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In order to solve issues that arise in various branches of mathematical analysis, such as split feasibility problems, variational inequality problems, nonlinear optimization issues, equilibrium problems, complementarity issues, selection and matching problems, and issues proving the existence of solutions to integral and differential equations, fixed point theory provides vital tools. In this study, we discuss topological structure and several fixed-point theorems in the context of generalized neutrosophic cone metric spaces. In these spaces, the symmetric properties play an important role. We examine the existence and a uniqueness of a solution by utilizing new types of contraction mappings under some circumstances. We provide an example in which we show the existence and a uniqueness of a solution by utilizing our main result. These results are more generalized in the existing literature.
The theory of fixed points has emerged as a very powerful and vital tool in the study of nonlinear phenomena over the past 100 years or so. Fixed point methods in particular have been used in a wide range of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, game theory, computer science, physics, geometry, astronomy, fluid and elastic mechanics, physics, control theory, image processing and economics. The criteria for single or multivalued maps to admit fixed points , or inclusions of the form are given by fixed point theorems. The theory itself combines pure and applied analysis with topology and geometry. In 1912, the renowned Brouwer’s fixed point theorem was validated. Since then, a number of fixed-point theorems have been validated under various circumstances. The Banach Contraction Principle (BCP), the first metric fixed-point theorem published by Stefan Banach a century ago, serves as an example of the unifying nature of functional analytic techniques and the practicality of fixed-point theory. The Banach contraction principle’s key characteristic is that it specifies the presence, singularity, and order of successive approximations that converge to a solution to a problem. A shape is said to be symmetrical if it can be moved, rotated, or flipped without changing its appearance. An object is said to be asymmetrical if it lacks symmetry. In a metric space the symmetric property plays an important role in various applications including linear programming.
In 1965, Zadeh [1], made a great contribution to the field of mathematics by proposing the concept of fuzzy set, which deals with uncertainty or those problems that do have not any clear boundary. In the year 1986, Atanassov [2] extended the Zadeh’s concept of fuzzy sets and introduced the notion of an intuitionistic fuzzy set, which have made a definite change and promoted the field of applied research. In 2002, Smarandache [3] proposed the concept of neutrosophic sets as a generalization of IFSs. These three ideas actually paved a great path that has led to several generalized metric spaces.
Huang and Zhang [4] defined the notion of cone metric spaces which generalized the notion of a metric spaces and established several fixed-point results for contraction mappings. In 2017, Mohamed and Ranjith [5] established the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy cone metric spaces (IFCMSs), which combined the notions of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and cone metric space. Recently, intuitionistic generalized fuzzy cone metric spaces (IGFCMSs) were introduced by Jeyaraman and Sowndrarajan [6] as a generalization of IFCMS and they extended the notion of a -weak contraction to IGFCMS by employing the idea of altering distance function. They also obtained common fixed-point theorems in IGCFMS.
Gregori and Sapena [7] established the notion of a fuzzy contractive mappings and used it to expand the Banach’s fixed point theorem. Further, Ramachandran [8] generalized the Banach contraction theorem in the context of IGFCMS. Omeri et al. [9] introduced the notion of a neutrosophic cone metric space and derived several fixed-point results for contraction mappings. Omeri et al. [10] established a number of common fixed-point results in the sense of neutrosophic cone metric space. Additionally, the idea of changing the distance function is used to define the concept of -weak contraction in the neutrosophic cone metric space (for more details see [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]). Recently, Riaz et al. [20] introduced the notions of generalized neutrosophic cone metric spaces (GNCMSs) and ξ-chainable neutrosophic cone metric spaces and established several common fixed-point results in both spaces. Several authors [21,22,23,24,25,26,27] have worked on different interesting applications including image encryption, image encryption based on a roulette-cascaded chaotic system and alienated image library and fractional and differential equations. Hamidi et al. [28] introduced the notion of KM-single valued neutrosophic metric spaces and established the several topological properties and provided its interesting applications.
In this manuscript, we aim to establish some fixed-point results in the context of GNCMSs. We examine the existence and a uniqueness of a solution by utilizing contraction mappings under some circumstances. We will provide an example in which we show the existence and a uniqueness of a solution by utilizing our main result.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we discuss some important definitions which are helpful to understand the main results.
Definition1
([19]).A binary operation ∗: [0, 1] [0, 1] [0, 1] is a continuous t-norm (CTN) if it satisfies the following conditions:
(i)
is associative and commutative;
(ii)
is continuous;
(iii)
for all ;
(iv)
whenever and , for all .
Definition2
([19]).A binary operation: [0, 1] [0, 1] [0, 1] is called a continuous t-conorm (CTCN) if it meets the below assertions:
T1
T2
is continuous;
T3
T4
wheneverand, for all.
Definition3
([4]).Let be a real Banach space and be a subset of is called a cone if only if
(i)
is closed, nonempty, and
(ii)
(iii)
and
The cones being evaluated here have interiors that are not empty.
Definition4
([6]).A 5-tuple is said to be IGFCMS if is a cone of is an arbitrary set, is a CTN, is a CTCN and are fuzzy sets in satisfying the following conditions: For all and
(IGF1)
(IGF2)
(IGF3)
(IGF4)where p is a permutation function,
(IGF5)
(IGF6)is continuous,
(IGF7)
(IGF8)
(IGF9)whereis a permutation function,
(IGF10)
(IGF11)is continuous.
Thenis called an intuitionistic generalized fuzzy cone metric on
Example1.
Let and consider the cone in . Let and the norms and be define by and . Define the functions and by
for allandThen,is an
Definition5
([20]).A 6-tuple is said to be a GNCMS if is a cone of is an arbitrary set, is a CTC, is a CTCN and are neutrosophic sets in fulfill the following circumstances, for all and
(GNC1)
(GNC2)
(GNC3)
(GNC4)where p is a permutation function,
(GNC5)
(GNC6)is continuous,
(GNC7)
(GNC8)
(GNC9)whereis a permutation function,
(GNC10)
(GNC11)is continuous.
(GNC12)
(GNC13)
(GNC14)whereis a permutation function,
(GNC15)
(GNC16)is continuous.
Thenis called a generalized neutrosophic cone metric on
3. Main Results
In this section, we prove some fixed-point result in the sense of GNCMS, and also give some non-trivial examples which support our main results.
Definition6.
Suppose is called a symmetric GNCMS if, for all and satisfy the following circumstances:
Definition7.
Let be a GNCMS and be a self-mapping. Then is said to be a generalized neutrosophic cone contractive if there exists such that
for eachand
Definition8.
Suppose be a GNCMS are said to be triangular if, for all and
Definition9.
Let be a GNCMS, for and the open ball with center at and radius is defined by
Let for each an index set and let then for some implies that and such that as we have that Thus From (i), (ii), and (iii), is a topology. □
Remark1.
For any there exists such that and for any there exists such that where
Theorem2.
Supposebe a GNCMS. Thenis Hausdorff.
Proof.
Let and Then
Let
Take now, for each there exists such that suppose , we obtain
Then, there exists
and, we have that
This is a contradiction. Hence
Therefore is Hausdorff. □
Definition10.
Let be a GNCMS, and be a sequence in
i.
is said to converge toif for all
It is denoted byor byas
ii.
is said to Cauchy sequence if for allandwe have that
iii.
is called complete GNCMS, if every Cauchy sequence inconverges.
Remark2.
The convergence of sequences in a GNCMS is considered in the sense of the topology defined here. Therefore, each converging sequence in a GNCMS has a unique limit and this makes the definition of convergence meaningful.
Definition11.
Letbe a GNCMS. A sequenceinis cone contractive if there existssuch that
For all
Lemma2.
Supposebe a GNCMS is symmetric.
Proof.
Let and Then
implies
implies
implies
Hence
□
Lemma3.
Letbe a GNCMS whereare triangular. Then any cone contractive sequence inis a Cauchy sequence.
Proof.
Let the sequencebe cone contractiveThen there existssuch that
Now, are triangular. By Lemma 3, for
and
Continuing the process, and, using (1), (2) and (3), we finally arrive at
and
We have that
as Therefore is a Cauchy sequence. □
Theorem3.
Letbe a complete GNCMS, whereare triangular. Ifis such that for alland
whereandThenhas a fixed point and such a point is unique if
Proof.
Let be arbitrary. Generate a sequence with for If there exists a nonnegative integer such that then and becomes a fixed point of
Suppose for any From we have
Hence, we have that
Assume that
then and becomes
From we have
Hence, we have that
implies
From we have
Hence, we have that,
implies
By utilizing inequalities (5), (6) and (7) make the sequence is cone contractive. Hence by Lemma 2, is Cauchy in As is complete, there exists such that
By repeated application of (5), (6) and (7), we obtain that
implies that
Now,
. Since by and . Hence
Similarly,
As are triangular
From (6) to (8) we can bring that
implies
Since it implies that
Thus, we can conclude that is a fixed point of Suppose The form
implies
Similarly,
Hence, we can conclude that has a unique fixed-point if □
Example2.
Letwith metricfor alland letDefine the t-normand the t-conormbyand. Define theby
for allandwhereThen it is clear thatbe a complete GNCMS and thatare triangular. Consider the self-mapgiven by
Then
and
whenHenceis not fuzzy cone contractive. Therefore, we cannot use the contraction theorem to assure the existence of fixed points. However, heresatisfied the conditionsandwith
Therefore,has a unique fixed point and this point is
Corollary1.
Letbe a complete GNCMS whereare triangular. Ifis such that for all,
whereand
Thenhas a fixed point and such a point is unique if
Corollary2.
Let be a complete GNCMS, where are triangular. If is such that for all ,
whereandThenhas a fixed point.
Corollary3.
Let be a complete GNCMS, where are triangular. If satisfied and with then has a unique fixed point.
Theorem4.
Let be a complete GNCMS, where are triangular. If is such that for all ,
whereandThenhas a fixed point.
Proof:
Let be an arbitrary point. Generate a sequence with for If there exists a non-negative integer such that Then and becomes a fixed point of
Suppose for any As are triangular and Lemma , we have
Using inequalities (9), (10) and (11) and above inequalities, we obtain
Putting
the above inequality becomes
By utilizing inequalities (13), (14) and (15) made the sequence fuzzy cone contractive. Hence by Lemma 2 is Cauchy in As is complete, there exists such that
By repeated application of (18), (19) and (20), we obtain that
Implies that,
From we have
where hence
Similarly,
As are triangular
From (22) to (24), we can bring that
implies
Thus, we can conclude that is a fixed point of Suppose Then from (9), (10), (11) and by Lemma we have
where,
These inequalities imply that
Since, Thus, we can conclude that is a fixed point. □
Corollary4.
Suppose be a complete GNCMS, where are triangular. If is a self-mapping such that for all,
where
Then has a unique fixed point.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we established several fixed-point results for new types of contraction mappings in the context of GNCMSs and derived an example to show the validity of our main result. If the triangular condition does not hold then these results cannot be fulfilled under the given conditions. This work could be extended to increase the number of self-mappings, i.e., two self-mappings, three-self-mappings, etc., and in different structures such as generalized neutrosophic cone b-metric spaces, generalized neutrosophic cone controlled-metric spaces, etc.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, U.I. and K.A.; methodology, U.I. and I.S.; software, K.A.; validation, A.H., M.A. and H.A.S.; formal analysis, A.H.; investigation, U.I.; resources, M.A.; data curation, I.S.; writing—original draft preparation, K.A.; writing—review and editing, U.I. and M.A.; visualization, A.H.; supervision, U.I.; project administration, H.A.S.; funding acquisition, A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Ishtiaq, U.; Asif, M.; Hussain, A.; Ahmad, K.; Saleem, I.; Al Sulami, H.
Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry2023, 15, 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
AMA Style
Ishtiaq U, Asif M, Hussain A, Ahmad K, Saleem I, Al Sulami H.
Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry. 2023; 15(1):94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ishtiaq, Umar, Muhammad Asif, Aftab Hussain, Khaleel Ahmad, Iqra Saleem, and Hamed Al Sulami.
2023. "Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces" Symmetry 15, no. 1: 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
APA Style
Ishtiaq, U., Asif, M., Hussain, A., Ahmad, K., Saleem, I., & Al Sulami, H.
(2023). Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry, 15(1), 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
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Ishtiaq, U.; Asif, M.; Hussain, A.; Ahmad, K.; Saleem, I.; Al Sulami, H.
Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry2023, 15, 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
AMA Style
Ishtiaq U, Asif M, Hussain A, Ahmad K, Saleem I, Al Sulami H.
Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry. 2023; 15(1):94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ishtiaq, Umar, Muhammad Asif, Aftab Hussain, Khaleel Ahmad, Iqra Saleem, and Hamed Al Sulami.
2023. "Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces" Symmetry 15, no. 1: 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
APA Style
Ishtiaq, U., Asif, M., Hussain, A., Ahmad, K., Saleem, I., & Al Sulami, H.
(2023). Extension of a Unique Solution in Generalized Neutrosophic Cone Metric Spaces. Symmetry, 15(1), 94.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010094
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.