Sociogeomorphological Analysis in a Headwater Basin in Southern Brazil with Emphasis on Land Use and Land Cover Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Physiographic Characteristics
2.2. Social Characteristics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Social Units
3.2. Geomorphological Characterization
3.3. Description of LULC
3.4. Estimation of LULC Variation
3.5. Statistical Analysis
3.5.1. Statistical Comparisons of LULC
3.5.2. Cluster Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Sociogemorphological Characterization
4.2. LULC Description and Variation
4.3. Statistical Analysis
4.3.1. Statistical Comparison of LULC
4.3.2. Cluster Analysis
5. Final Remarks
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Social Unit (SU) | Geomorphological Unit (GU) | Sociogeomorphological Unit (SGU) |
---|---|---|
SU1 | GU1 | SGU1 |
GU2 | SGU2 | |
GU3 | SGU3 | |
SU2 | GU2 | SGU4 |
GU4 | SGU5 | |
SU3 | GU4 | SGU6 |
Community | Quilombola São Roque | Mãe dos Homens |
---|---|---|
Type | Traditional | Non-traditional |
Start of Occupation | About 1800 1 | 1840~1900 2 |
Ancestors | Enslaved Africans | European immigrant families |
Social Organization | • Grota system (“Grota” local name to cave). Organizational system. • Social Association formed in 2003 • Around 30 families | Community |
Delimited area | 73.28 km2 | No |
Economy | Agriculture | • Agriculture •Livestock •Logging |
Natural Disasters | Floods (1974, 1995, 2006) Storms | Flood (1974) Storms |
Fluvial network | • Josafaz creek • São Gorgonho creek • Mampituba River | • Mampituba River • Facão River |
Geoform and relief | • Pedra Branca mountain • Cliffs • Canyons | • Flood Plain • Wavy Relief |
N° | Class | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Forest kFormation | Woody vegetation with arboreal or arboreal-shrub species, with a predominance of continuous canopy. It includes the following forest typologies: ombrophilous, deciduous, and semideciduous, and part of the pioneer formations. |
2 | Silviculture | Tree species planted for commercial purposes (e.g., pines, Eucalyptus) |
3 | Grassland Formation | Vegetation with a predominance of grassy herbaceous strata, with the presence of herbaceous and subshrubby dicotyledons. In most cases, it corresponds to native vegetation, but patches of invasive exotic vegetation or the use of forage (planted pasture) or livestock may be present. Local name is “Campos de Altitude” |
4 | Pasture | Pasture area, predominantly planted, linked to agricultural activity. |
5 | Mosaics of Agriculture and Pasture (MAP) | Areas of agricultural use where it was impossible to distinguish between pasture and agriculture. It may include cropland, winter or summer pasture, and horticulture. It includes rest areas between agricultural crops (fallow). |
6 | Other Temporary Crops (OTC) | Areas occupied with short- or medium-term crops, generally with a vegetative cycle of less than one year, that need to be planted again to produce after harvesting. |
Units of Analysis | Units of Analysis Type | Area (km2) | Maximum (°) | Average (°) | Average Slope Description | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basin | - | 193.4 | 79.55 | 17.95 | Medium | 13.41 | 74.71 |
Plateau (P) | GU | 91.65 | 50.7 | 8.33 | Low | 5.8 | 69.63 |
Hillslope (H) | GU | 93.95 | 79.55 | 28.26 | High | 11.56 | 40.91 |
Floodplain (F) | GU | 7.8 | 35.84 | 9.62 | Low | 6.25 | 64.97 |
NP | SU | 29.28 | 76.6 | 8.57 | Low | 7.91 | 92.30 |
QSR | SU | 45.55 | 76 | 28.06 | High | 12.15 | 43.30 |
MH | SU | 5.85 | 43.38 | 14.02 | Low | 8.42 | 60.06 |
NP-QSR | SU | 27.7 | 79.55 | 28.87 | High | 12.5 | 43.30 |
NP-MH | SU | 10.64 | 77.75 | 23.36 | Medium | 10.44 | 44.69 |
Unclassified | SU | 59.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
NP-P | SGU | 27.29 | 36.35 | 7.25 | Low | 5.16 | 71.17 |
NP-H | SGU | 1.63 | 76.6 | 31.27 | High | 10.42 | 33.32 |
NP-F | SGU | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QSR-P | SGU | 3.29 | 39.06 | 13.64 | Low | 6.75 | 49.49 |
QSR-H | SGU | 40.71 | 76 | 29.79 | High | 11.27 | 37.83 |
QSR-F | SGU | 1.55 | 35.84 | 10.83 | Low | 5.92 | 54.66 |
MH-P | SGU | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MH-H | SGU | 3.08 | 43.38 | 18.85 | Medium | 7.23 | 38.36 |
MH-F | SGU | 2.77 | 26.88 | 8.69 | Low | 6.08 | 69.97 |
NP-QSR-P | SGU | 1.74 | 41.61 | 14.3 | Low | 6.95 | 48.60 |
NP-QSR-H | SGU | 25.37 | 79.55 | 30.61 | High | 11.9 | 38.88 |
NP-QSR-F | SGU | 0.59 | 26.63 | 10.45 | Low | 5.87 | 56.17 |
NP-MH-P | SGU | 0.39 | 30.97 | 9.89 | Low | 6.41 | 64.81 |
NP-MH-H | SGU | 9.98 | 77.75 | 24.08 | Medium | 10.15 | 42.15 |
NP-MH-F | SGU | 0.26 | 25.17 | 14.34 | Low | 5.3 | 36.96 |
Units of Analysis | Area (km2) | Length (km) | Dd (km/km2) |
---|---|---|---|
NP | 29.28 | 14.33 | 0.49 |
QSR | 45.55 | 73.97 | 1.62 |
MH | 5.85 | 5.78 | 0.98 |
NP-QSR | 27.70 | 33.44 | 1.21 |
NP-MH | 10.64 | 4.89 | 0.46 |
NP-P | 27.29 | 13.29 | 0.49 |
NP-H | 1.63 | 1.00 | 0.61 |
QSR-P | 3.29 | 3.50 | 1.06 |
QSR-H | 40.71 | 42.63 | 1.05 |
QSR-F | 1.55 | 7.62 | 4.92 |
MH-H* | 3.08 | - | - |
MH-F | 2.77 | 9.78 | 3.53 |
NP-QSR-P | 1.74 | 1.99 | 1.14 |
NP-QSR-H | 25.37 | 25.87 | 1.02 |
NP-QSR-F | 0.59 | 3.68 | 6.24 |
NP-MH-P * | 0.39 | - | - |
NP-MH-H | 9.98 | 3.32 | 0.33 |
NP-MH-F | 0.26 | 1.44 | 5.54 |
Social Unit | LULC Description | p-Value |
---|---|---|
NP | MAP—Silviculture | 0.791 |
Pasture—Silviculture | 1.000 | |
QSR | Grassland—Silviculture | 0.957 |
Grassland—Other temporary crops | 0.561 | |
Silviculture—Other temporary crops | 0.419 | |
MH | Pasture—Other temporary crops | 0.372 |
NP-QSR | Grassland—Pasture | 0.226 |
NP-MH | Silviculture—Other temporary crops | 0.790 |
Group | Variables | Correlation | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Forest | Li | 0.922 | 0.026 |
A | Forest | Dd | 0.867 | 0.057 |
A | Forest | Slope_m | 0.842 | 0.074 |
A | Length | Dd | 0.860 | 0.061 |
B | Silviculture | MAP | 0.837 | 0.077 |
B | Other temporary crops (OTC) | Slope_max | −0.874 | 0.053 |
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Share and Cite
González-Ávila, I.; Jato-Espino, D.; Paixão, M.A.; Carvalho, M.M.; Kobiyama, M. Sociogeomorphological Analysis in a Headwater Basin in Southern Brazil with Emphasis on Land Use and Land Cover Change. Land 2023, 12, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020306
González-Ávila I, Jato-Espino D, Paixão MA, Carvalho MM, Kobiyama M. Sociogeomorphological Analysis in a Headwater Basin in Southern Brazil with Emphasis on Land Use and Land Cover Change. Land. 2023; 12(2):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020306
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Ávila, Itzayana, Daniel Jato-Espino, Mauricio Andrades Paixão, Michele Moraes Carvalho, and Masato Kobiyama. 2023. "Sociogeomorphological Analysis in a Headwater Basin in Southern Brazil with Emphasis on Land Use and Land Cover Change" Land 12, no. 2: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020306
APA StyleGonzález-Ávila, I., Jato-Espino, D., Paixão, M. A., Carvalho, M. M., & Kobiyama, M. (2023). Sociogeomorphological Analysis in a Headwater Basin in Southern Brazil with Emphasis on Land Use and Land Cover Change. Land, 12(2), 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020306