024. "Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco" Water 16, no. 21: 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213104
APA StyleMliyeh, M. M., Ait Brahim, Y., Koutsovili, E. -I., Tzoraki, O., Zian, A., Aqnouy, M., & Benaabidate, L. (2024). Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco. Water, 16(21), 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213104