A Comparison in Travel Characteristics of Bike-Sharing between College Students and Office Workers Based on Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior
2.2. Application of TPB in BS
2.2.1. Attitude
2.2.2. Subjective Norm
2.2.3. Perceptual Behavioral Control
2.2.4. Environmental Awareness
2.3. Summary
3. Methodology
3.1. Theoretical Applicability
3.2. Theoretical Hypothesis
3.3. Model Building
3.3.1. Measurement Model
3.3.2. Structural Equation Model
3.4. Model Solving
4. Questionnaire Survey and Results
4.1. Questionnaire Design
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Distribution of Respondents
4.4. Data Analysis
4.4.1. Questionnaire Data Test
4.4.2. Structural Parameter Estimation
5. Case Study
5.1. Model Calibration
5.2. Model Path Analysis
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- Taking the campus of the Henan University of Technology and the central area of Zhengzhou city as the survey sites, the questionnaire was designed using the Likert five-level scale method, and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested. The recovered data can meet the requirements of SEM analysis, and ensure the consistency and reliability of the results. At the same time, this paper analyzes the individual differences in respondents’ BS travel willingness and explores the differences in BS travel willingness among undergraduates, graduate college students, business personnel, and civil servants;
- (2)
- Constructing the BS travel choice willingness model based on the theory of planned behavior, with “environmental awareness” as the core variable. After testing, the model meets the requirements, and the fitting degree is good;
- (3)
- This paper analyzes the differences in BS travel behavior between college students and office workers, explores the impact of AT, SN, PBC, and EA on TBI from the psychological factors, and analyzes the impact of travel cost, travel time, convenience, policy, driving difficulty and other factors on college students and office workers’ choice of BS travel.
- (4)
- According to Orford [59], the community psychology seminal author, behaviour is the effect of the equation Person X Context. In this sense this article proposes the use of TPB as a further perspective to understand the complex interactions among individuals and contexts, that will enrich the understanding of the individual behaviours in social contexts. Variables at play are individuals, but they are influenced by organizational and societal determinants.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Symbol | Description |
---|---|---|
AT | X1 | I’m interested in using BS. |
X2 | I think it’s convenient to use BS to travel on campus. | |
X3 | Don’t worry about vehicle maintenance. | |
SN | X4 | Media promotion. |
X5 | Opinions of relatives and friends. | |
X6 | Policies issued by the local government. | |
PBC | X7 | Easy cycling. |
X8 | Low costs. | |
X9 | Choose BS when travel time is limited. | |
EA | X10 | Environmental protection publicity activities will promote the use of shared bicycles. |
X11 | I often participate in environmental activities. | |
X12 | Using BS can improve resource utilization. | |
TBI | Y1 | Fixed parking has a great impact on my choice of BS. |
Y2 | The willingness to share bicycles is higher than in other modes of transportation. | |
Y3 | Willing to apply for BS a discount card. | |
TB | Y4 | I often choose BS for travel. |
Y5 | I will continue to use BS for travel. | |
Y6 | I often use BS to go to work/school. |
College Students | Office Workers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Constructs | Number | Ratio (%) | Characteristics | Constructs | Number | Ratio (%) |
Gender | Male | 227 | 53.2 | Gender | Male | 100 | 40.2 |
Female | 200 | 46.8 | Female | 149 | 49.8 | ||
Grade | Freshman | 82 | 19.2 | occupation | Business | 74 | 29.7 |
Sophomore | 94 | 22.1 | Service | 57 | 22.9 | ||
Junior | 89 | 21.0 | Public Institution | 68 | 27.3 | ||
senior | 85 | 19.7 | Government | 50 | 20.1 | ||
Postgraduate | 77 | 18.0 |
Variable | Title | College Students | Office Workers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Path Coefficient | α | AVE | p | Path Coefficient | α | AVE | ||
AT | AT1-3 | <0.01 | 0.730/0.731/0.651 | 0.798 | 0.516 | <0.01 | 0.686/0.669/0.871 | 0.839 | 0.559 |
SN | SN1-3 | <0.05 | 0.750/0.845/0.571 | 0.722 | 0.576 | <0.05 | 0.798/0.796/0.371 | 0.819 | 0.469 |
PBC | PBC1-3 | <0.01 | 0.756/0.859/0.632 | 0.570 | 0.570 | <0.01 | 0.760/0.693/0.600 | 0.847 | 0.473 |
EA | EA1-3 | <0.01 | 0.685/0.694/0.780 | 0.728 | 0.520 | <0.05 | 0.780/0.334/0.799 | 0.770 | 0.453 |
TBI | TBI1-3 | <0.01 | 0.717/0.620/0.568 | 0.807 | 0.407 | <0.01 | 0.812/0.614/0.849 | 0.673 | 0.586 |
TB | TB1-3 | <0.01 | 0.740/0.789/0.645 | 0.875 | 0.529 | <0.01 | 0.744/0.824/0.822 | 0.763 | 0.636 |
Sig | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Explain total variance | 69.865 | 69.151 | |||||||
Number of clusters | 6 | 6 |
Measurement | X2 | df | RMSEA | CFI | NFI | GFI | IFI | AGFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard value | - | - | <0.1 | ≥0.90 | ≥0.85 | ≥0.90 | ≥0.90 | ≥0.85 |
Actual value (college students) | 381.48 | 124 | 0.07 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.88 |
Actual value (office workers) | 233.98 | 124 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.87 |
College Students | Office Workers | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path | Path Coefficient | p | Hypothesis | Path Coefficient | p | Hypothesis |
H1 | 0.15 | 0.170 | Not supported | 0.18 | ** | supported |
H2 | 0.1 | ** | supported | 0.61 | *** | supported |
H3 | 0.46 | *** | supported | 0.09 | * | supported |
H4 | 0.36 | *** | supported | 0.12 | 0.278 | Not supported |
H5 | 0.84 | *** | supported | 0.84 | *** | supported |
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Duan, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, H.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, X. A Comparison in Travel Characteristics of Bike-Sharing between College Students and Office Workers Based on Theory of Planned Behavior. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040329
Duan Y, Wang J, Li H, Yan Y, Zhang X. A Comparison in Travel Characteristics of Bike-Sharing between College Students and Office Workers Based on Theory of Planned Behavior. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(4):329. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040329
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Yuzhou, Jiale Wang, Hui Li, Yibo Yan, and Xu Zhang. 2023. "A Comparison in Travel Characteristics of Bike-Sharing between College Students and Office Workers Based on Theory of Planned Behavior" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 4: 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040329
APA StyleDuan, Y., Wang, J., Li, H., Yan, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023). A Comparison in Travel Characteristics of Bike-Sharing between College Students and Office Workers Based on Theory of Planned Behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 13(4), 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040329