Embryonic leucine promotes postnatal growth via mTOR signalling in Japanese quails
Sawadi
09/20/2023
Loading data
Hatching success
We observed no difference in hatching success between the leucine-injected (61.5%) and the control groups (50%) (ê“2 = 0.59741, df = 1, p-value = 0.4396)
## Outcome
## Group Developed_Hatched Developed_Not_Hatched
## Control 18 18
## Leucine 24 15##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
##
## data: contingency_table2
## X-squared = 0.59741, df = 1, p-value = 0.4396Growth
Body mass
Fig1A
statistics
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: bodymass ~ treatment * as.factor(day) + (1 | birdID)
## Data: growth
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 758.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.0358 -0.3447 0.0113 0.2640 3.3696
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## birdID (Intercept) 27.07 5.203
## Residual 31.09 5.576
## Number of obs: 124, groups: birdID, 36
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.2125 1.9067 74.9777 4.832 7.00e-06
## treatmentLeucine 0.6725 2.5580 74.9777 0.263 0.79335
## as.factor(day)3 2.4152 2.7473 102.0207 0.879 0.38141
## as.factor(day)5 7.1710 2.9195 102.1053 2.456 0.01573
## as.factor(day)7 16.5877 2.9195 102.1053 5.682 1.27e-07
## as.factor(day)10 21.6544 2.9195 102.1053 7.417 3.64e-11
## as.factor(day)14 31.0377 2.9195 102.1053 10.631 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)21 53.9091 3.1152 101.0598 17.305 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3 5.0237 3.5385 101.0083 1.420 0.15876
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 8.4269 3.7847 101.2350 2.227 0.02819
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 13.0589 3.8549 101.1215 3.388 0.00101
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 18.6797 3.8549 101.1215 4.846 4.56e-06
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 27.8964 3.8549 101.1215 7.237 9.13e-11
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 29.6124 4.0052 100.5434 7.394 4.36e-11
##
## (Intercept) ***
## treatmentLeucine
## as.factor(day)3
## as.factor(day)5 *
## as.factor(day)7 ***
## as.factor(day)10 ***
## as.factor(day)14 ***
## as.factor(day)21 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 *
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 **
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Leucine injection on embryonic day 10 (after incubation) did not affect body mass on day-old and three days old chicks after hatching (p= > 0.05, figure….). However, five days later after hatching, body mass increased significantly in leucine injected group than the control, the effect that persisted until 21 days (p < 0.05, figure….).
Head length
Fig1B
statistics
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: headlength ~ treatment * as.factor(day) + (1 | birdID)
## Data: growth
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 423.9
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9670 -0.3801 0.0521 0.4339 2.0499
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## birdID (Intercept) 1.489 1.220
## Residual 1.432 1.197
## Number of obs: 124, groups: birdID, 36
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 20.0750 0.4273 59.4387 46.983 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine -0.3450 0.5733 59.4387 -0.602 0.549584
## as.factor(day)3 2.0577 0.5940 96.6633 3.464 0.000794
## as.factor(day)5 3.4217 0.6312 96.6732 5.421 4.36e-07
## as.factor(day)7 4.1217 0.6312 96.6732 6.530 3.06e-09
## as.factor(day)10 7.7550 0.6312 96.6732 12.286 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)14 8.7217 0.6312 96.6732 13.817 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)21 9.7719 0.6731 95.1743 14.518 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3 1.1465 0.7646 95.2575 1.500 0.137024
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 1.9763 0.8178 95.4480 2.416 0.017576
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 3.5357 0.8329 95.2631 4.245 5.08e-05
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 3.4149 0.8329 95.2631 4.100 8.70e-05
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 4.1232 0.8329 95.2631 4.950 3.20e-06
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 4.2230 0.8651 94.4424 4.881 4.27e-06
##
## (Intercept) ***
## treatmentLeucine
## as.factor(day)3 ***
## as.factor(day)5 ***
## as.factor(day)7 ***
## as.factor(day)10 ***
## as.factor(day)14 ***
## as.factor(day)21 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 *
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Leucine injection on embryonic day 10 (after incubation) did not affect head length on day-old and three days old chicks after hatching (p = > 0.05, figure….). However, five days later after hatching, head length increased significantly in leucine injected group than the control, the effect that persisted until 21 days (p < 0.05, figure….).
Tarsus length
Fig1C
statistics
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: tarsuslength ~ treatment * as.factor(day) + (1 | birdID)
## Data: growth
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 433.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.1795 -0.4084 -0.0176 0.5402 2.2459
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## birdID (Intercept) 1.552 1.246
## Residual 1.583 1.258
## Number of obs: 124, groups: birdID, 36
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 16.1750 0.4426 63.1560 36.543 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine -0.1600 0.5939 63.1560 -0.269 0.788480
## as.factor(day)3 1.6263 0.6229 98.0988 2.611 0.010445
## as.factor(day)5 4.5615 0.6619 98.1411 6.891 5.36e-10
## as.factor(day)7 4.9949 0.6619 98.1411 7.546 2.32e-11
## as.factor(day)10 8.6949 0.6619 98.1411 13.136 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)14 10.5282 0.6619 98.1411 15.905 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)21 12.6882 0.7060 96.7358 17.972 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3 2.2598 0.8019 96.7684 2.818 0.005859
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 1.8224 0.8578 96.9862 2.124 0.036172
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 2.6537 0.8736 96.8193 3.038 0.003066
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 3.4662 0.8736 96.8193 3.968 0.000139
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 4.4579 0.8736 96.8193 5.103 1.67e-06
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 4.2729 0.9075 96.0480 4.709 8.40e-06
##
## (Intercept) ***
## treatmentLeucine
## as.factor(day)3 *
## as.factor(day)5 ***
## as.factor(day)7 ***
## as.factor(day)10 ***
## as.factor(day)14 ***
## as.factor(day)21 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3 **
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 *
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 **
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Leucine injection on embryonic day 10 (after incubation) did not affect tarsi length on day-old after hatching (p = > 0.05, figure….). However, three days later, tarsi length increased significantly in leucine injected group than the control, the effect that persisted until 21 days (p < 0.05, figure….).
Wing length
Fig1D
statistics
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: winglength ~ treatment * as.factor(day) + (1 | birdID)
## Data: growth
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 702.4
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.0287 -0.3277 0.0335 0.3230 3.3364
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## birdID (Intercept) 7.415 2.723
## Residual 21.749 4.664
## Number of obs: 124, groups: birdID, 36
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 15.250 1.350 95.588 11.295 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine 0.070 1.811 95.588 0.039 0.969254
## as.factor(day)3 1.878 2.216 105.184 0.848 0.398607
## as.factor(day)5 7.296 2.352 105.684 3.101 0.002469
## as.factor(day)7 10.096 2.352 105.684 4.292 3.94e-05
## as.factor(day)10 23.629 2.352 105.684 10.045 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)14 30.979 2.352 105.684 13.169 < 2e-16
## as.factor(day)21 42.235 2.518 105.022 16.774 < 2e-16
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3 0.597 2.864 104.245 0.208 0.835274
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5 3.086 3.058 104.949 1.009 0.315204
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 6.390 3.115 104.977 2.051 0.042734
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 11.582 3.115 104.977 3.718 0.000325
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 14.957 3.115 104.977 4.801 5.26e-06
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 12.689 3.242 104.615 3.914 0.000162
##
## (Intercept) ***
## treatmentLeucine
## as.factor(day)3
## as.factor(day)5 **
## as.factor(day)7 ***
## as.factor(day)10 ***
## as.factor(day)14 ***
## as.factor(day)21 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)3
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)5
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)7 *
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)10 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)14 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Leucine injection on embryonic day 10 (after incubation) did not affect wing length on day-old up to five days old chicks after hatching (p = > 0.05, figure….). However, seven days later, wing length increased significantly in leucine injected group than the control, the effect that persisted until 21 days when the experiment was terminated (p < 0.05, figure….).
Figure 1
##Intestinal length
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = intestlength ~ treatment * as.factor(day), data = intestine)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.938 -1.975 -0.175 1.825 9.863
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 17.175 1.645 10.440 1.33e-10 ***
## treatmentLeucine 1.500 2.326 0.645 0.5250
## as.factor(day)21 25.585 2.653 9.645 6.61e-10 ***
## treatmentLeucine:as.factor(day)21 8.677 3.528 2.459 0.0212 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.653 on 25 degrees of freedom
## (20 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9307, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9223
## F-statistic: 111.8 on 3 and 25 DF, p-value: 1.293e-14Gene expression
Statistics
IGF1 gene model
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1 ~ treatment * day, data = genes)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.2350 -1.0141 0.6767 1.3014 2.6080
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.90015 0.76949 3.769 0.000895 ***
## treatmentLeucine 2.34976 1.08786 2.160 0.040559 *
## day -0.04525 0.05898 -0.767 0.450084
## treatmentLeucine:day 0.03033 0.07845 0.387 0.702306
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.069 on 25 degrees of freedom
## (10 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3209, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2394
## F-statistic: 3.938 on 3 and 25 DF, p-value: 0.01979##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1 ~ treatment, data = data_day1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.2350 -1.1049 0.3682 0.9721 2.6080
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.8549 0.6639 4.300 0.000733 ***
## treatmentLeucine 2.3801 0.9389 2.535 0.023795 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.878 on 14 degrees of freedom
## (10 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3146, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2657
## F-statistic: 6.427 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.02379##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1 ~ treatment, data = data_day21)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9365 -0.7195 1.1736 1.5436 1.8182
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.950 1.024 1.904 0.0833 .
## treatmentLeucine 2.987 1.305 2.288 0.0429 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.29 on 11 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3225, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2609
## F-statistic: 5.236 on 1 and 11 DF, p-value: 0.04291##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1R ~ treatment * day, data = genes)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9723 -0.2537 0.1193 0.5726 3.1964
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.18415 0.61552 8.422 2.49e-08 ***
## treatmentLeucine 2.68772 0.84281 3.189 0.004240 **
## day -0.21181 0.04534 -4.672 0.000117 ***
## treatmentLeucine:day -0.11689 0.06167 -1.895 0.071284 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.549 on 22 degrees of freedom
## (13 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8033, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7765
## F-statistic: 29.94 on 3 and 22 DF, p-value: 5.98e-08##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1R ~ treatment, data = data_day1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9723 -0.5306 0.2929 1.0255 3.1964
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.9723 0.7468 6.658 1.57e-05 ***
## treatmentLeucine 2.5708 1.0226 2.514 0.0259 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.976 on 13 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3271, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2754
## F-statistic: 6.32 on 1 and 13 DF, p-value: 0.0259##
## Call:
## lm(formula = IGF1R ~ treatment, data = data_day21)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.73612 -0.24618 -0.03604 0.32047 0.67097
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.7361 0.2109 3.491 0.00682 **
## treatmentLeucine 0.2331 0.2855 0.816 0.43534
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4716 on 9 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06895, Adjusted R-squared: -0.0345
## F-statistic: 0.6665 on 1 and 9 DF, p-value: 0.4353##
## Call:
## lm(formula = mTOR ~ treatment * day, data = genes)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.1141 -0.7044 -0.2937 0.9470 2.2042
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.96785 0.46159 2.097 0.04629 *
## treatmentLeucine 2.03456 0.65257 3.118 0.00454 **
## day 0.06234 0.03538 1.762 0.09028 .
## treatmentLeucine:day -0.11541 0.04706 -2.452 0.02151 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.241 on 25 degrees of freedom
## (10 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2832, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1972
## F-statistic: 3.292 on 3 and 25 DF, p-value: 0.03702##
## Call:
## lm(formula = mTOR ~ treatment, data = data_day1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.1141 -0.7018 -0.3353 0.5127 2.2042
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.0302 0.4513 2.283 0.03858 *
## treatmentLeucine 1.9192 0.6382 3.007 0.00942 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.276 on 14 degrees of freedom
## (10 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3924, Adjusted R-squared: 0.349
## F-statistic: 9.043 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.009417##
## Call:
## lm(formula = mTOR ~ treatment, data = data_day21)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.8880 -0.8075 -0.2937 0.9470 1.6393
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.2770 0.5343 4.261 0.00134 **
## treatmentLeucine -0.3890 0.6811 -0.571 0.57939
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.195 on 11 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0288, Adjusted R-squared: -0.05949
## F-statistic: 0.3262 on 1 and 11 DF, p-value: 0.5794##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RPS6K1 ~ treatment * day, data = genes)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.21431 -0.33529 -0.06872 0.22200 2.07814
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.44781 0.28495 1.572 0.1292
## treatmentLeucine 0.77144 0.39010 1.978 0.0596 .
## day 0.03343 0.02099 1.593 0.1242
## treatmentLeucine:day -0.03837 0.02760 -1.390 0.1772
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7169 on 24 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1668, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0626
## F-statistic: 1.601 on 3 and 24 DF, p-value: 0.2153##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RPS6K1 ~ treatment, data = data_day1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.21431 -0.28979 -0.08268 0.06288 2.07814
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.4812 0.2809 1.713 0.110
## treatmentLeucine 0.7331 0.3846 1.906 0.079 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7432 on 13 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2184, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1583
## F-statistic: 3.633 on 1 and 13 DF, p-value: 0.07901##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RPS6K1 ~ treatment, data = data_day21)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.11553 -0.39119 -0.05476 0.68665 0.98470
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.1499 0.3061 3.757 0.00317 **
## treatmentLeucine -0.0344 0.3902 -0.088 0.93134
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.6845 on 11 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0007059, Adjusted R-squared: -0.09014
## F-statistic: 0.00777 on 1 and 11 DF, p-value: 0.9313##
## Call:
## lm(formula = FOXO1 ~ treatment * day, data = genes)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71533 -0.21747 -0.05242 0.18022 0.83732
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.597424 0.157433 3.795 0.000884 ***
## treatmentLeucine 0.069102 0.230358 0.300 0.766777
## day 0.005614 0.012066 0.465 0.645911
## treatmentLeucine:day 0.007144 0.016297 0.438 0.665057
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4233 on 24 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1006, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01181
## F-statistic: 0.895 on 3 and 24 DF, p-value: 0.4581##
## Call:
## lm(formula = FOXO1 ~ treatment, data = data_day1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.67928 -0.18195 -0.01386 0.15249 0.76246
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.60304 0.13360 4.514 0.000583 ***
## treatmentLeucine 0.07625 0.19557 0.390 0.702953
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3779 on 13 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01156, Adjusted R-squared: -0.06448
## F-statistic: 0.152 on 1 and 13 DF, p-value: 0.703##
## Call:
## lm(formula = FOXO1 ~ treatment, data = data_day21)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71533 -0.25516 -0.06802 0.35827 0.83732
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.7153 0.2108 3.393 0.006 **
## treatmentLeucine 0.2191 0.2687 0.815 0.432
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4714 on 11 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.05699, Adjusted R-squared: -0.02873
## F-statistic: 0.6648 on 1 and 11 DF, p-value: 0.4322Combined plots of gene expression
Combined the gene expression plots
