Enhanced Reaching-Law-Based Discrete-Time Terminal Sliding Mode Current Control of a Six-Phase Induction Motor

Abstract

This paper develops an inner stator current controller based on an enhanced reaching-law-based discrete-time terminal sliding mode. The problem of tracking stator currents with high accuracy while ensuring the robustness of a six-phase induction motor in the presence of uncertain electrical parameters and unmeasurable states is tackled. The unknown dynamics are approximated by using a time delay estimation method. Then, an enhanced power-reaching law is used to make each stage of the convergence faster. A stability analysis and the system controller’s finite-time convergence are demonstrated in detail. Practical work was conducted on an asymmetrical six-phase induction machine to illustrate the developed discrete approach’s robustness and effectiveness.

1. Introduction

Multiphase motors with a number of phases greater than three have recently been involved in high-power and high-reliability real-life implementations, such as in electric vehicles, ship propulsion, and wind energy conversion systems [1,2]. Their innate fault-tolerant abilities without needing extra hardware are still considered their most practical benefit [3]. Moreover, their additional degrees of freedom have opened the window for miscellaneous nontraditional objectives at the expense of the need for more advanced control strategies [4]. For that reason, a myriad of papers are now available regarding the implementation of control techniques for multiphase machines, and these range from classic controllers (field-oriented control and direct torque control) to more sophisticated ones (model predictive control (MPC) and sliding mode control (SMC)) [5,6].

Finite-control-set MPC (FCS-MPC) is one of the multiphase machines’ most popular control techniques [7]. FCS-MPC is typically implemented as predictive torque control or predictive current control in the inner control loop of field-oriented control [8,9]. Its fast dynamic response and easy inclusion of constraints are the main advantages of FCS-MPC [10]. Nevertheless, it suffers from an elevated computational load and highly depends on the accuracy of the system’s model. Recently, it has been shown that the discrete-time SMC (DSMC) is a good alternative due to its robustness, fast dynamic response, and lack of a need for high computational requirements [11].

The application of DSMC to multiphase machines not only requires the regulation of multiple planes, namely, $\alpha -\beta$ and $x-y$ for the five- and six-phase cases, but its main drawbacks, i.e., the chattering phenomenon, must be reduced. For that purpose, in [12], DSMC was combined with the exponential reaching law (ERL), and a reasonable reduction of chattering was obtained. Moreover, several reaching law approaches have been proposed for discrete systems [13]. A novel reaching law based on the combination of the power reaching law (PRL) and the ERL was used in [14,15], and an application on a piezoelectric actuator was proposed. This proposition aimed to ensure a smaller width of the quasi-sliding mode compared with that of Gao’s classical reaching law [16].

However, the chattering phenomenon still needs to be eliminated when fast responses are required. In addition, the convergence of the selected surface to zero is very slow when the error value is high. To overcome this problem, an exponential-based bi-power reaching law was proposed in [17] and applied experimentally on a voltage source inverter. However, the convergence time was established only for continuous systems and could not reflect the case of a discrete-time system. In [18,19], a super-twisting-like reaching law was developed for a multiphase induction machine. The results obtained in practical work showed good results under parameter mismatch. However, results with a low frequency and high rotor speed showed high chattering activity. In addition, the super-twisting-like algorithm had a low rate speed when the system’s states were far away from the designed switching function.

In this paper, a combination of Gao’s reaching law and the exponential-based bi-power reaching-law-based discrete-time terminal SMC (DTSMC) with time delay estimation (TDE) is proposed and applied to a six-phase induction motor. The proposed reaching law aims to enhance the reaching rate and reduce the chattering while ensuring a small quasi-sliding mode band. Indeed, each power-reaching law has a different exponent. The first one will take the lead when the system’s trajectories are far from the sliding surface and, when added to Gao’s reaching law, will ensure a faster convergence rate. The second one will take the lead when the system’s trajectories are near the sliding surface to enhance the convergence compared to Gao’s reaching law and the classical power-reaching law. Moreover, a terminal sliding surface [19,20,21] will be adopted instead of a conventional one for faster convergence during the quasi-sliding mode. For robustness issues, the discrete-time TDE [22] is used to estimate the external perturbations and the rotor currents that are unavailable for measurements. A detailed stability study will be presented for the closed-loop error dynamics. The developed discrete-time approach in this paper can be easily extended to any electrical machine. Finally, the developed method was implemented on a real six-phase induction motor.

The rest of this paper is divided as follows. Section 2 details the mathematical model of the system. It comprises a six-phase IM and a power-electronic converter. The proposed current controller is presented in Section 3. A stability analysis is shown in the same section. Then, the real-time validation of the controller is demonstrated in Section 4. The last section summarizes the main aspects of this article.

2. System Modelling

Consider an asymmetrical six-phase IM drive powered by two two-level voltage source converters (2L-VSCs), as shown in Figure 1), with the model [18] given by:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\dot{I}}_{r\alpha }& =-{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_s{R}_r}{L_m}}{I}_{r\alpha }-{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_s{L}_r}{L_m}}P{\omega }_m{I}_{r\beta }+C{R}_s{I}_{s\alpha }-C{L}_{s}P{\omega }_m{I}_{s\beta }-C{U}_{s\alpha },\hfill \\ \hfill {\dot{I}}_{r\beta }& ={\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_s{L}_r}{L_m}}P{\omega }_m{I}_{\alpha r}-{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_s{R}_r}{L_m}}{I}_{\beta r}+C{L}_{s}P{\omega }_m{I}_{\alpha s}+C{R}_s{I}_{\beta s}-C{U}_{s\beta },\hfill \\ \hfill {\dot{I}}_{s\alpha }& =C{R}_r{I}_{r\alpha }+C{L}_{r}P{\omega }_m{I}_{r\beta }-{\displaystyle \frac{C{R}_s{L}_r}{L_m}}{I}_{s\alpha }+C{L}_{m}P{\omega }_m{I}_{s\beta }+{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}{U}_{s\alpha }\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_{\alpha }\end{array},\hfill \\ \hfill {\dot{I}}_{s\beta }& =-C{L}_{r}P{\omega }_m{I}_{r\alpha }+C{R}_r{I}_{r\beta }-C{L}_{m}P{\omega }_m{I}_{s\alpha }-{\displaystyle \frac{C{R}_s{L}_r}{L_m}}{I}_{s\beta }+{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}{U}_{s\beta }\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_{\beta }\end{array},\hfill \\ \hfill {\dot{I}}_{sx}& ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{L_{ls}}}(-R_s{I}_{sx}+U_{sx})\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_x\end{array},\hfill \\ \hfill {\dot{I}}_{sy}& ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{L_{ls}}}(-R_s{I}_{sy}+U_{sy})\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_y\end{array},\hfill \end{array}$$

(1)

where:

• $I_{r\{\alpha ,\beta \}}$ are the unmeasurable rotor currents,
• $I_{s\{\alpha ,\beta ,x,y\}}$ are the stator currents,
• $U_{s\{\alpha ,\beta ,x,y\}}$ are the stator input voltages,
• $d_{\{\alpha ,\beta ,x,y\}}$ are the uncertain dynamics caused by uncertain parameters and the disturbances acting on the stator currents,
• $C={\displaystyle \frac{L_m}{L_r{L}_s-L_m^2}}$,
• $L_s$ is the inductance of the stator,
• $L_{ls}$ is the leakage inductance of the stator,
• $L_r$ is the inductance of the rotor,
• $R_s$ and $R_r$ are, respectively, the resistances of the stator and the rotor,
• P is the number of pole pairs,
• ${\omega }_m$ is the mechanical speed,
• ${\omega }_r$ is the rotor’s electrical speed,

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T_e& =3P\left({\psi }_{s\alpha }{I}_{s\beta }-{\psi }_{s\beta }{I}_{s\alpha }\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

  (2)

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill J{\dot{\omega }}_m+B{\omega }_m& =\left(T_e-T_L\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

  (3)

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\omega }_m& =\frac{{\omega }_r}{P},\hfill \end{array}$$

  (4)
  $T_e$ is the generated torque, $T_L$ is the load torque, B and J are the coefficients of the friction and the inertia, and ${\psi }_{s\alpha }$, ${\psi }_{s\beta }$ are the stator fluxes.

With some abuse of notation such that ${•}_{\left[n\right]}={•}_{\left[n{T}_s\right]}$ with $T_s$ is a sufficiently small sampling period, the discrete-time model of (1) is obtained:

$${\mathbf{Z}}_{[n+1]}={\mathbf{A}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\mathbf{F}}_{\left[n\right]}+\mathbf{B}{\mathbf{U}}_{\left[n\right]},$$

(5)

where:

$${\mathbf{Z}}_{\left[n\right]}={\left[I_{s\alpha \left[n\right]},I_{s\beta \left[n\right]},I_{sx\left[n\right]},I_{sy\left[n\right]}\right]}^T,$$

(6)

$${\mathbf{A}}_{\left[n\right]}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\left(1-Ts{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}{R}_s\right)I_{s\alpha \left[n\right]}+T_{s}C{L}_{m}P{\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}{I}_{s\beta \left[n\right]}\\ -T_{s}C{L}_{m}P{\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}{I}_{s\alpha \left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}{R}_s\right)I_{s\beta \left[n\right]}\\ \left(1-T_s{\displaystyle \frac{R_s}{L_{ls}}}\right)I_{sx\left[n\right]}\\ \left(1-T_s{\displaystyle \frac{R_s}{L_{ls}}}\right)I_{sy\left[n\right]}\end{array}\right],$$

(7)

$${\mathbf{F}}_{\left[n\right]}=T_s\left[\begin{array}{c}C{R}_r{I}_{r\alpha \left[n\right]}+C{L}_{r}P{\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}{I}_{r\beta \left[n\right]}\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_{\alpha }\end{array}\\ -C{L}_{r}P{\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}{I}_{r\alpha \left[n\right]}+C{R}_r{I}_{r\beta \left[n\right]}\begin{array}{c}\hfill +d_{\beta }\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}\hfill d_x\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}\hfill d_y\end{array}\end{array}\right],$$

(8)

$$\mathbf{B}=T_s\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& {\displaystyle \frac{C{L}_r}{L_m}}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& {\displaystyle \frac{1}{L_{ls}}}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& {\displaystyle \frac{1}{L_{ls}}}\end{array}\right],$$

(9)

$${\mathbf{U}}_{\left[n\right]}={\left[U_{s\alpha \left[n\right]},U_{s\beta \left[n\right]},U_{sx\left[n\right]},U_{sy\left[n\right]}\right]}^T.$$

(10)

It is worth mentioning that $F_{i\left[n\right]}=O\left(T_s\right)$ for $i=1,\cdots ,n$ is of the order of one with respect to the sampling time, and this verifies $|F_{i\left[n\right]}|\le T_s\Delta f_i<\infty$. The above assumption is valid for limited speeds and currents and represents the limitations of uncertainties that can be tolerated by the controlled system. Moreover, it should be noted that the rejection of unbounded uncertainties is impossible because it results in such a high control effort that the control signal no longer has any physical meaning.

Otherwise, the input vector is linked to the two-2L-VSC model as follows:

$${\mathbf{U}}_{\left[n\right]}=V_{\mathrm{dc}}\underset{{\mathbf{T}}_6}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}\frac{1}{3}& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{6}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{6}& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{2}& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& \frac{1}{6}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{3}\\ \frac{1}{3}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{6}& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{6}& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& \frac{1}{6}& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}& -\frac{1}{3}\\ \frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{1}{3}& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{1}{3}\end{array}\right]}}\underset{\mathbf{M}}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}\frac{2}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0\\ 0& \frac{2}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}\\ -\frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{2}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0\\ 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{2}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}\\ -\frac{1}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{2}{3}& 0\\ 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& -\frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{2}{3}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{S}_a\\ S_b\\ S_c\\ S_d\\ S_e\\ S_f\end{array}\right]}},$$

(11)

where $V_{\mathrm{dc}}$ is the DC-bus voltage, ${\mathbf{T}}_6$ is the transformation matrix used to obtain (1), and $\mathbf{M}$ is the VSC model, with $S_{\{a,b,c,d,e,f\}}$ denoting the gating signals that switch between 0 and 1.

3. Proposed Discrete-Current Controller Conception

3.1. Outer Control Loop

The aim of this part is to regulate the mechanical speed. In other words, a PI controller will be used:

$$I_{sq\left[n\right]}^r=K_P\left({\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}^r-{\omega }_{m\left[n\right]}\right)+T_s{K}_I\sum _{j=0}^n\left({\omega }_{m\left[j\right]}^r-{\omega }_{m\left[j\right]}\right).$$

(12)

The output of the discrete PI regulator controller used represents the dynamic current reference $I_{sq\left[n\right]}^r$ that is used with the imposed $I_{sd\left[n\right]}^r$ to compute the $\alpha -\beta$ stator current references (as shown in Figure 2) by using the inverse Park rotating transformation (13) and the indirect estimation of the standard field-oriented control (14) of the rotor flux vector position $\theta$.

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{s\alpha \left[n\right]}^r\\ I_{s\beta \left[n\right]}^r\end{array}\right]=\underset{{\mathbf{T}}_{dq}^{-1}}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cc}cos\theta & -sin\theta \\ sin\theta & cos\theta \end{array}\right]}}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{sd\left[n\right]}^r\\ I_{sq\left[n\right]}^r\end{array}\right]$$

(13)

$$\theta =\int \left({\omega }_{r\left[n\right]}+\frac{I_{sq\left[n\right]}^r}{{\tau }_r{I}_{sd\left[n\right]}^r}\right)dt$$

(14)

where ${\omega }_{r\left[n\right]}$ is the rotor speed and ${\tau }_r$ is the rotor time constant. Note that (14) depends on the rotor time constant (${\tau }_r=L_r/R_r$), and this parameter varies with temperature. Therefore, as ${\tau }_r$ can change with environmental conditions to calculate $\theta$, it can lead to inefficient control, which is one of the drawbacks of using this estimation technique [23].

3.2. Inner Control Loop

In this subsection, a robust current controller based on an enhanced PRL-based DTSMC that is able to reject the effects of unknown dynamics (i.e., the unmeasurable rotor currents $I_{r\{\alpha ,\beta \}}$) will be developed to guarantee the accurate tracking of stator currents $I_{s\{\alpha ,\beta ,x,y\}}$.

First of all, the following discrete-time terminal switching function proposed in [19] is designed:

$${\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}={\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\Lambda }_1{\mathbf{E}}_{[n-1]}+{\Lambda }_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{[n-1]}\rceil }^{\alpha }.$$

(15)

where

• ${\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}={\mathbf{Z}}_{\left[n\right]}^r-{\mathbf{Z}}_{\left[n\right]}$ is the vector of stator current tracking errors;
• ${\mathbf{Z}}_{\left[n\right]}^r={\left[I_{s\alpha \left[n\right]}^r,I_{s\beta \left[n\right]}^r,I_{sx\left[n\right]}^r,I_{sy\left[n\right]}^r\right]}^T$ is the vector of stator current references;
• ${\Lambda }_1=\mathrm{diag}({\lambda }_{11},\cdots ,{\lambda }_{14})$ and ${\Lambda }_2=\mathrm{diag}({\lambda }_{21},\cdots ,{\lambda }_{24})$ are diagonal matrices with positive elements;
• ${\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{[n-1]}\rceil }^{\alpha }={\left[|E_{1[n-1]}{|}^{{\alpha }_1}\mathrm{sign}\left(E_{1[n-1]}\right),\cdots ,{\left|E_{4[n-1]}\right|}^{{\alpha }_4}\mathrm{sign}\left(E_{4[n-1]}\right)\right]}^T$ where ${\alpha }_i\in (0,1)$ for $i=1,\cdots ,4$, and:

  $$\mathrm{sign}\left(E_{i\left[n\right]}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0,& \mathrm{if}{E}_{i\left[n\right]}=0\\ \hfill -1,& \mathrm{if}{E}_{i\left[n\right]}<0\\ \hfill 1,& \mathrm{if}{E}_{i\left[n\right]}>0\end{array}\right.$$

  (16)

Secondly, the proposed enhanced PRL-based DTSMC reaching law is given by:

$${\mathbf{S}}_{[n+1]}=\left({\mathbf{I}}_4-T_s\mathbf{L}\right){\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_1{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_1}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_2}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_3{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0,$$

(17)

• ${\mathbf{I}}_4$ is the $(4\times 4)$ identity matrix;
• $\mathbf{L}=\mathrm{diag}(l_1,\cdots ,l_4)$, where $l_i>0$ for $i=1,\cdots ,4$;
• ${\mathbf{Q}}_1=\mathrm{diag}(q_{11},\cdots ,q_{14})$, ${\mathbf{Q}}_2=\mathrm{diag}(q_{21},\cdots ,q_{24})$ and ${\mathbf{Q}}_3=\mathrm{diag}(q_{31},\cdots ,q_{34})$ are diagonal positive-definite matrices that will be fixed in the proof of stability;
• ${\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_k}={\left[|S_{1\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{k1}}\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{1\left[n\right]}\right),\cdots ,{\left|S_{4\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{k4}}\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{4\left[n\right]}\right)\right]}^T$ for $k=1,2$ with ${\gamma }_{1i}\in (0,1)$, ${\gamma }_{2i}>1$ for $i=1,\cdots ,4$, and, finally, ${\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0={\left[\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{1\left[n\right]}\right),\cdots ,\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{4\left[n\right]}\right)\right]}^T$.

On one hand, notice that, in addition to the term ${\mathbf{Q}}_3{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0$, the term ${\mathbf{Q}}_1{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_1}$ takes the lead when the trajectories of the system are near the switching surface $\parallel {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}<1\parallel$ to ensure faster convergence. On the other hand, when the trajectories of the system are far away from the switching surface $\parallel {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\ge 1\parallel$, the term ${\mathbf{Q}}_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_2}$ takes the lead, making the convergence faster when added to the term ${\mathbf{Q}}_3{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0$ in comparison with the known power-reaching law.

To find the expression of the discrete-time control law, let us compute ${\mathbf{S}}_{[n+1]}$ by using the known parts of the dynamics and the estimation of the unknown parts:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\mathbf{S}}_{[n+1]}=& {\mathbf{E}}_{[n+1]}+{\Lambda }_1{\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\Lambda }_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{\alpha }\hfill \\ \hfill =& {\mathbf{Z}}_{[n+1]}^r-{\mathbf{Z}}_{[n+1]}+{\Lambda }_1{\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\Lambda }_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{\alpha }\hfill \\ \hfill =& {\mathbf{Z}}_{[n+1]}^r-{\mathbf{A}}_{\left[n\right]}-{\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}-\mathbf{B}{\mathbf{U}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\Lambda }_1{\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\Lambda }_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{\alpha }.\hfill \end{array}$$

(18)

where ${\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}$ is the estimate of ${\mathbf{F}}_{\left[n\right]}$ obtained by using the TDE [24] as follows:

$${\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}\cong {\mathbf{F}}_{[n-1]}={\mathbf{Z}}_{\left[n\right]}-{\mathbf{A}}_{[n-1]}-\mathbf{B}{\mathbf{U}}_{[n-1]}.$$

(19)

The accuracy of the convergence of ${\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}$ to ${\mathbf{F}}_{\left[n\right]}$ depends on how short the sampling time is. Notice that the TDE is well known for its ability to approximate slow-varying and bounded uncertainties in a simple manner without exact knowledge of the controlled plant dynamics. Indeed, this method uses the computed control signals and the available states for measurements one step in the past.

Finally, combining (17) and (18) yields the following control law:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\mathbf{U}}_{\left[n\right]}=& \underset{\mathrm{equivalent}\mathrm{control}}{\underbrace{-{\mathbf{B}}^{-1}\left[{\mathbf{A}}_{\left[n\right]}+{\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}-{\mathbf{Z}}_{[n+1]}^r-{\Lambda }_1{\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}-{\Lambda }_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{E}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{\alpha }\right]}}\hfill \\ \hfill & -\underset{\mathrm{enhanced}\mathrm{PRL}}{\underbrace{{\mathbf{B}}^{-1}\left[\left({\mathbf{I}}_4-T_s\mathbf{L}\right){\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}+T_s\left({\mathbf{Q}}_1{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_1}+{\mathbf{Q}}_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_2}+{\mathbf{Q}}_3{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0\right)\right]}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

(20)

Theorem 1.

Consider a discrete-time nonlinear system of the studied six-phase motor (5). The method proposed in (20) guarantees the convergence of each stator current to its reference in a finite time if the following condition is met for $i=1,\cdots ,4$:

$$q_{3i}>f_i,$$

(21)

and each stator current tracking error will converge to zero within at most $n^{*}+1$ steps, defined as:

$$n^{*}={\displaystyle \frac{\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|}{T_s{\rho }_i-{\delta }_i}}.$$

(22)

Proof of Theorem 1.

Substituting the control law obtained in (20) into the model dynamics (5) yields:

$${\mathbf{S}}_{[n+1]}={\tilde{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}+\left({\mathbf{I}}_4-T_s\mathbf{L}\right){\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_1{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_1}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_2{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^{{\gamma }_2}-T_s{\mathbf{Q}}_3{\lfloor {\mathbf{S}}_{\left[n\right]}\rceil }^0,$$

(23)

where ${\tilde{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}={\mathbf{F}}_{\left[n\right]}-{\widehat{\mathbf{F}}}_{\left[n\right]}=O\left(T_s^2\right)$ denotes the error of the estimation, which verifies for $i=1,\cdots ,4$ that:

$$\left|{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}\right|\le T_s{f}_i,$$

(24)

where $f_i$ is a known positive constant.

The closed-loop error dynamics in (23) can be divided into four sub-systems:

$$S_{i[n+1]}={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{i\left[n\right]}\right).$$

(25)

For this proof, the following rules [11,24] that ensure a quasi-SM should be demonstrated:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left\{\begin{array}{cc}{S}_{i\left[n\right]}>ϵ\hfill & \Rightarrow -ϵ\le S_{i[n+1]}<S_{i\left[n\right]}\hfill \\ S_{i\left[n\right]}<-ϵ\hfill & \Rightarrow S_{i\left[n\right]}<S_{i[n+1]}\le ϵ\hfill \\ |S_{i\left[n\right]}|\le ϵ\hfill & \Rightarrow \left|S_{i[n+1]}\right|\le ϵ\hfill \end{array}\right.\end{array}$$

(26)

where $ϵ$ is a positive-definite quasi-SM bandwidth that is chosen to be equal to $T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)$.

• Let us start with the case where $S_{i\left[n\right]}>T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)>0$. Then:

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & S_{i[n+1]}={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & S_{i[n+1]}-S_{i\left[n\right]}={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s{l}_i{S}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

  (27)
  Choosing $q_{3i}$ to satisfy (21) ensures that $S_{i[n+1]}-S_{i\left[n\right]}<0\Rightarrow S_{i[n+1]}<S_{i\left[n\right]}$.
  Otherwise, $-T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)\le S_{i[n+1]}$ can be expressed as follows:

  $${\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\ge -T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right).$$

  (28)
  Hence:

  $$S_{i\left[n\right]}\ge {\displaystyle \frac{-\left[{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+f_i\right)\right]}{\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)}}.$$

  (29)
  In this case, $S_{i\left[n\right]}$ is positive definite, and it is obvious that the right side of the inequality is negative definite, which implies that $-T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)\le S_{i[n+1]}$ is always true.
• Now, let us consider the case where $S_{i\left[n\right]}<-T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)<0$. On one hand, let us rewrite the inequality $S_{i\left[n\right]}<S_{i[n+1]}$ as:

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{i\left[n\right]}& <{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill S_{i\left[n\right]}& <{\displaystyle \frac{{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)}{T_s{l}_i}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

  (30)
  This is always true, since $q_{3i}>f_i$. On the other hand, $S_{i[n+1]}<T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)$ can be expressed as follows:

  $${\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)<T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right).$$

  (31)
  It is clear that the above inequality is always true because $S_{i\left[n\right]}<0$ and $T_s{q}_{3i}>{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}$.
• Finally, let us consider the last case, where $\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|\le T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)$, then:

  a.

  If $S_{i\left[n\right]}$ is positive definite, then this third case becomes:

  $$0<S_{i\left[n\right]}<T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right),$$

  (32)

  and

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0<\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[n\right]}<& \left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill {\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)<S_{i[n+1]}<& \left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)+\star .\hfill \end{array}$$

  (33)

  where $\star ={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)$. Moreover, if (21) is verified, then:

  $${\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)>-T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right),$$

  (34)

  and

  $$\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)+{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[n\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[n\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[n\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)<T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right).$$

  (35)

  This implies that:

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill -T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)<S_{i[n+1]}<& T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \left|S_{i[n+1]}\right|<& T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

  (36)

  b.

  if $S_{i\left[n\right]}$ is negative definite, then this third case becomes:

  $$-T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right)<S_{i\left[n\right]}<0.$$

  (37)

  Using the same methodology for $S_{i\left[n\right]}>0$, it can be easily demonstrated that:

  $$\left|S_{i[n+1]}\right|<T_s\left(f_i+q_{3i}\right).$$

  (38)

A quasi-SM convergence is guaranteed, since the inequalities in (26) are demonstrated under the condition (21). Hence, the designed enhanced PRL-based DTSMC (20) is stable. The following demonstration by contradiction is used to show the finite-time convergence of the proposed method:

• Firstly, let us assume that $S_{i\left[0\right]}$ and $S_{i\left[k\right]}$ are both strictly positive definite and $\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{i\left[0\right]}\right)=\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{i\left[k\right]}\right)>0$ for all $k\le (n^{*}+1)$. Then,

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{i\left[1\right]}& ={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[0\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[0\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \le {\tilde{F}}_{i\left[0\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[0\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill S_{i\left[2\right]}& \le {\tilde{F}}_{i\left[1\right]}+S_{i\left[1\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[1\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[1\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \le \sum _{j=0}^1{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[j\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}\sum _{j=0}^1|S_{i\left[j\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}\sum _{j=0}^1{\left|S_{i\left[j\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+2q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill ⋮& \\ \hfill S_{i\left[k\right]}& \le \sum _{j=0}^{k-1}{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[j\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}\sum _{j=0}^{k-1}|S_{i\left[j\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}\sum _{j=0}^{k-1}{\left|S_{i\left[j\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+k{q}_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \le \sum _{j=0}^{k-1}{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[j\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-k{T}_s{q}_{3i}\hfill \\ \hfill & \le \left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+k{T}_s\left(f_i-q_{3i}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

  (39)
  Hence, one can notice that $n^{*}$ ensures that

  $$\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+n^{*}{T}_s\left(f_i-q_{3i}\right)=0.$$

  (40)
  It follows that:

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{i[n^{*}+1]}& \le \left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+(n^{*}+1)T_s\left(f_i-q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & <\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+n^{*}{T}_s\left(f_i-q_{3i}\right)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

  (41)

  which is contradictory to the fact that $S_{i\left[k\right]}>0,\forall k\le (n^{*}+1)$.
• Secondly, let us assume that $S_{i\left[0\right]}$ and $S_{i\left[k\right]}$ are both strictly negative definite and $\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{i\left[0\right]}\right)=\mathrm{sign}\left(S_{i\left[k\right]}\right)<0$ for all $k\le (n^{*}+1)$. Then,

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{i\left[1\right]}& ={\tilde{F}}_{i\left[0\right]}+\left(1-T_s{l}_i\right)S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[0\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \ge {\tilde{F}}_{i\left[0\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[0\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill S_{i\left[2\right]}& \ge {\tilde{F}}_{i\left[1\right]}+S_{i\left[1\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i\left[1\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i\left[1\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \ge \sum _{j=0}^1{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[j\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}\sum _{j=0}^1|S_{i\left[j\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}\sum _{j=0}^1{\left|S_{i\left[j\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+2q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill ⋮& \\ \hfill S_{i\left[k\right]}& \ge {\tilde{F}}_{i[k-1]}+S_{i[k-1]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}|S_{i[k-1]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}{\left|S_{i[k-1]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+q_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \ge \sum _{j=0}^{k-1}{\tilde{F}}_{i\left[j\right]}+S_{i\left[0\right]}-T_s\left(q_{1i}\sum _{j=0}^{k-1}|S_{i\left[j\right]}{|}^{{\gamma }_{1i}}+q_{2i}\sum _{j=0}^{k-1}{\left|S_{i\left[j\right]}\right|}^{{\gamma }_{2i}}+k{q}_{3i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \ge -\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+k{T}_s\left(q_{3i}-f_i\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

  (42)
  Once again, we can clearly notice that $n^{*}$ verifies that

  $$-\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+k{T}_s\left(q_{3i}-f_i\right)=0.$$

  (43)
  It follows that

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{i[n^{*}+1]}& \ge -\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+(n^{*}+1)T_s\left(q_{3i}-f_i\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & >-\left|S_{i\left[0\right]}\right|+n^{*}{T}_s\left(q_{3i}-f_i\right)=0\hfill \end{array}$$

  (44)

  which is contradictory to the fact that $S_{i\left[k\right]}<0,\forall k\le (n^{*}+1)$.

This concludes the proof of Theorem 1. □

4. Experimental Results

The designed enhanced PRL-based DTSMC method was implemented in real time to validate its performance. Figure 3 shows a photograph of the experimental setup employed to validate the proposed controller. On the other hand,

Table 1. Experimental platform’s components.

Description	Characteristics
Current sensor	LA 55-P, frequency bandwidth from 0 to 200 kHz
A/D converter	16-bit
Speed sensor	1024 ppr incremental encoder
Variable load	5 HP eddy current brake
Six-phase IM	2 kW

summarizes the components of the mentioned platform. The DC power that supplied the system provided a constant DC-bus voltage. The two 2L-VSCs were controlled by a dSPACE MABXII DS1401 real-time rapid prototyping platform with Simulink. The identified parameters of the machine are given in

Table 2. Electrical and mechanical parameters of the six-phase IM.

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
Rotor resistance	$R_s=6.7\Omega$	Inertia coefficient	$J=0.07$ kg·m${}^2$
Leakage stator inductance	$L_{ls}=5.85$ mH	Friction coefficient	$B=0.0004$ kg·m${}^2$
Mutual inductance	$L_m=708.5$ mH	DC-link voltage	$V_{\mathrm{dc}}=400$ V
Rotor inductance	$L_r=626.8$ mH	Pole pairs	$P=1$

. The control parameters were chosen to satisfy the stability of the closed-loop system, and their tuning was performed heuristically based on a trial-and-error method, obtaining the following values:

$${\Lambda }_1={\Lambda }_2=0.1{\mathbf{I}}_4,{\alpha }_1={\alpha }_2={\alpha }_3={\alpha }_4=0.8,$$

$$\mathbf{L}=400{\mathbf{I}}_4,{\mathbf{Q}}_1={\mathbf{Q}}_2=0.5{\mathbf{I}}_4,{\mathbf{Q}}_3=0.1{\mathbf{I}}_4,$$

$${\gamma }_{11}={\gamma }_{12}={\gamma }_{13}={\gamma }_{14}=0.8,{\gamma }_{21}={\gamma }_{22}={\gamma }_{23}={\gamma }_{24}=1.35.$$

4.1. Analysis Criteria

The proposed controller was evaluated through the mean squared error (MSE), which was calculated between the reference and measured stator currents. The MSE was determined as follows:

$$\mathrm{MSE}\left(I_{s\gamma }\right)=\sqrt[]{\frac{1}{N}\sum _{n=1}^N{\left(I_{s\gamma \left[n\right]}^r-I_{s\gamma \left[n\right]}\right)}^2}$$

(45)

where $I_{s\gamma \left[n\right]}^r$ is the stator current reference and $I_{s\gamma \left[n\right]}$ represents the measured stator currents, such as $\gamma \in$ $\left\{d,q,\alpha ,\beta ,x,y\right\}$, while N represents the total number of samples.

4.2. Steady-State Results

The following results were obtained at a sampling frequency of 16 kHz. The eddy current brake was adjusted to generate a q-plane stator current of $1.5$ A for the asymmetrical six-phase IM. Two rotor speeds were set: 1000 and $1500$ rpm.

Table 3. Performance behavior of the stator currents ($\alpha -\beta$), ($x-y$), ($d-q$), and MSE (A) for two different speed conditions (rpm).

		Sampling	Frequency	16 kHz
${\omega }_m^r$	MSE${}_{\alpha }$	MSE${}_{\beta }$	MSE${}_x$	MSE${}_y$	MSE${}_d$	MSE${}_q$
1000 rpm	0.1595	0.1639	0.2706	0.2808	0.1609	0.1625
1500 rpm	0.1796	0.1827	0.2789	0.2991	0.1741	0.1880

shows these results, which are presented as the MSEs of the stator currents in ($\alpha -\beta$), ($x-y$), and ($d-q$). The data show the good performance of the proposed controller when applied to the six-phase IM. For comparative purposes,

Table 4. Performance behavior of the stator currents ($\alpha -\beta$), ($x-y$), ($d-q$), and MSE (A) for two different speed conditions (rpm) for a basic DTSMC [11].

		Sampling	Frequency	16 kHz
${\omega }_m^r$	MSE${}_{\alpha }$	MSE${}_{\beta }$	MSE${}_x$	MSE${}_y$	MSE${}_d$	MSE${}_q$
1000 rpm	0.1860	0.1808	0.2032	0.2026	0.1766	0.1860
1500 rpm	0.1655	0.1716	0.1969	0.1999	0.1708	0.1664

presents the same results for a basic DTSMC version proposed in [11]. It can be noticed that the proposed method improved its performance regarding the $\alpha -\beta$ plane.

At the same time, Figure 4 presents a polar graph of the stator currents for two mechanical speeds (1000 and 1500 rpm). The analysis was performed with a fixed q-plane current reference, and the amplitudes of the ($\alpha -\beta$) stator currents were the same with different speeds. The graph also shows the ($x-y$) currents, where it can be noticed that they presented similar behaviors under various speeds. Moreover, the tracking of the ($\alpha -\beta$) stator currents was excellent, with a low ripple. Finally, Figure 5 shows the same results for the basic DTSMC proposed in [11].

4.3. Transient Condition Results

Then, a transient condition, which was defined by a step modification in the q-plane stator current reference ($I_{sq}^r$) produced by the reversal condition (1000 to $-500$ rpm), was executed. Figure 6 shows the test and compares it with that of the basic DTSMC version proposed in [11], where a settling time of approximately 2 ms and an overshoot of 28% were identified, confirming a speedy and smooth dynamic response in comparison to that of the basic version, with a settling time of 2 ms and an overshoot of 68%.

Two reversal tests were performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the proposed current controller. Figure 7 presents the results obtained when the speed was varied from −500 to 1000 rpm and from 1000 to −500 rpm. We could verify the proper performance of the current tracking.

4.4. Parameter Mismatch Analysis

For the mismatch analysis, the controller performance was verified with a change in $L_m$ of $25\%$ of the nominal value to quantify the robustness to uncertainties. The results show that the performance was practically the same at both rotor speeds, offering outstanding robustness. The MSE values for this particular test are presented in

Table 5. Performance behavior of the stator currents ($\alpha -\beta$), ($x-y$), ($d-q$), and MSE (A) for two different speed conditions (rpm) with a variation in $L_m$.

		Sampling	Frequency	16 kHz
${\omega }_m^r$	MSE${}_{\alpha }$	MSE${}_{\beta }$	MSE${}_x$	MSE${}_y$	MSE${}_d$	MSE${}_q$
1000	0.1703	0.1696	0.2937	0.3130	0.1669	0.1729
1500	0.1855	0.1894	0.2742	0.3005	0.1797	0.1950

. Note that the variation in $L_m$ implies a variation in the whole system dynamic, since ${\mathbf{A}}_{\left[n\right]}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are in terms of this inductance [25,26].

Finally, a change in $R_r$ was also made to check the side effects on the system. As $R_r$ had less of an impact on the model, the current control variation was insignificant. However, the speed control response time tended to slightly increase due to the estimation of the ${\tau }_r$ parameter, as shown in Figure 8.

5. Conclusions

This paper presented an inner robust enhanced reaching-law-based DTSMC for controlling the stator currents in the ($\alpha -\beta$) and ($x-y$) planes of a six-phase IM with an outer PI rotor speed loop. The proposed method uses a discrete terminal sliding manifold to enhance the convergence speed when the system’s trajectories are far from the equilibrium point. Moreover, this technique is based on an enhanced reaching law that combines Gao’s reaching law and the exponential-based bi-power reaching law to ensure a faster reaching rate in a small quasi-sliding mode band while reducing the chattering phenomenon. Otherwise, the developed discrete-time approach estimates the bounded uncertainties and unmeasurable rotor currents via the TDE method for a better control effort and improved tracking performance. Based on the results, the proposed technique showed optimal behavior in current tracking with a low mean square error. Compared with previous sliding-mode-based controllers, the proposed controller also ensures robustness, as demonstrated by the error tracking in parameter mismatch tests. However, it delivers a higher speed of convergence and smoother dynamics in settling time, overshoot, and faster convergence in all operating conditions. Therefore, the enhanced PRL-based DTSMC can be an excellent option for different rotor conditions in industrial applications. This paper demonstrated that, with modifications, SMC can include more power terms to reduce chattering. Moreover, the good performance of the proposed controller gave the motivation to address an exhaustive comparison of the proposed methods against others, such as field-oriented control, direct torque control, and/or FCS-MPC, as a near-future research topic. Moreover, this paper opens the door for a niche of applications of other nonlinear control techniques, such as higher-order SMC, fuzzy logic, and backstepping.