Synchronized Cyclograms to Assess Inter-Limb Symmetry during Gait in Women with Anorexia and Bulimia: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
Anorexia (n = 14) | Bulimia (n = 17) | Control Group (n = 11) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 33.0 (10.7) | 26.9 (8.4) a | 41.4 (9.9) |
Body Mass (kg) | 42.5 (7.3) a,b | 56.4 (8.6) | 54.5 (6.1) |
Height (cm) | 162.9 (7.6) | 164.7 (3.3) a | 158.4 (5.0) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.0 (2.1) a,b | 20.8 (3.2) | 21.7 (2.0) |
2.2. Methods
2.3. Data Analysis
- Area (degrees2) is defined as the area enclosed by the cyclogram [45]. When the gait is perfectly symmetric, left and right joints are in the same angular position during each gait phase, thus resulting in a null area. The more asymmetrical the gait, the more the area increases.
- Cyclogram orientation (φ, degrees) is calculated according to the procedure described by Goswami [36,37], which, in short, exploits the properties of generalized moments to identify and classify plane closed curves. In particular, orientation is computed as the absolute value of the angular difference between the 45° line (i.e., perfect symmetry) and the orientation of the principal axis of inertia of the cyclogram. High φ angles indicate reduced inter-limb symmetry.
- The Trend Symmetry Index (dimensionless) is calculated as described by Crenshaw et al. [46]. The index is computed through an eigenvector analysis and used to assess the similarity of the waveforms corresponding to right and left leg angular trends across the gait cycle for each joint. Trend Symmetry values increase together with gait asymmetries.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Parameters of Gait
Control Group | Bulimia | Anorexia | |
---|---|---|---|
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.35 (0.22) | 1.27 (0.11) | 1.18 (0.14) a |
Step length (m) | 0.66 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.63 (0.06) |
Cadence (steps/min) | 122.31 (7.81) | 116.66 (6.98) | 112.29 (7.08) a |
Stance phase (% of GC) | 58.33 (1.54) | 60.10 (1.34) a | 59.17 (1.43) |
Double support (% of GC) | 8.45 (1.92) | 20.26 (2.60) a | 19.30 (2.82) a,b |
3.2. Dynamic ROM
Control Group | Bulimia | Anorexia | |
---|---|---|---|
Hip ROM (°) | 48.63 (6.19) | 45.90 (4.73) | 45.47 (3.81) |
Knee ROM (°) | 64.16 (4.58) | 61.27 (6.62) | 62.11 (4.25) |
Ankle ROM (°) | 31.80 (5.66) | 29.21 (5.75) | 29.73 (4.02) |
3.3. Gait Symmetry Indexes
Parameter | Joint | Control Group | Bulimia | Anorexia |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyclogram area (degrees2) | Hip | 136.37 (99.79) | 323.43 (236.07) a | 253.74 (128.91) |
Cyclogram orientation ϕ (degrees) | 1.32 (1.03) | 23.52 (19.89) a | 14.85 (19.04) | |
Trend Symmetry | 1.42 (1.03) | 23.33 (19.77) a | 14.72 (18.99) | |
Cyclogram area (degrees2) | Knee | 302.05 (163.48) | 221.53 (182.96) | 375.99 (291.99) |
Cyclogram orientation ϕ (degrees) | 1.77 (1.68) | 24.18 (20.35) a | 13.64 (18.11) | |
Trend Symmetry | 1.81 (1.71) | 24.20 (20.31) a | 13.36 (18.27) | |
Cyclogram area (degrees2) | Ankle | 68.35 (71.35) | 87.74 (51.07) | 125.91 (73.64) |
Cyclogram orientation ϕ (degrees) | 3.50 (2.72) | 27.47 (21.51) a | 17.20 (20.01) | |
Trend Symmetry | 3.59 (2.65) | 27.96 (21.12) a | 17.44 (20.33) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pau, M.; Cerfoglio, S.; Capodaglio, P.; Marrone, F.; Mendolicchio, L.; Porta, M.; Leban, B.; Galli, M.; Cimolin, V. Synchronized Cyclograms to Assess Inter-Limb Symmetry during Gait in Women with Anorexia and Bulimia: A Retrospective Study. Symmetry 2023, 15, 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122200
Pau M, Cerfoglio S, Capodaglio P, Marrone F, Mendolicchio L, Porta M, Leban B, Galli M, Cimolin V. Synchronized Cyclograms to Assess Inter-Limb Symmetry during Gait in Women with Anorexia and Bulimia: A Retrospective Study. Symmetry. 2023; 15(12):2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122200
Chicago/Turabian StylePau, Massimiliano, Serena Cerfoglio, Paolo Capodaglio, Flavia Marrone, Leonardo Mendolicchio, Micaela Porta, Bruno Leban, Manuela Galli, and Veronica Cimolin. 2023. "Synchronized Cyclograms to Assess Inter-Limb Symmetry during Gait in Women with Anorexia and Bulimia: A Retrospective Study" Symmetry 15, no. 12: 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122200
APA StylePau, M., Cerfoglio, S., Capodaglio, P., Marrone, F., Mendolicchio, L., Porta, M., Leban, B., Galli, M., & Cimolin, V. (2023). Synchronized Cyclograms to Assess Inter-Limb Symmetry during Gait in Women with Anorexia and Bulimia: A Retrospective Study. Symmetry, 15(12), 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122200