Phytosociology and Vegetation of Plants of Beit Jibrin in Palestine

Abstract

This paper describes a study on the vegetation and floristics of the territory of Beit Jibrin in Palestine, in areas such as Forest the Snabreh (Qasa), Khallet Mahmoud and Khallet AL-Taweel, among others. In view of the lack of studies on the phytosociology and communities of plants in the south-west of Palestine, as this region represents a unique diversity of plants, and the addition of these plants to Mediterranean Basin region plants, we conducted this study to identify and describe the plants of this region. Beit Jibrin is an ancient Canaanite Palestinian city that belongs to inframediterranean and thermomediterranean thermotypes, as well as arid, semi-arid and dry ombrotypes. This area is very important floristically, with a high rate of endemism: of the 290 species documented, 37 of them (12.75%) were endemic to the region. Vegetation was sampled on twelve representative plots (releves) and analyzed using the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological analysis method. Two communities of forest maquis, macchie and steppe vegetation were found. Forest vegetation were represented by the Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinetum halepensis ass. nova. association, in the class of Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex. A. and O. Bolòs 1950, the order of Pinetalia halepensis, Biondi et al. (2014), and a new alliance: Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinus halepensis; forests maquis vegetation as the association of Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova., with the suggested new class of Quercetea calliprini or palaestini in addition to Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex. A. and O. Bolòs 1950 and the order of Quercetalia calliprini (Zohary 1960), with an alliance of Quercion calliprini (Zohary 1960). These were adapted in arid, semi-arid, dry and sub-humid ombrotypes, as well as infra- and thermotropical to mesomediterranean thermotypes, with many different types of soils, such as limestone, brown ruinsenas, terra rossa and others.

1. Introduction

Palestine is a hotspot for biodiversity and flora, and is considered one of the most biodiverse countries in West Asia and the Mediterranean coast. Palestinian coastal waters and mountain highlands possess a large level of biological diversity, in addition to many endemic and native species. Geographical and biological diversity is very important, consisting of landscapes and ecosystems that include areas of mountainous heights, plains, valleys, cliffs, sand dunes, steppes and forests. This prompted us to study the plant species of an important region located to the southwest of Palestine, west of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, with the varieties of wild and forest plants it represents, as it is fertile and rich in forests of various plants. Given the lack of studies on plants’ phytosociology or plant communities in this region, as well as its geographical, topographical, biological and biodiversity importance, it was necessary to work on studying the taxonomic, phytosociological and biological characteristics of plants and others. Ecological, climate change, climatic and bioclimate factors play an important role in plant distribution and biodiversity [1,2,3]. More than 2780 plant species have been studied, of which 162 species were endemic; 872 genera and 144 families have been recorded for Palestinian flora [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Furthermore, some scientists have studied plant communities, the phytosociology of plants [16,17,18] and biodiversity in Palestine [19] in addition to the Mediterranean region [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. The purpose of this paper is to study the phytosociology and plant taxa species of the Beit Jibrin region in the southwest of Palestine as well as of the Mediterranean Basin region, especially the eastern Mediterranean.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Beit Jibrin (Jibreen) is a Palestinian Arab Canaanite village located 21 km northwest of Hebron and 13 km west of the village of Idna-Hebron, a wide area of hills, mountains and various valleys between the coastal plain to the west and the highland of Hebron to the east, where it is located within coordinates (31°36′19′′ N, 34°53′54′′ E), with rises 275 m above sea level [29]. The total area of the village is 56,185 dunums (56.1 km²), of which 28 km² are built-up whereas the rest remains as agricultural land [30,31]. Moreover, Beit Jibrin is characterized by the presence of many different archaeological caves (Caves 1000), which were included as a “United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization” (UNESCO) World Heritage Site [32], near which there are many different plants, such as thyme, Pistachios spp., Rhamnus spp., R. palaestinus Boiss. and various herbal plants (Figure 1).

2.2. Vegetation Data Collection

The study included the sampling area in Beit Jibrin, occupied since 1948, where the selection of and data collection of 290 woody plants took place, from Beit Jibrin forests or its hills, as well as some of the scrubland areas, to take biological and ecological indicators and plants for their traditional and thermal patterns (

Table 1. Sampling regime.

Inventories	Coordinates	Site	Altitude	Biogeographic Unit
Inv. 1	31°34′31′′	Forest the Snabreh (Qasa)	325	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 2	31°34′34′′	Forest Deir Nakhas	285	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 3	31°34′40′′	Khallet Mahmoud and Khallet Ataweel	275	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 4	31°34′38′′	Khallet Deir Nakhas, Abu Rkheem and Khallet Al-Moghiti	270	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 5	31°34′45′′	Al-Qagab	260	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 6	31°34′42′′	Stoning of Azzami, Ganan Am-Ghamis and Khallet Al-naje	310	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 7	31°34′30′′	Tal Sandhanh	350	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 8	31°34′50′′	Beit Jibrin Center	300	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 9	31°34′33′′	Merhan Al-Motalah, Khirbit Am-Alahem and Wadi Al-Arabe, Yardeh, Ain-Ismael Ayesh	370	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 10	31°34′34′′	Wadi Abu Al Khail, Rasm Al-hajj Ahmad, Wadi Algoga, Khallet Abu Jaber, Al-moalaga	300	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 11	31°34′22′′	Khallet Al-Qaisi and Wadi Al-sheikh Barak	310	Mediterranean basin territories
Inv. 12	31°34′15′′	Tal-Arbid, surrounding Beit Nair	350	Mediterranean basin territories

and Figure 2A). These data were taken by using a Braun-Blanquet methodology [33,34]. We created a matrix of 290 × 12 related columns to convert the Braun-Blanquet plant phytosociological indicators (+=2, 1 = 3, 2 = 4, 3 = 5, 4 = 6 and 5 = 7) into ones of Van der Maarel [35] (5: covering more than 3/4 of the area; 4: any number of individuals covering ½–3/4 of the area; 3: any number of individuals covering 1/4–1/2 of the area; 2: very numerous or covering at least 5% of the area; and 1: plentiful but of small cover value, and + is a very small amount of cover) (Figure 2B). However, we used a phytosociological nomenclature code in the description of the new syntaxons in the study [36,37,38] and Euclidean distances as well as principal component analysis to evade any lack of data on whole-plant analysis; the XLSTAT Statistical Software for Excel program was used in the analysis process.

All the sites mentioned in the table are located in the area of Beit Jibreen and its surroundings—the name of Tal Sandhanh has been changed to Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park.

The plants of Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Negev Desert, the Sinai desert and the Mediterranean coast were used in the study of flora, as cover vegetation of sites in the west of Hebron to the east of the occupied Palestinian coasts, such as Beer Sheva, Ashdod, Ashqelon (Asgalan or Al-Majdal), Lod, Ramle, Jaffa, Haifa, Safad, Acre, Iraq Mansheya and Al-Jalil, and neighboring villages, such as Ajjur, Beit Nir, Al-Dawaimah, Kidna, Faluja, Deir Ula, Qubeibeh, Zachariah and Idna [16,17,18], which form part of this adjacent plant environment. The vegetation has been explicated according to many methodological works, such as Braun-Blanquet and Bolòs [37], Bolòs [39], Oakley [40], Bolòs et al. [41], Pott [42], Biondi [43] and Rivas-Martinez et al. [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]. The west Hebron area has a dry climate, inframediterranean to thermomediterranean thermotype, with precipitation ranges between 250 and 550 mm, and Beit Jibrin is a part of this area and the climate [1,18].

2.3. Statistical Analyses

Data were used to create an Excel table with 290 rows (plants) and 12 columns (relèves); from this table we created a Euclidean distance matrix (DCA), to measure distance, and similarity, by the procedure known as the full correlation method. We subsequently applied principal component analysis (PCA), having previously generated two matrices of correlation and covariance values, and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination analysis. The statistical software tool used was Community Analysis Package (CAP) 4.0, producing two clearly distinct inventories. However, we have two associations or communities: association 1 (ASL1), consisting of forest samples (groups 1, 2, 8, 11 and 12), and association 2 (ASL2), consisting of groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10, which were grouped together in (PCA) and (DCA).

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Forests Vegetation

Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinetum halepensis ass. nova

Inventories 1, 2, 8, 11 and 12 were dominated by species belonging to Pinus and coniferous woodland, such as C. sempervirens L., C. arizonica L., C. macrocarpaa L., P. halepensis Miller, P. pinea L., P. canariensis C. Smith, P. brutia Tenore, J. phoenicea L., J. excelsa M. Bieb., and J. drupacea Labill., the association dominated by P. halepensis Miller, P. pinea L., P. canariensis C. Smith., P. brutia Tenore, C. sempervirens L., C. sempervirens L. var. horizontalis Miller, C. arizonica Greene, T. occidentalis L., J. phoenicea L., J. excelsa M. Bieb., J. drupacea Labill., A. monspessulanum L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., C. equesitifolia L. M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. ficus indica (L.) Mill., O. robusta J.C. Wendl., O. ficus-barbarica A. Berger, S. alba L., P. alba L., P. nigra L., P. euphratica Oliver, Q. calliprinos Webb. or Q. palaestina K., Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. boissieri Reut. or Q. boissieri Reut. var. latifolia (Boiss.) Zohary, Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. cerris L., etc., P. lentiscus L., R. palaestinus Boiss. (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Spina-christi L., A. spinosa L., R. palaestinum Feinbrun, A. foetida L., C. abyssinica Kunth and Bouche, L. barbarum L., L. europaeum L., L. depressum Stocks, L. schweinfurthii Dammer, L. shawii Roem. and Schult., S. sinaicum Boiss., S. incanum L., P. pungens Willd., P. brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary, P. chrysophylla Boiss., B. arabica (Boiss.) Maire and Weiller, P. platystegia Post., P. viscosa Poiret., S. dominica L., S. lanigera Poir., S. thymbra L., S. thymbrifolia Hedge and Feinbrun, S. palaestina L., S. fruticosa Miller, S. officinalis L., S. palaestina Benth., S. aethiopis L., M. fruticosa (L.) Druce., T. capitatum L., T. creticum L., T. capitata (L.) Cav., T. spicata L., B. populneus (Schott and Endl.) R.Br., C. spinosa L., C. sicula Duh., C. aegyptia Lam., A. halimus L., N. mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. and Schweinf., H. persicum Bunge, H.negevensis (Iljin and Zohary) L. Boulos, A. macrostachyum (Moric.) K. Koch, A. javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult., S. fruticosa (L.) A. J. Scott, S. palaestina Eig. and Zohary, H. lancifolius (Boiss.) Kothe-Heinr., H. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., O. natrix L., L. nobilis L., P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, M. azedarach L., P. mascula (L.) Miller, A. filiculoides Lam., L. pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., S. officinalis L., A. aleppica DC., G. tournefortii L., A. arborescens L., A. monosperma Delile, A. garcinii (Burm.f.) DC., P. dioscoridis (L.) DC., A. sieberi Besser., A. horridus L., A. palaestinus Baker, G. villosa Willd, E. aphylla Forskal, E. foeminea Forssk, A. halimus L., A. setifera Moq., A. syriaca Iljin, A. orientalis (L.) Boiss., A. strigosa Boiss. and Hohen., A. tinctoria (L.) Tausch, A. altissima (Miller) Swingle, R. chalepensis L., T. hirsuta (L.) Endl., V. eremobium Murb., V. fruticulosum Post., H. helix L., E. crassifolium L’Her., E. glaucophyllum (L.) L’Hér., E. arborescens (Desf.) Willd., E. acaule (L.) Becherer and Thell., E. creticum Lam., E. falcatum F. Delaroche, E. glomeratum Lam., E. maritimum L., E. cannabinum L., E. hierosolymitana Boiss., E. hirta L., E. hirsuta L., E. terracina L., B. aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Z. dumosum Boiss., F. bruguieri DC., F. mollis Delile, F. orientalis C. Presl., F. arabica L., C. arabica (Boiss.) Diagn. Pl. Orient, C. lanatus Vahl., C. colocynthis (L.) Schrader, C.s dorycnium L., I. cairica (L.) Sweet, I. imperati (Vahl.) Griseb., H. aureus L., P. orientalis (L.) Feinbrun, M. myrtifolia Boiss. et Hohen., M. nervosa (Desf.) Benth., C. insulare (Candargy) Govaerts, E. cannabinum L., D. bovei (DC.) Anderb., H. sanguineum (L.) Kostel., I. maris-mortui Feinbrun, C. iphionoides (Boiss. and Blanche) Brul., C tinctoria (L.) J. Gay, C. reuteriana Boiss., C. syriaca Boiss., E. philistaeus Feinbrun and Zohary, V. vilosa Roth., F. thymifolia (L.) Webb., G. canum Req. ex DC., G. elongatum C. Presl., G. humifusum M. Bieb., C. acutum L., E. glomeratum Poir., E. fruticosum Desf., E. angustifolium Mill., P. orientalis (L.) Feinbrun, H. bacciferum Forssk., H. arbainense Fresen., M. ciliata (Forskal) I. M. Johnston, C. creticum Mill., F. vulgare Miller, F. biverticillata J. Thieb, F. communis L., F. orientalis L., F. tingitana L., F. syriaca Boiss., C. maculatum L., F. clypeata (L.) Medik, F. eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss., D. harra (Forssk.) Boiss., E. crassipes Fisch. and C. A. Mey., F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani, F. tenacissima L., V. cruciatum Sieber ex. Boiss., G. arabicum Fresen., G. flavum Crantz, G. grandiflorum Boiss. and A. Huet., H. micranthus L., H. hemistemon J. Gay, H. bulbosum L., F. arundinacea Schreb., H. triquetrifolium Turra, A. parvifolia Sm., I. palaestina (Baker) Boiss., J. unilateralis (Roem. and Schult.) O’Donell, K. aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek, K. judaica Danin, L. nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil., L. tuberosus L., L. bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. and Feinbrun, L. pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., F. ferruginea (L.), V. tiberiadis Boiss., V. sinaiticum Benth., V. galilaeum Boiss., V. jordanicum Murb., V. gaillardotii Boiss., V. officinalis L. and V. luteola (Jacq.) Benth. species. Additionally, the community has 23 (7.84%) endemic species, including the following endemic species: R. palaestinus Boiss., P. palaestina Boiss., A. ramonensis Danin, P. syriaca Boiss. and T. palaestina Bertol., accompanied by C. arizonica Greene and some Cupressus species. Forests grew in thermomediterranean–mesomediterranean thermotype regions and dry to humid environments in the soil of carbon substrates, such as brown ruinsenas and light rendzina (terra rossa), with an almost neutral pH, and were habituated in the Mediterranean woodlands, shrub lands and relict maquis trees [16,17,18,19,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62]. The slope was 10–30%, with a plant cover rate of 70%, an average altitude of 314 m and a vegetation height of 9–15 m (12 m) (

Table 2. Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

Releve of Inventories	1	2	8	11	12	P	Status	Life Form	Family
Surface in m2 1 = 10	450	600	500	550	400	R
Cover rate %	75	65	70	80	60	E
Altitude in m.	325	285	300	310	350	S
Average height of vegetation (m.)	9	11	15	13	12	N
Slope %	25	30	10	15	15	C
Orientation	E	N	S	W	N	I
Order number	1	2	8	11	12	A
Characteristic of association and higher units
Pinus halepensis (L.) Miller	5	4	2	2	1	V	N	T	Pinaceae
Cupressus sempervirens L.	4	4	2	2	2	IV	N	T	Cupressaceae
Pinus pinea L.	1	3			1	Iv	N	T	Pinaceae
Pinus canariensis C. Smith		1		1		I	N	T	Pinaceae
Pinus brutia Tenore	1	1		1		II	N	T	Cupressaceae
Companions
Cupressus arizonica Greene	3	3		2	1	Iv	N	T	Pinaceae
Thuja occidentalis L.		1				I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus phoenicea L.	1	1	1	1		II	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.		1		1		II	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus drupacea Labill.	1		2		1	II	N	Phan. shrub	Cupressaceae
Quercus calliprinos Webb. Quercus palaestina K.	1	1		2	1	Iv	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus look Kotschy							E	T	Fagaceae
Quercus inthaburensis Decne.	3	2				II	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus libani G. Olivier							N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus infectoria Olivier		1		2		II	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus boissieri Reut.		1				I	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus cerris L.	1					I	N	T	Fagaceae
Arbutus unedo L.							N	T	Ericaceae
Pistacia lentiscus L.	2	1	1		1	III	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia palaestina Boiss.		1	1	1		II	E	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia saportae Burnat.	1	1		1		II	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia atlantica Desf.	1	1		1		II	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia khinjuk Stocks		1		1		I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Schinus molle L.		1				I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Rhus coriaria L.							N	T	Anacardiaceae
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi		1				I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande							N	Phan. shrub	Anacardiaceae
Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss.		1	2	2	2	III	E	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus disperma Ehrenb. ex Boiss			2	1		III	N	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus alaternus L.	1		1	2	1	III	N	T	Rhamnaceae
Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.			1			I	N	T	Rhamnaceae
Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.				1		I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Paliurus spina-christi Miller			1	1		I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus jujuba Miller		1		1		I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnst.				1		I	N	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Mespilus germanica L.				1		I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Crataegus azarolus L.					1	I	N	T	Rosaceae
Amygdalus ramonensis Danin				1		I	E	T	Rosaceae
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.		2	1	1	1	III	N	T	Rosaceae
Crataegus oriana (L.) DC			1			I	N	Cham.	Rosaceae
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach		1	1	1	1	III	N	T	Rosaceae
Pyrus syriaca Boiss.			1			I	E	T	Rosaceae
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.			1			I	N	T	Rosaceae
Malus communis Desf.				1		I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.				1		I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Prunus ursina Kotschy			1	1		I	N	T	Rosaceae
Prunus korshinskyi Hand. Mazz.				1		I	N	Tree	Rosaceae
Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle.				1	1	I	N	Phan. shrub	Rosaceae
Rubus sanguineus Friv.							N	Phan. shrub	Rosaceae
Ceratonia siliqua L.	1	1	1	2		III	N	T	Fabaceae
Spartium junceum L.		1	1			I	N	Shrub	Fabaceae
Cersis siliquastrum L.		1	1			I	N	T	Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.							N	Phan. shrub	Fabaceae
Acacia salicina Lindl.			1			I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.			1			I	N	T	Fabaceae
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link			1	1		I	N	T	Fabaceae
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel.		1				I	N	Phan. shrub	Fabaceae
Genista monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo.		1				I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia dealbata Link		1				I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia radiana Savi.		1				I	N	T	Fabaceae
Ficus microcarpa L.F.			1	1		I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Ficus sycomorus L.		+				I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Ficus cariaca L.	1	2	1	1		III	N	T	Mimosaceae
Morus alba L.				1		I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Morus nigara L.			1	1		I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)						I	N	Cham., se-shrub	Mimosaceae
Olea europaea L.		1	1	1	1	II	N	T	Oleaceae
Phillyria media L.				1		I	N	T	Oleaceae
Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link				1		I	N	T	Oleaceae
Olea europaea var. sylvestris				1	1	I	N	T	Oleaceae
Salix alba L.			1			I	N	T	Salicaceae
Populus alba L.			1	1		I	N	T	Salicaceae
Populus euphratica Oliv.			1	1		I	N	T	Salicaceae
Tamarix aphylla L.				1		I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix jordanis Boiss.							E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix palaestina Bertol.			1			I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge							N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix negevensis Zohary							E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix parviflora DC.							N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.		1				I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary							E	T	Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria negevensis Zohary and Danin		1	1			I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix passerinoides Delile							N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix senegalensis DC.							N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix amplexicaulis Ehrenb.							N	T	Tamaricaceae
Acer obtusifolium Sm.							E	T	Aceracea
Acer monspessulanum L.				1		I	N	T	Aceracea
Polygonum palaestinum Zohary		1		1		I	E	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak							N	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Atraphaxis spinosa L.				1			N	Cham.	Polygonaceae
Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun		1			1	II	E	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Anagyris foetida L.							N	Phan. shrub	Papilionaceae/Leguminosae
Colutea abyssinica Kunth and Bouche							N	Phan. shrub	Papilionaceae/Leguminosae
Lycium barbarum L.			1	1		I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium europaeum L.				1		I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Nicotiana glauca Graham.							N	T	Solanaceae
Lycium depressum Stocks			1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer				1	1	I	N	Phan. shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium shawii Roem. and Schult.				1	1	I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Solanum sinaicum Boiss.			1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Solanaceae
Solanum incanum L.			1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Solanaceae
Phlomis pungens Willd.	1			1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary			1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.					1	I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex. C. Presl							N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota philistaea Bornm.			1		1	I	E	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham							N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maire and Weiller				1		I	N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis platystegia Post.							E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis viscosa Poiret.	1					I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia eigii Zohay							E	Hem., cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia dominica L.		1	1	1		II	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia lanigera Poir.		1	1	1		II	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Satureja thymbra L.	1	1	1	1		III	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge and Feinbrun		1	1	1		II	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Stachys palaestina L.		1	1	1		II	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia fruticosa Mill.	1	1	1			II	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia officinalis L.	1	1	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia aegyptiaca L.		1	1			II	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia palaestina Benth.	1		1	1		II	E	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia aethiopis L.							N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.			1	1		II	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Teucrium capitatum L.	1	2	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Teucrium creticum L.	2	1	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Thymbra spicata L.			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Brachychiton populneus (Schott and Endl.) R.Br.		1				I	N	T	Malvaceae
Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don							N	T	Bignoniaceae
Capparis spinosa L.		1				I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Capparis sicula Duh.			1			I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Capparis aegyptia Lam.			1			I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Celtis australis L.							N	T	Ulmaceae
Casuarina equesitifolia L.							N	T	Casuarenaceae
Atriplex halimus L.			1			I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. and Schweinf.		1	1			I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon persicum Bunge		1	1	1		II	N	Phan. shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon negevensis (Iljin and Zohary) L. Boulos			1	1		I	E	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.	1					I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.	1					I	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Salsola imbricata Forssk.							N	Phan. shrub	Amaranthaceae
Salsola cyclophylla Baker							N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen and G. Kadereit	1	1				II	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Suaeda palaestina Eig. and Zohary	1	1				II	E	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Halothamnus lancifolius (Boiss.) Kothe-Heinr.	1	1				II	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.	1	1				II	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Ononis natrix L.							N	Cham.	Fabaceae
Arbutus andrachne L.							E	T	Ericaceae
Laurus nobilis L.		1				I	N	T	Lauraceae
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn	1					I	N	Hem.	Hypolepidaceae
Melia azedarach L.	1	1				I	N	T	Meliaceae
Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.	1					I	N	Geo.	Paeoniaceae
Azolla filiculoides Lam.		1				I	N	Hel.	Azollaceae
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.	1					I	N	Phan. shrub	Asclepiadaceae
Styrex officinalis L.		1	1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Styracaceae
Achillea aleppica DC.		1	1	1		I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Gundelia tournefortii L.		1				I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Artemisia arborescens L.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Artemisia monosperma Delile			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.			1			I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.			1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Compositae
Artemisia sieberi Besser			1			I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Asparagus horridus L.			1	1		I	N	Geophyte	Liliaceae
Asparagus palaestinus Baker		1	1	1	1	III	E	V, geo	Liliaceae
Smilax asperan L.			1				N	Phan. shrub	Liliaceae
Parkinsonia aculeata L.							N	Phan. shrub	Caesalpiniaceae
Ochradenus baccatus Delile							N	Phan. shrub	Resedaceae
Nerium oleander L.							N	Phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Cynanchum acutum L.		1				I	N	V, phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Periploca aphylla Decne.							N	Phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori		1				I	N	T	Moringaceae
Grewia villosa Willd		1				I	N	Shrub	Tiliaceae
Ephedra aphylla Forskal		1				I	N	V, phan. shrub	Ephedraceae
Ephedra foeminea Forssk		1				I	N	V, phan. shrub	Ephedraceae
Atriplex halimus L.		1	1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis setifera Moq.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis syriaca Iljin.			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna strigosa Boiss. and Hohen.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna galilaea Boiss							E	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle			1	1		I	N	Tree	Simarubaceae
Rubia tinctorum L.				1		I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Rubiaceae
Rubia tenuifolia D’Urv.				1		I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Rubiaceae
Ruta chalepensis L.				1		I	N	Cham.	Rutaceae
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.			1	1		I	N	Phan., dwarf shrub	Thymelaeaceae
Verbascum eremobium Murb.			1	1	1	II	E	Phan., dwarf shrub	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum fruticulosum Post.			1	1	1	II	N	Phan., dwarf Shrub	Scrophulariaceae
Hedera helix L.			1			I	N	Shrub	Araliaceae
Erodium crassifolium L’Her.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L’Hér.			1	1		II	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium arborescens (Desf.) Willd.			1	1		II	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium acaule (L.) Becherer and Thell.		1	1		1	II	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Eryngium creticum Lam.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium falcatum F. Delaroche			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium glomeratum Lam.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium maritimum L.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eupatorium cannabinum L.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Compositae
Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.			1	1	1	II	E	Shrub	Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirsuta L.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia terracina L.			1	1	1	II	N	Hem.	Euphorbiaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile				1		I	N	T	Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.					1	I	N	Cham., s. shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson					1	I	N	Phan. shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia bruguieri DC.					1	I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia mollis Delile				1	1	I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia orientalis C. Presl				1	1	I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia arabica L.					1	I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Chenolea arabica (Boiss.) Diagn. Pl. Orient							N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Convolvulus lanatus Vahl.			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Convolvulaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Cucurbitaceae
Convolvulus dorycnium L.		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet			1			I	N	Hem.	Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea imperati (Vahl.) Griseb.		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Convolvulaceae
Hyoscyamus aureus L.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Solanaceae
Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. et Hohen.			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth.			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Clinopodium insulare (Candargy) Govaerts			1	1		I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Eupatorium cannabinum L.			1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Doellia bovei (DC.) Anderb.		1		1		I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel.			1	1		I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun			1			I	E	Cham.	Compositae
Chiliadenus iphionoides (Boiss. and Blanche) Brul.		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Compositae
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay							N	Hem.	Compositae
Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss							E	Cham.	Compositae
Crepis reuteriana Boiss.		1				I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Cynara syriaca Boiss.		1	1			I	E	Hem.	Compositae
Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun and Zohary	1	1	1			II	E	Cham.	Compositae
Vicia vilosa Roth.		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Papilionaceae
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Webb.							N	Shrub, cham.	Cistaceae
Cistus creticus L.							N	Shrub, cham.	Cistaceae
Galium canum Req. ex DC.		1	1			I	N	Shrub, cham.	Rubiaceae
Galium elongatum C. Presl		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Rubiaceae
Galium humifusum M. Bieb.		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Rubiaceae
Cynanchum acutum L.		1		1		I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Apocynaceae
Echium glomeratum Poir.		1		2		I	N	Hem.	Boraginaceae
Echiochilon fruticosum Desf.				1		I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Echium angustifolium Mill.				1		I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary							E	Shrub, cham.	Boraginaceae
Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun				1		I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.			1	1		I	N	Sh, cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.					1	I	N	Shrub, cham.	Boraginaceae
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forskal) I. M. Johnston		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium rotundifolium Lehm		1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum creticum Mill.			1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Morettia canescens Boiss							N	Cham.	Brassicaceae
Najas marina var. Intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Rendle							N	Helophyte	Hydrocharitaceae
Deverra triradiata Hochst. Ex. Boiss.							N	Cham.	Apiaceae
Foeniculum vulgare Miller			1			I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula biverticillata J. Thieb.		1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula communis L.	1					I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula orientalis L.	1					I	E	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula tingitana L.	1					I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferulago syriaca Boiss.	1					I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Conium maculatum L.		1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik		1				I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Fibigia eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss.			1			I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.		1				I	N	Cham., hem., annual	Brassicaceae
Erysimum crassipes Fisch. and C. A. Mey.			1			I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani	1					I	N	Helophyte	Cyperaceae
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.		1				I	N	Cham., Hem.	Urticaceae
Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Bioss.		1				I	N	Cham., parasite	Santalaceae
Glaucium arabicum Fresen.		1				I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Glaucium flavum Crantz		1				I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. and A. Huet	1					I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Vitex agnus-castus L.						I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Verbenaceae
Globularia arabica Jaub. and Spach						I	N	Cham., shrub	Plantaginaceae
Hibiscus micranthus L.						I	N	Cham., shrub	Malvaceae
Herniaria hemistemon J. Gay		1				I	N	Hem.	Caryophyllaceae
Hordeum bulbosum L.		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Poaceae
Festuca arundinacea Schreb		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Poaceae
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra		1	1			I	N	Hem.	Hypericaceae
Aristolochia parvifolia Sm.			1			I	N	Hem. climber	Aristolochiaceae
Iris atrofusca Baker							E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris atropurpurea Baker							E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris palaestina (Baker) Boiss.		1				I	E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris vartanii Foster							E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Gladiolus italicus Mill.							N	Geo.	Iridaceae
Juncus acutus L.							N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Juncus articulates L.							N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Juncus subulatus Forssk.							N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Jacquemontia unilateralis (Roem. and Schult.) O’Donell	1					I	N	Cham.	Convolvulaceae
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek		1				I	N	Cham.	Plantaginaceae
Kickxia judaica Danin			1			I	N	Cham.	Plantaginaceae
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil.			1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Leontodon tuberosus L.		1				I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. and Feinbrun			1			I	N	Geo.	Asparagaceae
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.			1			I	N	Phan.	Apocynaceae
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.)	1					I	N	Helophyte	Cyperaceae
Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.		1	1	1		II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.		1	1	1		II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.		1	1		1	II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascumjordanicum Murb.		1	1		1	II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum gaillardotii Boiss.		1	1		1	II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbena officinalis L.		1	1	1		II	N	Hem.	Verbenaceae
Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.					1	I	N	Cham., s-sh., climber	Papilionaceae
Clematis flammula L.							N	V, phan.	Anunculaceae
Clematis cirrhosa L.							N	V, phan.	Anunculaceae

Abbreviations: T, tree; Phan shrub, phanerophyte shrubs; Phan. shrub climber, phanerophyte shrub climber; Phan. shrub vine, phanerophyte shrub vine; Phan. vine, phanerophyte vine; Phan. dwarf shrubs, phanerophyte dwarf shrubs; Cham., chamaephyte; Cham. s.-shrubs, chamaephyte semi-shrubs; Sh, cham., chamaephyte shrublet; Cham., Shrub, chamaephyte shrubs; Cham. shrub climber, chamaephyte shrub climber; Cham.- hem., chamaephyte–hemicryptophyte; Cham., p., chamaephyte parasite; Cham., hem., annual, chamaephyte–hemicryptophyte–annual; Hem., hemicryptophyte; Hem. climber, hemicryptophyte climber; Geo., geophyte; Geo. vine, geophyte vine; and Hel., helophyte.

). The distributions for life forms of this association are: 251 species, of which 96 (38.09 %) were phanerophytes trees (67), phanerophytes shrubs (15), phanerophytes shrub climbers (3), phanerophytes shrub vines (3), phanerophytes dwarf shrubs (3) and phanerophytes (5); 47 were shrubs, (18.65%) as shrubs (28), chamaephyte semi-shrubs (18) and a chamaephyte shrub climber (1); 48 were chamaephytes (19.04%), as chamaephytes (46), a chamaephyte parasite (1) and a chamaephyte–hemicryptophyte–annual (1); 51 were hemicryptophytes (20.23%), as hemicryptophytes (51) and a hemicryptophyte climber (1); 5 were geophytes (1.98%), as geophytes (4) and a geophyte vine (1); and 3 were helophytes (1.19%) (Table 2).

These give us an indication that suggests that association one lies in the Asian regions of the Eastern Mediterranean, and thermomediterranean to mesomedoterranean thermotypes: Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinetum halepensis ass. nova. (Figure 2C; Table 2: ASL 1- Inv. 1, 2, 8, 11 and 12, typus inv. 1).

Percentage of plant species present in the sample studies and communities: V = 100%, IV = 60.1–80%, III = 40.1–60%, II = 20.1–40% and I = 0.1–20%. N: native, E: endemic, Sh: shrub, ASL: association and ASL2: association 2.

3.2. Forest Maquis, Macchie and Steppe Vegetation

3.2.1. Pistacio lentisci–Quercetum calliprini ass. nova

The second association consisted of the forest group (inventories 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 5), represented by Quercus genus as Q. calliprinos Webb. (Q. palaestina K., Oak Palestine) [63,64], Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. boissieri Reut. and Q. cerris L. Additionally, in May 2018 several new varieties of oak were identified, including Q. suber L., Q. ilex L. and Q. robur L., in addition to common oak species, when the geographic information system (GIS) platform technology was used in various areas of occupied Palestine in 1948 by Ezra Barnea [65]. Rhamnus and Pistachio genus, as species of P. lentiscus L., R. palaestinus Boiss. (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Spina-christi L. Desf. and Z. Lotus (L.) Lam., are heavy forest plains with 37 endemic plants (12.75%), including: R. palaestinus Boiss., P. palaestina Boiss, Q. look Kotschy, A. andrachne L., B. philistaea Bornm., A. obtusifolium Sm., T. palaestina Bertol. and A. ramonensis Danin, accompanied by R. palaestinus Boiss., C. siliqua L. and others Quercus species. The forest or community is in steppe environments that are part of a large area of uneven flat grassland in Southeast Europe and the western Mediterranean, with dry and semi-arid areas and an inframediterranean to thermomediterranean thermotype [16,17,18,19]. The slope is 5–25%, with an average vegetation height of 8.5 m, an average altitude of 272.8 m and a soil type of limestone and terra rosa. The distributions of life forms for this association are: 113 (38.96%) phanerophytes (trees), 109 (37.58%) shrubs and chamaephytes, 55 (17.93%) hemicryptophytes, 9 (2.94%) geophytes and 4 (1.30%) helophytes. This suggested to us that the association is Pistacio lentisci–Quercetum calliprini ass. nova. hoc loco. (Figure 2C,D;

Table 3. Association 2. Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

Releve of Inventories	3	4	5	6	7	9	10	P	Status	Life Form	Family
Surface in m2 1 = 10	390	350	320	550	400	300	300	R
Cover rate %	75	70	85	80	60	75	80	E
Altitude in m.	275	270	260	310	350	370	300	S
Average height of vegetation (m.)	6	5.5	5	13	12	10	8	N
Slope %	25	20	15	10	5	10	20	C
Orientation	N	E	N	E	W	E	W	I
Order number	3	4	5	6	7	9	10	A
Characteristic of association and higher units
Pistacia lentiscus L.	4	2	2	3	3	3	2	V	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus Palaestina K.)	5	3	4	3	3	3	2	V	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus inthaburensis Decne.	3	2		1	1		2	IV	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus infectoria Olivier	3	3		1		2	2	IV	N	T	Fagaceae
Pistacia palaestina Boiss.	1		1	2		2	2	IV	E	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia saportae Burnat.	1	2		2			2	III	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Companions
Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss.	4	3		3		2	2	IV	E	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus disperma Ehrenb.ex Boiss.			2		2		2	III	N	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus alaternus L.		2	2		2		2	III	N	T	Rhamnaceae
Ceratonia siliqua L	3	2	2		2	2	2	IV	N	T	Fabaceae
Quercus look Kotschy		1						I	E	T	Fagaceae
Quercus libani G. Olivier		1						I	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus boissieri Reut.		1						I	N	T	Fagaceae
Quercus cerris L.	1							I	N	T	Fagaceae
Pistacia atlantica Desf.	1	2		2		2		III	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Pistacia khinjuk Stocks		1						I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Schinus molle L.		1						I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Rhus coriaria L.								I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi		1						I	N	T	Anacardiaceae
Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Anacardiaceae
Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.						1		I	N	T	Rhamnaceae
Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.						1		I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Paliurus spina-christi Miller						1		I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus jujuba Miller				2				I	N	Shrub	Rhamnaceae
Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett					1			I	N	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnst.								I	N	Phan.	Rhamnaceae
Arbutus unedo L.				1				I	N	T	Ericaceae
Mespilus germanica L.								I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Crataegus azarolus L.				1			1	I	N	T	Rosaceae
Amygdalus ramonensis Danin			2	2		2	2	III	E	T	Rosaceae
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.			2	2	2	2	2	III	N	T	Rosaceae
Crataegus oriana (L.) DC					1	1		I	N	T	Rosaceae
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach			2	2	2	2		III	N	Cham.	Rosaceae
Pyrus syriac Boiss.					1	1		I	E	T	Rosaceae
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.					1	1		I	N	T	Rosaceae
Malus communis Desf.				1		1		I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.					1			I	N	Shrub	Rosaceae
Prunus ursina Kotschy				1				I	N	T	Rosaceae
Prunus korshinskyi Hand. Mazz.						1		I	N	Tree	Rosaceae
Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle.						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Rosaceae
Rubus sanguineus Friv.						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Rosaceae
Pinus halepensis (L.) Miller			1		1			I	N	T	Pinaceae
Cupressus sempervirens L.					2			I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Pinus Pinea L.	1				1			I	N	T	Pinaceae
Pinus canariensis C. Smith		1		1				I	N	T	Pinaceae
Pinus brutia Tenore	1	1		1				I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Cupressus arizonica Greene					1			I	N	T	Pinaceae
Thuja occidentalis L.		1						I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus phoenicea L.	1							I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.		1		1				I	N	T	Cupressaceae
Juniperus drupacea Labill.	1				1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Cupressaceae
Spartium junceum L.					1			I	N	Shrub	Fabaceae
Cersis siliquastrum L.						1		I	N	T	Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.							1	I	N	Phan. shrub	Fabaceae
Acacia salicina Lindl.							1	I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.							1	I	N	T	Fabaceae
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link								I	N	T	Fabaceae
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb and Berthel.					1	1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Fabaceae
Genista monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo.					1			I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia dealbata Link					1	1		I	N	T	Fabaceae
Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb. and Berthel.)					1	1		I	N	T	Fabaceae
Acacia radiana Savi.			1	1				I	N	T	Fabaceae
Ficus microcarpa L.F.			1	1	1			I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Ficus sycomorus L.								I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Ficus cariaca L.		2	1	1	1			III	N	T	Mimosaceae
Ficus benjamina L.			1					I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Morus alba L.			1	1				I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Morus nigara L.			1					I	N	T	Mimosaceae
Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)		1	1					I	N	Cham., se-shrub	Mimosaceae
Olea europaea L.		1	1	1				III	N	T	Oleaceae
Phillyria media L.			1					I	N	T	Oleaceae
Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link			1					I	N	T	Oleaceae
Olea europaea var. sylvestris				1		1		I	N	T	Oleaceae
Phillyrea latifolia L.					1			I	N	T	Oleaceae
Salix alba L.				1				I	N	T	Salicaceae
Populus alba L.				1				I	N	T	Salicaceae
Populus euphratica Oliv.				1				I	N	T	Salicaceae
Tamarix articulate Vahl.					1			I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aphylla L.				1		1		I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix jordanis Boiss.				1				I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix palaestina Bertol.				1	1			I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge				1				I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix negevensis Zohary			1	1				I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix parviflora DC.				1				I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.					1			I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary				1				I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria negevensis Zohary and Danin				1				I	E	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix passerinoides Delile					1			I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix senegalensis DC.					1			I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Tamarix amplexicaulis Ehrenb.				1				I	N	T	Tamaricaceae
Acer obtusifolium Sm.			1	1	1			III	E	T	Aceracea
Acer monspessulanum L.				1				I	N	T	Aceracea
Polygonum palaestinum Zohary				1	1			I	E	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak				1				I	N	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Atraphaxis spinosa L.					1			I	N	Cham.	Polygonaceae
Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun			1		1			I	E	Hem.	Polygonaceae
Anagyris foetida L.					1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Papilionaceae/Leguminosae
Colutea abyssinica Kunth and Bouche						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Papilionaceae/Leguminosae
Lycium barbarum L.					1			I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium europaeum L.						1		I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Nicotiana glauca Graham				1	1			I	N	T	Solanaceae
Lycium depressum Stocks				1	1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer				1	1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Solanaceae
Lycium shawii Roem. and Schult.			1		1			I	N	Shrub	Solanaceae
Solanum sinaicum Boiss.				1	1	1		III	N	Cham., s-shrub	Solanaceae
Solanum incanum L.					1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Solanaceae
Phlomis pungens Willd.					1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary					1	1		I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.				1	1			I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota saxatilis Sieber exC.Presl				1				I	N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota philistaea Bornm.					1			I	E	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham						1		I	N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maire and Weiller					1			I	N	Shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis platystegia Post.			1	1				I	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Phlomis viscosa Poiret.			1	1				I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia eigii Zohay			1			1		I	E	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia dominica L.	1		1	1	1			III	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia lanigera Poir.		1	1	1	1			III	N	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Satureja thymbra L.					1			I	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge and Feinbrun				1				I	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Stachys palaestina L.			1		1		1	III	E	Cham., s-shrub	Lamiaceae
Salvia fruticosa Mill.	1	1		1	1			III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia officinalis L.	1	1		1	1			III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia aegyptiaca L.	1							I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia palaestina Benth.	1	1		1	1			III	E	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Salvia aethiopis L.	1	1		1	1			III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.	1	1		1	1			III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Teucrium capitatum L.								I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Teucrium creticum L.				1				I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav.				1				I	N	Cham.	Cham.
Thymbra spicata L.				1				I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Brachychiton populneus (Schott and Endl.) R. Br.				1				I	N	T	Malvaceae
Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.				1				I	N	T	Bignoniaceae
Capparis spinosa L.				1	1			I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Capparis sicula Duh.					1			I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Capparis aegyptia Lam.						1		I	N	Shrub	Capparaceae
Celtis australis L.						1		I	N	T	Ulmaceae
Casuarina equesitifolia L.						1		I	N	T	Casuarenaceae
Juglans regia L.					1			I	N	T	Juglandaceae
Atriplex halimus L.					1			I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. and Schweinf.					1			I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon persicum Bunge				1	1	1		III	N	Phan. shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon negevensis (Iljin and Zohary) L. Boulos						1	1	I	E	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.						1		I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.					1			I	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Salsola imbricata Forssk.						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Amaranthaceae
Salsola cyclophylla Baker					1	1		I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen and G. Kadereit					1			I	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Suaeda palaestina Eig. and Zohary					1	1		I	E	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Halothamnus lancifolius (Boiss.) Kothe-Heinr.					1	1		I	N	Shrub	Amaranthaceae
Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.					1	1		I	N	Cham.	Amaranthaceae
Ononis natrix L.		1		1				I	N	Cham.	Fabaceae
Arbutus andrachne L.	1	1		1				III	E	T	Ericaceae
Laurus nobilis L.				1				I	N	T	Lauraceae
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn				1				I	N	Hem.	Hypolepidaceae
Melia azedarach L.				1				I	N	T	Meliaceae
Paeonia mascula (L.) Miller				1				I	N	Geophyte	Paeoniaceae
Azolla filiculoides Lam.				1				I	N	Helophyte	Azollaceae
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.						1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Asclepiadaceae
Styrex officinalis L.					1	1		I	N	Phan. shrub	Styracaceae
Achillea aleppica DC.	1			1	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Gundelia tournefortii L.								I	N	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Artemisia arborescens L.			1			1		I	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Artemisia monosperma Delile				1		1		I	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.				1				I	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.					1			I	N	Phan. shrub	Compositae/Asteraceae
Artemisia sieberi Besser			1	1		1		III	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Asparagus horridus L.			1	1				I	N	Geophyte	Liliaceae
Asparagus palaestinus Baker			1	1	1			III	E	V, geo	Liliaceae
Smilax asperan L.		1						I	N	Phan. shrub	Liliaceae
Parkinsonia aculeata L.		1	1					I	N	Phan. shrub	Caesalpiniaceae
Ochradenus baccatus Delile		1	1					I	N	Phan. shrub	Resedaceae
Nerium oleander L.	1		1					I	N	Phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Cynanchum acutum L.	1		1					I	N	V, phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Periploca aphylla Decne.	1			1				I	N	Phan. shrub	Apocynaceae
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori	1							I	N	T	Moringaceae
Grewia villosa Willd	1			1				I	N	Shrub	Tiliaceae
Ephedra aphylla Forskal		1		1				I	N	V, phan. shrub	Ephedraceae
Ephedra foeminea Forssk			1					I	N	V, phan. shrub	Ephedraceae
Atriplex halimus L.								I	N	Phan. shrub	Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis setifera Moq.			1		1			I	N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis syriaca Iljin			1	1				I	N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss				1				I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna strigosa Boiss. and Hohen.			1	1				I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna galilaea Boiss.			1					I	E	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch				1				I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle					1			I	N	Tree	Simarubaceae
Rubia tinctorum L.					1			I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Rubiaceae
Rubia tenuifolia D’Urv.					1			I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Rubiaceae
Ruta chalepensis L.					1			I	N	Cham.	Rutaceae
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.			1	1				I	N	Phan., dwarf shrub	Thymelaeaceae
Verbascum eremobium Murb.				1	1	1		III	E	Phan., dwarf shrub	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum fruticulosum Post.				1	1	1		III	N	Phan., dwarf shrub	Scrophulariaceae
Hedera helix L.				1	1			I	N	Shrub	Araliaceae
Erodium crassifolium L’Her.					1			I	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L’Hér.					1			I	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium arborescens (Desf.) Willd.				1	1	1		III	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Erodium acaule (L.) Becherer and Thell.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Geraniaceae
Eryngium creticum Lam.				1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium falcatum F. Delaroche				1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium glomeratum Lam.				1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eryngium maritimum L.					1			I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Eupatorium cannabinum L.					1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.				1	1			I	E	Shrub	Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirta L.			1	1				I	N	Shrub	Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirsuta L.			1	1				I	N	Hem.	Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia terracina L.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Euphorbiaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile				1	1			I	N	T	Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.				1				I	N	Cham., s.-shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson				1				I	N	Phan. shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia bruguieri DC.				1				I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia mollis Delile					1			I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia orientalis C. Presl				1	1			I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia arabica L.					1			I	N	Shrub	Zygophyllaceae
Chenolea arabica (Boiss.) Diagn. Pl. Orient					1			I	N	Cham.	Chenopodiaceae
Convolvulus lanatus Vahl					1			I	N	Cham.	Convolvulaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader					1			I	N	Cham.	Cucurbitaceae
Convolvulus dorycnium L.					1			I	N	Hem	Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet.					1			I	N	Hem	Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea imperati (Vahl.) Griseb.					1			I		Hem	Convolvulaceae
Hyoscyamus aureus L.					1			I	N	Cham.	Solanaceae
Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun					1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. et Hohen.				1	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth.				1	1	1		III	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Clinopodium insulare (Candargy) Govaerts								I	N	Cham.	Lamiaceae
Eupatorium cannabinum L.				1				I	N	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Doellia bovei (DC.) Anderb.					1			I	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun				1	1			I	E	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Chiliadenus iphionoides (Boiss. and Blanche) Brul.								I	N	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss				1				I	N/E	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Crepis reuteriana Boiss.				1				I	N	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Cynara syriaca Boiss.				1	1			I	E	Hem.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun and Zohary				1	1	1		III	E	Cham.	Compositae/Asteraceae
Vicia vilosa Roth.		1						I	N	Hem.	Leguminosae/Papilionaceae
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Webb.		1			1			I	N	Shrub, cham.	Cistaceae
Cistus creticus L.				1	1			I	N	Shrub, cham.	Cistaceae
Galium canum Req. ex DC.								I	N	Shrub, cham.	Rubiaceae
Galium elongatum C. Presl				1				I	N	Hem.	Rubiaceae
Galium humifusum M. Bieb.				1				I	N	Hem.	Rubiaceae
Cynanchum acutum L.				1				I	N	Phan. shrub, climber	Apocynaceae
Echium glomeratum Poir.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Boraginaceae
Echiochilon fruticosum Desf.			1	1	1			II	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Echium angustifolium Mill.			1					I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary			1					I	E	Shrub, cham.	Boraginaceae
Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun			1	1				I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.			1	1				I	N	Shrub, cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.			1	1				I	N	Shrub, cham.	Boraginaceae
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forskal) I. M. Johnston				1				I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Heliotropium rotundifolium Lehm.					1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum creticum Mill.				1	1			I	N	Cham.	Boraginaceae
Morettia canescens Boiss.				1	1			I	N	Cham.	Brassicaceae
Najas marina var. intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Rendle				1				I	N	Hel.	Hydrocharitaceae
Deverra triradiata Hochst. Ex. Boiss.					1			I	N	Cham.	Apiaceae
Foeniculum vulgare Miller				1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula biverticillata J. Thieb			1	1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula communis L.			1	1				I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula orientalis L.			1	1				I	E	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferula tingitana L.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Ferulago syriaca Boiss.					1			I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Conium maculatum L.						1		I	N	Hem.	Apiaceae
Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik						1		I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Fibigia eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss.						1		I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.					1	1		I	N	Cham., hem., annual	Brassicaceae
Erysimum crassipes Fisch. and C. A. Mey.					1	1		I	N	Hem.	Brassicaceae
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani					1			I	N	Helophyte	Cyperaceae
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.				1				I	N	Cham., hem.	Urticaceae
Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex. Boiss.					1			I	N	Cham., p.	Santalaceae
Glaucium arabicum Fresen.					1	1		I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Glaucium flavum Crantz					1	1		I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. and A. Huet.				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Papaveraceae
Vitex agnus-castus L.			1		1			I	N	Cham., s-shrub	Verbenaceae
Globularia arabica Jaub. and Spach			1		1			I	N	Cham., shrub	Plantaginaceae
Hibiscus micranthus L.								I	N	Cham., shrub	Malvaceae
Herniaria hemistemon J. Gay			1	1				I	N	Hem.	Caryophyllaceae
Hordeum bulbosum L.				1	1			II	N	Hem.	Poaceae
Festuca arundinacea Schreb				1	1			I	N	Hem.	Poaceae
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra				1				I	N	Hem.	Hypericaceae
Aristolochia parvifolia Sm.				1		1		I	N	Hem. climber	Aristolochiaceae
Iris atrofusca Baker								I	E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris atropurpurea Baker				1				I	E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris palaestina (Bak.) Boiss.		1	1	1	1			III	E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Iris vartanii Foster			1					I	E	Geo.	Iridaceae
Gladiolus italicus Mill.			1					I	N	Geo.	Iridaceae
Juncus acutus L.			1					I	N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Juncus articulates L.				1				I	N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Juncus subulatus Forssk.					1			I	N	Hem.	Juncaceae
Jacquemontia unilateralis (Roem. and Schult.) O’Donell						1		I	N	Cham.	Convolvulaceae
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek						1		I	N	Cham.	Plantaginaceae
Kickxia judaica Danin						1		I	E	Cham.	Plantaginaceae
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil.					1			I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Leontodon tuberosus L.					1	1		I	N	Hem.	Compositae
Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. and Feinbrun					1	1		I	N	Geo.	Asparagaceae
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.					1			I	N	Phan.	Apocynaceae
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.)					1	1		I	N	Hel.	Cyperaceae
Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.					1	1		I	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.			1	1	1			II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.			1	1	1			II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascumjordanicum Murb.			1	1	1			II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum gaillardotii Boiss.			1	1	1			II	N	Hem.	Scrophulariaceae
Verbena officinalis L.		1		1	1	1		III	N	Hem.	Verbenaceae
Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.					1	1		I	N	Cham., s-sh., climber	Leguminosae/Papilionaceae
Clematis flammula L.						1		I	N	Phan., v.	Anunculaceae/Ranunculaceae
Clematis cirrhosa L.						1		I	N	Phan., v.	Anunculaceae/Ranunculaceae

Abbreviations: T, tree; Phan shrub, phanerophyte shrub; Phan shrub climber, phanerophyte shrub climber; Phan. shrub vine, phanerophyte shrub vine; Phan. vine, phanerophyte vine; Phan. dwarf shrubs, phanerophyte dwarf shrubs; Cham., chamaephyte; Cham. semi-shrubs, chamaephyte semi-shrubs; Sh, cham., chamaephyte shrublet; Cham., Shrub, chamaephyte shrubs; Cham. shrubs climber, chamaephyte shrubs climber; Cham., hem, chamaephyte hemicryptophyte; Cham., p., chamaephyte parasite; Cham., hem., annual, chamaephyte–hemicryptophyte–annual; Hem., hemicryptophyte; Hem. climber, hemicryptophyte climber; Geo., geophyte; Geo. vine, geophyte vine; and Hel.: helophyte. Percentage of plant species present in the sample studies and communities: V = 100%, IV = 60.1–80%, III = 40.1–60%, II = 20.1–40% and I = 0.1–20%. N: native, E: endemic, Sh: shrub, ASL: association and ASL2: association 2.

: ASL 2- Inv. 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 5).

The main forests are found in the various mountains and highlands of Palestine, stretching from the heights of the Hebron Mountains in the south to Ras Al-Naqoura, Galilee and Safed in the north. In most of these areas cultivated plants have replaced natural plants for several centuries.

These results show that the study area lies within the region between the Mediterranean Sea and West Asia, and botanists divide Palestinian flora into eight distinct groups, which are: Mediterranean, Eurasia, Euro-Siberian, Irano-Turanian, Sudano-Zambesian, Saharo-Arabian, Americas, Australia and South Africa, as well as plants that grow in Palestine [16,63,64].

Furthermore, the great difference between the pine forests of Pinus halepensis Miller of the western Mediterranean with those existing in Palestine allows us to propose the new alliance Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinus halepensis, with an eastern Mediterranean distribution and dry thermomediterranean environments. As a typus of the Cupresso sempervirentis-Pinus halepensis alliance we chose the association Cupresso sempervirentis–Pinetum halepensis ass. nova. The alliance was characterized by P. Pinea L., P. brutia Tenore, C. sempervirens L. C. arizonica Greene, T. occidentalis L., J. phoenicea L., J. excelsa M. Bieb. and J. drupacea Labill. [66,67,68].

The syntaxonomical interpretation of these associations is shown below:

1.

Forest vegetation:

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex. A. and O. Bolòs 1950 [69].

Order: Pinetalia halepensis Biondi, Blasi, Galdenzi, Pesaresi et Vagge in Biondi et al. [27] (2014).

Alliance: Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinus halepensis all. nova.

Typus of alliance: Ass. Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

2.

Maquis, macchie and steppe vegetation:

Class: Quercetea calliprini or palaestini nova.

Order: Quercetalia calliprini Zohary [64] 1960.

Alliance: Querco—Pistacion lentisci all. nova.

Association: Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

Moreover, forests of pines are found on different geological formations in the world, including in the Mediterranean, Europe and different regions in the Palestine mountains. P. halepensis Miller, P. Pinea L., P. canariensis C. Smith, P. brutia Tenore and Cupressus genus as C. sempervirens L., C. arizonica Greene, T. occidentalis L., J. phoenicea L., J. excelsa M. Bieb. and J. drupacea Labill, C. equesitifolia L., C. sempervirentis and P. halepensis associations have been described by many researchers in antecedent studies [16,17,18,19]. Phytogeographically, plant associations belonging to the forest flora that extend over Europe, the Mediterranean and from the north to the south of Palestine were included within the classes of Quercetea ilicis [69]. Pine and Cupressus forests are placed under two different alliances: the order Pinetalia halepensis, Biondi et al. 2014 [27], and the alliance Juniperon phoeniceae–Pinus acutisquamae and Quercetea ilicis [65]. The components of the alliance of the Pinus halepensis [64] order of Pinetalia halepensis [27] are apparent in this association due to the range of anthropogenic harm to the forest steppes and mountain zones as a result of some military activities for the purpose of training and fire, in addition to the existence of numerous plants that return to this association.

3.2.2. Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova

The second association includes represented inventories (3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 5) of the principal component analysis in (Table 3, typus inv. 1); the community grows in areas of the Beit Jibrin in the dry, infra- and thermotropical thermotypes. This association is a composition of Q. calliprinos Webb. (Oak Palestine, Q. palaetina Kotschy), Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. boissieri Reut., Q. cerris L., A. obtusifolium smith, A. monspessulanum L., Q. libani G. Olivier, Q. look Kotschy, Q. boissieri Reut., and P. lentiscus L. P. palaestina Boiss., accompanied with R. palaestinus Boiss., R. disperma Ehrenb. ex Boiss., R. alaternus L., C. siliqua L. and P. khinjuk Stocks species, and it belong to Mediterranean macchie vegetation, evergreen Mediterranean forests and deciduous Mediterranean forests. The soil of this association has a partially basic character, low organic matter and a medium of clayey–loamy texture. Due to the high degradation, numerous steppes and xerophilous species permeated into the floristic structure of this association. Quercus as Oak extends from the eumediterranean and submediterranean regions (Quercetalia ilicis), according to a Braun-Blanquet rating [69,70,71,72,73], and many Quercus species, such as Q. calliprinos Webb., Q. inthaburensis Decne, Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. libani G. Olivier, Q. look Kotschy and Q. boissieri Reut. associations were qualified in neighboring regions and studied. Likewise, the Quercus genus association described in Palestine in the highland mountains and west of Hebron [16,17,18,19] was categorized under the Quercetalia calliprini order. The floristic structure of this association is well-specified by the characteristic species of the order Quercetalia calliprini [63] and a new class, Quercetea calliprini or palaestini. For these causes, the association must be included in the syntax unity aforementioned. However, the second association is dominated by Q. calliprinos Webb. (Q. palaestina Kotschy or Q. coccifera L.), Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. boissieri Reut., Q. cerris L., Q. look Kotschy, Q. libani G. Olivier, C. siliqua L., S. junceum L., C. siliquastrum L., P. gillesii Hook, A. salicina Lindl., A. cyanophylla Lindl., C. equesitifolia L., S. japonica L., C. villosa (Poir.) Link, R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel., G. monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo., A. radiana Savi., P. palaestina Boiss., P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L., P. saportae Burnat., P. atlantica Desf., P. terebinthus L., P. vera L., S. molle L., R. coriaria L., R. palaestinus Boiss., (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Spina-christi L. Desf., Z. Lotus (L.) Lam., P. spina-christi Miller, Z. jujuba Miller, S. tripartita (Ucria) Moffett, S. thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnst., M. germanica L., C. azarolus L., A. communis L, C. oriana (L.) DC., S. spinosum (L.) Spach, P. syriaca Boiss., C. monogyna Jacq., M. communis Desf., P. coccinea M. Roem., P. spinosa L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. europaea L., P. media L., O. oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link, A. obtusifolium Sm. or A. syriscum Boiss., A. monspessulanum L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller, O. robusta J.C. Wendl., O. ficus-barbarica A. Berger, S. alba L., P. alba L., P. nigra L., P. euphratica Oliver, etc.

Forest oaks and maquis evergreen vegetation, such as Q. calliprinos Webb. (Q. palaestina K.), Q. inthaburensis Decne, Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. boissieri Reut., Q. cerris L., P. palaestina Boiss., R. coriaria L., C. siliqua L., S. junceum L., P. gillesii Hook, A. salicina Lindl., A. cyanophylla Lindl., S. japonica L., R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel., G. monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo, A. radiana Savi. and O. europaea L., a forest growing in a granular climate community in a habitat, include Mediterranean scrubs, steppes, grasslands, desert oases, urban areas, forest and canyons environments with dry sub-humid regions and an infrared thermal Mediterranean pattern to the mesomediterranean, on limestone composed of grain skeletal fragment organisms and organic matter. Therefore, the floristic arrangement of this association (Ceratonia and Quercus species) in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions extends from the eumediterranean to the Eurasian regions (Quercetalia ilicis), corresponding to its Braun-Blanquet rating [69,70,71,72,73]. Several Quercus and Ceratonia species, such as Q. look Kotschy, Q. boissieri Reut., Q. calliprinos (Q. coccifera L. or Q. palaestina K.), C. siliqua L. [74]., S. junceum L., P. gillesii Hook, A. salicina Lindl., A. cyanophylla Lindl., R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel. and A. radiana Savi. associations were discovered in neighboring regions and studied [16,17]. In the same way, the Quercus and Ceratonia species, such as the Q. look Kotschy and C. siliqua L. associations described in Southern Palestine, as well as to the west of the Hebron area by Ighbareyeh et al. [16], were proposed a new classification under the Quercetalia calliprini order and Querco-istacion lentisci alliance. Consequently, the floristic makeup of this association is well-identified by the specific species of the Quercetalia calliprini order and the Quercetea calliprini or palaestini class; for these causes, the association must be included in the syntaxa unity mentioned. Furthermore, we suggested a new alliance (Querco–Pistacion lentisci), order (Quercetalia calliprini) [64] and class (Quercetea calliprini or Quercetea palaestini), in addition to the Quercetalia ilicis order. The following are diagnostic class species (subordinated units) and vascular plants: Q. calliprinos Webb. (Q. palaestina K.), Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. boissieri Reut., Q. cerris L., Q. look Kotschy, Q. libani G. Olivier, C. siliqua L., S. junceum L., C. siliquastrum L., P. gillesii Hook, A. salicina Lindl. A. cyanophylla Lindl., S. japonica L., C. villosa (Poir.) Link, R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel., G. monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo, A. radiana Savi., P. palaestina Boiss., P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L., P. saportae Burnat., P. atlantica Desf., P. terebinthus L., P. vera L., S. molle L., R. coriaria L., R. palaestinus Boiss. (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Spina-christi L. Desf., Z. Lotus (L.) Lam., P. spina-christi Miller, Z. jujuba Miller, S. tripartita (Ucria) Moffett, S. thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst., M. germanica L., C. azarolus L., A. communis L., C. oriana (L.) DC., S. spinosum (L.) Spach, P. syriaca Boiss., C. monogyna Jacq., M. communis Desf., P. coccinea M. Roem., P. spinosa L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., F. benjamina L.. M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. europaea L., P. media L., O. oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link, A. obtusifolium Sm. or A. syriscum Boiss., A. monspessulanum L., P. halepensis Miller, P. P. L., P. canariensis C. Smith, P. brutia Tenor, C. sempervirens L., C. sempervirens L. var. horizontalis Miller, C. arizonica Greene, T. occidentalis L., J. phoenicea L., J. excelsa M. Bieb., J. drupacea Labill., A. monspessulanum L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. ficus indica (L.) Miller, O. robusta J.C. Wendl., O. ficus-barbarica A. Berger, S. alba L., P. alba L., P. nigra L., P. euphratica Oliver, etc.

On the other hand, for the flora and vegetation, we found more than 72 families and 800 species of plants including forest oak, maquis, woodland, scrub evergreen, macchie and steppe land Quercus species, such as Q. calliprinos Webb. (Q. palaestina k., Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. cerris L., etc., and the Pistachio genus, such as species of P. lentiscus L., R. palaestinus Boiss. (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Spina-christi L. and many macchie and steppes, shrubs, herbaceous and landscape vegetation, such as A. spinosa L., R. palaestinum Feinbrun, A.s foetida L., C. abyssinica Kunth and Bouche, L. barbarum L., L. europaeum L., N. glauca Graham, L. depressum Stocks, L. schweinfurthii Dammer, L. shawii Roem. and Schult., S. sinaicum Boiss., S. incanum L., P. pungens Willd., P. brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary, P. chrysophylla Boiss., B. saxatilis Sieber ex. C. Presl., B. philistaea Bornm., B. undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham, B. arabica (Boiss.) Maire and Weiller, P. platystegia Post., P. viscosa Poiret., S. eigii Zohary, S. dominica L., S. lanigera Poir., S. thymbra L., S. thymbrifolia Hedge and Feinbrun, S. palaestina L., S. fruticosa Miller, S. officinalis L., S. aegyptiaca L., S. palaestina Benth., S. aethiopis L., M. fruticosa (L.) Druce., T. capitatum L., T. creticum L., T. capitata (L.) Cav., T. spicata L., B. populneus (Schott and Endl.) R.Br., J. mimosaefolia D. Don., C. spinosa L., C. sicula Duh., C. aegyptia Lam., C. australis L., A. halimus L., N. mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. and Schweinf., H. persicum Bunge, H. negevensis (Iljin and Zohary) L. Boulos, S. fruticosa (L.) L., A. javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult., S. imbricata Forssk., S. cyclophylla Baker, A. macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen and G. Kadereit, S. palaestina Eig. and Zohary, H. lancifolius (Boiss.) Kothe-Heinr., H. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., O. natrix L., A. andrachne L., L. nobilis L., P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, M. azedarach L., P. mascula (L.) Miller, A. filiculoides Lam., L. pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., S. officinalis L., A. aleppica DC., G. tournefortii L., A. arborescens L., A. monosperma Delile, A. garcinii (Burm.f.) DC., P. dioscoridis (L.) DC., A. sieberi Besser., A. horridus L., A. palaestinus Baker, S. asperan L., P. aculeata L., O. baccatus Delile, N. oleander L., C. acutum L., P. aphylla Decne., M. peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, G. villosa Willd, E. aphylla Forskal, E. foeminea Forssk., A. halimus L., A. setifera Moq., A. syriaca Iljin, A. orientalis (L.) Boiss., A. strigosa Boiss. and Hohen., A. galilaea Boiss., A. tinctoria (L.) Tausch, A. altissima (Miller) Swingle, R. tinctorum L., R. tenuifolia D’Urv., R. chalepensis L., T. hirsuta (L.) Endl., V. eremobium Murb., V. fruticulosum Post., H. helix L., E. crassifolium L’Her., E. glaucophyllum (L.) L’Hér., E. arborescens (Desf.) Willd., E. acaule (L.) Becherer and Thell., E. creticum Lam., E. falcatum F. Delaroche, E. glomeratum Lam., E. maritimum L., E. cannabinum L., E. hierosolymitana Boiss., E. hirta L., E. hirsuta L., E. terracina L., B. aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Z. dumosum Boiss., N. retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson, F. bruguieri DC., F. mollis Delile, F. orientalis C. Presl., Fagonia arabica L., C. arabica (Boiss.) Diagn. Pl. Orient, C. lanatus Vahl., C colocynthis (L.) Schrader, C. dorycnium L., I. cairica (L.) Sweet, I. imperati (Vahl.) Griseb., H. aureus L., P. orientalis (L.) Feinbrun, M. myrtifolia Boiss. et Hohen., M. nervosa (Desf.) Benth., C. insulare (Candargy) Govaerts, E. cannabinum L., Doellia bovei (DC.) Anderb., H. sanguineum (L.) Kostel., I. maris-mortui Feinbrun, C. iphionoides (Boiss. and Blanche) Brul., C. tinctoria (L.) J. Gay, C. hierosolymitana Boiss., C. reuteriana Boiss., C. syriaca Boiss., E. philistaeus Feinbrun and Zohary, V. vilosa Roth., F. thymifolia (L.) Webb., C. creticus L., G. canum Req. ex. DC., G. elongatum C. Presl., G. humifusum M. Bieb., C. acutum L., E. glomeratum Poir., E. fruticosum Desf., E. angustifolium Mill., H. maris-mortui Zohary, P. orientalis (L.) Feinbrun, H. bacciferum Forssk., H. arbainense Fresen., M. ciliata (Forskal) I. M. Johnston, H. rotundifolium Lehm., C. creticum Mill., M. canescens Boiss., N. marina var. intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Rendle, D. triradiata Hochst. Ex. Boiss., F. vulgare Miller, F. biverticillata J. Thieb, F. communis L., F. orientalis L., F. tingitana L., F. syriaca Boiss., C. maculatum L., F. clypeata (L.) Medik, F. eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss., D. harra (Forssk.) Boiss., E. crassipes Fisch. and C. A. Mey., F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani, F. tenacissima L., V. cruciatum Sieber ex. Boiss., G. arabicum Fresen., G. flavum Crantz, G. grandiflorum Boiss. and A. Huet., V. agnus-castus L., G. arabica Jaub. and Spach, H. micranthus L., H. hemistemon J. Gay, H. bulbosum L., F. arundinacea Schreb., H. triquetrifolium Turra, A. parvifolia Sm., I. atrofusca Baker, I. atropurpurea Baker, I. palaestina (Baker) Boiss., I. vartanii Foster, G. italicus Miller, J. acutus L., J. articulates L., J. subulatus Forssk., J. unilateralis (Roem. and Schult.) O’Donell, K. aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek, K. judaica Danin, L. nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil., L. tuberosus L., L. bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. and Feinbrun, L. pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., F. ferruginea (L.), V. tiberiadis Boiss., V. sinaiticum Benth., V. galilaeum Boiss., V. jordanicum Murb., V. gaillardotii Boiss., V. officinalis L., V. luteola (Jacq.) Benth., C. monogyna Vahl., C. epithymum (L.), C. pedicellata Ledeb., C. planiflora Ten., C. palaestina Boiss. and many other species. For the Quercetalia calliprinii order [63], we found characteristic species such as Quercus spp., Q. calliprinos Webb. or Q. palaestina K., Q. inthaburensis Decne., Q. boissieri Reut., Q. infectoria Olivier, Q. cerris L., Q. look Kotschy, Q. libani G. Olivier, C. siliqua L., S. junceum L., F. cariaca L., M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. ficus indica (L.) Miller, C. siliquastrum L., P. gillesii Hook, A. cyanophylla Lindl., S. japonica L., C. villosa (Poir.) Link, etc. Species characteristic of the alliance (Querco–Pistacion lentisci) were also found, such as P. lentiscus L., P. palaestina Boiss., P. khinjuk Stocks, P. saportae Burnat., P. vera L., P. atlantica Desf., P. terebinthus L., S. molle L., R. coriaria L., R. palaestinus Boiss. (R. lycioides L.), R. alaternus L., Z. Lotus (L.) Lam., Z. Spina-christi L. Desf., P. spina-christi Miller, Z. jujuba Miller, S. tripartita (Ucria.) Moffett., S. thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst., M. germanica L., C. azarolus L., A. communis L, C. oriana (L.) DC., S. spinosum (L.) Spach, P. syriaca Boiss., C. monogyna Jacq., M. communis Desf., P. coccinea M. Roem., P. spinosa L., F. retusa L., F. sycomorus L., F. cariaca L., M. alba L., M. nigara L., O. europaea L., P. media L., O. oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link, A. obtusifolium Sm. or A. syriscum Boiss., A. monspessulanum L., etc.

However, the ecological characteristics, chorotypes, habitats, climatology and plant geography distributions in this proposed class have been studied, as shown in the fourth table (

Table 4. Ecological and habitat characteristics of distributed plants.

Species	Chorotype	Habitat	Distribution	Climate
Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus palaestina K., Quercus coccifera L.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Quercus inthaburensis Decne.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Quercus infectoria Olivier	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Quercus look Kotschy	Oro-Mediterranean	Tragacanth shrub vegetation	Oro-Mediterranean	M
Quercus libani G. Olivier	Oro-Mediterranean	Tragacanth shrub vegetation	Oro-Mediterranean	M
Quercus boissieri Reut. (Quercus boissieri Reut. var. latifolia (Boiss.) Zohary)	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Quercus cerris L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pistacia palaestina Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Pistacia saportae Burnat.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Pistacia lentiscus L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Rhamnus disperma Ehrenb.ex. Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Rhamnus alaternus L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Ceratonia siliqua L	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Pistacia atlantica Desf.	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forest, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Pistacia khinjuk Stocks	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Schinus rip L.	A	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Rhus coriaria L.	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.	A	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, desert, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Rhus ripartite (Ucria) Grande	M, SA	Hard rock outcrops	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD
Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.	SA	Humid habitats, deserts, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean grasslands, thermophilous plants	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.	M, SA	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr, SD
Paliurus spina-christi Miller	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Ziziphus jujuba Miller	S	Humid habitats, deserts, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean grasslands, thermophilous plants	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnst.	IT	Cleavages of hard rocks	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr SD
Arbutus unedo L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Mespilus germanica L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Crataegus azarolus L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Amygdalus ramonensis Danin	IT	Hard rock outcrops	Shrub-steppes	TZ, SD
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Crataegus oriana (L.) DC.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach (Poterium spinosum L.)	M	Batha, phrygana	Shrub-steppes, deserts, Mt. Hermon, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pyrus syriaca Boiss.	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	M, ES	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Malus communis Desf.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.	M, ES	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Prunus ursina Kotschy	M	Mediterranean maquis and forest and hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Prunus korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forest and hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle.	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forest and hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr
Rubus sanguineus Friv.	M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, ED
Pinus halepensis (L.) Miller	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Cupressus sempervirens L.	M	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pinus pinea L.	EP-EC	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pinus canariensis C. Smith	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Pinus brutia Tenore	EP-EC	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Cupressus arizonica Greene	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Seidliziz rosmarinus Buge ex. Boiss.	SA	Deserts, salty habitats	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SA, SD
Juniperus phoenicea L.	M	Hard rock outcrops, shrub-steppes	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.	M, ES	Tragacanth shrub vegetation (Oro-Mediterranean)	Tragacanth shrub vegetation (Oro-Mediterranean)	M
Juniperus drupacea Labill.	M	Tragacanth shrub vegetation (Oro-Mediterranean)	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Spartium junceum L. (Genista juncea (L.) Scop.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Cersis siliquastrum L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	ES, M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Acacia saligna (Labill) H. L. Wendl. Fil. (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.)	Australian	Light soils	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link	M	Batha, phrygana, Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. and Berthel.	SA	Sand	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Genista monspessulana (L.) O. Bolós and Vigo.	M	Batha, phrygana, Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Acacia radiana Savi.	S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	DX
Ficus microcarpa L. F.	M, IT	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes	M
Ficus sycomorus L.	S	Light soils	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes	M
Ficus cariaca L.	M, IT	Humid	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Morus alba L.	M, IT, EC	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Morus nigara L.	M, IT, EC	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.) Macbride	IT	Batha, phrygana	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD, ED
Olea europaea L. (Olea sativa Hoffmanns. and Link.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. and Link. (Olea sativa Hoffmanns. and Link.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Olea europaea var. sylvestris	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Phillyrea latifolia L. (Phillyria media L.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Salix alba L.	ES, M, IT	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Populus alba L.	M	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Populus euphratica Olivier	IT, SA	Humid	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrubland	M, Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsten (Tamarix articulate Vahl.)	S	Desert, thermophilous plants	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	ED
Tamarix jordanis Boiss.	M	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix palaestina Bertol.	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamarix senegalensis DC.)	SA	Deserts, salty habitats	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix negevensis Zohary	SA	Deserts, salty habitats, thermophilous plants	Deserts	Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix parviflora DC.	M	Deserts, salty habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.	M, SA	Saline sandy soils, swamps, edges of salt marshes	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED
Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary	M	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Reaumuria negevensis Zohary and Danin	SA	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Tamarix passerinoides Delile	S, SA	Deserts, salty habitats	Deserts	ED
Tamarix amplexicaulis Ehrenb.	S, SA	Deserts, salty habitats	Deserts	ED
Acer obtusifolium Sm.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Deserts	M
Acer monspessulanum L. (Acer hermoneum (Bornm.) Bornm. and Schweinf.)	M, ES	Tragacanth shrub vegetation (Oro-Mediterranean)	Mt. Hermon	M
Polygonum palaestinum Zohary	M, SA	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD,
Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak	T	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Atraphaxis spinosa L.	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes	SD, ED
Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes	SD, ED
Anagyris foetida L.	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Colutea abyssinica Kunth and Bouche	IT	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	SD
Lycium barbarum sensu Boiss. non L. (Lycium depressum Stocks)	IT	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	ED
Lycium europaeum L. (Lycium mediterraneum Dunal.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, shrub-steppes	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr
Nicotiana glauca Graham	PT	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	SD, ED
Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer	M	Light soils	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Lycium shawii Roem. and Schult. (Lycium arabicum Boiss.)	SA, S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Solanum sinaicum Boiss.	ES, M, IT	Disturbed habitats, cultivated areas (weeds)	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Solanum incanum L.	S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	ED
Phlomis pungens Willd. (Phlomis herba-venti L.)	M, IT	Batha, phrygana, cultivated areas	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary ex. Rech. F.	IT	Batha, phrygana, cultivated areas (weeds)	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex. C. Presl.	M	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Ballota philistaea Bornm.	M	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maireand Weiller (Chenolea arabica Boiss.)	SA	Sandy soils	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes	SD, ED
Phlomis platystegia Post.	IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	SD
Phlomis viscosa Poiret.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Salvia eigii Zohay	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Salvia dominica L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands and deserts	M, Tr
Salvia lanigera Poir.	M, SA	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, shrub-steppes	M, SD
Satureja thymbra L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge and Feinbrun	IT, SA	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD
Stachys palaestina L.	M	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Salvia fruticosa Miller (Salvia triloba L. f.)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Salvia officinalis L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Salvia aegyptiaca L.	SA	Batha, phrygana, disturbed habitats, cultivated areas (weeds)	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	SD, ED
Salvia palaestina Benth.	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Salvia sclarea L.	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce. (Micromeria serpyllifolia (M. Bieb.) Boiss.)	M	Hard rock outcrops	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Teucrium capitatum L.	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon, deserts, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, TZ, SD
Teucrium creticum L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb.f.)	M	Batha, phrygana	Mt. Hermon, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Thymbra spicata L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Jacaranda acutifolia Humb. and Bonpl. (Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.)	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Capparis spinosa L.	M	Heavy soils	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Capparis sicula Duh.	M, IT, SA	Disturbed habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Capparis aegyptia Lam.	IT, SA	Heavy soils	Semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	SD, ED
Celtis australis L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Atriplex halimus L.	M, SA	Salty habitats	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. and Schweinf.	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	Tr, SD, ED
Haloxylon persicum Bunge	IT	Sand	Deserts	ED
Haloxylon negevensis (Iljin and Zohary) L. Boulos (Hammada negevensis Iljin and Zohary)	SA	Sand, deserts, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	SD, ED
Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.	M, SA	Humid habitats, salty habitats	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrubland	M, SD, ED
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex. Schult.	T	Deserts, thermophilous (heat-loving) plants	Semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	SD, ED
Salsola imbricata Forssk.	S	Desert, thermophilous plants	shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts	DX
Salsola cyclophylla Baker	SA	Deserts, salty habitats, thermophilous plants	Shrub-steppes, deserts	SD, ED
Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen and G. Kadereit	M	Humid habitats, salty habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED
Suaeda palaestina Eig. and Zohary	SA, S	Deserts, salty habitats	Deserts, semi, steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Halothamnus lancifolius (Boiss.) Kothe-Heinr.	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, DX
Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.	S	Sand	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	DX
Ononis natrix L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Arbutus andrachne L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Laurus nobilis L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn	PT	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Melia azedarach L.	M	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Paeonia mascula (L.) Miller	M, ES	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Azolla filiculoides Lam.	A	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.	SA, S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts	ED
Styrex officinalis L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Achillea aleppica DC.	IT	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	TZ
Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip.	IT, SA	Shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	SD, ED
Gundelia tournefortii L.	IT	Batha, phrygana, Shrub-steppes	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Artemisia arborescens L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forest	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, TZ
Artemisia monosperma Delile	SA	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED
Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts	SD, ED
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.	SA, S	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Artemisia sieberi Besser	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Asparagus horridus L. (Asparagus stipularis Forssk.)	M, SA	Sand, hard rock outcrops	Shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Asparagus palaestinus Baker	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Smilax aspera L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Parkinsonia aculeata L.	AM	Disturbed habitats	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Ochradenus baccatus Delile	SUA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Nerium oleander L.	M	Humid	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD
Cynanchum acutum L.	M, IT	Humid	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Periploca aphylla Decne.	S	Hard rock outcrops	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori	A	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands	ED
Grewia villosa Willd.	T	Hard rock outcrops, thermophilous plants	Deserts	ED
Ephedra aphylla Forskal	SA	Sand, hard rock outcrops	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Ephedra foeminea Forssk (Ephedra campylopoda C. A. Mey)	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Anabasis setifera Moq.	SA	Deserts	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Anabasis syriaca Iljin	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.	M, IT	Shrub-steppes	Mt. Hermon	M, SD
Alkanna strigosa Boiss and Hohen.	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Alkanna galilaea Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch	M	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle	T	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Rubia tinctorum L.	M, IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr
Rubia tenuifolia D’Urv.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Ruta chalepensis L.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.	M, SA	Batha, phrygana	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SA
Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.	IT, SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	Tr, SD
Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.	M	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Verbascum jordanicum Murb.	IT	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes	Tr, SD
Verbascum eremobium Murb.	IT	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Deserts	SD, ED
Verbascum fruticulosum Post.	IT	Shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Verbascum gaillardotii Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Verbena officinalis L.	Sub T	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Hedera helix L.	M, ES	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Erodium crassifolium L’Her. ex. Aiton. (Erodium hirtum Willd.)	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	SD, ED
Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L’Hér.	SA	Saline soils	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Erodium arborescens (Desf.) Willd.	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	ED
Erodium acaule (L.) Becherer and Thell. (Erodium romanum (L.) Willd.)	M	Batha, phrygana	Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Eryngium creticum Lam.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Eryngium falcatum F. Delaroche	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Eryngium glomeratum Lam.	M	Batha, phrygana, tragacanth shrub vegetation (Oro-Mediterranean), hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Eryngium maritimum L.	M, SA, IT	Coastal	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Eupatorium cannabinum L.	ES, M, IT	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts and extreme deserts	M
Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Euphorbia graminea Jacq.	AM	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Euphorbia hirsuta L.	M	Humid	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Euphorbia terracina L.	M	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile	S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	SD, ED
Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson	SA	Salty habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	SD, ED
Fagonia bruguieri DC.	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Desert, shrub-steppes	ED
Fagonia mollis Delile	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts	SD, ED
Fagonia orientalis J. Presl and C. Presl	SA	Sand, deserts	Deserts, shrub-steppes	ED
Fagonia arabica L.	SA	Sand	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands	SD, ED
Chenolea arabica (Boiss.) Diagn. Pl. Orient	SA	Salty habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts	SD, ED
Convolvulus lanatus Vahl.	SA	Sand	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD, ED
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader	SA	Sand	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, ED
Convolvulus dorycnium L.	M	Bathas and semi-steppe shrublands	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet	T	Disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Ipomoea imperati (Vahl.) Griseb.	T, M, ES	Mediterranean strands	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Hyoscyamus aureus L.	M, IT	Cliffs, old walls and ruins to 1200 m	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun, (Podonosma oriental (L.) Feinbrun, Podonosma syriacum (Labill.) Boiss.)	M, IT	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr, SD
Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss.et Hohen.	M, IT	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth.	M	Hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Clinopodium insulare (Candargy) Govaerts	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Eupatorium cannabinum L.	ES, M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts and extreme deserts	M
Doellia bovei (DC.) Anderb.	SA, S	Humid habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts	M, SD, ED
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun	SA	Deserts, thermophilic (heat-loving plants)	Characteristics of the salt sea	SD
Chiliadenus iphionoides (Boiss. and C. I.Blanche) Brullo.	M	Hard rock outcrops, steppes, and desert parts	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SD
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay. (Anthemis tinctoria L.)	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Crepis reuteriana Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Cynara syriaca Boiss.	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun and Zohary	M	Sand	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, deserts	M, Tr
Vicia vilosa Roth.	ES, M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Webb.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts, Montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Cistus creticus L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Galium canum Req. ex DC.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Galium elongatum C. Presl.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Galium humifusum M. Bieb.	M, IT	Humid habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Cynanchum acutum L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Echium glomeratum Poir.	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Echiochilon fruticosum Desf.	SA	Sand	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Echium angustifolium Miller	M	Batha, phrygana	Deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	SD, ED
Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.	SA, S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	ED
Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	SD, ED
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forskal) I. M. Johnston	SA	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED
Heliotropium rotundifolium Lehm.	IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr, SA
Cynoglossum creticum Miller (Cynoglossum pictum Aiton, Cynoglossum atlanticum Murb., Cynoglossum siculum Guss.)	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M
Morettia canescens Boiss.	ES	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	ED
Najas delilei Rouy	PT		Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, ED
Deverra triradiata Hochst. Ex. Boiss.	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Foeniculum vulgare Miller	M, IT	Batha, phrygana, disturbed habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr
Ferula biverticillata J. Thieb	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr
Ferula communis L.	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes	M, Tr
Ferula orientalis L.	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr
Ferula tingitana L.	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Ferulago syriaca Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Conium maculatum L.	ES, M, IT	Nutrient-rich soils, ruderal	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik	M, IT	Batha, phrygana, hard rock outcrops	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Fibigia eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Erysimum crassipes Fisch. and C.A.Mey.	IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani	SubT	Humid	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.	SA, S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, ED
Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex. Boiss.	M	Mediterranean maquis and forests	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Glaucium arabicum Fresen.	IT	Shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD
Glaucium flavum Crantz	M	Mediterranean strands	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. and A.Huet	IT	Disturbed habitats, shrub-steppes	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr, SD, ED
Vitex agnus-castus L.	M	Humid	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Globularia arabica Jaub. and Spach	SA	Batha, phrygana, sand, hard rock outcrops	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, SD, ED
Hibiscus micranthus L.	T	Distributes	Shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	ED
Herniaria hemistemon J. Gay	SA	Deserts, shrub-steppes, salty habitats	Deserts, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, Mt. Hermon	SD, ED
Hordeum bulbosum L.	M, IT	Batha, Phrygana	Shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)	ES, M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra.	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Aristolochia parvifolia Sm.	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Iris atrofusca Baker	IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	Tr, SD
Iris atropurpurea Baker	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Iris palaestina (Bak.) Boiss.	M	Batha, phrygana	The sandstone ridges of the coastal plain	M, Tr
Iris vartanii Foster	M	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Gladiolus italicus Miller	M, IT	Batha, phrygana	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M, Tr
Juncus acutus L. (Juncus littoralis C.A.Mey.) (Juncus spinosus Forssk.)	M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, deserts and extreme deserts	M, Tr
Juncus articulates L.	ES, M, IT	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands	M
Juncus subulatus Forssk.	M	Humid habitats	Semi-steppe shrublands, shrub-steppes, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Jacquemontia unilateralis (Roem. and Schult.) O’Donell	M	Batha, phrygana	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek	M, SA	Batha, phrygana, deserts	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M, Tr
Kickxia judaica Danin	SA	Hard rock outcrops, shrub-steppes	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	Tr, SD
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil.	SA	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Shrub-steppes, deserts, semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	SD, DX
Leontodon tuberosus L.	M	Batha, phrygana	Semi-steppe shrublands, Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, Mt. Hermon	M, Tr
Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. and Feinbrun	M	Sand	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.	SA, S	Deserts, thermophilous plants	Deserts	ED
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.)	T	Humid habitats	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands	M
Casuarina equesitifolia L.	M, IT, SA	Light soils, deserts	Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, semi-steppe shrublands, deserts	M, Tr, SD, ED

Abbreviations: Chorotype: M (Mediterranean), OM (Oro-Mediterranean), IT (Irano-Turanian), SA (Saharo-Arabian), S (Sudanian), SUA (Sudanian African), A (American), ES (Euro-Siberian), EP-EC (exotic, planted, escaped from cultivation), EC (escaped from cultivation), T (Tropical), PT (Plurireginalbor-trop) and SubT (subtropical–tropical). Climate region: M (Mediterranean), D (deserts), Tr. (transition), SD and ED (semi and extreme deserts), DX (desert mixed). Mt. Hermon: Mount Hermon.

), where the plants are distributed into deserts, shrub-steppes, semi-steppe shrublands and Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, in addition to Mediterranean maquis and forests.

Although Beit Jibrin rises slightly above sea level, it represents a unique pattern of forest vegetation and biodiversity. It is rich in endemic plants, which are estimated to account for about 37 (12.75%) endemic species of the total plants, home to more than 290 species of plants, including forests, oak, steppes, copses and high shrub lands. Therefore, they are part of the mountain highland plants, as in the highlands that extend from the southernmost point of Hebron to the north of Palestine, such as Jenin, Safed and Galilee; Palestinian coast plants and the Mediterranean basin region, such as Jabal Al-Sheikh, Jaffa, Acre, Haifa, Nazareth and Ashdod; savannah plants; and other African desert plants, such as Sinai and the Red Sea area. However, Beit Jibrin represents forest plants found in West Asia, the Mediterranean region, North Africa and the Palestinian coast. Beit Jibrin has an infra-thermomediterranean thermotype and a dry ombrotype. In this study, two new plant groups were identified in the Beit Jibrin area: Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinetum halepensis ass. nova and Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

The suggested syntaxonomical scheme for this study is:

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex. A. and O. Bolòs 1950 [69]

Order: Pinetalia halepensis Biondi et al. (2014) [27]

Alliance: Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinus halepensis all. nova

Cupresso sempervirentis—Pinetum halepensis ass. nova

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex. A. and O. Bolòs 1950 [62]

Class: Quercetea calliprini or palaestini nova.

Order: Quercetalia calliprini Zohary 1960 [64]

Alliance: Quercion calliprini Zohary 1955, 1960 [63,64]

Pistacio lentisci—Quercetum calliprini ass. nova

Syntaxonomical scheme:

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. Bolòs et O. de Bolòs in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 [69]

Order: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934 [70]

   Quercetalia calliprini Zohary 1955, 1960 [63,64]

Alliance: Ceratonio–Pistacion lentisci Zohary ex Zohary et Orshan 1959 [74]

Associations:

   -Pistacio palaestinae–Quercetum lokii* (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Capparido sinaicae–Ceratonietum siliquae (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Cerasus microcarpae–Quercetum ithaburensis * (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Pyro siriacae–Abietetum cilicicae * (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Abio ciliciae–Ceratonietum siliquae (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Periploco aphylli–Pinetum halepensis (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Cytisopsis pseudocytiso–Tamaricetum tetragynae (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

   -Crataego sinaicae–Tamaricetum jordanii (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014) [16]

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. Bolòs et O. de Bolòs in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 [62]

Order: Quercetalia calliprini Zohary 1955, 1960 [62,63]

Alliance: Ceratonio–Pistacion lentisci Zohary ex Zohary et Orshan 1959 [74]

Associations:

   -Pino halepensis–Quercetum lookii* (Ighbareyeh et al., 2018) [75]

   -Pistacio palaestinae–Ceratonietum siliquae*(Ighbareyeh et al., 2018) [75]

   -Quercus libanii–Tamaricetum palaestineae* (Ighbareyeh et al., 2018) [75]

Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. Bolòs et O. de Bolòs in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 [62]

Order: Quercetalia calliprini Zohary 1955, 1960 [63,64]

Alliance: Pistacio–Quercion lokii (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

   Ceratonio siliquae—Quercion calliprinae (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

   Pino halepensis–Cupression sempervirenti (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

Associations:

   -Pistacio lentisci–Quercetum lokii (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

   -Ceratonio siliquae–Quercetum callipinii. (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

   -Pino halepensis–Cupressetum sempervirentis (Ighbareyeh et al., 2021) [19]

* Associations in which olive cultivation is possible.