Behavioral Sciences

11 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotion Understanding in Bilingual Preschoolers

by Daria Bukhalenkova, Aleksander Veraksa, Margarita Gavrilova and Natalia Kartushina

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040115 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3815

The effects of bilingualism on child development have been extensively examined in last decades. Research reveals that simultaneous use of two or more languages affects child’s language development, cognitive and social skills. The current study focuses on the so-far understudied theory of emotion [...] Read more.

The effects of bilingualism on child development have been extensively examined in last decades. Research reveals that simultaneous use of two or more languages affects child’s language development, cognitive and social skills. The current study focuses on the so-far understudied theory of emotion understanding in bilingual children. A cohort of 593 bilingual and monolingual 5–6-year-olds took the Russian version of the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) that assesses three components of emotion understanding: emotion understanding of external causes of emotions, reflective causes of emotions; and mental causes of emotions. Our results revealed no group differences between overall emotion understanding and understanding of external and reflective causes of emotions. However, monolingual children had a slightly better understanding of mental causes of emotions compared to bilingual children, when controlling for age, gender, and non-verbal intelligence. These results suggest that children growing up in bilingual environments might require more time and/or language/culture exposure to master the ability to understand mental causes of emotions, taking into account cultural differences, as well as the semantic and lexical differences in emotion labelling and emotion expression in each language. Full article

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16 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antecedents for Older Adults’ Intention to Use Smart Health Wearable Devices-Technology Anxiety as a Moderator

by Mei-Yuan Jeng, Fan-Yun Pai and Tsu-Ming Yeh

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040114 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6248

Abstract

The increase in the demands for surveillance of chronic diseases, long-term care, and self-health management has allowed mobile smart health wearable devices to become products with greater business potential in past years. Wearable devices being able to be worn for long periods are [...] Read more.

The increase in the demands for surveillance of chronic diseases, long-term care, and self-health management has allowed mobile smart health wearable devices to become products with greater business potential in past years. Wearable devices being able to be worn for long periods are the most suitable for 24-h weatherproof monitoring. Nevertheless, most technological products are not developed specifically for older adults. Older adults might be apprehensive and fearful about the use of technological equipment and might appear “technologically anxious”, so it was wondered whether older adults could smoothly operate and comfortably use smart wearable device products, and how “technological anxiety” would affect their behavior and attitude towards using these devices. The variables of “technology readiness”, “technological interactivity”, “perceived usefulness”, “perceived ease of use”, “attitude”, and “intention to use” are therefore discussed in this study. Taking “technological anxiety” as the moderating variable to develop the questionnaire scale, the quantitative research with structural equation model is applied to discuss the older adults’ intention to use smart health wearable devices. The questionnaire was distributed to older adults’ community care centers, senior centers, and senior learning centers in Taiwan, and to an older adults’ group above the age of 60 with experience in using smart bracelets. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 183 were retrieved, with 166 valid copies. The research results reveal that users with higher technology readiness, and older adult users with higher technological interactivity, present a higher perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Technological anxiety would affect users’ attitude and further influence the intention to use. The research results could help understand older adults’ needs for using smart health wearable devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging and Resiliency)

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12 pages, 1158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How the External Visual Noise Affects Motion Direction Discrimination in Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Nadejda Bocheva, Ivan Hristov, Simeon Stefanov, Tsvetalin Totev, Svetla Nikolaeva Staykova and Milena Slavcheva Mihaylova

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040113 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2421

Abstract

Along with social, cognitive, and behavior deficiencies, peculiarities in sensory processing, including an atypical global motion processing, have been reported in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The question about the enhanced motion pooling in ASD is still debatable. The aim of the present study [...] Read more.

Along with social, cognitive, and behavior deficiencies, peculiarities in sensory processing, including an atypical global motion processing, have been reported in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The question about the enhanced motion pooling in ASD is still debatable. The aim of the present study was to compare global motion integration in ASD using a low-density display and the equivalent noise (EN) approach. Fifty-seven children and adolescents with ASD or with typical development (TD) had to determine the average direction of movement of 30 Laplacian-of-Gaussian micro-patterns. They moved in directions determined by a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 2°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 25°, and 35°, corresponding to the added external noise. The data obtained showed that the ASD group has much larger individual differences in motion direction thresholds on external noise effect than the TD group. Applying the equivalent noise paradigm, we found that the global motion direction discrimination thresholds were more elevated in ASD than in controls at all noise levels. These results suggest that ASD individuals have a poor ability to integrate the local motion information in low-density displays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

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17 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescents Facing Transmedia Learning: Reflections on What They Can Do, What They Think and What They Feel

by Cinzia Runchina, Fernanda Fauth and Juan González-Martínez

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040112 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2419

Abstract

The integration of new media literacies and, consequently, strategies such as transmedia learning in the teaching–learning processes has been a topic of interest among various types of national and international institutions and governments. In this sense, the current article deals with the abilities, [...] Read more.

The integration of new media literacies and, consequently, strategies such as transmedia learning in the teaching–learning processes has been a topic of interest among various types of national and international institutions and governments. In this sense, the current article deals with the abilities, thoughts and expectations that Italian students in classical high schools have in order to face these new formative changes. For this purpose, a mixed methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) was designed and applied in the context of a classical high school in Cagliari (Italy): a questionnaire on digital skills (N = 128), a set of semi-structured interviews (N = 17) and two focus groups (N = 14). The results obtained allow us to verify that, from the point of view of skills, adolescents are prepared to take on the challenges of transmedia learning (navigation, information management), although their collaboration skills need to be strengthened. On the other hand, from the cognitive and affective points of view, they are positive and enthusiastic about these new possibilities: greater interaction, flexibility, engagement and variety of resources and learning strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methodologies in the Educational Context: Psychological and Behavioral Aspects)

8 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Mental Pain as a Predictive Factor of Suicide Risk in a Clinical Sample of Patients with Psychiatric Disorders

by Marta Ielmini, Giulia Lucca, Eric Trabucchi, Gian Luca Aspesi, Alessandro Bellini, Ivano Caselli and Camilla Callegari

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040111 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2621

Abstract

According to contemporary suicidology, mental pain represents one of the main suicide risk factors, along with more traditional constructs such as depression, anxiety and hopelessness. This work aims to investigate the relationship between the levels of mental pain and the risk to carry [...] Read more.

According to contemporary suicidology, mental pain represents one of the main suicide risk factors, along with more traditional constructs such as depression, anxiety and hopelessness. This work aims to investigate the relationship between the levels of mental pain and the risk to carry out suicide or suicide attempt in the short term in order to understand if a measurement of mental pain can be used as a screening tool for prevention. For this purpose, 105 outpatients with psychiatric diagnosis were recruited at the university hospital of Varese during a check-up visit and were assessed by using psychometric scales of mental pain levels, hopelessness, anxiety and depression. Clinical and sociodemographic variables of the sample were also collected. A period of 18 months following the recruitment was observed to evaluate any suicides or attempted suicides. Subjects numbering 11 out of 105 committed an attempted suicide. From statistical analyses, high values of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scales showed a significant association with the risk of carrying out a suicide attempt and, among these, OMMP and BDI-II showed characteristics of good applicability and predictivity proving suitable to be used as potential tools for screening and primary prevention of suicidal behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

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13 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of COVID-19 Anxiety and Community Risk Factors on Physical Distancing Practice

by Hsin-Yi Wang and Cecilia Cheng

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040110 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2482

Abstract

Existing studies have focused primarily on self-oriented anxiety (i.e., anxiety over one’s infection) in the pandemic context, and the role of community risk is largely ignored. This study addressed these gaps by examining (a) self-oriented anxiety and two forms of others-oriented anxiety (i.e., [...] Read more.

Existing studies have focused primarily on self-oriented anxiety (i.e., anxiety over one’s infection) in the pandemic context, and the role of community risk is largely ignored. This study addressed these gaps by examining (a) self-oriented anxiety and two forms of others-oriented anxiety (i.e., anxiety concerning others’ health and societal problems), (b) the associations between all these forms of anxiety and physical distancing practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (c) the hypothesized moderating role of community risk factors. The participants were 703 U.S. community-dwelling adults who completed an online survey. Geo-identifier data were extracted to identify the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and four social vulnerability indexes for the county in which each participant resided. Both forms of others-oriented anxiety were positively associated with physical distancing adoption, and the association was stronger among the participants residing in lower-risk communities (i.e., fewer confirmed COVID-19 cases, higher socioeconomic status, and better housing conditions). The study’s novel findings reveal the protective role of anxiety, particularly anxiety concerning others’ well-being, in encouraging people to adopt physical distancing during a pandemic. However, the protective role of anxiety is contingent upon certain community risk factors. Anxiety is more beneficial to residents of low- rather than high-risk communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

18 pages, 1714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Child–Dog Attachment, Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Behaviours

by Roxanne D. Hawkins, Charlotte Robinson and Zara P. Brodie

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040109 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7170

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that pet dogs can offer features of a secure attachment which has been associated with healthy psychological development across the lifespan. Limited research has investigated the underpinning mechanisms that may contribute to the benefits and risks of child–dog attachment during [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence suggests that pet dogs can offer features of a secure attachment which has been associated with healthy psychological development across the lifespan. Limited research has investigated the underpinning mechanisms that may contribute to the benefits and risks of child–dog attachment during childhood. This study aimed to test the potential mediating role of caregiver-observed positive and negative child–dog behaviours, on the relationship between child-reported child–dog attachment, and caregiver-reported child psychopathology and emotion regulation. Data from 117 caregiver reports and 77 child self-reports were collected through an online survey in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parallel mediation analyses indicated that child–dog attachment had a significant indirect effect on conduct problems through negative child–dog behaviours only. Child–dog attachment had a significant indirect effect on emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behaviour, emotion regulation, and emotional lability/negativity through both positive and negative child–dog behaviours. Although this study found modest effect sizes, the findings suggest that the types of interactions that children engage in with their pet dogs may be important mechanisms through which pet attachment contributes to psychological development throughout childhood, and therefore further attention is warranted. Positive and safe child–dog interactions can be facilitated through education and intervention, which may have implications for promoting positive developmental outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Animal Interaction in Risk and Resilience in Childhood, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood)

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10 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Condom Use and STI Testing: Creating a Behaviourally Informed Sexual Healthcare Campaign Using the COM-B Model of Behaviour Change

by Sara Bru Garcia, Małgorzata Chałupnik, Katy Irving and Mark Haselgrove

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040108 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5621

Abstract

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health challenge. Although theoretically informed public health campaigns are more effective for changing behaviour, there is little evidence of their use when campaigns are commissioned to the commercial sector. This study describes the implementation of [...] Read more.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health challenge. Although theoretically informed public health campaigns are more effective for changing behaviour, there is little evidence of their use when campaigns are commissioned to the commercial sector. This study describes the implementation of the COM-B model to a sexual health campaign that brought together expertise from academics, sexual healthcare, and marketing and creative professionals. Insights were gathered following a review of the relevant academic literature. Barriers and facilitators to condom use and STI testing were explored with the use of the COM-B model and the Behaviour Change Wheel in a workshop attended by academics, behavioural scientists, healthcare experts and creative designers. Feedback on the creative execution of the campaign was obtained from healthcare experts and via surveys. Barriers to psychological capability, automatic and reflective motivation, and social opportunity were identified as targets for the campaign, and creative solutions to these barriers were collaboratively devised. The final sexual health campaign was rated positively in its ability to change attitudes and intentions regarding the use of condoms and STI testing. This study describes the implementation of the COM-B model of behaviour change to a public sexual health campaign that brought together academics, public and commercial sector expertise. The barriers and facilitators identified in this collaborative process represent potential targets for future public health communication campaigns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Behavior Change: Theories, Methods, and Interventions)

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18 pages, 5078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequential Semiology of Seizures and Brain Perfusion Patterns in Patients with Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsies: A Perspective from Neural Networks

by Jorge L. Arocha Pérez, Lilia M. Morales Chacón, Karla Batista García Ramo and Lídice Galán García

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040107 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5553

Abstract

Ictal semiology and brain single-photon emission computed tomography have been performed in approaching the epileptogenic zone in drug-resistant focal epilepsies. The authors aim to describe the brain structures involved in the ictal and interictal epileptogenic network from sequential semiology and brain perfusion quantitative [...] Read more.

Ictal semiology and brain single-photon emission computed tomography have been performed in approaching the epileptogenic zone in drug-resistant focal epilepsies. The authors aim to describe the brain structures involved in the ictal and interictal epileptogenic network from sequential semiology and brain perfusion quantitative patterns analysis. A sequential representation of seizures was performed (n = 15). A two-level analysis (individual and global) was carried out for the analysis of brain perfusion quantification and estimating network structures from the perfusion indexes. Most of the subjects started with focal seizures without impaired consciousness, followed by staring, automatisms, language impairments and evolution to a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (temporal lobe and posterior quadrant epilepsy). Frontal lobe epilepsy seizures continued with upper limb clonus and evolution to bilateral tonic-clonic. The perfusion index of the epileptogenic zone ranged between 0.439–1.362 (mesial and lateral structures), 0.826–1.266 in dorsolateral frontal structures and 0.678–1.507 in the occipital gyrus. The interictal epileptogenic network proposed involved the brainstem and other subcortical structures. For the ictal state, it included the rectus gyrus, putamen and cuneus. The proposed methodology provides information about the brain structures in the neural networks in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Multi-Modals Biomarkers in Neurological Disorders: Relationship to Intervention)

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12 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workplace Violence among Healthcare Providers during the COVID-19 Health Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Othman A. Alfuqaha, Nour M. Albawati, Sakher S. Alhiary, Fadwa N. Alhalaiqa, Moh’d Fayeq F. Haha, Suzan S. Musa, Ohood Shunnar and Yazan AL Thaher

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040106 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3923

Abstract

(1) Background: Workplace violence among healthcare providers (HCPs) is a tangible barrier to patient care. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into physicians’ and nurses’ perceptions of workplace violence and their perceptions of communication skills during the COVID-19 health emergency. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Workplace violence among healthcare providers (HCPs) is a tangible barrier to patient care. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into physicians’ and nurses’ perceptions of workplace violence and their perceptions of communication skills during the COVID-19 health emergency. We also sought to assess and compare the association between types of workplace violence, communication skills, and several sociodemographic factors of physicians and nurses including gender, marital status, site of work, age, and educational level during this era. (2) Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of a selected hospital in Jordan using the Arabic version of the workplace violence and communication skills scales for September to November 2020. We included a total of 102 physicians and 190 nurses via a self-reported questionnaire. (3) Results: During the COVID-19 health emergency, physicians (48%) experienced workplace violence more than nurses (31.6%). More than two-thirds of the participants did not formally report any type of violence. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that marital status, gender, age, site of work, educational levels, and communication skills were associated with different types of violence among the two samples. (4) Conclusions: A high prevalence of workplace violence is noted among HCPs in Jordan compared with before the pandemic, which highlights the importance of promoting public awareness during crises. Full article

14 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cluster B versus Cluster C Personality Disorders: A Comparison of Comorbidity, Suicidality, Traumatization and Global Functioning

by Laura Y. Massaal-van der Ree, Merijn Eikelenboom, Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn, Kathleen Thomaes and Hein J. F. van Marle

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040105 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6292

Abstract

A general clinical assumption states that cluster B personality disorders (PDs) represent a more severe form of PD than cluster C PDs. Consequently, most PD research is centered on cluster B PDs (especially borderline PD). Yet, prevalence ratings of cluster C PDs exceed [...] Read more.

A general clinical assumption states that cluster B personality disorders (PDs) represent a more severe form of PD than cluster C PDs. Consequently, most PD research is centered on cluster B PDs (especially borderline PD). Yet, prevalence ratings of cluster C PDs exceed those of cluster B PDs. In this explorative, cross-sectional study, we compared cluster B and C PD patients (N = 94) on a wide range of clinically-relevant severity measures, including comorbidity, suicidality, (childhood) traumatization and global functioning. Results showed that, although cluster B PD patients suffered more often from substance use disorders and lifetime suicide attempts, no difference could be established between groups for all other severity measures, including trauma variables. In our study, we additionally included a group of combined cluster B and C PDs, who were largely similar to both other groups. Although our study is insufficiently powered to claim a significant non-difference, these findings emphasize that high rates of comorbidity, suicidality, childhood traumatization and functional impairment apply to both cluster B and C patients. As such, our findings encourage more research into cluster C PDs, ultimately leading to more evidence-based treatments for this prevalent patient group. In addition, the high level of traumatization across groups calls for a routine trauma screening, especially since PD treatment may benefit from concurrent trauma treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality, Intervention and Psychological Treatment)

11 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessReview

Work/Life Relationships and Communication Ethics: An Exploratory Examination

by Janie M. Harden Fritz

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040104 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

Workplace relationships that transcend formal role boundaries offer benefits and challenges to organizations and relational participants. Communicative processes that form and maintain these relationships can be examined from a communication ethics perspective focused on the outcomes emerging from these relationships that define particular [...] Read more.

Workplace relationships that transcend formal role boundaries offer benefits and challenges to organizations and relational participants. Communicative processes that form and maintain these relationships can be examined from a communication ethics perspective focused on the outcomes emerging from these relationships that define particular goods for personal and organizational life. The blended nature of these relationships makes them host to potentially competing goods tied to public and private concerns. Considering the connection of virtue approaches to communication ethics in organizational settings to the turn to positive approaches to communication and organizational theory reveals avenues for ethical reflection and action in these increasingly important relational forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personal Workplace Relationships: Implications for Work and Life in a Rapidly Changing Society)

18 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Ethics Ecologies of Human-Artificial Intelligence Systems

by Stephen Fox

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040103 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3422

Abstract

Historically, evolution of behaviors often took place in environments that changed little over millennia. By contrast, today, rapid changes to behaviors and environments come from the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and the infrastructures that facilitate its application. Behavioral ethics is concerned with [...] Read more.

Historically, evolution of behaviors often took place in environments that changed little over millennia. By contrast, today, rapid changes to behaviors and environments come from the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and the infrastructures that facilitate its application. Behavioral ethics is concerned with how interactions between individuals and their environments can lead people to questionable decisions and dubious actions. For example, interactions between an individual’s self-regulatory resource depletion and organizational pressure to take non-ethical actions. In this paper, four fundamental questions of behavioral ecology are applied to analyze human behavioral ethics in human–AI systems. These four questions are concerned with assessing the function of behavioral traits, how behavioral traits evolve in populations, what are the mechanisms of behavioral traits, and how they can differ among different individuals. These four fundamental behavioral ecology questions are applied in analysis of human behavioral ethics in human–AI systems. This is achieved through reference to vehicle navigation systems and healthcare diagnostic systems, which are enabled by AI. Overall, the paper provides two main contributions. First, behavioral ecology analysis of behavioral ethics. Second, application of behavioral ecology questions to identify opportunities and challenges for ethical human–AI systems. Full article

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15 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Life Trauma on Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior: A Study from Portuguese Language Countries

by Mariana Silva and Henrique Pereira

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040102 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2917

Abstract

Several studies report the incidence of traumatic experiences in community and clinical samples, and substantial research demonstrates the impact of traumatic events on mental health and suicidal behavior, but this area remains unexplored in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC). Thus, this [...] Read more.

Several studies report the incidence of traumatic experiences in community and clinical samples, and substantial research demonstrates the impact of traumatic events on mental health and suicidal behavior, but this area remains unexplored in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC). Thus, this study aims to (1) describe traumatic experiences, mental health levels and suicidal behavior among individuals from Portugal, Brazil and African Countries with Portuguese as an Official Language (ACPOL); (2) assess correlations between traumatic experiences and mental health and suicidal behavior; and (3) assess the impact of exposure to a traumatic event on mental health and suicidal behavior. The measurement instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, Brief Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Symptoms Inventory-18, and the Portuguese version of the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. ACPOL participants reported greater impact of war, Portuguese participants reported greater impact of disasters, and Brazilian participants reported greater impact of psychological and sexual abuse, assault, and death of a family member. Brazilian participants showed the worst levels of mental health and suicidal thoughts. Strong correlations were found between traumatic experiences and mental health levels and suicidal behavior. Traumatic experiences contributed to the explanation of mental health levels and probability of committing suicide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culturally Responsive Trauma-Informed Care)

13 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Type of Smartphone Usage Behavior Influence Problematic Smartphone Use and the Related Stress Perception?

by Lea-Christin Wickord and Claudia Michaela Quaiser-Pohl

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040099 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is defined as the inability to control the time spent on smartphones, which has long-term negative impacts on daily life. The use-and-gratifications approach is applied to smartphones and describes the extent to which users devote themselves to smartphones to [...] Read more.

Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is defined as the inability to control the time spent on smartphones, which has long-term negative impacts on daily life. The use-and-gratifications approach is applied to smartphones and describes the extent to which users devote themselves to smartphones to obtain gratifications. These gratifications can be represented in the types of use (process, social, and habitual). This study examines the associations between PSU and the different types of use and their effects on perceived stress and self-perceived PSU. N = 108 subjects participated (65 women, 41 men, 2 diverse, mean age = 31.8; range 17–70). They completed the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-19), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), a questionnaire on types of use, and a self-created scale for self-perceived PSU. Multiple linear regressions and correlations were calculated and show a relationship between PSU and perceived stress. All three types of use were shown to be predictors of PSU. For stress perception, only process use is a predictor. Both PSU and stress perception are predictors of the self-perceived PSU. Both stress and PSU interact with each other, and the different types of use determine how stressful smartphone use is perceived to be. Full article

15 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Critical Competences for the Management of Post-Operative Course in Patients with Digestive Tract Cancer: The Contribution of MADIT Methodology for a Nine-Month Longitudinal Study

by Eleonora Pinto, Alessandro Fabbian, Rita Alfieri, Anna Da Roit, Salvatore Marano, Genny Mattara, Pierluigi Pilati, Carlo Castoro, Marco Cavarzan, Marta Silvia Dalla Riva, Luisa Orrù and Gian Piero Turchi

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040101 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2654

Abstract

There is a high postoperative morbidity rate after cancer surgery, that impairs patients’ self-management, job condition and economic strength. This paper describes the results of a peculiar psychological intervention on patients undergoing surgery for esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer. The intervention aimed to [...] Read more.

There is a high postoperative morbidity rate after cancer surgery, that impairs patients’ self-management, job condition and economic strength. This paper describes the results of a peculiar psychological intervention on patients undergoing surgery for esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer. The intervention aimed to enhance patients’ competences in the management of postoperative daily life. A narrative approach (M.A.D.I.T.—Methodology for the Analysis of Computerised Text Data) was used to create a questionnaire, Health and Employment after Gastro-Intestinal Surgery—Dialogical Questionnaire, HEAGIS-DQ, that assesses four competences. It was administered to 48 participants. Results were used as guidance for specific intervention, structured on patients’ competence profiles. The intervention lasted nine months after surgery and was structured in weekly to monthly therapeutic sessions. Quality of Life questionnaires were administered too. At the end of the intervention, 94% of patients maintained their job and only 10% of patients asked for financial support. The mean self-perception of health-related quality of life was 71.2. The distribution of three of four competences increased after nine months (p < 0.05). Despite economic difficulties due to lasting symptoms after surgery, and to the current pandemic scenario, a structured intervention with patients let them to resume their jobs and continue activities after surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Even through Cancer—What Are the Assumptions and Outcomes for Psychological Intervention)

11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Social Interactions in Business Students during COVID-19 Confinement: Relationship with Sleep Disturbance

by Inmaculada Jimeno García and Anne Marie Garvey

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040100 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2348

Abstract

The objective of the study was to observe the effect of sleep on students in the first week (Point 1) of strict confinement and to analyze its evolution after one and two months (Point 2) of strict confinement during COVID-19. The evolution of [...] Read more.

The objective of the study was to observe the effect of sleep on students in the first week (Point 1) of strict confinement and to analyze its evolution after one and two months (Point 2) of strict confinement during COVID-19. The evolution of sleep, in association with affected income status, family relations, and the death or infection of a family member or friend by COVID-19 was examined. Students responded to a survey that included questions relating to sleep quality and general well-being from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). Sleep disturbance increased over strict confinement but was substantially more and with greater intensity in the case of students not living with family members. The results show that loss of family income, loss of a family member or friend, and having a friend or family member infected affected sleep quality negatively at Point 1. However, at Point 2, confinement itself affected students sleep, as well as the variables analyzed. Domestic harmony was a positive correlation for better sleep health. The study is important for managing coping policies and diagnosis. Full article

8 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test Anxiety and Related Factors among Health Professions Students: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

by Abdulaziz Alamri and Muhammad Ashraf Nazir

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040098 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2745

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate test anxiety and its relationship with demographic factors among undergraduate medical, dental, and pharmacy students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The health professions students from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. Test [...] Read more.

The study aimed to evaluate test anxiety and its relationship with demographic factors among undergraduate medical, dental, and pharmacy students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The health professions students from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) by Spielberger was used to evaluate test anxiety and the score on the scale ranges from 20 to 80. Of the total 1098 participants, 878 returned completed questionnaires and the response rate of the study was 79.9%. In response to the items of TAI, 33% of participants reported that they almost always “wished examinations did not bother so much”. The mean TAI score of the sample was 43.17 (SD = 10.58). There were statistically significant differences in the mean scores of TAI among dental (44.15 ± 0.48), medical (41.64 ± 1.31), and pharmacy (43.44 ± 9.29) students (p = 0.003). The students with high grade point average (GPA) (mean TAI = 41.91 ± 10.43) demonstrated significantly lower test anxiety than those with low GPA (mean TAI = 44.05 ± 10.67) (p = 0.006). Academic grade in the previous year (GPA) remained a statistically significant factor associated with test anxiety (B = −2.83, p = 0.003) in multivariate analysis. This study showed that test anxiety was common among health professions students, and dental students and students with low GPA demonstrated high test anxiety. Students with high test anxiety should be the target of preventive strategies. Full article

12 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Suicide Risk in People with Dementia and Family Caregivers in South Korea: A Systematic Review

by Jung Won Kong and Ji Young Park

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040097 - 6 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3166

Abstract

Dementia-related suicide is not well known. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of suicide risk among people with dementia and dementia family caregivers in South Korea. According to a systematic review of PRISMA guidelines, six electronic databases were searched for research published [...] Read more.

Dementia-related suicide is not well known. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of suicide risk among people with dementia and dementia family caregivers in South Korea. According to a systematic review of PRISMA guidelines, six electronic databases were searched for research published from 2010 to 2021. Ten studies were included. Among the included studies on people with dementia, one study (25%) showed no increase in the death risk of suicide, while three studies (75%) revealed suicide risk. Furthermore, in the dementia family caregivers, one study (17%) reported suicides and five studies (83%) reported suicide ideation (SI). Early dementia and independence or partial dependence in activities of daily living and home-based care are related to suicide risk in people with dementia. Meanwhile, suicide risk in dementia family caregivers is related to care burden, dementia severity, and poor approaches to coping with the family member’s dementia. The studies reviewed, which demonstrate heterogenous methodologies, suggest that both people with dementia and dementia family caregivers face suicide risk. The results of the current study offer insights useful for the prevention and treatment of mental health issues in both groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Well-Being and Quality of Life in the Elderly: Issues and Challenges)

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17 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Five Years after the Fort McMurray Wildfire: Prevalence and Correlates of Low Resilience

by Medard Kofi Adu, Ejemai Eboreime, Reham Shalaby, Adegboyega Sapara, Belinda Agyapong, Gloria Obuobi-Donkor, Wanying Mao, Ernest Owusu, Folajinmi Oluwasina, Hannah Pazderka and Vincent I. O. Agyapong

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040096 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3854

Abstract

Background: The Fort McMurray wildfire of 3 May 2016 was one of the most devastating natural disasters in Canadian history. Although resilience plays a crucial role in the daily functioning of individuals by acting as a protective shield that lessens the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: The Fort McMurray wildfire of 3 May 2016 was one of the most devastating natural disasters in Canadian history. Although resilience plays a crucial role in the daily functioning of individuals by acting as a protective shield that lessens the impact of disasters on their mental well-being, to date little is known about the long-term impact of wildfires on resilience and associated predictors of low resilience. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of resilience among residents of Fort McMurray five years after the wildfires. Method: This was a quantitative cross-sectional study. A self-administered online survey which included standardized rating scales for resilience (BRS), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(PCL-C) was used to determine the prevalence of resilience as well as its demographic, clinical, and wildfire-related predictors. The data were collected between 24 April and 2 June 2021 and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 using univariate analysis with a chi-squared test and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 186 residents completed the survey out of 249 who accessed the online survey, producing a response rate of 74.7%. Most of the respondents were females (85.5%, 159), above 40 years of age (81.6%, 80), employed (94.1%, 175), and in a relationship (71%, 132). Two variables—having had PTSD symptoms (OR = 2.85; 95% CI: 1.06–7.63), and age—were significant predictors of low resilience in our study. The prevalence of low resilience in our sample was 37.4%. Conclusions: Our results suggest that age and the presence of PTSD symptoms were the independent significant risk factors associated with low resilience five years after the Fort McMurray wildfire disaster. Further research is needed to enhance understanding of the pathways to resilience post-disaster to identify the robust predictors and provide appropriate interventions to the most vulnerable individuals and communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humanitarian Emergencies – Anxiety, Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)

27 pages, 3928 KiB

Open AccessReview

Public Service Motivation and Determining Factors to Attract and Retain Health Professionals in the Public Sector: A Systematic Review

by Alexandre Fernandes, Gonçalo Santinha and Teresa Forte

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040095 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7577

Abstract

(1) Background: The motivational determinants of health professionals to choose and remain in the public sector have been increasingly addressed, including the customized approach of Public Service Motivation (PSM). However, to date, no systematic research overview has been performed in this domain, leaving [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The motivational determinants of health professionals to choose and remain in the public sector have been increasingly addressed, including the customized approach of Public Service Motivation (PSM). However, to date, no systematic research overview has been performed in this domain, leaving the body of literature unstructured. This article fills this gap by assessing the motivational factors of choice for the public sector in the health field, and the conceptual and methodological trends of this research stream. (2) Methods: This study follows the PRISMA protocol to ascertain patterns in past research and inform researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Eighty-nine documents published between 1998 and 2021 were retained after selecting them according to their theme and outlined goals. (3) Results: Common motivational determinants are remuneration, available resources, work conditions, and frequency of contact and interaction with patients. The PSM construct and scale are often employed as main frameworks, but there is also a concern in assessing motivation drawing on psychological constructs that reflect the challenging line of work and environment that is health care, such as presenteeism, stress, and perception of hindrances. (4) Conclusions: By focusing on health professionals’ motivation, this study contributes to a timely systematization in challenging times for health institutions and their human resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Behavior Change: Theories, Methods, and Interventions)

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13 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Perceived Self-Efficacy for Preventing Dengue Fever in Two Climatically Diverse Mexican States: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Esther Annan, Aracely Angulo-Molina, Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob, Nolan Kline, Uriel A. Lopez-Lemus and Ubydul Haque

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040094 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3342

Abstract

Knowledge of dengue fever and perceived self-efficacy toward dengue prevention does not necessarily translate to the uptake of mosquito control measures. Understanding how these factors (knowledge and self-efficacy) influence mosquito control measures in Mexico is limited. Our study sought to bridge this knowledge [...] Read more.

Knowledge of dengue fever and perceived self-efficacy toward dengue prevention does not necessarily translate to the uptake of mosquito control measures. Understanding how these factors (knowledge and self-efficacy) influence mosquito control measures in Mexico is limited. Our study sought to bridge this knowledge gap by assessing individual-level variables that affect the use of mosquito control measures. A cross-sectional survey with 623 participants was administered online in Mexico from April to July 2021. Multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression models were used to explore factors that predicted mosquito control scale and odds of taking measures to control mosquitoes in the previous year, respectively. Self-efficacy (β = 0.323, p-value = < 0.0001) and knowledge about dengue reduction scale (β = 0.316, p-value =< 0.0001) were the most important predictors of mosquito control scale. The linear regression model explained 24.9% of the mosquito control scale variance. Increasing age (OR = 1.064, p-value =< 0.0001) and self-efficacy (OR = 1.020, p-value = 0.0024) were both associated with an increase in the odds of taking measures against mosquitoes in the previous year. There is a potential to increase mosquito control awareness and practices through the increase in knowledge about mosquito reduction and self-efficacy in Mexico. Full article

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16 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anticipatory Mourning and Narrative Meaning-Making in the Younger Breast Cancer Experience: An Application of the Meaning of Loss Codebook

by Maria Luisa Martino, Daniela Lemmo, Ines Testoni, Erika Iacona, Laura Pizzolato, Maria Francesca Freda and Robert A. Neimeyer

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040093 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2986

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) in women under 50 is a potentially traumatic experience that can upset a woman’s life during a crucial phase of her lifespan. Anticipatory mourning linked to the diagnosis of BC can produce a series of inevitable losses similar to those [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) in women under 50 is a potentially traumatic experience that can upset a woman’s life during a crucial phase of her lifespan. Anticipatory mourning linked to the diagnosis of BC can produce a series of inevitable losses similar to those of the bereaved. Narration can be one tool to construct meaning, to grow through the experience, and reconfigure time perspectives during and after the illness. The aim of this study was to apply the Meaning of Loss Codebook (MLC) to the narrative context of young women with BC. An ad hoc narrative interview was administered to 17 women at four times during the first year of treatment. A thematic analysis was performed using the MLC, adopting a bottom-up and top-down methodology. The results highlight the MLC’s usefulness in capturing the experiences of the women, allowing for a greater appreciation of the nuances of the meanings embodied in their narratives. The thematic categories grounded in the MLC cover the whole experience of BC during the first year of treatment, attesting to the possibility of extending the use of the MLC to observe the longitudinal elaboration of the psychic experience of BC in addition to its established validity in the context of bereavement and loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Even through Cancer—What Are the Assumptions and Outcomes for Psychological Intervention)

14 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making under Uncertainty: How Easterners and Westerners Think Differently

by Wei Guo, Xin-Rong Chen and Hu-Chen Liu

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040092 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3840

Abstract

It has long been known that Easterners exhibit more conservative attitudes, cautiousness behaviors, and self-control ability than Westerners; people in Eastern countries show stronger defensive reactions to societal threats than Western people. Are East Asians really risk averters or do some richer underlying [...] Read more.

It has long been known that Easterners exhibit more conservative attitudes, cautiousness behaviors, and self-control ability than Westerners; people in Eastern countries show stronger defensive reactions to societal threats than Western people. Are East Asians really risk averters or do some richer underlying preferences drive their behaviors in their decision-making under uncertainty? To answer this question, we examined the risk and ambiguity attitudes of East Asian populations in both gain and loss domains using classical behavioral economic experimental methods. Based on our sample of university students, we found that Easterners are more risk intolerant but more willing to accept ambiguous conditions than their Westerner counterparts in the gain domain. Perhaps surprisingly, Eastern people and Western people have a similar attitude toward risk and ambiguity in the loss domain. The higher level of risk aversion observed among East Asians may be due to the cultural difference between Western countries and Eastern countries. Historically, such risk aversion may make sense, because it would minimize the influence of numerous ecological and historical threats and socio-political practices. Our findings suggest that models that were designed to analyze and predict aggregate behaviors and markets may be ineffective for Eastern populations, and, in the future, it is of significance to develop appropriate representative agent models from the eastern perspective. Full article

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18 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Post-Traumatic Symptoms and Emotional Factors: Results of a Mediational Analysis Aimed at Personalizing Mental Health Treatment

by Casandra I. Montoro, Pablo de la Coba, María Moreno-Padilla and Carmen M. Galvez-Sánchez

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040091 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7129

Abstract

Background: Narcissism is characterized by entitlement, grandiose fantasies and the need for admiration. This personality trait has been associated with both traumatic experiences and emotional problems. Most studies have only focused on narcissism in the context of childhood trauma and negative emotional factors. [...] Read more.

Background: Narcissism is characterized by entitlement, grandiose fantasies and the need for admiration. This personality trait has been associated with both traumatic experiences and emotional problems. Most studies have only focused on narcissism in the context of childhood trauma and negative emotional factors. However, dimensions of grandiose narcissism such as authority have been linked to adaptive outcomes. Furthermore, narcissism might not be linked only to negative childhood experiences; it may also be associated with the presence of post-traumatic symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the associations between narcissism and the frequency and severity of post-traumatic symptoms and emotional factors (resilience capacity, emotional regulation, positive and negative affect, intolerance of uncertainty and perceived stress), as well as the possible mediational role of the latter in the relationship between narcissism and post-traumatic symptoms. Method: A total of 115 healthy young psychology undergraduates and their relatives, aged from 18 to 40 years, were asked to complete a set of questionnaires to evaluate the aforementioned variables. Results: The results showed that most of the grandiose narcissism dimensions were positively related to emotional adaptive outcomes, except exploitativeness and entitlement. The negative associations observed between the frequency and severity of post-traumatic symptoms and narcissism (self-sufficiency) were mediated by affect and resilience, which were in turn positively associated with the majority of the narcissism dimensions. Both positive affect and resilience were important factors mediating the association between grandiose narcissism and post-traumatic symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings reaffirm the need to assess not only desirable personality traits, but also ones that are not initially desirable, before pathologizing them. This consideration may be essential to achieve a personalized approach to the prevention of mental health problems, and promotion of positive emotions, in the general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality, Intervention and Psychological Treatment)

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12 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Personality as a Possible Intervention Target to Prevent Traumatic Events in Adolescence

by Lucinda Grummitt, Emma Barrett, Erin V. Kelly, Lexine Stapinski and Nicola Newton

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040090 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3792

Abstract

Traumatic events (severe injury, violence, threatened death) are commonly experienced by children. Such events are associated with a dose-response increasing risk of subsequent substance use, mental illness, chronic disease, and premature mortality. Preventing the accumulation of traumatic events is thus an urgent public [...] Read more.

Traumatic events (severe injury, violence, threatened death) are commonly experienced by children. Such events are associated with a dose-response increasing risk of subsequent substance use, mental illness, chronic disease, and premature mortality. Preventing the accumulation of traumatic events is thus an urgent public health priority. Substance use risk personality profiles (impulsivity, sensation seeking, hopelessness, and anxiety sensitivity) may be an important target for preventing trauma exposure, given associations between these personality traits and risky behaviour, substance misuse, and injuries across adolescence. The current study aimed to investigate associations between personality at age 13 and the number of traumatic events experienced by age 18. It also examined associations between traumas before age 13 and personality at age 13. Participants were the control group of a cluster-randomised controlled trial examining prevention of adolescent alcohol misuse. Baseline data were collected at ages 12–13 (2012). Participants were followed-up at ages 18–19 (2017–2018). Personality profiles of hopelessness, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, and sensation seeking were measured at baseline using the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale. Traumatic events and age of exposure were measured at age 18–19 using the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. Mixed-effect regression was conducted on 287 participants in Stata 17, controlling for sex. High scores on hopelessness, impulsivity, and sensation seeking at age 13 were associated with a greater number of traumatic events by age 18. Impulsivity and sensation seeking predicted the number of new traumatic events from age 13 to 18. Prior trauma exposure was associated with high hopelessness at age 13. Adolescents exhibiting high impulsivity or sensation seeking may be at greater risk of experiencing traumatic events. Additionally, early trauma exposure may contribute to the development of a hopelessness personality trait. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality, Intervention and Psychological Treatment)

11 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Association of the Gut Microbiota with Clinical Features in Schizophrenia

by Annamarie Nocera and Henry A. Nasrallah

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040089 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7010

Abstract

The connection between gut microbiota and schizophrenia has become a fertile area of research. The relationship is bidirectional and quite complex, but is likely to lead to practical clinical applications. For example, commensal microbiota have been shown to produce inflammatory metabolites that can [...] Read more.

The connection between gut microbiota and schizophrenia has become a fertile area of research. The relationship is bidirectional and quite complex, but is likely to lead to practical clinical applications. For example, commensal microbiota have been shown to produce inflammatory metabolites that can cross the blood–brain barrier—a possible neurobiological precursor of psychosis. Antipsychotics that treat these individuals have been shown to alter gut microbiota. On the other hand, life style in schizophrenia, such as diet and decreased exercise, can be disruptive to the normal microbiome diversity. In the present paper, we conduct a review of PubMed literature focusing on the relationship of gut microbiota with clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, which, to our knowledge, has not yet been reviewed. Numerous clinical characteristics were identified correlating to gut microbial changes, such as violence, negative symptoms, treatment resistance, and global functioning. The most consistently demonstrated correlations to gut microbial changes across studies were for the overall symptom severity and negative symptom severity. Although numerous studies found changes in these domains, there is much variability between the bacteria that change in abundance between studies, likely due to the regional and methodological differences between studies. The current literature shows promising correlations between gut microbiota profiles and several clinical features of schizophrenia, but initial studies require replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Where Are We in Understanding Schizophrenia? From Bench to Bedside and Back)

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22 pages, 3032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘You’re Not Alone for China’: The First Song in Times of COVID-19 to Keep the Faith in a World Crying in Silence

by Lydia Giménez-Llort

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040088 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4866

Abstract

Collective mourning is an expression of societal maturity, cohesion, and respect. The world is in grief, but in early January 2020, before nobody could even imagine that SARS-CoV-2 would turn into the COVID-19 pandemic, a music video version of a pop ballad about [...] Read more.

Collective mourning is an expression of societal maturity, cohesion, and respect. The world is in grief, but in early January 2020, before nobody could even imagine that SARS-CoV-2 would turn into the COVID-19 pandemic, a music video version of a pop ballad about love and isolation was spread across a Chinese social network. The song ‘You Are Not Alone’ was adapted as a cover by young foreigners living in China to express their support to bereaved families and frontline workers and encourage the people of China, their second home. At that time, the rest of the world looked to distant China but could hardly expect to face the same adversity months later. The authors reported that the music video was a spontaneous artistic expression copying such traumatic events and the mourning process. The present work analyses how the music was blended with lyrics and images describing the outbreak in Wuhan to reach their goal. The original song and this shortened version for China were compared regarding musical and lyric structures and main characteristics. Additionally, an analysis of the two videos was done regarding cinemetric variables and non-verbal communication that emphasized the power of songs to express deep sorrow and sympathy but also to give hope. Psychological first aid, the five stages of the mourning process by Kübler-Ross, the dual-process model by Stroebe and Schut, and Taylor’s tend-to-befriend provided a better understanding of the translation from interpersonal to societal mourning. Finally, other memorable songs that society spontaneously chose to be performed alone or together to cope with sudden and dramatic situations, mitigate physical distancing, and alleviate human suffering are discussed. Music, lyrics, and artistic performance are playing a key role in building social and emotional ties during this pandemic, hampering individual and social pain and sorrow despite cultural barriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Psychological Perspectives on Death and Dying—between Normality and the COVID-19 Emergency)

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18 pages, 404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Academic Performance: Analysis of Students’ Mental Health Condition from Social Media Interactions

by Md. Saddam Hossain Mukta, Salekul Islam, Swakkhar Shatabda, Mohammed Eunus Ali and Akib Zaman

Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040087 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10460

Abstract

Social media have become an indispensable part of peoples’ daily lives. Research suggests that interactions on social media partly exhibit individuals’ personality, sentiment, and behavior. In this study, we examine the association between students’ mental health and psychological attributes derived from social media [...] Read more.

Social media have become an indispensable part of peoples’ daily lives. Research suggests that interactions on social media partly exhibit individuals’ personality, sentiment, and behavior. In this study, we examine the association between students’ mental health and psychological attributes derived from social media interactions and academic performance. We build a classification model where students’ psychological attributes and mental health issues will be predicted from their social media interactions. Then, students’ academic performance will be identified from their predicted psychological attributes and mental health issues in the previous level. Firstly, we select samples by using judgmental sampling technique and collect the textual content from students’ Facebook news feeds. Then, we derive feature vectors using MPNet (Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding), which is one of the latest pre-trained sentence transformer models. Secondly, we find two different levels of correlations: (i) users’ social media usage and their psychological attributes and mental health status and (ii) users’ psychological attributes and mental health status and their academic performance. Thirdly, we build a two-level hybrid model to predict academic performance (i.e., Grade Point Average (GPA)) from students’ Facebook posts: (1) from Facebook posts to mental health and psychological attributes using a regression model (SM-MP model) and (2) from psychological and mental attributes to the academic performance using a classifier model (MP-AP model). Later, we conduct an evaluation study by using real-life samples to validate the performance of the model and compare the performance with Baseline Models (i.e., Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) and Empath). Our model shows a strong performance with a microaverage f-score of 0.94 and an AUC-ROC score of 0.95. Finally, we build an ensemble model by combining both the psychological attributes and the mental health models and find that our combined model outperforms the independent models. Full article

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Behav. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2022) – 29 articles

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