Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle
by
,
Ruijia Shi
1,
Hang Shu
1,
Ruyang Yu
2,
Yajing Wang
3,*,
Ziqi Zhang
4,
Junjie Zhang
4 and
Xianhong Gu
1,* 1
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2
College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
4
Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(22), 3140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223140
Submission received: 3 October 2022
/
Revised: 1 November 2022
/
Accepted: 4 November 2022
/
Published: 14 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Welfare and Pain Assessment in Farmed Species)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
No previous studies have focused on pain perception and management in intensively raised dairy cattle in China. The results of this survey study show that severely painful conditions such as parturition and fracture have the highest score in pain perception. Pain perception is highly associated with pain management willingness. To promote animal welfare and reduce unnecessary production losses, training in pain perception and management should be emphasised.
Abstract
Pain in dairy cattle is gaining attention globally. This study investigated the current attitudes of Chinese dairy practitioners to pain and its management in intensively raised dairy cattle. A total of 465 valid questionnaires with 26 painful conditions scored on numerical rating scales were collected from dairy practitioners. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and multivariate regression models. Dystocia was perceived as the most painful, while mild mastitis with milk changes only was perceived as the least painful. Respondents who agreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” tended to give a higher pain score. Young respondents (≤23 years old) and those from farms with ≤1000 cattle had lower pain scores for conditions with severe pain and low variability but higher pain scores for conditions with less severe pain and high variability, whereas highly educated respondents had consistently lower pain scores. As for pain management, older respondents (≥24 years old) tended to choose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and farms with >1000 cattle were more likely to use analgesics. Training in pain perception and management should be emphasised with the hope of promoting animal welfare and reducing unnecessary production losses.
1. Introduction
Pain is one of the most common clinical signs that can be suffered physiologically and psychologically. With research advances in neurophysiology, the fact that nonhuman animals without verbal ability experience pain is increasingly recognised [1]. Thus, reducing pain in animals through prevention and treatment is urgently advocated [2].
In modern intensive housing systems, many conditions (e.g., mastitis and dystocia) and management procedures (e.g., horn removal) can cause varying degrees of pain to dairy cattle [3]. Generally, pain can be assessed through objective and subjective methods. The former mainly includes blood biomarkers, while the latter is usually conducted by farmers or veterinarians based on their observations of animal behaviours [4]. Of note, objective measurements are expensive and can cause stress in animals. As a result, subjective perception is still dominant in regular pain assessment in practice.
The use of pain management varies across countries. In New Zealand, local anaesthetic must be used before horn removal since October 2019 [5]. In the UK and Canada, a few non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been approved for the treatment of pain in livestock species [6]. In the United States, pain management has not been widely used in the cattle industry due to the strict regulation of NSAIDs [7]. In China, there is currently no clear guidance on analgesic use regarding pain management in cattle. It is, therefore, unknown whether people are making appropriate analgesic choices.
Many factors (e.g., gender, education level, decade of graduation) have been identified to have an impact on people’s attitudes toward cattle pain and its management in relevant investigations conducted all over the world [8,9]. However, there is no report on pain perception and management in Chinese dairy cows. The dairy industry in China has been transforming from small-scale traditional systems to large-scale intensive systems over the past decades [10]. The increasing trend of intensive farming coupled with the lack of appropriate pain perception and management may lead to animal welfare problems. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate Chinese dairy practitioners’ attitudes towards pain and its management in dairy cattle and to what extent previously identified factors affect their attitudes.
Therefore, this preliminary cross-sectional study focused on Chinese intensive farming systems, intending to investigate (1) how dairy practitioners perceive pain in cattle and (2) how they use analgesics for pain management.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey and Questionnaire Design
The target population of this questionnaire survey was Chinese dairy practitioners, including frontline staff (feeding/breeding/milking staff), managers, and veterinarians who serve in an intensive dairy system. The questionnaire was designed in three sections with a total of 10 questions using the Wenjuanxing system (https://wjx.cn/, a popular online survey site in China) accessed on 1 March 2021. The first section consisted of four demographic questions, including gender, age, education level, and position, as well as three farm-related questions, including the farming strategy (intensive or extensive), farm scale, and farm address. In the second section, 26 conditions that were considered painful for dairy cattle [8,9] were given with descriptions when applicable (see Table A1), and respondents were asked to score the severity of pain under each condition on a numerical rating scale of 0 (no pain at all) to 10 (worst pain) [11]. The scoring assumed no use of pain management. Clinical mastitis was classified into mild, moderate, and severe conditions as per Oliveira et al. [12], with descriptions given as follows: “only the milk is abnormal”, “abnormal milk and swelling or redness of mammary gland”, and “systemic signs such as depression, anorexia, dehydration, or fever”, respectively. To avoid potential measurement bias caused by inappropriate use of the pain scale, an illustrative guide with an example was given. The third section included a question about whether they agreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” for each condition, and a multiple-response question to choose which kind(s) of analgesics they would use from three options: local anaesthetics, NSAIDs, and sedatives.
The questions were reviewed by collaborating professionals specialising in veterinary medicine and animal welfare. The online questionnaire was piloted by eight dairy practitioners from intensive farms to ensure its feasibility and validity. No formal sample size calculation was performed, and a convenience sample of participants was used for this survey. On 31 March 2021, the advertisement for the questionnaire was issued on four relevant WeChat public accounts with good reach to Chinese dairy practitioners for a period of 1 month. Anonymity was guaranteed, and gratitude was kindly expressed to the respondents. Within 1 month, 2761 people checked and read the questionnaire, of which 666 people completed and submitted it.
2.2. Data Processing and Analysis
Data were stored and processed in the spreadsheet (Excel 2016, Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, DC, USA) to summarise descriptive statistics. Respondents who did not work in an intensive dairy system were excluded from further analysis. The overall mean and standard deviation (SD) of the pain scores rated by the respondents were calculated for each condition. The answer to the multiple-response question was summarised as the proportion of the total respondents.
Further statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Analyses of variance were performed using the PROC ANOVA to compare the pain scores for each condition between respondents who agreed and disagreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile”. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was performed using the PROC FACTOR to explore how the conditions were associated with each other in terms of their pain scores. Kaiser criterion (eigenvalue > 1) was used to extract principal components, supported by the visual assessment of the scree plot. The conditions were then merged into certain categories according to their contributions in the rotated component matrix. The PROC GLM was used to analyse the effects of gender, age, education level, position, and farm scale on the pain score of each condition category. Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni method, and results were presented as least squares means ± standard error. To explore the factors affecting the choice of pain management, logistics regressions were performed using the PROC LOGISTIC on the three dichotomous outcomes: choose (1) or not choose (0) local anaesthetics, NSAIDs, and sedatives, respectively. Significance was declared at p < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Frequency Distribution of Respondents
The response rate of people who finished their questionnaire was 24.1% (n = 666). The following statistical analysis used data from 465 respondents after excluding respondents who did not work in an intensive dairy system. The distribution of the respondents is shown in Table 1. According to their reported farm address, the respondents came from 399 dairy farms that were widely distributed in 30 out of 34 provincial-level divisions (Figure 1). Moreover, these farms accounted for 17.3% of the total national dairy cattle population in 2019 [13].
3.2. Pain Score of 26 Painful Conditions
Twenty-six painful conditions, as listed in Table 2, were investigated by pain perception scoring (range 0 to 10) and categorised as “obstetrics”, “internal medicine”, “horn removal”, “udder”, “metabolic and nutritional disease”, and “other”. Dystocia, caesarean section, calving, and fracture were ranked the top four painful conditions with mean ± SD of 9.0 ± 1.83, 8.6 ± 2.12, 8.5 ± 1.99, and 8.4 ± 2.08, respectively. The two least painful conditions were nutritional deficiency disease (3.6 ± 2.80) and mild mastitis (3.4 ± 2.65). Among three horn removal conditions, the mean pain score for calf disbudding (hot iron) was the highest but with the smallest variation (7.6 ± 2.32). The same trend was shared by three clinical mastitis conditions allocated in the “udder” category, among which severe mastitis had the highest score with the smallest variation (7.0 ± 2.20).
Among 26 painful conditions, respondents who agreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” gave significantly higher (all p < 0.05) pain scores than those who disagreed, in which the smallest and largest differences were from hoof disease (difference in means: 0.5) and infectious disease (difference in means: 2.3), respectively (Figure 2).
3.3. Categorisation of 26 Painful Conditions
The scree plot (see Figure A1) shows that four principal components had an eigenvalue higher than the mean variance of the variables (equal to one in the case of standardisation), and the eigenvalues seemed to level off since the third component. Therefore, for easier interpretation, the first two principal components were chosen, which can explain 53.6% of the total variance. The rotated component matrix is shown in Table 3, in which data with a correlation coefficient less than 0.48 has been eliminated.
The 13 conditions that correlated most to the first principal component had a higher mean with generally lower SD pain scores compared with the remaining 13 conditions that correlated most to the second principal component (see Table 2). As a result, the conditions were merged into two condition categories, with the first category characterised as severe pain with low variability and the second category characterised as less severe pain with high variability.
3.4. Factors Influencing Pain Perception
The pain score of two condition categories summarised by five influencing factors is shown in Table 4. For the first condition category, respondents aged ≤23 years had significantly the lowest pain scores among age groups (all p < 0.001); respondents with a master’s degree or above had significantly the lowest pain scores among education groups (all p < 0.001); respondents from a farm stocking ≤1000 cattle had significantly lower pain scores than those from a farm stocking >1000 cattle (all p < 0.05); there were no significant differences in pain scores given by respondents of different genders or positions (all p > 0.05).
For the second condition category, female respondents had significantly higher pain scores compared with male respondents (p < 0.001); respondents aged ≤30 years had significantly the highest pain scores among age groups (all p < 0.05); respondents with a bachelor’s degree had significantly higher pain scores than respondents without a college degree (p < 0.001), and respondents with a master’s degree or above were significantly the lowest in their pain scores among education groups (both p < 0.05); managers or above had significantly higher pain scores than frontline staff (p < 0.01), and veterinarians had significantly the lowest pain scores among position groups (both p < 0.01); respondents serving a farm stocking ≤1000 cattle had significantly higher pain scores than respondents serving a farm stocking >1000 cattle (all p < 0.01).
3.5. Choice of Analgesics
Local anaesthetics plus NSAIDs was the most popular answer for pain management (36.8%), followed by a combination of all three analgesics (26.9%) (Figure 3). When summarising three choices separately, most respondents chose NSAIDs (84.3%), followed by local anaesthetics (77.6%) and sedatives (36.3%).
3.6. Factors Influencing the Choice of Analgesics
The forest plot showing the results of logistic regression models for the choice of three analgesics is presented in Figure 4. Male, aged ≤ 23 years, no college degree, frontline staff, and farms with ≤500 cattle were treated as the reference for gender, age, education level, position, and farm scale, respectively.
For the use of local anaesthetics, the 95% confidence intervals of odds ratio (OR) all included one, indicating no significant difference (all p > 0.05). For the use of NSAIDs, respondents aged over 24 years were more likely to choose NSAIDs (OR = 3.65, 3.24, and 4.30 for age groups of 24 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, and ≥41 years, respectively; all p < 0.05); respondents with a bachelor’s degree or more were less likely to use NSAIDs (OR = 0.50 and 0.39 for education levels of bachelor and master or more, respectively, both p < 0.05); respondents serving a farm stocking ≥5001 cattle were more likely to use NSAIDs (OR = 2.69, p = 0.02). For the use of sedatives, respondents aged 24 to 30 years and veterinarians were less likely to use sedatives (OR = 0.29 and 0.49, respectively, both p < 0.01), whereas respondents serving a farm stocking ≥5001 cattle were more likely to use sedatives (OR = 2.38, p = 0.02).
4. Discussion
4.1. Pain Score of 26 Painful Conditions
It is necessary to accurately assess the severity of pain that cattle suffer from various diseases and procedures to inform pain management decisions on dairy farms. Subjective pain perception still provides valuable information until more advanced artificial intelligence-based objective methods are available for massive measurements. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first investigation of pain perception and analgesic use for intensively farmed dairy cattle in China. Such a survey allows the quantification of how perceived pain deviates from previous knowledge as well as from the pain identified by other studies which were conducted in other countries. In this study, conditions in the “obstetrics” category (i.e., dystocia, caesarean section, and calving) and fracture were considered the most painful, whereas mild mastitis with milk changes only was considered the least painful. These results are consistent with previous studies conducted in other countries [9,14,15], suggesting that Chinese dairy practitioners have relevant attitudes toward pain in cattle.
Caustic paste disbudding was perceived to have a lower level of pain compared with hot iron disbudding. This result is consistent with a recent survey in which caustic paste was perceived as the least painful instrument by Brazilian animal scientists and veterinarians [16]. According to our unpublished data, more than 90% of the dairy farms in China use caustic paste as their primary disbudding method. This proportion is dramatically higher than that in the UK [17], Europe [18], and North America [19]. It should be noted that most studies and recommendations suggest hot iron as a preferable method for disbudding since it induces less total plasma cortisol responses [20] and less negative impact on calves’ behaviours [21]. Given that caustic paste causes less response during application but more postoperative pain, the lower level of pain perceived by dairy practitioners in this study might be biased by the lack of postoperative observation [20].
An interesting trend identified in this study is that the more severe the pain condition (e.g., severe mastitis), the smaller the variation in the perceived score; the less severe the pain condition (e.g., mild mastitis), the greater the variation in the perceived score. This can be easily explained by the fact that severe conditions have more noticeable clinical signs than mild and moderate conditions [22] and therefore are more likely to be scored consistently. Moreover, cattle’s nature to hide their vulnerability to better compete for resources and avoid being attacked by predators [4] probably makes less painful conditions even more difficult to identify. However, the pain caused by mild to moderate diseases, which is less perceivable by people, actually happens more frequently than that caused by severe diseases [23]. Therefore, the large variation in perceived pain for less severe conditions suggests that there is still room for improvement in pain perception so that certain diseases (e.g., mastitis) can be better detected and treated in their early stage.
Our results show that the pain scores given by respondents who disagreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” were lower than those given by respondents who agreed. In the study of Huxley and Whay [8], veterinarians who did not use any analgesia assigned significantly lower pain scores to common conditions, including dystocia, surgical castration, and umbilical hernia surgery compared with those who used analgesia. Collectively, we suggest that a lack of awareness or inability to accurately assess the level of pain experienced by cows will hinder proper analgesic management. Dairy practitioners’ perception of pain in dairy cattle as a basis for good pain management should be better understood and emphasised in practice.
4.2. Factors Influencing Pain Perception
Many factors can affect the level of pain perceived by dairy practitioners. Gender has been identified as an influencing factor in pain perception, with females having higher pain scores than males [8,9]. In this study, this trend was found only when perceiving pain for the second condition category, which has been characterised by less severe pain. It is well known that females perceive pain differently from males and are more animal-friendly [16]. This may be because females generally care more about others and are more likely to generate strong empathy for animals [24]. On the contrary, no gender difference was found in the attitudes and empathy toward dairy cattle welfare indicators in a survey of Norwegian dairy farmers [15]. The authors attributed their result to the significantly lower number of females.
The age of respondents affected their perceived pain scores differently for two condition categories. For the first category, which has been characterised by severe pain, younger respondents tended to give lower pain scores. This is consistent with the study of Kielland, Skjerve, Østerås, and Zanella [15], where older farmers gave the highest pain score for 21 painful conditions in dairy cattle. An opposite trend was found for the second category, where older respondents tended to give lower pain scores. This might be because their richer hands-on experiences make them believe that some pains are beneficial in preventing excessive physical activity [25].
Lower pain scores were perceived by high education level respondents in this study, which is consistent with a survey on farmers’ perception of pain in sheep [26]. These could be explained by the fact that highly educated practitioners have less chance to be directly involved in actual practice compared with those with lower education levels who joined the farms earlier. Indeed, self-education in practice has been identified as the major source of gaining knowledge in pain recognition [25]. Our result may reveal a deficiency of appropriate training on pain perception in college. Relevant training should be strengthened, especially for students who are more likely to engage in actual production after graduation.
Our results also indicate that veterinarians perceived lower pain scores for conditions with less severe pain. This finding is consistent with the study of Thomsen et al. [27], in which veterinarians generally perceived lower pain scores than farmers. The difference in pain scores among positions might be due to their disparate duties on the farm. It is not doubtful that veterinarians have much more practical experience in dealing with painful conditions compared with other frontline staff and managers.
The scale of dairy farms is closely related to their economic basis, barn facilities, and technical support. Since larger farms permit more specialised and standardised management in relation to disease prevention, treatment, and pain management [28], we speculate that the technical level of dairy farms with a stock of ≤1000 cattle may need to be improved due to their lower pain scoring for severely painful conditions coupled with higher pain scoring for less painful conditions. In this case, the focus should be shifted from conditions with less severe pain to those with severe pain when taking limited resources into consideration.
Collectively, our results suggest that specialised professional training is warranted to disseminate up-to-date knowledge of cattle pain [2,9]. The perceived pain scores reported herein can be used as a reference by practitioners to identify whether they underestimate or overestimate certain pains in cattle. Moreover, recommendations from public and private extension programs should be leveraged since they have been identified to play an important role in affecting farmers’ attitudes toward dehorning practices [29].
4.3. Choice of Analgesics and Its Influencing Factors
The three investigated analgesics represent the most common clinical practice. Different analgesics have inconsistent analgesic effects on different types of pain, among which local anaesthetics and sedatives have relatively short-acting analgesic effects, while NSAIDs are more effective in suppressing long-lasting pain [30]. Local anaesthetic techniques are used extensively in farm animals for a variety of painful conditions, such as castration [31] and horn removal [32]. In these cases, NSAIDs are often used concomitantly to control long-lasting postoperative pain. Our results show a dominant choice of concomitant medication of local anaesthetics and NSAIDs, whereas only two respondents did not choose any pain management, indicating good awareness and willingness to provide analgesia.
In this study, NSAIDs were the most popular among 465 respondents, either in combination with other drugs or alone. The choice of NSAIDs became less popular as education level increased, which can be recognised by their lower pain scores. This fact re-emphasises the importance of appropriate pain perception. On the other hand, sedatives were the least popular answer, with the majority of use being concomitant with local anaesthetics and NSAIDs. Veterinarians were only half as likely to choose sedatives as other frontline staff. These facts may be because sedatives are advised to be used with caution, especially in pregnant animals [33]. Veterinarians, particularly those from obstetrics, are less likely to use sedatives.
The scale of dairy farms was found to be closely related to the willingness for pain management. Larger farms were more likely to use the three investigated analgesics, which are supposed to be associated with sufficient resources in professionals and finance. Cost has been identified in previous studies as an important influencing factor in the decision to use an analgesic [3]. Moreover, the least use of pain management in farms with ≤1000 cattle may be explained by their improper pain perception. In any case, our results suggest that pain perception and management in farms with ≤1000 cattle need to be improved, although the cost may be the biggest barrier.
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
Our results uncover the current attitudes of Chinese dairy practitioners to pain and its management in intensively raised dairy cattle and highlight the disparity among respondents with different characteristics and among farms with different scales. Consistency was found between perceived pain scores and analgesic use, demonstrating the importance of appropriate pain perception. Therefore, in addition to targeted policies against resource inequalities, professional training in pain perception shall be done first to better perceive pain in dairy cattle on farms with ≤1000 cattle.
Convenience sampling used in this survey might reduce the representation of the study base. However, this effect should have been minimised since our results show a broad geographical distribution of the responding farms as well as a sizable proportion of the dairy cattle population. Additionally, the questionnaire was distributed online and relied totally on people’s subjective wishes, which could introduce selection bias since dairy practitioners who were more interested in pain management might be more likely to participate in the survey. This bias would lead to an increased overall pain score and should be non-differential among sub-categories of respondents. It should also be noted that the analgesic use investigated in this study is the overall situation. Different analgesics are needed for different types of pain. However, detailed questions on the analgesic use for each condition were not included in the questionnaire and, therefore, could not be further analysed.
5. Conclusions
Chinese dairy practitioners have various attitudes to pain in dairy cattle. Severely painful conditions, such as obstetrics conditions (i.e., dystocia, caesarean section, and calving) and fracture, were perceived to have more consistent pain scores compared with less severe conditions such as mild mastitis. Perceived pain scores were highly associated with willingness to provide pain management. Thus, training in pain perception should be emphasised with the hope of promoting animal welfare and reducing unnecessary production losses. Although such survey data is subjective, our results provide insight into the current situation of pain perception and analgesic use in intensive dairy systems. The results of this study can be used as a reference by practitioners to assess their attitudes and perceptions of cattle pain and its management in practice.
Author Contributions
Conceptualisation, Y.W. and X.G.; Data curation, R.S. and H.S.; Formal analysis, R.S. and H.S.; Funding acquisition, Z.Z. and J.Z.; Methodology, Y.W. and X.G.; Project administration, Z.Z. and J.Z.; Resources, Z.Z. and J.Z.; Software, R.S. and H.S.; Supervision, Y.W. and X.G.; Validation, R.S. and R.Y.; Visualization, R.S. and H.S.; Writing—original draft, R.S. and H.S.; Writing—review and editing, R.Y., Y.W. and X.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai, China), grant number IPROD202101006.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Experimental Animal Care and Committee of the Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (approval number IAS2021-229).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Data available on request due to restrictions, e.g., privacy or ethical.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the dairy practitioners who participated in the survey.
Conflicts of Interest
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Appendix A
Table A1.
Description of 26 conditions.
| Condition | Description |
|---|---|
| Dystocia | Slow or difficult labor or birth |
| Caesarean section | Extraction of the fetus or foeti from the mother animal through a surgical opening in the abdominal wall and the uterus |
| Calving | A cow giving birth to a calf |
| Uterine prolapse | Uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina |
| Vaginal prolapse | An abnormally positioned vagina, seen as a pink mass of tissue that protrudes outside of the cow’s body |
| Endometritis | An inflammation of the endometrium, often accompanied by congestion, edema, pus, or discharge |
| Traumatic pericarditis | A purulent inflammation caused by the pathogen brought in by sharp things such as nails that pierce the pericardium |
| Abomasum displacement | An abnormal position of the abomasum in the abdominal cavity |
| Ruminal bloat | An excessive volume of gas builds up in the rumen during fermentation that cannot escape |
| Oesophageal obstruction | Esophagus is blocked by food or foreign objects |
| Ruminal acidosis | A metabolic disorder, witnessed by a sharp decrease in rumen pH, often caused by the intake of large amounts of easily fermented carbohydrate feed |
| Calf disbudding (hot iron) | Horn bud growth is prevented through tissue cauterisation |
| Adult cattle dehorning | Removing the horns from cattle |
| Calf disbudding (caustic paste) | Horn tissue is cauterised by the combination of caustic substances in dehorning paste to prevent its growth |
| Severe mastitis | Systemic signs such as depression, anorexia, dehydration, or fever |
| Moderate mastitis | Abnormal milk and swelling or redness of mammary gland |
| Mild mastitis | Only the milk is abnormal |
| Postpartum paralysis | Cows cannot move normally after calving and fall to the ground, usually caused by hypocalcemia |
| Nutritional deficiency disease | Various symptoms caused by insufficient intake of nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, and mineral |
| Fracture | Complete or partial break in the continuity of bone |
| Bull calf surgical castration | Process of removal or destruction of the testicles |
| Hoof disease | Hoof cutin rot, suppuration of skin and tissue between the toes, and movement disorder |
| Umbilical hernia surgery | Procedure of reducible umbilical hernia in calves |
| Diarrhoea | Feces have high water content, become thin, and even contain undigested food, pus, and mucus, and the number of defecation increases significantly |
| Infectious disease | Diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses |
| Parasitic disease | Internal helminths (roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes) or external arthropods (mites, lice, ticks, and flies) parasitise on cattle |
Figure A1.
Scree plot of the principal component analysis using the pain scores of 26 painful conditions in dairy cattle scored by 465 dairy practitioners. The dashed line represents the eigenvalue of one.
Figure A1.
Scree plot of the principal component analysis using the pain scores of 26 painful conditions in dairy cattle scored by 465 dairy practitioners. The dashed line represents the eigenvalue of one.
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Figure 1.
Geographical distribution of the responding dairy farms across China. Each red dot represents a city containing at least one responding dairy farm.
Figure 1.
Geographical distribution of the responding dairy farms across China. Each red dot represents a city containing at least one responding dairy farm.
Figure 2.
Pain scores given by respondents who agreed and disagreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” among 26 painful conditions. Diamonds and circles indicate means and outliers (out of 1.5 intra-quartile range), respectively.
Figure 2.
Pain scores given by respondents who agreed and disagreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” among 26 painful conditions. Diamonds and circles indicate means and outliers (out of 1.5 intra-quartile range), respectively.
Figure 3.
Summary of the answer to the multiple-response question asking the respondents to choose which kind(s) of analgesics they would use from three options: local anaesthetic (LA), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and sedative (S).
Figure 3.
Summary of the answer to the multiple-response question asking the respondents to choose which kind(s) of analgesics they would use from three options: local anaesthetic (LA), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and sedative (S).
Figure 4.
Forest plot showing the association between demographics and farm-related characteristics and the choice of (a) local anaesthetic, (b) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and (c) sedative. The respondents choosing each pain management were summarised as actual number (n) and proportion of each sub-category (%). The dashed lines represent an odds ratio of one. * and ** indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).
Figure 4.
Forest plot showing the association between demographics and farm-related characteristics and the choice of (a) local anaesthetic, (b) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and (c) sedative. The respondents choosing each pain management were summarised as actual number (n) and proportion of each sub-category (%). The dashed lines represent an odds ratio of one. * and ** indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).
Table 1.
The distribution of 465 respondents summarised by farm scale and presented as actual number (n) and proportion of each sub-category (%).
Table 1.
The distribution of 465 respondents summarised by farm scale and presented as actual number (n) and proportion of each sub-category (%).
| Respondents’ Characteristics | Dairy Stock of the Farms they Served | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤500 | 501–1000 | 1001–5000 | ≥5001 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 37 (74.0) | 63 (87.5) | 171 (92.9) | 148 (93.1) | 419 (90.1) |
| Female | 13 (26.0) | 9 (12.5) | 13 (7.1) | 11 (6.9) | 46 (9.9) |
| Age | |||||
| ≤23 | 2 (4.0) | 6 (8.3) | 6 (3.3) | 11 (6.9) | 25 (5.4) |
| 24–30 | 17 (34.0) | 20 (27.8) | 56 (30.4) | 47 (29.6) | 140 (30.1) |
| 31–40 | 23 (46.0) | 35 (48.6) | 93 (50.5) | 85 (53.5) | 236 (50.8) |
| ≥41 | 8 (16.0) | 11 (15.3) | 29 (15.8) | 16 (10.1) | 64 (13.8) |
| Education level | |||||
| No college degree | 29 (58.0) | 33 (45.8) | 93 (50.5) | 89 (56.0) | 244 (52.5) |
| Bachelor | 12 (24.0) | 30 (41.7) | 73 (39.7) | 58 (36.5) | 173 (37.2) |
| Master or above | 9 (18.0) | 9 (12.5) | 18 (9.8) | 12 (7.5) | 48 (10.3) |
| Position | |||||
| Frontline staff 1 | 22 (44.0) | 16 (22.2) | 32 (17.4) | 29 (18.2) | 99 (21.3) |
| Manager or above | 15 (30.0) | 22 (30.6) | 57 (31.0) | 41 (25.8) | 135 (29.0) |
| Veterinarian | 13 (26.0) | 34 (47.2) | 95 (51.6) | 89 (56.0) | 231 (49.7) |
| Total | 50 (100.0) | 72 (100.0) | 184 (100.0) | 159 (100.0) | 465 (100.0) |
1 Feeding/breeding/milking staff.
Table 2.
Pain score (range 0–10) of the 26 painful conditions in adult dairy cattle and calves scored by 465 dairy practitioners.
Table 2.
Pain score (range 0–10) of the 26 painful conditions in adult dairy cattle and calves scored by 465 dairy practitioners.
| Category | Condition | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obstetrics | Dystocia | 9.0 | 1.83 |
| Caesarean section | 8.6 | 2.12 | |
| Calving | 8.5 | 1.99 | |
| Uterine prolapse | 7.9 | 2.30 | |
| Vaginal prolapse | 6.3 | 2.66 | |
| Endometritis | 5.9 | 2.62 | |
| Internal medicine | Traumatic pericarditis | 7.8 | 2.25 |
| Abomasum displacement | 7.4 | 2.18 | |
| Ruminal bloat | 6.1 | 2.40 | |
| Oesophageal obstruction | 5.9 | 2.36 | |
| Ruminal acidosis | 5.3 | 2.62 | |
| Horn removal | Calf disbudding (hot iron) | 7.6 | 2.32 |
| Adult cattle dehorning | 7.1 | 2.52 | |
| Calf disbudding (caustic paste) | 5.6 | 2.74 | |
| Udder | Severe mastitis | 7.0 | 2.20 |
| Moderate mastitis | 5.1 | 2.24 | |
| Mild mastitis | 3.4 | 2.65 | |
| Metabolic and nutritional disease | Postpartum paralysis | 5.9 | 3.02 |
| Nutritional deficiency disease | 3.6 | 2.80 | |
| Other | Fracture | 8.4 | 2.08 |
| Bull calf surgical castration | 7.8 | 2.32 | |
| Hoof disease | 6.9 | 2.18 | |
| Umbilical hernia surgery | 6.8 | 2.35 | |
| Diarrhoea | 4.6 | 2.50 | |
| Infectious disease | 4.5 | 2.91 | |
| Parasitic disease | 4.1 | 2.57 |
SD = standard deviation.
Table 3.
Rotated component matrix for the first two principal components after eliminating the correlation coefficients less than 0.48 1.
Table 3.
Rotated component matrix for the first two principal components after eliminating the correlation coefficients less than 0.48 1.
| Condition | Component | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | |
| Dystocia | 0.830 | |
| Fracture | 0.817 | |
| Caesarean section | 0.814 | |
| Bull calf surgical castration | 0.758 | |
| Calving | 0.755 | |
| Traumatic pericarditis | 0.716 | |
| Calf disbudding (hot iron) | 0.707 | |
| Uterine prolapse | 0.702 | |
| Umbilical hernia surgery | 0.668 | |
| Abomasum displacement | 0.647 | |
| Hoof disease | 0.608 | |
| Severe mastitis | 0.586 | |
| Adult cattle dehorning | 0.562 | |
| Mild mastitis | 0.818 | |
| Nutritional deficiency disease | 0.810 | |
| Moderate mastitis | 0.779 | |
| Parasitic disease | 0.757 | |
| Diarrhoea | 0.752 | |
| Ruminal acidosis | 0.702 | |
| Infectious disease | 0.658 | |
| Endometritis | 0.604 | |
| Postpartum paralysis | 0.592 | |
| Oesophageal obstruction | 0.581 | |
| Ruminal bloat | 0.519 | |
| Calf disbudding (caustic paste) | 0.485 | |
| Vaginal prolapse | 0.484 | |
1 Rotation was performed using the Varimax method with Kaiser normalisation.
Table 4.
Pain score (least squares means ± standard error) of two condition categories characterised by severe pain with low variability and less severe pain with high variability, respectively.
Table 4.
Pain score (least squares means ± standard error) of two condition categories characterised by severe pain with low variability and less severe pain with high variability, respectively.
| Factor | Group | First Category | Second Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 7.4 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.06 b |
| Female | 7.3 ± 0.10 | 5.6 ± 0.12 a | |
| Age | ≤23 | 6.8 ± 0.14 b | 5.7 ± 0.08 a |
| 24–30 | 7.6 ± 0.07 a | 5.7 ± 0.08 a | |
| 31–40 | 7.5 ± 0.06 a | 5.5 ± 0.07 b | |
| ≥41 | 7.5 ± 0.09 a | 5.0 ± 0.11 c | |
| Education level | No college degree | 7.7 ± 0.07 a | 5.3 ± 0.08 b |
| Bachelor | 7.6 ± 0.07 a | 5.6 ± 0.09 a | |
| Master or above | 6.7 ± 0.10 b | 5.0 ± 0.12 c | |
| Position | Frontline staff 1 | 7.2 ± 0.08 | 5.3 ± 0.10 b |
| Manager or above | 7.3 ± 0.08 | 5.7 ± 0.09 a | |
| Veterinarian | 7.3 ± 0.07 | 5.0 ± 0.09 c | |
| Farm scale | ≤500 | 7.1 ± 0.10 b | 5.8 ± 0.12 a |
| 501–1000 | 7.1 ± 0.09 b | 5.5 ± 0.11 a | |
| 1001–5000 | 7.4 ± 0.07 a | 5.0 ± 0.09 b | |
| ≥5001 | 7.4 ± 0.08 a | 5.0 ± 0.09 b |
1 Feeding/breeding/milking staff. a–c Values within a column of a factor with different superscripts differ significantly at p < 0.05.
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Shi, R.; Shu, H.; Yu, R.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Gu, X. Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle. Animals 2022, 12, 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223140
AMA Style
Shi R, Shu H, Yu R, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gu X. Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle. Animals. 2022; 12(22):3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223140
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Ruijia, Hang Shu, Ruyang Yu, Yajing Wang, Ziqi Zhang, Junjie Zhang, and Xianhong Gu. 2022. "Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle" Animals 12, no. 22: 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223140
APA StyleShi, R., Shu, H., Yu, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., & Gu, X. (2022). Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle. Animals, 12(22), 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223140
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