Animals

19 pages, 8169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CRFB5a, a Subtype of Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica) Type I IFN Receptor, Regulates Host Antiviral and Antimicrobial Functions through Activation of IRF3/IRF7 and LEAP2

by Tianyu Wang, Peng Lin, Yilei Wang, Xiaojian Lai, Pengyun Chen, Fuyan Li and Jianjun Feng

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193157 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1836

Abstract

IFNAR1, one of the type I IFN receptors, is crucial to mammalian host defense against viral invasion. However, largely unknown is the immunological role of the fish teleost protein IFNAR1, also known as CRFB5. We have successfully cloned the whole cDNA of the [...] Read more.

IFNAR1, one of the type I IFN receptors, is crucial to mammalian host defense against viral invasion. However, largely unknown is the immunological role of the fish teleost protein IFNAR1, also known as CRFB5. We have successfully cloned the whole cDNA of the Japanese eel’s (Anguilla japonica) CRFB5a homolog, AjCRFB5a. The two fibronectin-3 domains and the transmembrane region (238–260 aa) of AjCRFB5a are normally present, and it shares a three-dimensional structure with zebrafish, Asian arowana, and humans. According to expression analyses, AjCRFB5a is highly expressed in all tissues found, particularly the liver and intestine. In vivo, Aeromonas hydrophila, LPS, and the viral mimic poly I:C all dramatically increased AjCRFB5a expression in the liver. Japanese eel liver cells were reported to express AjCRFB5a more strongly in vitro after being exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila or being stimulated with poly I: C. The membranes of Japanese eel liver cells contained EGFP-AjCRFB5a proteins, some of which were condensed, according to the results of fluorescence microscopy. Luciferase reporter assays showed that AjCRFB5a overexpression strongly increased the expression of immune-related genes in Japanese eel liver cells, such as IFN1, IFN2, IFN3, IFN4, IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 of the type I IFN signaling pathway, as well as one of the essential antimicrobial peptides LEAP2, in addition to significantly inducing human IFN-promoter activities in HEK293 cells. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) data demonstrated that knocking down AjCRFB5a caused all eight of those genes to drastically lower their expression in Japanese eel liver cells, as well as to variable degrees in the kidney, spleen, liver, and intestine. Our findings together showed that AjCRFB5a participates in the host immune response to bacterial infection by inducing antimicrobial peptides mediated by LEAP2 and favorably modulates host antiviral immune responses by activating IRF3 and IRF7-driven type I IFN signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Pathology)

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16 pages, 9268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characteristics and Polymorphisms of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ABCG2 Gene and Its Role in Milk Fat Synthesis

by Fangting Zhou, Xinyang Fan, Xiaoqi Xu, Zhuoran Li, Lihua Qiu and Yongwang Miao

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193156 - 9 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2139

Abstract

The ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) serves crucial roles in secreting riboflavin and biotin vitamins into the milk of cattle, mice, and humans, as well as in the transportation of xenotoxic and cytostatic drugs across the plasma membrane. However, [...] Read more.

The ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) serves crucial roles in secreting riboflavin and biotin vitamins into the milk of cattle, mice, and humans, as well as in the transportation of xenotoxic and cytostatic drugs across the plasma membrane. However, the specific role of the ABCG2 gene in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), especially its effect on milk fat synthesis in buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMECs), remains inadequately understood. In this study, the full-length CDS of the buffalo ABCG2 gene was isolated and identified from the mammary gland in buffaloes. A bioinformatics analysis showed a high degree of similarity in the transcriptional region, motifs, and conservative domains of the buffalo ABCG2 with those observed in other Bovidae species. The functional role of buffalo ABCG2 was associated with the transportation of solutes across lipid bilayers within cell membranes. Among the 11 buffalo tissues detected, the expression levels of ABCG2 were the highest in the liver and brain, followed by the mammary gland, adipose tissue, heart, and kidney. Notably, its expression in the mammary gland was significantly higher during peak lactation than during non-lactation. The ABCG2 gene was identified with five SNPs in river buffaloes, while it was monomorphic in swamp buffaloes. Functional experiments revealed that ABCG2 increased the triglyceride (TAG) content by affecting the expression of liposynthesis-related genes in BuMECs. The results of this study underscore the pivotal role of the ABCG2 gene in influencing the milk fat synthesis in BuMECs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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11 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promotion of Pregnant Merino Ewes’ Welfare with the Introduction of a Drought- and High-Temperature-Resistant Cereal into Their Diet: Analysis of Tritordeum Meadow

by Estrella I. Agüera, Lucía Requena, María B. García-Moreno, Manuel A. Pérez-Priego and Francisco Requena

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193155 - 9 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Tritordeum is a new cereal resistant to drought and high temperatures, and it is a very healthy crop. The aim of this study was to compare two different diets (tritordeum meadow vs. oat meadow) for grazing pregnant ewes to determine if there was [...] Read more.

Tritordeum is a new cereal resistant to drought and high temperatures, and it is a very healthy crop. The aim of this study was to compare two different diets (tritordeum meadow vs. oat meadow) for grazing pregnant ewes to determine if there was any effect on the objective physiological indicators of animal welfare. A total of 150 pregnant Merino ewes (3–5 years) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 75 each) to be fed with two different meadows, being evaluated during the spring season. Red blood cells count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, neutrophiles/lymphocytes ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, cortisol, total plasma proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin/globulins ratio, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, IgA, and IgG were determined. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the welfare of pregnant ewes fed with tritordeum meadow was better than that of pregnant ewes fed with oat meadow. Tritordeum meadow had a positive influence on the physiological parameters of animal welfare studied in pregnant Merino ewes. Therefore, tritordeum meadow can be considered a functional feed, as it has a beneficial effect on health beyond its basic nutritional value. Farmers are recommended to feed a cereal such as tritordeum grassland to their sheep, as it not only ensures that the animals benefit from all the nutrients, but also prevents diseases and improves their quality of life. In addition, the cereal’s resistance to fungal diseases makes it suitable for use in sustainable production systems with a reduced environmental footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Indices and Behavioural Indicators for the Evaluation of Animal Health and Welfare under the Changing Climate Scenarios)

39 pages, 10221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ascertaining the Influence of Lacto-Fermentation on Changes in Bovine Colostrum Amino and Fatty Acid Profiles

by Vytautė Starkutė, Ernestas Mockus, Dovilė Klupšaitė, Eglė Zokaitytė, Saulius Tušas, Ramutė Mišeikienė, Rolandas Stankevičius, João Miguel Rocha and Elena Bartkienė

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193154 - 9 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The aim of this study was to collect samples of bovine colostrum (BCOL) from different sources (agricultural companies A, B, C, D and E) in Lithuania and to ascertain the influence of lacto-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 135 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain 244 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to collect samples of bovine colostrum (BCOL) from different sources (agricultural companies A, B, C, D and E) in Lithuania and to ascertain the influence of lacto-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 135 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain 244 on the changes in bovine colostrum amino (AA), biogenic amine (BA), and fatty acid (FA) profiles. It was established that the source of the bovine colostrum, the used LAB, and their interaction had significant effects (p < 0.05) on AA contents; lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for fermentation was a significant factor for aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine; and these factor’s interaction is significant on most of the detected AA concentrations. Total BA content showed significant correlations with glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, and gamma amino-butyric acid content in bovine colostrum. Despite the differences in individual FA contents in bovine colostrum, significant differences were not found in total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Finally, the utilization of bovine colostrum proved to be challenging because of the variability on its composition. These results suggest that processing bovine colostrum into value-added formulations for human consumption requires the adjustment of its composition since the primary production stage. Consequently, animal rearing should be considered in the employed bovine colostrum processing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Improving the Added Value of Raw Milk and Dairy Products through Innovative Tools and Techniques)

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26 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Factors Involved in the Reproductive Morphophysiology of Female Domestic Cat (Felis catus)

by Luciano Cardoso Santos and Juneo Freitas Silva

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193153 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1996

Abstract

The domestic cat (Felis catus) is considered an important model for the study of feline reproductive morphophysiology. However, although the morphological changes and clinical signs that occur during the estrous cycle and pregnancy are well known, little is known about the [...] Read more.

The domestic cat (Felis catus) is considered an important model for the study of feline reproductive morphophysiology. However, although the morphological changes and clinical signs that occur during the estrous cycle and pregnancy are well known, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the reproductive physiology of this animal species. Thus, this paper reviews the current knowledge about the modulation and expression profile of hormonal, immunological, redox, and growth mediators involved in the uterine, ovarian, and placental morphophysiology of domestic cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Animal Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology)

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16 pages, 6783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sublethal Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Embryonic Development of Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758)

by Martina Contino, Greta Ferruggia, Stefania Indelicato, Roberta Pecoraro, Elena Maria Scalisi, Antonio Salvaggio and Maria Violetta Brundo

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193152 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Currents, wave motion, solar radiation, and abrasion are mechanisms responsible for the degradation of large plastic artifacts and contribute to the dispersion of micro and nanoplastics into aquatic ecosystems, which are, currently, the most dangerous threats due to their invisibility and persistence. The [...] Read more.

Currents, wave motion, solar radiation, and abrasion are mechanisms responsible for the degradation of large plastic artifacts and contribute to the dispersion of micro and nanoplastics into aquatic ecosystems, which are, currently, the most dangerous threats due to their invisibility and persistence. The present work evaluated the possible lethal and sublethal effects of amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (nPS-NH₂) with diameters of 50 nm and 100 nm on Artemia salina (A. salina), an organism at the base of the trophic chain of the aquatic system, using a widely used model for the analysis of embryotoxicity from environmental pollutants. For this purpose, after evaluating the biodistribution of nanoplastics in the body of the tested animals, several endpoints such as anomalies, apoptosis, and ROS production were assessed. In addition, particular attention was dedicated to evaluating the correlation between toxicity and the particle size tested. The results reported that, despite the absence of a lethal impact, several sublethal effects involving gut and body size malformations, as well as the enhancement of apoptosis and oxidative stress in relation to an increase in tested concentration and a decrease in nanoparticle size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Exposed Animals as Indicators or Sentinel Species for (Micro)plastics)

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15 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Platycladus orientalis Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Fur-Production, Serum Parameters, and Intestinal Microbiota of Raccoon Dogs

by Xiao Li, Xiaoli Chen, Weitao Yuan, Xiuli Zhang, Aipeng Mao, Weigang Zhao, Naiquan Yao, Xuming Deng and Chao Xu

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193151 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Platycladus orientalis leaves are rich in flavonoids and polysaccharides, which offer high medicinal and nutritional benefits. This study aimed to investigate the impact of P. orientalis leaf extract (PLE) on the growth performance, fur quality, serum parameters, and intestinal microbiota of raccoon dogs. [...] Read more.

Platycladus orientalis leaves are rich in flavonoids and polysaccharides, which offer high medicinal and nutritional benefits. This study aimed to investigate the impact of P. orientalis leaf extract (PLE) on the growth performance, fur quality, serum parameters, and intestinal microbiota of raccoon dogs. Sixty healthy male black raccoon dogs, aged 85 (±5) days, were randomly assigned to four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g/kg PLE for 125 days (designated as groups P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively). The results revealed that the raccoon dogs in group P1 exhibited increased average daily gain and underfur length while showing a decreased feed/gain ratio compared to group P0 (p < 0.05). However, the heart index in group P2 was significantly lower than in group P0 (p < 0.05), and the kidney index and serum alanine aminotransferase activities in group P3 were higher than in groups P2 and P0 (p < 0.05), suggesting potential adverse effects at higher PLE dosages. Notably, dietary PLE supplementation led to a reduction in serum glucose concentrations (p < 0.05), which may have implications for glucose regulation. Furthermore, the study explored the impact of dietary supplementation with 0.25 g/kg PLE on the raccoon dogs’ intestinal microbiota using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed significant alterations in the microbial community structure, with a notable decrease in the abundance of Prevotella copri in response to 0.25 g/kg PLE supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing raccoon dogs’ diet with 0.25 g/kg PLE can lead to improved growth performance and a positive influence on the intestinal microbiota. However, caution should be exercised regarding higher dosages, as they may have adverse effects on certain parameters. As a result, PLE holds promise as a potential feed additive for fur animal production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives, Performance and Welfare in Domestic Animals)

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33 pages, 8098 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolutions in Commercial Meat Poultry Breeding

by Anne-Marie Neeteson, Santiago Avendaño, Alfons Koerhuis, Brendan Duggan, Eduardo Souza, James Mason, John Ralph, Paige Rohlf, Tim Burnside, Andreas Kranis and Richard Bailey

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193150 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9165

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history of commercial poultry breeding, from domestication to the development of science and commercial breeding structures. The development of breeding goals over time, from mainly focusing on production to broad goals, including bird welfare and [...] Read more.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history of commercial poultry breeding, from domestication to the development of science and commercial breeding structures. The development of breeding goals over time, from mainly focusing on production to broad goals, including bird welfare and health, robustness, environmental impact, biological efficiency and reproduction, is detailed. The paper outlines current breeding goals, including traits (e.g., on foot and leg health, contact dermatitis, gait, cardiovascular health, robustness and livability), recording techniques, their genetic basis and how trait these antagonisms, for example, between welfare and production, are managed. Novel areas like genomic selection and gut health research and their current and potential impact on breeding are highlighted. The environmental impact differences of various genotypes are explained. A future outlook shows that balanced, holistic breeding will continue to enable affordable lean animal protein to feed the world, with a focus on the welfare of the birds and a diversity of choice for the various preferences and cultures across the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Poultry)

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17 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Qinling and Sichuan Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis and sichuanensis)

by Yuhang Gao, Chang Yu, Gang Liu, Meng Zhang, Zichen Liu, Jinpeng Liu and Yipeng Jin

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193149 - 9 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Giant pandas are the flagship species in world conservation, and include two subspecies, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis (A. m. qinlingensis) and Ailuropoda melanoleuca sichuanensis (A. m. sichuanensis). Hematology and serum biochemistry studies are crucial to protecting giant pandas. Even though [...] Read more.

Giant pandas are the flagship species in world conservation, and include two subspecies, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis (A. m. qinlingensis) and Ailuropoda melanoleuca sichuanensis (A. m. sichuanensis). Hematology and serum biochemistry studies are crucial to protecting giant pandas. Even though research on hematology and serum biochemistry are well-established in A. m. sichuanensis, research in A. m. qinlingensis is scarce. The study aimed to (1) establish a baseline for hemogram and reference intervals (RIs) for hematological and serum biochemical parameters in A. m. qinlingensis, (2) assess the possible variations in these parameters of A. m. qinlingensis based on age, gender, and storage condition of blood samples, and (3) compare the parameters to those of A. m. sichuanensis. Blood samples (n = 42) were collected from healthy A. m. qinlingensis (n = 21) housed in Shaanxi (Louguantai) Rare Wildlife Rescue and Breeding Research Center, and hematological (n = 25) and serum biochemical parameters (n = 18) were analyzed in March and December of 2019. The results showed no significant abnormality in the blood smears of all individuals in this study, except for a few serrated red blood cells, platelet aggregations, and occasionally giant platelets. Between sub-adult and adult A. m. qinlingensis, there were significant differences in five hematological and one serum biochemical parameter (p < 0.05), whereas six serum biochemical parameters were present when α = 0.1 (p < 0.1). Gender influenced % NEU, % LYM, % EOS, LYM, EOS, GGT, and CHOL of A. m. qinlingensis. The majority of the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis were different from those of A. m. sichuanensis regarding age and gender. The anticoagulant whole blood samples of A. m. qinlingensis stored at 2–8 °C for 24 h and the serum samples stored at −18 °C for 48 h had little influence on the values of hematological and serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, this study provided a baseline of hemogram and established RIs for hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis. RIs of A. m. sichuanensis reported before were not completely fit for A. m. qinlingensis, and age, gender, or the storage condition of blood samples influenced some of the parameters of A. m. qinlingensis. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a hemogram baseline and RIs for hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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15 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bump Feeding Improves Sow Reproductive Performance, Milk Yield, Piglet Birth Weight, and Farrowing Behavior

by Keiven Mark B. Ampode, Hong-Seok Mun, Eddiemar B. Lagua, Veasna Chem, Hae-Rang Park, Young-Hwa Kim and Chul-Ju Yang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193148 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

The late gestation period is crucial for fetal growth and development, impacting swine enterprises’ profitability. Various nutritional strategies have been explored to enhance reproductive performance in sows, but findings regarding birth weight and litter size have been inconsistent. This study investigated the effects [...] Read more.

The late gestation period is crucial for fetal growth and development, impacting swine enterprises’ profitability. Various nutritional strategies have been explored to enhance reproductive performance in sows, but findings regarding birth weight and litter size have been inconsistent. This study investigated the effects of increased feeding allowance during the late gestation period on the reproductive performance and farrowing behavior of primiparous and multiparous sows. A total of 28 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were used in this experiment, and fed 2.50 kg/d or 3.50 kg/d from 84 days of gestation until farrowing. Farrowing behavior was monitored using a DeepEyes^TM M3SEN camera. The data were analyzed using the 2 × 2 factorial within Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2011, Version 9.3) software. The results indicated that regardless of the parity number, sows fed a high diet exhibited a numerical increase in the total number of born piglets and a significant increase in milk yield (p = 0.014) and piglet birthweight (p = 0.023). Backfat thickness loss was significantly higher in sows with a 2.50 kg feeding allowance (p = 0.022), and the total number of piglets born, live births, and litter size were numerically higher in sows fed 3.50 kg per day. Moreover, stillborn piglets, mortality rate, and re-estrus days were numerically lower in sows with a high feeding allowance. The diet and parity did not individually affect the average duration of farrowing and farrowing intervals. However, the duration of postural changes in sows after farrowing was significantly reduced (p = 0.012). The principal component analysis revealed 81.40% and 80.70% differences upon partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Therefore, increasing feeding allowance during the late gestation period, regardless of parity, could positively influence sows’ reproductive performance and piglets’ growth performance during the lactation phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feeding Strategies to Improve Sustainability and Welfare in Animal Production)

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25 pages, 3331 KiB

Open AccessReview

Canine Mammary Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

by Eliza Vazquez, Yulia Lipovka, Alejandro Cervantes-Arias, Adriana Garibay-Escobar, Michelle M. Haby, Felisbina Luisa Queiroga and Carlos Velazquez

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193147 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8908

Abstract

Mammary cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in women and non-spayed female dogs and is one of the leading causes of death in both species. Canines develop spontaneous mammary tumors that share a significant number of biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics [...] Read more.

Mammary cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in women and non-spayed female dogs and is one of the leading causes of death in both species. Canines develop spontaneous mammary tumors that share a significant number of biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with human breast cancers. This review provides a detailed description of the histological, molecular and clinical aspects of mammary cancer in canines; it discusses risk factors and currently available diagnostic and treatment options, as well as remaining challenges and unanswered questions. The incidence of mammary tumors is highly variable and is impacted by biological, pathological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, including hormonal status, breed, advanced age, obesity and diet. Diagnosis is mainly based on histopathology, although several efforts have been made to establish a molecular classification of canine mammary tumors to widen the spectrum of treatment options, which today rely heavily on surgical removal of tumors. Lastly, standardization of clinical study protocols, development of canine-specific biological tools, establishment of adequate dog-specific disease biomarkers and identification of targets for the development of new therapies that could improve survival and have less adverse effects than chemotherapy are among the remaining challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colostrum Quality in Different Goat Breeds Reared in Northern Italy

by Stella Agradi, Marta González-Cabrera, Anastasio Argüello, Lorenzo Enrique Hernández-Castellano, Noemí Castro, Laura Menchetti, Gabriele Brecchia, Daniele Vigo, Edoardo Tuccia and Giulio Curone

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193146 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1656

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize the colostrum quality in three different local goat breeds of Northern Italy (i.e., Frisa Valtellinese, Orobica, and Lariana) and a cosmopolitan one (i.e., Camosciata delle Alpi) (n = 30 per breed), reared under traditional semi-extensive and intensive [...] Read more.

This study aimed to characterize the colostrum quality in three different local goat breeds of Northern Italy (i.e., Frisa Valtellinese, Orobica, and Lariana) and a cosmopolitan one (i.e., Camosciata delle Alpi) (n = 30 per breed), reared under traditional semi-extensive and intensive systems, respectively. Lariana showed the highest percentage of fat (10.18 ± 3.14%) and total solids (30.73 ± 4.89%) but the lowest percentage of lactose (1.87 ± 0.82%; p < 0.05); Orobica had the lowest percentage of fat (7.13 ± 2.48%), total solids (24.11 ± 5.48%), and protein (10.77 ± 4.53%) but the highest percentage of lactose (3.16 ± 0.73%; p < 0.05). This suggests that breeds which have a more pronounced meat aptitude (i.e., Frisa and Lariana) have a higher concentration of components than breeds with more dairy aptitude (i.e., Orobica and Camosciata). Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that IgG is the parameter that best differentiates local breeds from cosmopolitan ones (p < 0.01). Colostrum from Frisa goats showed the highest IgG concentration (100.90 ± 8.11 mg/mL), while the lowest concentration was in the Camosciata breed (74.75 ± 20.16 mg/mL). Finally, the highest lactoferrin concentration was in Frisa (1781.3 ± 892.6 µg/mL) and the lowest in Camosciata and Lariana (763.1 ± 357.9 and 1148.0 ± 858.6 µg/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). Differences between Camosciata and local breeds could be due to the different farming systems, in addition to the genetic characteristics. The higher quality of colostrum produced by some local goats could be an adaptive characteristic that helps the growth and survival of the kids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Production from Local Breeds: Opportunities to Enhance Traditional Products and Farming Systems)

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19 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Malondialdehyde Damage to the Growth Performance and Digestive Function of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatu♂)

by Jiongting Fan, Yumeng Zhang, Hang Zhou, Yu Liu, Yixiong Cao, Xiaomei Dou, Xinlangji Fu, Junming Deng and Beiping Tan

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193145 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1387

Abstract

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the dominant component of lipid peroxidation products. Improper storage and transportation can elevate the lipid deterioration MDA content of diets to values that are unsafe for aquatic animals and even hazardous to human health. The study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the dominant component of lipid peroxidation products. Improper storage and transportation can elevate the lipid deterioration MDA content of diets to values that are unsafe for aquatic animals and even hazardous to human health. The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary MDA on growth performance and digestive function of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatu♂). Six isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain 0.03, 1.11, 2.21, 4.43, 8.86 and 17.72 mg/kg MDA, respectively. The study shows that the increased dietary MDA content linearly reduced the growth rate, feed utilization, body index and body lipid content of hybrid grouper, while the low dose of dietary MDA (≤2.21 mg/kg) created no difference. Similarly, dietary MDA inclusion linearly depressed the activities of intestinal digestive and absorptive enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes, enhanced the serum diamine oxidase activity, endotoxin level and intestinal MDA content. A high dose of MDA (≥4.43 mg/kg) generally impaired the gastric and intestinal mucosa, up-regulated the relative expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 but down-regulated the relative expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in hindgut. In conclusion, the effect of MDA on hybrid grouper showed a dose-dependent effect in this study. A low dose of dietary MDA had limited effects on growth performance and intestinal health of hybrid grouper, while a high concentration damaged the gastrointestinal structure, depressed the intestinal digestive and antioxidant functions, and thereby impaired the growth and health of hybrid grouper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health, Welfare and Sustainability of Organic Production)

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13 pages, 9373 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Arterial Blood Supply to the Cerebral Arterial Circle in the Selected Species of Carnivora Order from Poland

by Maciej Zdun, Jakub Jędrzej Ruszkowski, Aleksander F. Butkiewicz and Maciej Gogulski

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193144 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

Carnivores are a wide, diverse group of mammals whose representatives live all over the world. The study presents the results of the analysis of the arterial vascularization of the blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle of selected species in the Caniformia suborder [...] Read more.

Carnivores are a wide, diverse group of mammals whose representatives live all over the world. The study presents the results of the analysis of the arterial vascularization of the blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle of selected species in the Caniformia suborder living in Poland. The selected group consists of wild and farm animals—105 animals in total. Three different methods were used—latex preparation, corrosion cast, and cone-beam computed tomography angiography. The main source of blood for encephalon in the described species is the internal carotid artery, and the second one is the vertebral artery. The results were discussed in relation to the current knowledge of this field of research. Information on the potential physiological meaning of such vascular pattern has been provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Anatomy Studies)

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27 pages, 19168 KiB

Open AccessReview

Farm Animal Welfare Is a Field of Interest in China: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace

by Lihang Cui, Wenjie Tang, Xiaoshang Deng and Bing Jiang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193143 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

Farm animal welfare research conducted in China is not commonly accessed or known outside of China, which may lead to the assumption that farm animal welfare receives relatively little attention in China. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on the existing Chinese farm [...] Read more.

Farm animal welfare research conducted in China is not commonly accessed or known outside of China, which may lead to the assumption that farm animal welfare receives relatively little attention in China. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on the existing Chinese farm animal welfare literature to provide robust evidence to refute this assumption. A total of 1312 peer-reviewed Chinese studies on farm animal welfare published between March 1992 and June 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. CiteSpace software was used to analyze and visualize the number, species, authors, institutions, journals, and keywords of the papers. In China, farm animal welfare research has gone through the processes of an early stage (1992–2001), rapid-growth stage (2002–2007), and mature stage (2008–present), and the scale of research continues to grow. Notably, swine and chickens have received priority attention in this area. A Matthew effect was observed for authors and institutions, with relatively little collaboration among authors and institutions. Most of the papers were published in a small number of journals, with an apparent agglomeration characteristic. The research hotspots, summarized as “feed and diet”, “environmental impacts and control”, “integrated rearing management”, “injury and disease”, “behavior and technologies for behavior monitoring”, “genetic analysis”, “welfare during transport and slaughter”, “welfare-friendly animal product consumption”, “attitudes toward farm animal welfare”, and “healthy breeding”. The keywords “computer vision”, “recognition”, “temperature”, “precision livestock farming”, “laying hen”, and “behavior”, represent the major research frontiers in the field, which could indicate potential areas of significant future research. The findings of the present bibliometric analysis confirm the fact that farm animal welfare is a field of interest in China. Farm animal welfare research in China tends to be pragmatic, with a strong emphasis on enhancing growth and production performance, as well as product quality, rather than solely concentrating on improving farm animal welfare. This paper provides insightful references that researchers can use to identify and understand the current status and future direction of the farm animal welfare field in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Welfare from a Cross-Cultural Perspective)

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12 pages, 22810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Forest Musk Deer Abscess Disease Pathogens Using 16S rRNA High-Throughput Sequencing Technology

by Guanjie Lu, Zhe Wang, Baofeng Zhang, Zhichao Zhou, Defu Hu and Dong Zhang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193142 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

Currently, researchers use bacterial culture and targeted PCR methods to classify, culture, and identify the pathogens causing abscess diseases. However, this method is limited by factors such as the type of culture medium and culture conditions, making it challenging to screen and proliferate [...] Read more.

Currently, researchers use bacterial culture and targeted PCR methods to classify, culture, and identify the pathogens causing abscess diseases. However, this method is limited by factors such as the type of culture medium and culture conditions, making it challenging to screen and proliferate many bacteria effectively. Fortunately, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, pathogen identification at the genetic level has become possible. Not only can this approach overcome the limitations of bacterial culture, but it can also accurately identify the types and relative abundance of pathogens. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA to identify the pathogens in purulent fluid samples. Our results not only confirmed the presence of the main pathogen reported by previous researchers, Trueperella pyogenes, but also other obligate anaerobes, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides fragilis as the dominant pathogens causing abscess diseases for the first time. Therefore, our findings suggest that high-throughput sequencing technology has the potential to replace traditional bacterial culture and targeted PCR methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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17 pages, 3215 KiB

Open AccessReview

Utilizing Electrochemical Biosensors as an Innovative Platform for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Animal Viruses

by Xun He, Shan Wang, Caoyuan Ma, Guang-Ri Xu, Jinyou Ma, Hongbing Xie, Wei Zhu, Hongyang Liu, Lei Wang and Yimin Wang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193141 - 8 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2193

Abstract

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis [...] Read more.

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis of animal virus infections is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and reduce economic losses. To address the need for rapid diagnosis, electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising tools. Electrochemical methods present numerous benefits, including heightened sensitivity and selectivity, affordability, ease of use, portability, and rapid analysis, making them suitable for real-time virus detection. This paper focuses on the construction of electrochemical biosensors, as well as promising biosensor models, and expounds its advantages in virus detection, which is a promising research direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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14 pages, 2659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Mixed Organic Acids Improves Growth Performance, Immunity, and Antioxidant Capacity and Maintains the Intestinal Barrier of Ira Rabbits

by Zhixin Lin, Guofeng Yang, Min Zhang, Rui Yang, Yating Wang, Pingting Guo, Jing Zhang, Changkang Wang, Qinghua Liu and Yuyun Gao

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193140 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1359

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mixed organic acids (MOAs) on growth performance, immunity, antioxidants, intestinal digestion, and barrier function in Ira rabbits. A total of 192 weaned male Ira rabbits at 35 days of age were randomly [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mixed organic acids (MOAs) on growth performance, immunity, antioxidants, intestinal digestion, and barrier function in Ira rabbits. A total of 192 weaned male Ira rabbits at 35 days of age were randomly assigned to four groups with six replicates of eight rabbits each. The rabbits in the control group (CON) were fed a basal diet, and the antibiotic group (SAL) was fed a basal diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg salinomycin. The test groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg MOAs (MOA1 and MOA2, respectively). The experiment lasted for 55 days. The results showed that the ADG of Ira rabbits in the SAL group and MOA1 group was higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). The serum IL-6 and liver MDA levels of Ira rabbits in the SAL group, MOA1 group, and MOA2 group were lower than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). In addition, sIgA levels in the jejunal mucosa of Ira rabbits in the SAL group and MOA1 group were increased compared with those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the gene expression of IL-6 was decreased (p < 0.05) in the jejunal mucosa of Ira rabbits in the SAL, MOA1, and MOA2 groups, while the gene expression of IL-1β tended to decrease (p = 0.077) and the IL-10 content tended to increase (p = 0.062). Moreover, the gene expression of ZO-1 in the jejunal mucosa of Ira rabbits was elevated in the MOA1 group compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MOAs can improve growth performance, enhance immune function and antioxidant capacity, and maintain the intestinal barrier in weaned Ira rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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15 pages, 3394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Mechanism of Low-Salinity Environmental Adaptation in Sepia esculenta Larvae through Transcriptome Profiling

by Yongjie Wang, Xiumei Liu, Weijun Wang, Guohua Sun, Xiaohui Xu, Yanwei Feng, Zan Li and Jianmin Yang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193139 - 8 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1188

Abstract

Sepia esculenta is an economically important mollusk distributed in the coastal waters of China. Juveniles are more susceptible to stimulation by the external environment than mature individuals. The ocean salinity fluctuates due to environmental changes. However, there is a lack of research on [...] Read more.

Sepia esculenta is an economically important mollusk distributed in the coastal waters of China. Juveniles are more susceptible to stimulation by the external environment than mature individuals. The ocean salinity fluctuates due to environmental changes. However, there is a lack of research on the salinity adaptations of S. esculenta. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the differential expression of genes in S. esculenta larvae after stimulation by low salinity. RNA samples were sequenced and 1039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Then, enrichment analysis was performed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Finally, a protein–protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed, and the functions of key genes in S. esculenta larvae after low-salinity stimulation were explored. We suggest that low salinity leads to an excess proliferation of cells in S. esculenta larvae that, in turn, affects normal physiological activities. The results of this study can aid in the artificial incubation of S. esculenta and reduce the mortality of larvae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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12 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Diet Supplementation with Oat Hay and Whole Carrot on Rabbit Growth and Productive Efficiency

by Mário Quaresma, Luisa Cristina Roseiro, Tatiana Ferreira, Maria Leonor Nunes and Gonçalo Pereira

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193138 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1592

Abstract

Is it possible to reduce feeding costs in rabbit meat production without compromising rabbit health and productive yield? The study tested four feeding strategies: Control group (CC) fed exclusively with concentrate feed; group CT supplemented with whole carrot; group OH supplemented with oat [...] Read more.

Is it possible to reduce feeding costs in rabbit meat production without compromising rabbit health and productive yield? The study tested four feeding strategies: Control group (CC) fed exclusively with concentrate feed; group CT supplemented with whole carrot; group OH supplemented with oat hay; and Group CO supplemented with oat hay and whole carrot. Each feeding strategy was tested in 20 rabbits, randomly allocated in five cages with four rabbits each. The average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the amount of concentrated feed consumed daily were estimated in all experimental groups. Group CC displayed the best ADG (37.1 g/rabbit/day), carrot had no significant influence on ADG (34.2 g/rabbit/day), but oat hay had a negative impact (p < 0.05), either used alone or in combination with carrot (33.0 and 32.6 g/rabbit/day, respectively). Supplementation with carrot, oat hay, or both increased the FCR (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in final live weight or carcass weight between the rabbits in the different experimental groups. In conclusion, supplementation with oat hay, carrot, or both can be a valid approach to reducing production costs by decreasing concentrate feed without affecting rabbit’s health and meat yield. The combined supplementation with oat hay and carrot proved to be the best option in reducing the amount of concentrate feed ingested by rabbits (less than 1107 g/animal), but at current market values, supplementation exclusively with oat hay was the less expensive feeding strategy (less 14% than fed exclusively with concentrate feeding). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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15 pages, 1368 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Used like Pawns or Treated like Kings? How Narratives around Racehorse Welfare in the 2023 Grand National May Affect Public Acceptance: An Informed Commentary

by Gemma Pearson, Janet Douglas, Inga Wolframm and Tamzin Furtado

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193137 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6723

Abstract

The 2023 Grand National steeplechase race was delayed when protesters from the animal rights group, ‘Animal Rising’, gained access to the course just prior to the race. The international media spotlight was focused on what is already a high-profile event and the social [...] Read more.

The 2023 Grand National steeplechase race was delayed when protesters from the animal rights group, ‘Animal Rising’, gained access to the course just prior to the race. The international media spotlight was focused on what is already a high-profile event and the social licence of both this race and racing in general was scrutinised. Both at the time and for several days afterwards, the general public was exposed to two different narratives from pro- and anti-racing communities. This paper discusses these perspectives and the potential impact on the general public’s relationship with racing. Whilst well-meaning and aiming to promote racing, much of the racing industry’s commentary inadvertently risked damaging its reputation due to a poor understanding of social licence principles. We explore the reasons for these two groups’ alternative perspectives on welfare and suggest considerations for change. Ultimately, if ‘the people’s race’ is to maintain its social licence, the racing community needs to both understand and embrace the concept. Welcoming independent opinions, engaging with different viewpoints, accepting that change is inevitable and, most importantly, being proactive in making changes to prioritise equine welfare will all help racing to move towards greater public acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Human Behaviour and Cognition on Sustainable Equine Welfare and Horse–Human Interaction)

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11 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Profile, Volatile Organic Compound, and Physical Parameter Changes in Chicken Breast Meat Affected by Wooden Breast and White Striping Myopathies

by Eglė Lebednikaitė, Dovilė Klupšaitė, Elena Bartkienė, Jolita Klementavičiūtė, Ernestas Mockus, Lina Anskienė, Žana Balčiauskienė and Alius Pockevičius

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193136 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1339

Abstract

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of pectoralis major myopathies on the physical parameters, fatty acid (FA) profile, and volatile organic compound (VOC) composition of chicken breast meat. Samples were collected from pectoralis major of broilers with varying severity [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of pectoralis major myopathies on the physical parameters, fatty acid (FA) profile, and volatile organic compound (VOC) composition of chicken breast meat. Samples were collected from pectoralis major of broilers with varying severity scores (normal, mild, and severe) of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies. Chicken breast meat affected by severe myopathies expressed higher cooking loss, drip loss (p < 0.001), and yellowness (p < 0.05) compared to those of samples that were taken from broilers without myopathies (normal). The amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was significantly higher in samples affected by mild and severe myopathies than in those without myopathies (p < 0.05). There was significantly more aldehyde hexanal in muscles affected by mild and severe myopathies than in muscles without myopathies (p < 0.05). In conclusion, WB and WS myopathies of the breast muscle not only affected the physical parameters of broiler meat but also may have influenced its FA profile and VOC composition. Additionally, an elevated amount of hexanal in muscles affected by WB together with WS suggests that oxidative stress could be important in the etiopathogenesis of WB and WS myopathies. Therefore, poultry meat affected by myopathies have the potential to alter breast meat flavor and composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting Poultry Meat Quality and Flavor: Physico-Chemical Attributes and Sensory Evaluation)

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19 pages, 2445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Situational Analysis and Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Broiler Poultry Farmers in Nepal

by Manoj Kumar Shahi, Tulsi Ram Gompo, Sumit Sharma, Bishal Pokhrel, Srijana Manandhar and Saharuetai Jeamsripong

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193135 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2900

Abstract

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to conduct a situational analysis, and second, to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of broiler poultry farmers (BPF) regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Data were collected from 500 BPF across [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to conduct a situational analysis, and second, to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of broiler poultry farmers (BPF) regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Data were collected from 500 BPF across 40 districts, representing 88.1% of Nepal’s broiler poultry population. Among these farmers, 81.0% were male, 59.6% had up to 4 years of experience in poultry farming, and 50.8% had completed at least a high school education. The most used antimicrobials on the farms were doxycycline (23.5%), neomycin (17.1%), and colistin sulfate (9.6%) out of 27 reported antimicrobials. While the BPF exhibited limited knowledge (62.6%) and practice (55.5%) related to AMU and AMR, their overall attitude toward these issues was positive (91.6%). This study also identified significant factors influencing farmers’ attitudes toward AMU and AMR. Farmers aged 31–40 showed a stronger inclination compared to other age groups (OR = 4.2, p = 0.02), and those using antimicrobials for preventive purposes had a more favorable attitude compared to those using them for other purposes (OR = 5.9, p = 0.02). In light of these findings, this study recommends the implementation of effective regulatory measures for drug usage, along with awareness programs addressing AMU and AMR to address the issue of AMR in poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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19 pages, 7948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Forest Wildlife Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s

by Wenhan Yang, Tianyu Liu, Ping Jiang, Aolin Qi, Lexing Deng, Zelong Liu and Yuchen He

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193134 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2321

Abstract

A forest wildlife detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5s network model is proposed to advance forest wildlife monitoring and improve detection accuracy in complex forest environments. This research utilizes a data set from the Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve in China, to [...] Read more.

A forest wildlife detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5s network model is proposed to advance forest wildlife monitoring and improve detection accuracy in complex forest environments. This research utilizes a data set from the Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve in China, to which data augmentation and expansion methods are applied to extensively train the proposed model. To enhance the feature extraction ability of the proposed model, a weighted channel stitching method based on channel attention is introduced. The Swin Transformer module is combined with a CNN network to add a Self-Attention mechanism, thus improving the perceptual field for feature extraction. Furthermore, a new loss function (DIOU_Loss) and an adaptive class suppression loss (L_BCE) are adopted to accelerate the model’s convergence speed, reduce false detections in confusing categories, and increase its accuracy. When comparing our improved algorithm with the original YOLOv5s network model under the same experimental conditions and data set, significant improvements are observed, in particular, the mean average precision (mAP) is increased from 72.6% to 89.4%, comprising an accuracy improvement of 16.8%. Our improved algorithm also outperforms popular target detection algorithms, including YOLOv5s, YOLOv3, RetinaNet, and Faster-RCNN. Our proposed improvement measures can well address the challenges posed by the low contrast between background and targets, as well as occlusion and overlap, in forest wildlife images captured by trap cameras. These measures provide practical solutions for enhanced forest wildlife protection and facilitate efficient data acquisition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors-Assisted Observation of Wildlife)

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12 pages, 1621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Text-Mining Analysis of Research Trends in Animal-Assisted Therapy

by Shin-Ja Lee, Geun-Hyeon Kim, Yea-Hwang Moon and Sung-Sill Lee

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193133 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1910

Abstract

Text-mining techniques were used to provide basic data to related policy stakeholders and academic researchers by collecting and analyzing research trends related to animal-mediated healing in a short time. A total of 776 studies were collected using the keyword “animal-assisted therapy” (AAT) in [...] Read more.

Text-mining techniques were used to provide basic data to related policy stakeholders and academic researchers by collecting and analyzing research trends related to animal-mediated healing in a short time. A total of 776 studies were collected using the keyword “animal-assisted therapy” (AAT) in the search engine PubMed, which covers a wide range of topics related to health sciences, biomedical research, and health psychology. Four analysis methods were employed. “Dog” was the most commonly utilized animal in AAT. This study also identified individuals with autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder as the primary research participants. Finally, the terms “health care” and “blood pressure” were identified, indicating that AAT has a positive impact on improving blood pressure and enhancing heart rate. These findings demonstrate that AAT research is being actively pursued in various fields, such as social sciences, medicine, and psychology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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19 pages, 1952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Organic Trace Mineral Supplementation in the Form of Proteinates on Performance and Sustainability Parameters in Laying Hens: A Meta-Analysis

by Laurann Byrne, Stephen Ross, Jules Taylor-Pickard and Richard Murphy

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193132 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 3688

Abstract

The effect of supplementing organic trace minerals (OTM), in the form of mineral proteinates (Bioplex^® Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA), in the diets of laying hens was examined using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) statistical software. The impact on [...] Read more.

The effect of supplementing organic trace minerals (OTM), in the form of mineral proteinates (Bioplex^® Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA), in the diets of laying hens was examined using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) statistical software. The impact on production performance, egg quality traits, and sustainability parameters related to the carbon footprint of egg production was assessed. Data were obtained from 32 global studies, comprising 107 dietary assessments of 30,992 laying hens. Overall pooled effect size (raw mean difference) of production performance when dietary organic trace minerals were supplemented either in basal diets, partial replacement of inorganic trace minerals (ITM), or total replacement of ITM, indicated that use of Bioplex minerals resulted in 2.07% higher hen-day production (HDP), whilst feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower by 51.28 g feed/kg egg and 22.82 g feed/dozen eggs, respectively. For egg quality traits, daily egg mass was 0.50 g/hen/day higher and egg weight was 0.48 g per egg greater when Bioplex minerals were incorporated in the diet. The mean difference in egg loss was −0.62%. Eggshell thickness was greater by 0.01 mm, and a higher eggshell strength of 0.14 kgf was observed. Eggshell weight was heavier by 0.20 g, eggshell percentage was higher by 0.15%, and Haugh unit was 1 point higher (0.89). We also carried out a meta-regression of the effects of the study factors (location, year of study, hen breed/strain, age of hens, number of hens, and study duration) on the overall pooled effect size of the production performance and egg quality traits in response to supplementary OTM inclusion, and it indicated that certain factors had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the results. Finally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) model was selected to evaluate the impact of feeding organic trace mineral proteinates on the carbon footprint (feed and total emission intensities) of the egg production using the data generated from the meta-analysis. Results showed that the inclusion of OTM proteinates resulted in an average drop in feed and total emission intensities per kg eggs of 2.40% and 2.50%, respectively, for a low-global-warming-potential (GWP) diet and a drop of 2.40% and 2.48% for feed and total emissions, respectively, based on high-GWP diet. Based on the overall results, the inclusion of organic trace mineral proteinates in layer diets can benefit production performance and egg quality traits while contributing to a lower carbon footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Trace Minerals in Livestock and Poultry Production)

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6 pages, 2834 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

by José Diomedes Barbosa, Fernanda Monik Silva Martins, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Ferreira Filho, Camila Cordeiro Barbosa, Eliel Valentim Vieira, Ruama Paixão de Lima Silva, Cinthia Távora de Albuquerque Lopes, Natália da Silva e Silva Silveira, Carlos Magno Chaves Oliveira, Marilene Farias Brito and Felipe Masiero Salvarani

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193131 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes in the Amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which buffalos were submitted to an examination of the nervous system. The diagnosis of PEM was [...] Read more.

The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes in the Amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which buffalos were submitted to an examination of the nervous system. The diagnosis of PEM was based on epidemiological, clinical–pathological, and histopathological findings, similar to findings in other ruminants. In the clinical examination, all buffaloes had a body score between 2.5 and 3 (scale from 1 to 5), with decreased alertness, postural changes, marked hypermetria when stimulated to move, total or partial blindness demonstrated by colliding with the corral structures, head pressing and circumduction of the hindquarters when supported on the thoracic limbs, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, convulsions, paddling movements, sialorrhea, decrease in palpebral and pupillary reflexes, and eyeball rotation placing the pupillary slit in a vertical position. At necropsy, mild lesions characterized by edema and flattening of the cerebral convolutions were observed. A histopathological examination showed laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex. The cause of PEM in the studied buffaloes was not established, which indicates the need for further studies to elucidate this disease in the species, particularly in the Amazon region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Neurology: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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13 pages, 366 KiB

Open AccessReview

IgY Antibodies from Birds: A Review on Affinity and Avidity

by Bianca Lisley Barboza Pacheco, Camila Parada Nogueira and Emerson José Venancio

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193130 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2507

Abstract

IgY antibodies are found in the blood and yolk of eggs. Several studies show the feasibility of utilising IgY for immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis. These antibodies have been studied because they fulfil the current needs for reducing, replacing, and improving the use of animals. [...] Read more.

IgY antibodies are found in the blood and yolk of eggs. Several studies show the feasibility of utilising IgY for immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis. These antibodies have been studied because they fulfil the current needs for reducing, replacing, and improving the use of animals. Affinity and avidity represent the strength of the antigen–antibody interaction and directly influence antibody action. The aim of this review was to examine the factors that influence the affinity and avidity of IgY antibodies and the methodologies used to determine these variables. In birds, there are few studies on the maturation of antibody affinity and avidity, and these studies suggest that the use of an adjuvant-type of antigen, the animal lineage, the number of immunisations, and the time interfered with the affinity and avidity of IgY antibodies. Regarding the methodologies, most studies use chaotropic agents to determine the avidity index. Studies involving the solution phase and equilibrium titration reactions are also described. These results demonstrate the need for the standardisation of methodologies for the determination of affinity and avidity so that further studies can be performed to optimise the production of high avidity IgY antibodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

13 pages, 3679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiologic and Genomic Characterizations of Porcine Kobuviruses in Diarrheic and Healthy Pigs

by Yu Zang, Binghui Feng, Zitao Huang, Dashi Zhao, Wenhao Qi, Yuejia Qiu, Ming Qiu, Chen Li, Hong Lin, Wanglong Zheng, Jianzhong Zhu and Nanhua Chen

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193129 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) is an enteric virus commonly detected in both diarrheic and healthy pigs. Little is known about the role of PKV in enteric diseases. In this study, an epidemiological investigation based on 324 intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China [...] Read more.

Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) is an enteric virus commonly detected in both diarrheic and healthy pigs. Little is known about the role of PKV in enteric diseases. In this study, an epidemiological investigation based on 324 intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China during the period of 2018 to 2022 was performed, and showed that PKV has an overall 65.43% (212/324) positive rate. Noticeably, 89.47% (17/19) of PKV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) double-positive pigs were clinically diseased, while 91.71% (177/193) of PKV-positive but PEDV-negative pigs were clinically healthy, suggesting that PKV infection in itself is unlikely to cause enteric diseases. In addition, three PKV genomes were obtained from both diseased and healthy pigs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chinese PKV strains could be divided into three groups (SH-W-CHN-like, S-1-HUN-like and JXAT2015-like strains). All three obtained PKV genomes belong to SH-W-CHN-like strains and JSYZ1806-158 was detected as a recombinant virus. Furthermore, multiple comparisons showed that nucleotide similarities are clearly lower than amino acid similarities for PKV polyproteins. Selective pressure analysis indicated that Chinese PKV polyproteins are predominantly under negative selection. Overall, this study provided new insights into the prevalence and evolution of PKV in both diarrheic and healthy pigs in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevalence and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pig Production)

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6 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Nighttime Lighting Influences on the Plankton Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus orientalis

by Tomoki Honryo, Yoshifumi Sawada and Yasunori Ishibashi

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193128 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 940

Abstract

During fingerling production of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis, heavy mortality can occur immediately after juveniles are transferred from nursery tanks to sea cages; however, nighttime lighting can moderate this mortality. Additionally, various live prey aggregate due to nighttime lighting in [...] Read more.

During fingerling production of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis, heavy mortality can occur immediately after juveniles are transferred from nursery tanks to sea cages; however, nighttime lighting can moderate this mortality. Additionally, various live prey aggregate due to nighttime lighting in practical sea cage culture of PBF. Here, we investigated whether the growth and viability of PBF juveniles could be improved through promoting feeding on live prey that aggregate under nighttime lighting. Two treatment groups were established using land-based tanks under constant environmental conditions, one in which the juveniles were fed live prey at night (night-feed in four replicate tanks) and the other in which juveniles were not fed during the night (control in four replicate tanks). Although the survival rate did not differ significantly between the two groups, growth was significantly improved in the night-feed group, in which 69–78% of the juveniles showed evidence of feeding during the night. Thus, nighttime lighting plays a vital role in the aggregation of various live prey. PBF juveniles consume these prey in sea cages, which promotes their growth. This may partially serve as a countermeasure against the heavy mortality observed in sea cages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Development and Growth of Fishes)

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Animals, Volume 13, Issue 19 (October-1 2023) – 164 articles

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