Lubricants

10 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cryogenic Milling: Study of the Effect of CO₂ Cooling on Tool Wear When Machining Inconel 718, Grade EA1N Steel and Gamma TiAl

by David Fernández, Alejandro Sandá and Ion Bengoetxea

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010010 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4477

Abstract

The need for machining advanced materials has increased exponentially in recent years. Ni-based alloys, Ti-based alloys or some steel grades are commonly used in transport, energy generation or biomedicine industries due to their excellent properties that combine hardness, high temperature strength and corrosion [...] Read more.

The need for machining advanced materials has increased exponentially in recent years. Ni-based alloys, Ti-based alloys or some steel grades are commonly used in transport, energy generation or biomedicine industries due to their excellent properties that combine hardness, high temperature strength and corrosion resistance. These desirable properties make such alloys extremely difficult to machine, inducing a quick cutting tool wear that must be overcome. In the last decade, cryogenic machining has emerged in order to improve the machining of these materials. By means of cryogenic fluids such as cutting coolants, significant improvements in the life of cutting tools are obtained. However, most studies on this new technology are focused on turning processes, because of the difficulty of introducing cryogenic fluids through a rotary tool in processes such as drilling and milling. In this study, a cryogenic milling system integrated within the tool holder is used for milling Gamma TiAl, Inconel 718 and grade EA1N steel using carbon dioxide as a coolant. This system has been compared with the traditional cooling method (emulsion) in terms of tool life to check if it is possible to improve the machining operation in terms of efficiency by supplying the cryogenic coolant directly to the cutting zone. The results show that by replacing traditional pollutant cooling fluids with other more ecologically-friendly alternatives, it is possible to improve tool life by 100% and 175% in the cases of Gamma TiAl and grade EA1N steel, respectively, when using the new delivery system for the coolant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Challenges in Extreme Environments)

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14 pages, 3758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Models for Prediction of Surface Roughness in a Face Milling Process Using Triangular Inserts

by Rui Wang, Bingxu Wang, Gary C. Barber, Jie Gu and J.David Schall

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010009 - 16 Jan 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4032

Abstract

Research was carried out to develop a mathematical model based on the cutting tool surface profile geometry to predict surface roughness in face milling. Previous models were derived using either the simple assumption of a perfectly round tool nose or statistical analysis based [...] Read more.

Research was carried out to develop a mathematical model based on the cutting tool surface profile geometry to predict surface roughness in face milling. Previous models were derived using either the simple assumption of a perfectly round tool nose or statistical analysis based on a large number of experiments. In this research, three milling cases were defined based on the magnitude of the feed rate using a triangular insert with a round corner. In case 1, the machine marks only consisted of a series of arcs. In case 2, the machine marks included a series of an arc and one straight line. In case 3, the machine marks consisted of a series of an arc and two straight lines. Three different equations for surface roughness prediction were obtained based on each of the three cases. Experiments were done to validate the models, and the results showed that the mathematical models had good correlation with experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)

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9 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of a Piston Ring Coating on the Wear and Friction Generated during Linear Oscillation

by Arthur Rozario, Christoph Baumann and Raj Shah

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010008 - 14 Jan 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4530

Abstract

The piston group is responsible for contributing to ~50% of the frictional losses of an engine, which ultimately leads to the waste of fuel. This coupled with the fact that gasoline is a finite resource linked to CO₂-emissions, there is an [...] Read more.

The piston group is responsible for contributing to ~50% of the frictional losses of an engine, which ultimately leads to the waste of fuel. This coupled with the fact that gasoline is a finite resource linked to CO₂-emissions, there is an increased demand of higher performance vehicles, which coincidently further loads the piston ring. As of yet, there are plenty of studies that already study the piston ring’s contact with the cylinder liner. However, this study focuses on a cost-effective Schwing, Reib, Verschleiss (SRV) instrumentation that allows to pre-screen lubricants, additives, materials and coatings for their friction, wear and load carrying capacity including scuffing resistance. As a result of the pre-screening conducted outside of engine by using the SRV instrument, it brings us to the following conclusion: the PVD CrN-TiN 1º Group coating on the piston ring produces the least wear, as well as the lowest coefficient of friction. Moreover, it is concluded that a coating that is based from CrN and TiN allows the piston ring to perform better in engine settings. A continued understanding of the piston-cylinder-contact assembly only helps engineers, scientists and any other stakeholder to improve on the piston ring and cylinder liner interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lubrication for Energy Efficiency)

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21 pages, 2580 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oil: A Critical Review

by Yan Chen, Peter Renner and Hong Liang

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010007 - 10 Jan 2019

Cited by 178 | Viewed by 19021

Abstract

Nanolubricants have attracted great interest due to the promise of friction and wear reduction by introducing nanoparticles. To date, the foremost challenge for developing a new nanolubricant is particle suspension. To understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersion and identify bottlenecks, we conducted a [...] Read more.

Nanolubricants have attracted great interest due to the promise of friction and wear reduction by introducing nanoparticles. To date, the foremost challenge for developing a new nanolubricant is particle suspension. To understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersion and identify bottlenecks, we conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and carried out an analysis of dispersion based on available data from the past 20 years. This research has led to three findings. First, there are two primary methods in dispersion: formulation with dispersant and surface modification. Second, surfactant and alkoxysilanes are primary chemical groups used for surface modification. Third, functionalization using surfactant is found to be suitable for nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm. For larger particles (>50 nm), alkoxysilanes are the best. The existence of a critical size has not been previously known. To better understand these three findings, we conducted an analysis using a numerical calculation based on colloidal theory. It revealed that a minimal thickness of the grafted layer in surfactant-modified nanoparticles was responsible for suspending small nanoparticles. For larger nanoparticles (>50 nm), they were suitable for silanization of alkoxysilane due to increased grafting density. This research provides new understanding and guidelines to disperse nanoparticle in a lubricating oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)

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14 pages, 2958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transition from Static to Dynamic Boundary Friction of a Lubricated Spreading and a Non-Spreading Adhesive Contact by Macroscopic Oscillatory Tribometry

by Christof Koplin, Sherif Ahmed Abdel-Wahed, Raimund Jaeger and Matthias Scherge

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010006 - 9 Jan 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4164

Abstract

Lubricated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and polyamide (PA46)–steel tribosystems were investigated. They show a complex but systematic transition behavior from static to boundary friction, to dynamic friction or to mixed-lubrication. Nonstandard macroscopic oscillatory tribometry as well as gliding experiments were carried out. A [...] Read more.

Lubricated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and polyamide (PA46)–steel tribosystems were investigated. They show a complex but systematic transition behavior from static to boundary friction, to dynamic friction or to mixed-lubrication. Nonstandard macroscopic oscillatory tribometry as well as gliding experiments were carried out. A previous study showed that the surface and interfacial energies of PEEK, lubricant and steel can indicate trends in the tribological behavior. In the current study, these findings are confirmed for PA46 and a wider range of lubricants. It was shown that a reversal of the order of the work of spreading of two lubricants by switching from PEEK to PA46 as polymer component in the tribological system also resulted in a reversal of the coefficient of friction (COF) at low gliding velocities for these systems. The adhesion threshold of PA46 with the non-spreading lubricants water, glycerine, a water–glycerine mixture, ethylene glycol and poly-1-decene decreased with increasing solving tendency of the lubricants in contrast to the previous results for spreading lubricants for PEEK. Furthermore, the onset of forced wetting was studied for lubricants with different surface and interfacial energies and viscosities η. In general, a 1/η dependency was observed for the velocity which marks the onset of forced wetting. This agrees with theoretical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)

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3 pages, 134 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Lubricants in 2018

by Lubricants Editorial Office

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010005 - 8 Jan 2019

Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Rigorous peer-review is the corner-stone of high-quality academic publishing [...] Full article

15 pages, 3742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Sample Mixing Techniques on Engine Oil Contamination Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy

by Torrey Holland, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Dennis G. Watson and Poopalasingam Sivakumar

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010004 - 8 Jan 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5706

Abstract

For the most reliable and reproducible results for calibration or general testing purposes of two immiscible liquids, such as water in engine oil, good emulsification is vital. This study explores the impact of emulsion quality on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy calibration [...] Read more.

For the most reliable and reproducible results for calibration or general testing purposes of two immiscible liquids, such as water in engine oil, good emulsification is vital. This study explores the impact of emulsion quality on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy calibration standards for measuring water contamination in used or in-service engine oil, in an attempt to strengthen the specific guidelines of ASTM International standards for sample preparation. By using different emulsification techniques and readily available laboratory equipment, this work is an attempt to establish the ideal sample preparation technique for reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility for FT-IR analysis while still considering the ease and efficiency of the technique. This study demonstrates that a stable emulsion within a sample, which depends heavily upon the method, provides a reliably consistent homogenous sample for quantification purposes with FT-IR analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) modeling and limit of detection calculations demonstrate the stability of the emulsion. The results reveal that setting a mixing time for a calibration standard depends on the emulsification process. Inserting a probe directly into a sample (direct sonication) allows for a rapid, stable emulsion with high reproducibility. Indirect sonication produces relatively non-miscible liquids of different densities. The pan-shaker produces a reasonably stable emulsion, but without the long-term stability or quick production time of direct sonication. Reaction time plays a critical role in the rotary mixing method, which leads to a slow development of emulsification. Full article

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1 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Importance of Emulsification in Calibrating Infrared Spectroscopes for Analyzing Water Contamination in Used or In-Service Engine Oil. Lubricants 2018, 6, 35

by Torrey Holland, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Dennis G. Watson and Poopalasingam Sivakumar

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010003 - 2 Jan 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2377

Abstract

The authors wish to correct the affiliation of co-author Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim in their previous paper [...] Full article

31 pages, 7504 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in High Performance Polymers—Tribological Aspects

by Abdulaziz Kurdi and Li Chang

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010002 - 31 Dec 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7666

Abstract

High-performance polymer (HPP)-based engineering materials in tribological applications have been under continuous research over the last few decades. This paper reviewed the recent studies on the sliding wear properties of HPPs and their nanocomposites, which are associated with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. [...] Read more.

High-performance polymer (HPP)-based engineering materials in tribological applications have been under continuous research over the last few decades. This paper reviewed the recent studies on the sliding wear properties of HPPs and their nanocomposites, which are associated with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In particular, the effects of the intrinsic properties of polymer composites (e.g., mechanical properties of the materials and the types of fillers) and external environmental conditions (e.g., service temperature and lubrication medium) on the formation of transfer layers (TLs) were discussed. The latter would govern the overall friction and wear of polymeric materials in sliding against metallic counterparts. In addition, correlations between the basic mechanical properties of HPPs and their sliding wear behavior were also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Tribology)

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21 pages, 15300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Effects in EHL Contacts with Oil-Impregnated Sintered Materials

by Martin Ebner, Milan Omasta, Thomas Lohner, Petr Šperka, Ivan Krupka, Martin Hartl, Klaus Michaelis, Bernd-Robert Höhn and Karsten Stahl

Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010001 - 24 Dec 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5212

Abstract

Oil-impregnated open-pored sintered materials can be used to provide the intrinsic self-lubrication of tribological contacts. Although its general functionality was recently confirmed for highly-loaded contacts, detailed analyses on the local effects of surface porosity in tribological contacts are required in order to understand [...] Read more.

Oil-impregnated open-pored sintered materials can be used to provide the intrinsic self-lubrication of tribological contacts. Although its general functionality was recently confirmed for highly-loaded contacts, detailed analyses on the local effects of surface porosity in tribological contacts are required in order to understand and improve its operating behavior. In this context, this study investigates the influence of different surface finishes at a twin-disk test rig, and the local effects of surface porosity in elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts at an optical tribometer, based on thin film colorimetric interferometry. The results show the detrimental influence of high surface porosity on the operating behavior. Local observations of the lubricant film in EHL contacts indicate the presence of “open” pores, resulting in local film breakdown, and “closed” pores, transporting the additional lubricant into the pressurized zone. An appropriate surface finish technique to manufacture a low permeable layer with an adequate mechanical strength is demanded. Full article

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Lubricants, Volume 7, Issue 1 (January 2019) – 10 articles

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