Animals

13 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Production and Selected Dimensional Conformation Traits in Holstein Friesian Cows

by Zsolt Jenő Kőrösi, Gabriella Holló, Szabolcs Bene, László Bognár and Ferenc Szabó

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182753 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 705

The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of dairy production traits and that for dimensional traits and to calculate the correlation between the two heritability values in a Holstein Friesian cow herd bred in Hungary. Data of 15,032 Holstein Friesian [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of dairy production traits and that for dimensional traits and to calculate the correlation between the two heritability values in a Holstein Friesian cow herd bred in Hungary. Data of 15,032 Holstein Friesian cows born in the period 2008–2018 from 666 sires were collected for the study in 6 large dairy herds. Among the conformation traits, stature (ST), chest width (CW), body depth (BD), and rump width (RW), and for production traits, in the first lactation of cows, the 305-day milk yield (MY), milk butterfat yield (FY), and milk protein yield (MY) were evaluated. Heritability estimates of ST, CW, BD, and RW were 0.49, 0.25, 0.31, and 0.30, and those of MY, FY, and PY were 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30, respectively. BD and RW had no phenotypic (b = −0.01) or genetic (b = 0.00–0.01) change. The production traits (MY, FY, PY) increased to a greater extent (b = 2.2–43.3) than the examined conformation traits over time. Consequently, it is indicated that the selection for dairy production did not result in an increase in the studied dimensional traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cattle Genetics and Breeding)

15 pages, 6618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Diversity of Local Egyptian Cattle Managed in Different Ecosystems

by Hadeer M. Aboshady, Asimenia Gavriilidou, Nasser Ghanem, Mohamed A. Radwan, Ahmed Elnahas, Rania Agamy, Nadia H. Fahim, Mohamed H. Elsawy, Al-Moataz Bellah M. Shaarawy, Ahmed M. Abdel-Hafeez, Juha Kantanen, Catarina Ginja, Mahlako L. Makgahlela, Donald R. Kugonza, Rayner Gonzalez-Prendes and Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182752 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 754

Abstract

The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex microbiome whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host and their host’s environment. This study aimed to gain insights into the adaptation of the microbiota of local Egyptian cattle to three different [...] Read more.

The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex microbiome whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host and their host’s environment. This study aimed to gain insights into the adaptation of the microbiota of local Egyptian cattle to three different ecosystems (Upper Egypt, Middle Egypt, and Lower Egypt) distributed across 11 governorates (with an average of 12 animals per governorate) using amplicon sequencing. We analyzed the microbiota from 136 fecal samples of local Egyptian cattle through a 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach to better understand the fecal microbial diversity of this breed which developed under different ecosystems. An alpha diversity analysis showed that the fecal microbiota of the Egyptian cattle was not significantly diverse across areas, seasons, sexes, or farm types. Meanwhile, microbiota data revealed significant differences in richness among age groups (p = 0.0018). The microbial community differed significantly in the distribution of its relative abundance rather than in richness across different ecosystems. The taxonomic analysis of the reads identified Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota as the dominant phyla, accounting for over 93% of the total bacterial community in Egyptian cattle. Middle Egypt exhibited a different microbial community composition compared to Upper and Lower Egypt, with a significantly higher abundance of Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota and a lower abundance of Actinobacteriota in this region than the other two ecosystems. Additionally, Middle Egypt had a significantly higher relative abundance of the Methanobacteriaceae family and the Methanobrevibacter genera than Lower and Upper Egypt. These results suggest a difference in the adaptation of the fecal microbial communities of Egyptian cattle raised in Middle Egypt. At the genus level, eleven genera were significantly different among the three ecosystems including Bacillus, DNF00809, Kandleria, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Methanobrevibacter, Mogibacterium, Olsenella, Paeniclostridium, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and UCG-005. These significant differences in microbiota composition may impact the animal’s adaptation to varied environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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18 pages, 8177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Transcriptomics and Proteomics to Screen Candidate Genes Related to Bovine Birth Weight

by Xiuyuan Wang, Ruili Liu, Zhenpeng Chen, Renzheng Zhang, Yanfang Mei, Xiuping Miao, Xuejin Bai and Yajuan Dong

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182751 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 763

Abstract

The placenta is a vital organ in bovine reproduction, crucial for blood supply, nutrient transport, and embryonic development. It plays an essential role in the intrauterine growth of calves. However, the molecular mechanisms governing placental function in calves remain inadequately understood. Methods: We [...] Read more.

The placenta is a vital organ in bovine reproduction, crucial for blood supply, nutrient transport, and embryonic development. It plays an essential role in the intrauterine growth of calves. However, the molecular mechanisms governing placental function in calves remain inadequately understood. Methods: We established transcriptome and proteome databases for low-birth-weight (LB) and high-birth-weight (HB) calf placentae, identifying key genes and proteins associated with birth weight through bioinformatics analyses that included functional enrichment and protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Both mRNA and protein levels were validated. Results: A total of 1494 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 294 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified when comparing the LB group to the HB group. Furthermore, we identified 53 genes and proteins exhibiting significant co-expression across both transcriptomic and proteomic datasets; among these, 40 were co-upregulated, 8 co-downregulated, while 5 displayed upregulation at the protein level despite downregulation at the mRNA level. Functional enrichment analyses (GO and KEGG) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicate that, at the transcriptional level, the primary factor contributing to differences in calf birth weight is that the placenta of the high-birth-weight (HB) group provides more nutrients to the fetus, characterized by enhanced nutrient transport (SLC2A1 and SLC2A11), energy metabolism (ACSL1, MICALL2, PAG2, COL14A1, and ELOVL5), and lipid synthesis (ELOVL5 and ELOVL7). In contrast, the placenta of the low-birth-weight (LB) group prioritizes cell proliferation (PAK1 and ITGA3) and angiogenesis. At the protein level, while the placentae from the HB group exhibit efficient energy production and lipid synthesis, they also demonstrate reduced immunity to various diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and bacterial dysentery. Conversely, the LB group placentae excel in regulating critical biological processes, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and signal transduction; they also display higher disease immunity markers (COL6A1, TNC CD36, CD81, Igh-1a, and IGHG) compared to those of the HB group placentae. Co-expression analysis further suggests that increases in calf birth weight can be attributed to both high-efficiency energy production and lipid synthesis within the HB group placentae (ELOVL5, ELOVL7, and ACSL1), alongside cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolic pathways involving CYP11A1 and CYP17A1. Conclusion: We propose that ELOVL5, ELOVL7, ACSL1, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1 serve as potential protein biomarkers for regulating calf birth weight through the modulation of the fatty acid metabolism, lipid synthesis, and cholesterol levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Growth Performance between Two Different Ionophore Coccidiostats (Narasin and Salinomycin) in Broiler Chickens after Challenge with Eimeria spp.

by Monika Rogala-Hnatowska, George Gould, Shubhi Mehrotra, Aleksandra Drażbo, Paweł Konieczka, Prakash Ramasami and Krzysztof Kozłowski

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182750 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1177

Abstract

The objective of this study was primarily to assess the different performance impacts of two ionophore coccidiostats (narasin and salinomycin) used to manage coccidiosis. While both products may be efficacious in controlling disease challenges, previous literature has suggested that some ionophores are less [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was primarily to assess the different performance impacts of two ionophore coccidiostats (narasin and salinomycin) used to manage coccidiosis. While both products may be efficacious in controlling disease challenges, previous literature has suggested that some ionophores are less well tolerated by the broiler chickens. In this study, we were particularly interested to know how the use of different coccidiostat programs translates into broiler health and performance, as measured by zootechnical parameters such as the feed conversion ratio, average daily gain, and final body weight. A total of 352 male Ross 308 one-day-old broilers were randomly divided into two treatment groups (T1 and T2). Treatment 1 included a basal diet (BD) + nicarbazin/narasin (Maxiban^®, Elanco) at 100 ppm 0–24 days, narasin at 70 ppm 25–42 days, and (2) Treatment 2 included basal diet + nicarbazin/narasin at 100 ppm 0–24 days, salinomycin (Sacox^®, Huvepharma) at 70 ppm 25–42 days. Efficacy and performance parameters, slaughter analysis, dry matter (DM) in litter, and intestinal integrity (I²) were measured for the broilers from both treatment groups. The findings demonstrated more favorable results for broilers reared in the group diet fed with narasin (in the finisher phase), including higher daily body weight gain, higher final body weight, lower feed conversion ratio value (improved feed efficiency), and higher European Production Efficiency Factor value, compared with the salinomycin-supplemented group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

11 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relating Wildlife Camera Trap Data to Tick Abundance: Testing the Relationship in Different Habitats

by Rachele Vada, Stefania Zanet, Flavia Occhibove, Enrica Fantini, Pablo Palencia and Ezio Ferroglio

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182749 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 907

Abstract

The increase in acarological risk of tick bites is significantly driven by profound changes in landscape, which alter the density and distribution of wildlife that support tick populations. As a result of habitat shifts and land abandonment, which create environments conducive to tick [...] Read more.

The increase in acarological risk of tick bites is significantly driven by profound changes in landscape, which alter the density and distribution of wildlife that support tick populations. As a result of habitat shifts and land abandonment, which create environments conducive to tick proliferation, the risk of disease transmission to humans and animals is increasing. In this context, it is important to explore tick ecology by applying a comprehensive methodology. In this study, we examined the relationship between wildlife temporal occupancy and tick abundance in two distinct regions: an alpine hunting district and a natural park in the Apennines. For each sampling point, we calculated wildlife temporal occupancy from camera trap pictures and estimated ticks’ abundance from dragging transects in the area immediately surrounding camera traps. In modelling the relationship between those two variables, we included abiotic factors such as saturation deficit, normalized difference vegetation index, and altitude. Results show the importance of altitude and wildlife temporal occupancy (itself related to different habitat and land management characteristics) on the ecology of questing ticks. If employed in management decisions for natural environments, such information is useful to modulate the acarological risk and thus the risk of tick-borne pathogens’ transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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24 pages, 11430 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps)

by María del Mar Yllera, Diana Alonso-Peñarando and Matilde Lombardero

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182748 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1257

Abstract

The present study provides a detailed macroscopic examination (with some microscopic insights) of the genital apparatus of seven adult and intact male sugar gliders, as well as one castrated individual. The scrotum is pendulous and attached to the ventral abdominal wall, situated in [...] Read more.

The present study provides a detailed macroscopic examination (with some microscopic insights) of the genital apparatus of seven adult and intact male sugar gliders, as well as one castrated individual. The scrotum is pendulous and attached to the ventral abdominal wall, situated in the caudal part of the abdomen and cranial to the cloacal opening. The testes are oval shaped with their long axes oriented vertically. The epididymides are attached along the caudomedial border of their respective testes. The head and tail of the epididymides are in close proximity to the poles of the testes but are not directly attached. The deferent ducts are positioned laterally to their ipsilateral ureter as they run near the dorsal surface of the urinary bladder. The ampulla of the deferent duct is absent. The penis is located post-scrotally, lacks insertion into the bony pelvis, and has a bifid distal end. The crura of the penis originate within the ischiocavernosus muscles, and there are two bulbs of the penis. When flaccid, the entire penis is concealed in the perineal region and externalizes through an orifice situated in the ventral part of the cloaca, traversing its floor towards the cloacal opening. The urethral external orifice is positioned at the point where the bifurcation of the free part of the penis begins. The prostate gland resides in the pelvic cavity and consists of two parts: a macroscopically visible body surrounding the urethra and a microscopically identifiable portion embedded within the walls of the duct. Sugar gliders possess two pairs of bulbous bulbourethral glands, located dorsally and laterally to the rectum, but lack vesicular glands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)

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13 pages, 8494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Photoperiods on the Transcriptome of the Ovary and Small White Follicles in Zhedong White Geese

by Tao Huang, Meina Fei, Xiaolong Zhou, Ke He, Songbai Yang and Ayong Zhao

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182747 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 609

Abstract

Photoperiod can regulate the broodiness of geese and thus increase their egg-laying rate. The laying performance of geese is mainly determined by ovary and follicle development. To understand the effect of photoperiod on the ovary and small white follicles, sixteen 220-day-old healthy female [...] Read more.

Photoperiod can regulate the broodiness of geese and thus increase their egg-laying rate. The laying performance of geese is mainly determined by ovary and follicle development. To understand the effect of photoperiod on the ovary and small white follicles, sixteen 220-day-old healthy female Zhedong white geese were randomly divided into two groups for long photoperiods (15L:9D) and short photoperiods (9L:15D). The geese were euthanized after two months of feeding, and their ovaries and follicles were collected for transcriptome sequencing. RNA-seq analysis identified 187 and 448 differentially expressed genes in ovaries and small white follicles of different photoperiod groups, respectively. A long photoperiod promotes high expression of SPP1, C6, MZB1, GP1BA, and FCGBP genes in the ovaries, and increases the expression of SPP1, ANGPTL5, ALPL, ZP1, and CHRNA4 genes in small white follicles. Functional enrichment analysis showed that photoperiod could affect respiratory system development, smooth muscle cell proliferation in ovaries, and extracellular matrix-related function in small white follicles. WGCNA revealed 31 gene modules, of which 2 were significantly associated with ovarian weight and 17 with the number of small white follicles. Our results provide a better understanding of the molecular regulation in the photoperiod affecting goose reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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21 pages, 6642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Fasting and Refeeding on Blood Biochemical Indicators and Transcriptional Profiles in the Hypothalamus and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Geese

by Yi Liu, Xianze Wang, Guangquan Li, Shufang Chen, Huiyan Jia, Jiuli Dai and Daqian He

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182746 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Fasting and refeeding systems can cause significant short-term fluctuations in nutrient and energy levels, triggering adaptive physiological responses in animals. This study examines the effects of fasting and refeeding on blood biochemical indicators and transcriptional profiles in the hypothalamus and subcutaneous adipose tissue [...] Read more.

Fasting and refeeding systems can cause significant short-term fluctuations in nutrient and energy levels, triggering adaptive physiological responses in animals. This study examines the effects of fasting and refeeding on blood biochemical indicators and transcriptional profiles in the hypothalamus and subcutaneous adipose tissue of geese. Biochemical assays reveal that fasting significantly increases levels of free fatty acids and glucagon, while reducing concentrations of triglycerides, leptin, and insulin. Transcriptomic analyses identify a complex transcriptional response in both the hypothalamus and subcutaneous adipose tissue, affecting several metabolic pathways and key genes associated with feed intake and energy metabolism. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, fasting downregulates genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (LPL, SCD, and ACSL1) and upregulates PLIN2, a gene promoting lipid droplet degradation. Fasting affects a variety of metabolic pathways and critical genes in the hypothalamus, including Apelin, insulin, and mTOR signaling pathways. After fasting, the mRNA expression of NOG, GABRD, and IGFBP-1 genes in the hypothalamus are significantly upregulated, while proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression is markedly downregulated. This study highlights the intricate biological responses to nutritional changes in geese, which adds to our understanding of energy balance and metabolic regulation in avian species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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15 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Resveratrol-Loaded Cyclodextrin on the Quality Characteristics of Ram Spermatozoa Following Cryopreservation

by Ahmet Eser, Selin Yağcıoğlu, Ramazan Arıcı, Kamber Demir and Kemal Ak

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182745 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 686

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of pure and methyl-β-cyclodextrin loaded forms of resveratrol (10 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL, and 40 µg/mL) on ram sperm functions post-thawing. Semen samples were pooled and divided into ten groups: Control, RES10, RES20, RES40, CD10, CD20, CD40, RLC10, RLC20, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of pure and methyl-β-cyclodextrin loaded forms of resveratrol (10 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL, and 40 µg/mL) on ram sperm functions post-thawing. Semen samples were pooled and divided into ten groups: Control, RES10, RES20, RES40, CD10, CD20, CD40, RLC10, RLC20, and RLC40. The groups were pre-diluted with media containing the group-specific chemicals, followed by 15 min of incubation, dilution, and freezing. To assess the effects of the chemicals, a post-thaw sperm quality assessment was conducted. Motility and other velocity parameters were evaluated using computer-assisted semen analysis. The functional integrity of spermatozoa membranes was assessed with the hypo-osmotic swelling test, and the capacitation status of spermatozoa was determined through fluorescent microscopic evaluation. Additionally, flow cytometry was used to evaluate mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress, and the integrity of the sperm membrane and acrosome. The results indicated that cyclodextrin adversely affected sperm functions following freezing–thawing, notably increasing the rate of spermatozoa exhibiting pre-capacitation and mitochondrial activity by approximately 34% and 16%, respectively (p < 0.05). It was found that 20 µg/mL resveratrol prevented pre-capacitation (p < 0.05). Both resveratrol and resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin groups improved post-thaw sperm qualities overall, demonstrating their utility for freezing ram semen. However, higher concentrations of resveratrol were found to negatively impact sperm functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Reproductive and Genomic Biotechnologies for Livestock Breeding and Selection)

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15 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Coronavirus Prevalence and Risk Factors in Calves on Dairy Farms in Europe

by Anna Catharina Berge and Geert Vertenten

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182744 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1042

Abstract

This study evaluated prevalence and risk factors in health, management, and biosecurity of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in neonatal and weaned dairy calves on 125 dairy farms in Europe. Nasal and fecal swabs from neonatal calves, weaned calves, and fresh cows were analyzed for [...] Read more.

This study evaluated prevalence and risk factors in health, management, and biosecurity of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in neonatal and weaned dairy calves on 125 dairy farms in Europe. Nasal and fecal swabs from neonatal calves, weaned calves, and fresh cows were analyzed for BCoV using RT-PCR, and blood and bulk milk samples were collected for BCoV antibody levels using ELISA. Multiple logistic regression models with random effects of herds were used to evaluate the herd health status, husbandry, management, and biosecurity associated with BCoV shedding (nasal and/or fecal PCR positive samples) in neonatal and weaned calves. BCoV was detected in 80% of herds and in 24% of neonatal calves, 23% of weaned calves, and 5% of fresh cows. The biosecurity scored on 109 dairies with Biocheck.Ugent was, on average, 60% (external score 71%, internal score 47%), and there was no clear association between various biosecurity measures on BCoV shedding in calves. Dry cow vaccination against BCoV reduced shedding in neonatal calves, whereas it was linked to increased shedding in weaned calves in these farms. Several husbandry factors, including nutrition (transition milk feeding and milk feeding levels) and management (group housing and weaning age), were associated with BCoV shedding in calves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosecuring Animal Populations)

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13 pages, 2563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Targeted Metabolomics of Serum Reveals Biomarkers Associated with Body Weight in Wumeng Black-Bone Chickens

by Zhong Wang, Xuan Yu, Shenghong Yang, Mingming Zhao and Liqi Wang

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182743 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Growth performance is an important economic trait of broilers but the related serum metabolomics remains unclear. In this study, we utilized non-targeted metabolomics using ultra-high-performance liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to establish metabolite profiling in the serum of Chinese Wumeng black-bone chickens. [...] Read more.

Growth performance is an important economic trait of broilers but the related serum metabolomics remains unclear. In this study, we utilized non-targeted metabolomics using ultra-high-performance liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to establish metabolite profiling in the serum of Chinese Wumeng black-bone chickens. The biomarker metabolites in serum associated with growth performance of chickens were identified by comparing the serum metabolome differences between chickens that significantly differed in their weights at 160 days of age when fed identical diets. A total of 766 metabolites were identified including 13 differential metabolite classes such as lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The results of difference analysis using a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model indicated that the low-body-weight group could be differentiated based on inflammatory markers including prostaglandin a2, kynurenic acid and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), and inflammation-related metabolic pathways including tryptophan and arachidonic acid metabolism. In contrast, the sera of high-body-weight chickens were enriched for riboflavin and 2-isopropylmalic acid and for metabolic pathways including riboflavin metabolism, acetyl group transfer into mitochondria, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results provide new insights into the practical application of improving the growth performance of local chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Disorders of Poultry)

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10 pages, 5306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cub Survival in a Wild Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) Population

by Reuven Yosef, Swapnil Kumbhojkar and Jakub Z. Kosicki

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182742 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 931

Abstract

We investigated the survival of cubs in a wild Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) population in the Jhalana Reserve Forest (JRF), India. The research focuses on analyzing the survival of leopard cubs during their first two years of life. Survival functions [...] Read more.

We investigated the survival of cubs in a wild Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) population in the Jhalana Reserve Forest (JRF), India. The research focuses on analyzing the survival of leopard cubs during their first two years of life. Survival functions were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method based on data collected with trail cameras over four years from 2018 to 2021. We found that the mean survival probability of cubs during the first year of life was 0.739, indicating that this period is particularly challenging for their survival. In the second year, the survival probability increased to 0.831, reflecting an improvement in survival as the cubs grew older. The combined survival rate over the two-year period, calculated as the product of the first- and second-year survival rates, was 0.618. These findings highlight the critical periods in the early life stages of leopard cubs, which are essential for developing effective conservation strategies in fragmented habitats to enhance their survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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4 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Evolution, Ecology and Management of Wild Boar and Deer

by Javier Pérez-González

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182741 - 22 Sep 2024

Viewed by 953

Abstract

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the most widespread member of the order Artiodactyla, a group of even-toed ungulates that are prone to overabundance, with adverse consequences for conservation, agriculture, transportation and public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution, Ecology and Management of Wild Boar and Deer)

10 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pedigree-Based Description of Danubia Alba Rabbit Breed Lines

by János Posta, Csongor Demeter, Zoltán Német, Máté Sándor, Zsolt Gerencsér and Zsolt Matics

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182740 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 661

Abstract

The diversity of livestock animal breeds is an integral part of global biodiversity and requires careful management for sustainability and future availability. Avoiding inbreeding is a crucial aspect of mating of breeding animals. Our aims were to describe the quality of the pedigree, [...] Read more.

The diversity of livestock animal breeds is an integral part of global biodiversity and requires careful management for sustainability and future availability. Avoiding inbreeding is a crucial aspect of mating of breeding animals. Our aims were to describe the quality of the pedigree, generation interval, gene origin, inbreeding, and effective population size of Danubia Alba rabbit lines. Line “D” is the maternal, whereas lines “C” and “X” are used as the paternal lines. The pedigree information was followed back from the actual breeding rabbits up to the founder animals. The rabbits having offspring in 2023 were chosen as reference populations for each line. The complete generation equivalent (GenCom) was 17.68 for line “C”, 18.32 for line “D”, and 17.49 for line “X”, respectively. The maximum number of generations (GenMax) was above 30 for each line. The estimated bottleneck effect is mostly the result of selection and not a real genetic loss. The Wright inbreeding coefficient (F_Wright) was the highest for the “X” line rabbits, whereas it was the lowest for the line “D”. Kalinowski’s decomposition of inbreeding showed that it originated mostly from the past; the current fixation of alleles was quite similar for the line “C” and “D”. Based on the predicted effective population sizes, it seems that there is no problem in maintaining of Danubia Alba lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 5073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells: A Valuable Tool for Marine Fish Genetic Research

by Wanwan Zhang, Huiquan Chen, Wei Liu, Kuntong Jia and Meisheng Yi

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182739 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 959

Abstract

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), [...] Read more.

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), little is known about their counterparts in marine species. This study hypothesizes that haploid ESCs from marine fish could offer unique insights and tools for genetic and virological research. To address this, we successfully established and characterized a novel haploid ESC line, hMMES1, derived from marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). The hMMES1 cells contain 24 chromosomes, exhibit core stem cell characteristics, and express key pluripotency markers. In vitro, hMMES1 cells form embryonic bodies (EBs) capable of differentiating into the three germ layers. In vivo, hMMES1 cells were successfully transplanted into marine medaka and zebrafish, resulting in the generation of interspecies and interordinal chimeras. Additionally, hMMES1 cells demonstrate high efficiency in transfection and transduction, and show susceptibility to major aquaculture viruses, nodavirus (NNV) and iridovirus (SGIV). These findings suggest that hMMES1 cells represent a valuable model for genetic manipulation and virological studies in marine fish species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 4243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Feeding Systems on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality in Sheep: A Meta-Analysis

by Wenjie Wang, Xiaoan Zhang, Huiqing Wei, Sunze Wang, Yang Ye, Li He, Kefan Zhang, Yuan Lu, Zijun Zhang and Yafeng Huang

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182738 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1766

Abstract

Meat quality is important in the meat-production chain. Conflicting reports of the effects of feeding systems on sheep growth performance and meat quality exist. By way of meta-analysis, we reviewed the literature on the growth and slaughter performance, and meat quality of lambs [...] Read more.

Meat quality is important in the meat-production chain. Conflicting reports of the effects of feeding systems on sheep growth performance and meat quality exist. By way of meta-analysis, we reviewed the literature on the growth and slaughter performance, and meat quality of lambs that grazed solely on pasture, those that grazed on pasture but received a dietary supplement, and those were exclusively fed indoors. The relevant literature comprised 28 papers, from which response variables of interest were obtained. Compared with stall-fed sheep, pasture-grazing led to significantly (p < 0.05) lower average daily gain, slaughter live weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, and similar dressing percentage, but pasture-grazed sheep fed a supplement had similar (p > 0.05) values for each of these attributes to stall-fed sheep. The quality of the longissimus muscle from lambs that grazed either exclusively on pasture or pasture with a supplement had significantly (p < 0.05) lower lightness and intramuscular fat content, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher yellowness, Warner–Bratzler shear force, and protein content than meat from stall-fed sheep. We conclude that sheep that have fed exclusively on pasture have lower carcass yield and meat edibility, but improved meat quality, and that pasture-fed sheep that received a supplement had comparable carcass attributes, but greater meat color and health quality than stall-fed sheep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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21 pages, 7884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Growth, Immune Responses and Histopathological Alterations in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) under Low-Salinity Conditions

by Roochira Sukhsangchan, Jitraporn Phaksopa, Anurak Uchuwittayakul, Chi-Chung Chou and Prapansak Srisapoome

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182737 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1084

Abstract

In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or [...] Read more.

In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5–50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Short-Term Impact of Educational Programs on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Antimicrobial Stewardship among Veterinary Students in Serbia

by Zorana Kovačević, Nikola Čudina, Marko Pećin, Marko Samardžija, Marko Pajić, Selma Pintarić, Ivan Vlahek, Zoran Ružić, Vuk Vračar, Ivan Galić and Olga Horvat

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182736 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 765

Abstract

Effective antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is crucial for combating the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in veterinary medicine. Educational programs targeting veterinary students can play a significant role in shaping their knowledge and attitudes toward antimicrobial use and stewardship. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Effective antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is crucial for combating the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in veterinary medicine. Educational programs targeting veterinary students can play a significant role in shaping their knowledge and attitudes toward antimicrobial use and stewardship. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of educational programs on the knowledge and attitudes regarding AMS among veterinary students in Serbia. A structured educational program on AMS was implemented for veterinary students at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad. Pre- and post-symposium assessments were conducted to measure changes in students’ knowledge and attitudes. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and focus groups, to gather quantitative and qualitative data. The study resulted in significant short-term improvements in students’ knowledge of AMS principles and their attitudes toward responsible antimicrobial use. Participants demonstrated a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and the importance of adhering to stewardship guidelines. Qualitative feedback indicated increased awareness of the consequences of inappropriate antimicrobial use and a stronger commitment to applying stewardship practices in their future careers. The educational programs effectively enhanced immediate veterinary students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding AMS. These findings underscore the importance of integrating targeted educational programs into veterinary curricula to promote responsible antimicrobial use and combat resistance in veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Livestock and Food Animals)

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15 pages, 7401 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Longitudinal Study of Changes in Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, Humidity and Temperature in Individually Ventilated Cages Housing Female and Male C57BL/6N Mice during Consecutive Cycles of Weekly and Bi-Weekly Cage Changes

by Martina Andersson, Karin Pernold, Niklas Lilja, Rafael Frias-Beneyto and Brun Ulfhake

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2735; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182735 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 890

Abstract

Housing conditions are essential for ensuring animal welfare and high-quality research outcomes. In this study, we continuously monitored air quality—specifically ammonia, carbon dioxide, relative humidity, and temperature—in Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs) housing five female or male C57BL/6N mice. The cages were cleaned either [...] Read more.

Housing conditions are essential for ensuring animal welfare and high-quality research outcomes. In this study, we continuously monitored air quality—specifically ammonia, carbon dioxide, relative humidity, and temperature—in Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs) housing five female or male C57BL/6N mice. The cages were cleaned either weekly or bi-weekly, and the data were collected as the mice aged from 100 to 348 days. The survival rate remained above 96%, with body weight increasing by 35–52% during the study period. The ammonia levels rose throughout the cleaning cycle, but averaged below 25 ppm. However, in the older, heavier mice with bi-weekly cage cleaning, the ammonia levels reached between 25 and 75 ppm, particularly in the males. While circadian rhythms influenced the ammonia concentration only to a small extent, the carbon dioxide levels varied between 800 and 3000 ppm, increasing by 30–50% at night and by 1000 ppm with body weight. Humidity also correlated primarily with the circadian rhythms (10% higher at night) and, to a lesser extent, with body weight, reaching ≥70% in the middle-aged mice. The temperature variations remained minimal, within a 1 °C range. We conclude that air quality assessments in IVCs should be conducted during animals’ active periods, and both housing density and biomass must be considered to optimise welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Care and Well-Being of Laboratory Animals)

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17 pages, 4206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Starvation on Biochemical, Physiological, Morphological, and Transcriptional Responses Associated with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of Javelin Goby (Synechogobius hasta)

by Xiangyu Cui, Xiaoyang Huang, Xiangning Chen, Honghui Li, Yanru Wu, Zikui Yang, Zhiyu Liu, Rui Feng, Jianhe Xu, Chaoqing Wei, Zhujin Ding and Hanliang Cheng

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182734 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 720

Abstract

In this study, the influence of fasting on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism was explored by examining biochemical, antioxidative, and morphological indicators and transcriptional expression in the liver of javelin goby (Synechogobius hasta) after 0, 3, 7, or 14 days of [...] Read more.

In this study, the influence of fasting on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism was explored by examining biochemical, antioxidative, and morphological indicators and transcriptional expression in the liver of javelin goby (Synechogobius hasta) after 0, 3, 7, or 14 days of starvation. Marked reductions in hepatic glycogen and triglycerides occurred from the seventh day of starvation until the end of the trial (p < 0.05). However, no alterations in hepatic cholesterol or protein were detected throughout the entire experiment (p > 0.05). During fasting, the activities of pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase a all rose firstly and then fell (p < 0.05). The activities of hepatic fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were minimized to their lowest levels at the end of food deprivation (p < 0.05), while lipase was elevated after 7–14 days of fasting (p < 0.05). Catalase, glutathione, and the total antioxidative capacity were increased and maintained their higher values in the later stage of fasting (p < 0.05), whereas malondialdehyde was not significantly changed (p > 0.05). Hepatic vein congestion, remarkable cytoplasmic vacuoles, and irregular cell shape were present in S. hasta which endured 3–7 days of fasting and were less pronounced when food shortage was prolonged. In terms of genes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, the hepatic phosphofructokinase gene was constantly up-regulated during fasting (p < 0.05). However, the mRNA levels of glycogen synthase and glucose-6-phosphatase were obviously lower when the food scarcity extended to 7 days or more (p < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ were substantially down-regulated in S. hasta livers after 7–14 days of food deprivation (p < 0.05). However, genes involved in lipolysis and fatty acid transport were transcriptionally enhanced to varying extents and peaked at the end of fasting (p < 0.05). Overall, starvation lasting 7 days or more could concurrently mobilize hepatic carbohydrates and fat as energy resources and diminished their hepatic accumulation by suppressing biosynthesis and enhancing catabolism and transport, ultimately metabolically and structurally perturbing the liver in S. hasta. This work presents preliminary data on the dynamic characteristics of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in S. hasta in response to starvation, which may shed light on the sophisticated mechanisms of energetic homeostasis in fish facing nutrient unavailability and may benefit the utilization/conservation of S. hasta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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11 pages, 2251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment and Application of Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay-PCR for Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus-1 Attenuated Vaccine and Wild Strains

by Cheng-Dong Yu, Yu-Ri Choi, Jong-Yeol Park, Sang-Won Kim, Se-Yeoun Cha, Hyung-Kwan Jang, Min Kang and Bai Wei

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182733 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main pathogen causing viral hepatitis in ducks, marked by high contagion and acute mortality. Live attenuated DHAV-1 vaccines are widely used to control the disease. This study aims to develop a mismatch amplification mutation [...] Read more.

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main pathogen causing viral hepatitis in ducks, marked by high contagion and acute mortality. Live attenuated DHAV-1 vaccines are widely used to control the disease. This study aims to develop a mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR for the rapid detection and differentiation of Korean DHAV-1 wild-type strains from vaccine strains. A MAMA primer was designed to target a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at position 2276 within the VP1 gene, allowing differentiation in a single PCR reaction. The MAMA-PCR accurately identified both strains, with detection limits of 10^0.5 ELD₅₀/mL and 10^2.3 ELD₅₀/mL, respectively. The MAMA-PCR demonstrated specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with 12 other viral and bacterial pathogens. The MAMA-PCR was applied to 89 farms, yielding results consistent with nested-PCR and sequence determination, identifying four positive farms for DHAV-1 vaccine strains. In conclusion, this study is the first to employ the MAMA-PCR method to distinguish between DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains. The developed method is rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive, thereby serving as an effective tool for clinical diagnostics in identifying and differentiating between Korean DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Epidemiological Tools for Disease Control and Prevention in Food Animals)

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18 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Minimum Space When Transporting Pigs: Where Is the “Good” Law?

by Terry L. Whiting

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182732 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

This paper focuses on the problem of numeracy when writing regulations, specifically how to describe a threshold for crowding of pigs during transport, considering transported pigs range in body mass from 5 to 500 kg. When scientific findings provide the basis for regulation [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the problem of numeracy when writing regulations, specifically how to describe a threshold for crowding of pigs during transport, considering transported pigs range in body mass from 5 to 500 kg. When scientific findings provide the basis for regulation in the public interest, those findings must be communicated in a consistent way to regulators and policymaking bodies. Numeracy is the ability to understand, reason with, and apply appropriate numerical concepts to real-world questions. Scientific understanding is almost always based on rational understanding of numerical information, numeracy. The threshold of administrative offenses is often a numerical description. Commercial livestock transporters have an interest in loading livestock compartments to the maximum to achieve the largest payload allowed by axle weight laws, as is the case in all bulk commodity transport. Maximizing payload minimizes costs and environmental hazards of fuel exhaust and can benefit the public with lower pork prices, but has a serious animal welfare risk. Livestock production academics, veterinarians, and animal welfare activists have been working for decades to determine the level of livestock crowding in transport containers that would be appropriate for regulatory enforcement. The scientific discourse has been plagued by a lack of numerical standardization when describing results of trials and forming recommendations. Exceeding specific numerical thresholds is the core to implementing enforcement actions. This paper examines the communication and other barriers that have prevented emergence of a consensus on this question and provides a direction toward resolution. Further confirmation of effects of crowding livestock in transit is needed. This paper suggests that articulating an enforceable standard in pig transport is possible. In inspection for compliance, discovering the LP₅₀ (lethal pressure—50) for slaughter-weight pigs is an initial global benchmark goal. The LP₅₀ is the loading floor pressure in a commercial transport compartment, under field conditions, that would result in the death of at least one pig in the group 50% of the time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Everlasting Battle against Animal Cruelty: Are We Making Progress?)

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9 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Development of Welfare Protocols at Slaughter in Farmed Fish

by Raffaelina Mercogliano, Alessandro Avolio, Floriana Castiello and Maria Carmela Ferrante

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182730 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 741

Abstract

The study investigated fish welfare at slaughter. Killing animals may induce suffering to the animals even under the best available technical conditions. Moreover, fish have different physiological characteristics and are slaughtered differently from terrestrial animals. The use of commercially available methods exposes farmed [...] Read more.

The study investigated fish welfare at slaughter. Killing animals may induce suffering to the animals even under the best available technical conditions. Moreover, fish have different physiological characteristics and are slaughtered differently from terrestrial animals. The use of commercially available methods exposes farmed fish to pain and suffering during slaughter, which could lead to acute stress and post mortem changes in fish quality. The study aimed to discuss (i) the current knowledge and knowledge gaps on fish welfare related to stunning and killing methods; (ii) the variables that affect the post mortem changes in fish meat, and (iii) the indicators of welfare during slaughter. Application of welfare protocols at slaughter improves fish welfare. Specific protocols for fish are not provided in EC Regulation 1099/2009 on animal protection at killing. Detailed guidelines in the fish welfare assessment may allow the development of specific fish legislation. Developing humane technologies might have important effects on fish quality, consumer perception and aquaculture economics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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13 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Thermal Tolerance and Growth Performances of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) Fed with Grape Extract Supplemented Feed

by Salman Akram, Naveen Ranasinghe, Tsung-Han Lee and Chi-Chung Chou

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182731 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 767

Abstract

Cold snaps during the winter present a critical challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan, as sudden temperature drops significantly affect their growth and survival. This study explores the effects of dietary grape extract (GE) from Vitis vinifera on the [...] Read more.

Cold snaps during the winter present a critical challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan, as sudden temperature drops significantly affect their growth and survival. This study explores the effects of dietary grape extract (GE) from Vitis vinifera on the growth performance, oxidative stress regulation, and thermal tolerance of this commercially valuable fish. Over a 60-day feeding trial, four dietary groups were tested: a control diet without GE and three diets supplemented with GE at 2% (GE20), 3% (GE30), and 4% (GE40) with commercial feed. The results demonstrated that GE supplementation positively influenced growth, with the GE20 group achieving the best weight gain and feed conversion ratio among all groups. The upregulation of the growth-related gene igf-1 in the liver of the GE20 group further supported its superior growth performance. Additionally, GE-fed groups showed increased expression of antioxidant-related genes sod1 and sod2 in the liver, while gpx1 exhibited a significant increase only in the GE20 group, indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses. Cat gene expression remained unchanged, and higher GE doses reduced the expression of gpx1, cat, and igf-1. Furthermore, GE supplementation improved cold tolerance in all treated groups compared to the control. These findings suggest that dietary GE at 20 g/kg is particularly effective in enhancing growth performance and cold tolerance in Asian seabass, offering a promising strategy for boosting fish health and adaptability in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses of Fishes to Nutrition Management and Environmental Stresses)

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14 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Processed Diets on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, Hair Quality and Fecal Microbiota in Ragdoll Cats

by Peng Wang, Xin Tian and Jie Feng

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182729 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 967

Abstract

In recent years, there has been ongoing debate about the dietary choices for pet cats, particularly regarding three options: extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat. Determining which diet is most suitable for a cat’s healthy growth still requires substantial empirical support. [...] Read more.

In recent years, there has been ongoing debate about the dietary choices for pet cats, particularly regarding three options: extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat. Determining which diet is most suitable for a cat’s healthy growth still requires substantial empirical support. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding Ragdoll cats (n = 5/group) extruded dry food (ED), cooked meat (CM), and raw meat (RM) on their growth performance, apparent digestibility, fur condition, blood parameters, fecal scores, and gut microbiota composition. However, our results indicate that different types of diets did not significantly affect the daily weight gain of Ragdoll cats. The CM group showed a significant improvement in the digestibility of dry matter, fat and protein compared to the ED group (p < 0.05) but no improvement in that of fat compared to the RM group. Compared to the ED group, both the CM and RM groups showed significant improvements in fur condition while exhibiting a significant decrease in fecal scores (p < 0.05). The CM and RM groups exhibited enhanced serum antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and increased immunity in the cats (p < 0.05). Immunity enhancement in the CM group was significantly higher than that in the RM group(p < 0.05). The ED group showed an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in Ragdoll cat intestines, while the CM and RM groups showed enhancements in the innate microbiota of feline animals. These data, to some extent, suggest that CM is the most suitable diet for Ragdoll cats, but further research on intestine microbiota is still needed. These study findings provide a reference for purebred pet breeding purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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20 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Potential Adaptability of Tibetan Dzo and Yellow Cattle Based on Blood Indices, Metabolites, and Fecal Microbiota

by Kenan Li, Guorui Zhang, Mengjiao Sun, Maolin Xia, Ruizhi Shi, Yanmei Jin and Xiaoqing Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182728 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 458

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the differences in environmental adaptability between dzo and Tibetan yellow cattle by using corresponding assay kits to analyze blood indices, utilizing mass spectrometry for blood metabolite profiling, and performing 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. Forty female cattle [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in environmental adaptability between dzo and Tibetan yellow cattle by using corresponding assay kits to analyze blood indices, utilizing mass spectrometry for blood metabolite profiling, and performing 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. Forty female cattle were randomly divided into a dzomo (female dzo) group (MG, n = 20) and a Tibetan-yellow-cattle group (HG, n = 20). After 150 days of uniform feeding, six cattle from each group were randomly picked for jugular blood sampling and collection of fecal microorganisms. The results showed that the serum albumin, creatinine, total protein, superoxide dismutase, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the MG group were higher (p < 0.05), whereas the serum triglyceride concentration was lower, compared to the HG group (p < 0.05). The higher level of phospholipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PC (18:5e/2:0), PC (20:5e/2:0), LPC 18:2, LPC 20:5) observed in the serum of the dzo suggests that they have an advantage in adapting to the challenging conditions of the plateau environment. The fecal microbiota analysis showed that Akkermansia was significantly enriched in the MG group; this might be the key bacterial genus leading to the strong adaptability of dzo. Our findings indicated the dzo’s superior adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau’s harsh environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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14 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Rapeseed Meal as a Dietary Intervention to Improve Mineral Utilization and Bone Health in Weaned Piglets

by Anna Czech, Katarzyna Woś, Karol Pachciński, Siemowit Muszyński, Michał Świetlicki and Ewa Tomaszewska

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182727 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 503

Abstract

This study examined the effects of incorporating fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) into the diet of newly weaned piglets on mineral digestibility and bone health. Experimental diets containing varying levels of FRSM (8%, 12%, 15%, and 25%) were introduced to the piglets at 18 [...] Read more.

This study examined the effects of incorporating fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) into the diet of newly weaned piglets on mineral digestibility and bone health. Experimental diets containing varying levels of FRSM (8%, 12%, 15%, and 25%) were introduced to the piglets at 18 days of age, prior to weaning at 28 days. These diets were continued until the piglets were euthanized at 42 days of age. Mineral absorption was assessed using the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) method and blood plasma element analysis, while bone mineral content and mechanical properties were evaluated through densitometry and three-point bending tests. The results showed that intermediate levels of FRSM (12–15%) significantly enhanced the digestibility of key minerals, including phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron. This improvement was linked to increased femoral mineral content and bone stiffness, as well as a higher yield point, likely due to enhanced collagen synthesis. Additionally, there was an increase in bone fracture load and fracture stress, potentially due to changes in the organization of the bone mineral phase, as no changes in bone mid-shaft mineral density or geometry were observed. These findings suggest FRSM as a promising dietary component for improving mineral bioavailability and bone health in piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

15 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Urolithin A on Bovine Sperm Capacitation and In Vitro Fertilization

by Manuela Jorge, Filipa C. Ferreira, Carla C. Marques, Maria C. Batista, Paulo J. Oliveira, F. Lidon, Sofia C. Duarte, José Teixeira and Rosa M. L. N. Pereira

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182726 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the functional competence of sperm cells. Conversely, excessive generation of ROS can impair sperm function, including their fertilization ability. Urolithin A (UA), a gut bacteria-derived metabolite produced from the transformation of ellagitannins, with anti-aging [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the functional competence of sperm cells. Conversely, excessive generation of ROS can impair sperm function, including their fertilization ability. Urolithin A (UA), a gut bacteria-derived metabolite produced from the transformation of ellagitannins, with anti-aging and antioxidant properties, was investigated for the first time in bovine sperm cells in the present study. Firstly, different doses of UA (0, 1, and 10 μM; 8–16 sessions) were used during the capacitation process of frozen-thawed bovine sperm. Sperm motility was assessed using optical microscopy and CASA. Sperm vitality (eosin-nigrosin), ROS, and ATP levels, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1) and oxygen consumption were evaluated. A second experiment to test the effect of different doses of UA (0, 1, and 10 μM; 9 sessions) in both the capacitation medium, as above, and the fertilization medium, was also implemented. The embryonic development and quality were evaluated. UA, at a concentration of 1 μM, significantly improved sperm movement quality (p < 0.03). There was a trend towards an increase in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of capacitated sperm with 1 μM and 10 μM UA supplementation. Moreover, an increase in ATP levels (p < 0.01) was observed, accompanied by a reduction in ROS levels at the higher UA concentration. These results suggest that UA may enhance spermatozoa mitochondrial function, modifying their metabolic activity while reducing the oxidative stress. Also, the number of produced embryos appears to be positively affected by UA supplementation, although differences between the bulls may have mitigated this effect. In conclusion, presented results further support previous findings indicating the potential therapeutic value of UA for addressing reproductive sub/infertility problems and improving ART outcomes. In addition, our results also reinforce the important bull effect on ART and that male sperm bioenergetic parameters should be used to predict spermatozoa functionality and developmental potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Fertility Preservation—Second Edition)

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8 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

First Detection of Gammacoronavirus in a Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea

by Matteo Legnardi, Giovanni Franzo, Mattia Cecchinato, Haiyang Si, Riccardo Baston, Sandro Mazzariol, Cinzia Centelleghe, Guido Pietroluongo, Draško Holcer, Jure Miočić-Stošić, Jeroen Hofs, Maša Frleta-Valić and Claudia Maria Tucciarone

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182725 - 20 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1321

Abstract

This case report presents the first molecular identification of a gammacoronavirus in a free-ranging striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) that was found stranded along the Croatian coastline in 2022. The dolphin exhibited a concurrent infection with cetacean morbillivirus. The gammacoronavirus strain was [...] Read more.

This case report presents the first molecular identification of a gammacoronavirus in a free-ranging striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) that was found stranded along the Croatian coastline in 2022. The dolphin exhibited a concurrent infection with cetacean morbillivirus. The gammacoronavirus strain was amplified and sequenced from heart tissue imprinted on an FTA^®card, revealing a notable genetic distance (approximately 8%) from previously characterized cetacean gammacoronaviruses. This finding highlights the importance of including gammacoronaviruses in routine diagnostics for stranded dolphins to gather epidemiological data on their prevalence and potential role in causing disease in cetaceans. This study sets the premises for a further understanding of the diversity and distribution of gammacoronaviruses in marine mammals and highlights the necessity for ongoing surveillance of emerging infectious diseases in wild populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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29 pages, 12226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Machine Learning Models for Predicting Core Body Temperature in Dairy Cows: Enhancing Accuracy and Interpretability for Practical Livestock Management

by Dapeng Li, Geqi Yan, Fuwei Li, Hai Lin, Hongchao Jiao, Haixia Han and Wei Liu

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182724 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1008

Abstract

Heat stress poses a significant challenge to livestock farming, particularly affecting the health and productivity of high-yield dairy cows. This study develops a machine learning framework aimed at predicting the core body temperature (CBT) of dairy cows to enable more effective heat stress [...] Read more.

Heat stress poses a significant challenge to livestock farming, particularly affecting the health and productivity of high-yield dairy cows. This study develops a machine learning framework aimed at predicting the core body temperature (CBT) of dairy cows to enable more effective heat stress management and enhance animal welfare. The dataset includes 3005 records of physiological data from real-world production environments, encompassing environmental parameters, individual animal characteristics, and infrared temperature measurements. Employed machine learning algorithms include elastic net (EN), artificial neural networks (ANN), random forests (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and CatBoost, alongside several optimization algorithms such as Bayesian optimization (BO) and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to refine model performance through hyperparameter tuning. Comparative analysis of various feature sets reveals that the feature set incorporating the average infrared temperature of the trunk (IRTave_TK) excels in CBT prediction, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.516, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.239 °C, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.302 °C. Further analysis shows that the GWO–XGBoost model surpasses others in predictive accuracy with an R² value of 0.540, RMSE as low as 0.294 °C, and MAE of just 0.232 °C, and leads in computational efficiency with an optimization time of merely 2.41 s—approximately 4500 times faster than the highest accuracy model. Through SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis, IRTave_TK, time zone (TZ), days in lactation (DOL), and body posture (BP) are identified as the four most critical factors in predicting CBT, and the interaction effects of IRTave_TK with other features such as body posture and time periods are unveiled. This study provides technological support for livestock management, facilitating the development and optimization of predictive models to implement timely and effective interventions, thereby maintaining the health and productivity of dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automated Monitoring of Livestock and Poultry with Machine Learning Technology, Volume II)

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