Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

16 pages, 10645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wave Energy Disbalance as Generator of Extreme Wave Occurrence in Semi-Enclosed Coastal Waters (Example of Rijeka Bay—Croatia)

by Goran Lončar, Nenad Leder, Tea Duplančić Leder and Dalibor Carević

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110420 - 16 Nov 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2371

Abstract

The conditions for the occurrence of high waves in front of the Rijeka port in the Rijeka Bay were analyzed. The analysis was carried out on the basis of measured data on the wave rider station located in front of the main breakwater [...] Read more.

The conditions for the occurrence of high waves in front of the Rijeka port in the Rijeka Bay were analyzed. The analysis was carried out on the basis of measured data on the wave rider station located in front of the main breakwater of the port of Rijeka and the results of numerical wave generation modelings for the wider sea area on the spatial scale of the Adriatic basin. The results of the conducted analysis show that the sudden transition in wind direction from the third to the second quadrant (and vice versa), with the simultaneous rapid increase in wind speed, creates the conditions for generating the largest waves in front of the port of Rijeka. The main reason for achieving the highest wave height in these conditions is the unbalanced wind power input with non-developed surface dissipation (white-capping) and quadruplet wave interaction. Situations with a slower increase in wind speed and approximately constant wind direction resulted in the occurrence of smaller wave heights. The direct application of anemometric data for the forcing wind field in the Adriatic basin within the wave generation model results in a more accurate simulation of wave height and wave period development than application of the wind field from the prediction atmospheric model Aladin-Hr. This is due to the fact that the site is located in a semi-enclosed sea area of restricted fetch, and the spatial/temporal resolution of atmospheric data (2 km and 3 h) is not sufficient to resolve the rapid transition in the wind field. In the case of direct application of anemometric data, the white-capping parameterization should be of a non-stationary character. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigating Coastal Erosion and Climate Change Impacts)

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15 pages, 4343 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antifouling and Fouling-Release Performance of Photo-Embossed Fluorogel Elastomers

by Sander Kommeren, Andrew J. Guerin, Marie L. Dale, James Ferguson, Graeme Lyall, Kevin J. Reynolds, Anthony S. Clare, Cees W. M. Bastiaansen and Timothy Sullivan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110419 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3446

Abstract

Oil-infused ‘slippery’ polymer surfaces and engineered surface textures have been separately shown to reduce settlement or adhesion strength of marine biofouling organisms. Here, we combine these two approaches in fluorogel surfaces infused with perfluorinated oils, via a facile photo-embossing method that allows the [...] Read more.

Oil-infused ‘slippery’ polymer surfaces and engineered surface textures have been separately shown to reduce settlement or adhesion strength of marine biofouling organisms. Here, we combine these two approaches in fluorogel surfaces infused with perfluorinated oils, via a facile photo-embossing method that allows the generation of a micro-scale surface relief structure while retaining the properties of lubricant-infused materials. Testing of these surfaces against a range of marine fouling challenges in laboratory assays demonstrated that when the volume percentage of perfluorinated oil was high, adhesion strengths of attached barnacles and biofilms were low. However, diatoms adhered strongly to test surfaces, highlighting the need to explore different combinations of polymer and oil for such surfaces. Furthermore, the tested surface structures increased settlement and adhesion in the assays, demonstrating the need to optimize any surface structure for specific applications. Nevertheless, the results show the feasibility of combining multiple approaches to create future antifouling technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Antifouling Technologies and Biological Decontamination Processes)

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20 pages, 12011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Column-Stabilized Fish Cage in Waves

by Yun-Peng Zhao, Qiu-Pan Chen, Chun-Wei Bi and Yong Cui

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110418 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3085

Abstract

This study on hydrodynamic coefficients of a column-stabilized fish cage under wave action plays an important role in the anti-wave design of cages. The regular wave test was used to study the horizontal wave force of the jacket and column-stabilized fish cage under [...] Read more.

This study on hydrodynamic coefficients of a column-stabilized fish cage under wave action plays an important role in the anti-wave design of cages. The regular wave test was used to study the horizontal wave force of the jacket and column-stabilized fish cage under different wave heights, periods, and incident angles; the finite element model of the jacket and the column-stabilized fish cage was established according to the test model. On the basis of the calculation of the finite element model, combined with the wave force obtained from the experiment, the hydrodynamic coefficients of the structure was fitted by the least squares method, and then the drag force, inertial force, and total force of the structure under different conditions were calculated. The results show that the hydrodynamic coefficients of the jacket and netting under the wave condition were more obvious with the change of the KC number and wave incident angles. And as the wave height increased, the drag force, the inertial force, and the proportion of the drag force to the horizontal wave force both increased. When the wavelength was large, the same trend occured as the wave period increased. When the wave incident angles were different, the forces of the jacket and the column-stabilized fish cage were always small in lateral low-frequency waves, which is consistent with the change law of hydrodynamic coefficients of the jacket and netting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Harbour and Coastal Structures)

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18 pages, 2494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Offshore Structures Based on Response Spectrum of Ice Force

by Yingzhou Liu, Xin Li and Youwei Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110417 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

With the development of large-scale offshore projects, sea ice is a potential threat to the safety of offshore structures. The main forms of damage to bottom-fixed offshore structures under sea ice are crushing failure and bending failure. Referred to as the concept of [...] Read more.

With the development of large-scale offshore projects, sea ice is a potential threat to the safety of offshore structures. The main forms of damage to bottom-fixed offshore structures under sea ice are crushing failure and bending failure. Referred to as the concept of seismic response spectrums, the design response spectrum of offshore structures induced by the crushing and bending ice failure is presented. Selecting the Bohai Sea in China as an example, the sea areas were divided into different ice zones due to the different sea ice parameters. Based on the crushing and bending failure power spectral densities of ice force, a large amount of ice force time-history samples are firstly generated for each ice zone. The time-history of the maximum responses of a series of single degree of freedom systems with different natural frequencies under the ice force are calculated and subsequently, a response spectrum curve is obtained. Finally, by fitting all the response spectrum curves from different samples, the design response spectrum is generated for each ice zone. The ice force influence coefficients for crushing and bending failure are obtained, which can be used to estimate the stochastic sea ice force acting on a structure conveniently in a static way. A comparison of the proposed response spectrum method with the Monte Carlo method by a numerical example shows good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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17 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiannual Shore Morphodynamics of a Cuspate Foreland: Maspalomas (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands)

by Ángela Fontán-Bouzas, Javier Alcántara-Carrió, Silvia Albarracín, Paulo Baptista, Paulo A. Silva, Luana Portz and Rogerio Portantiolo Manzolli

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110416 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3779

Abstract

On a cuspate sandy foreland, the cycle of beach erosion and recovery is driven by the bi-directional approaches of wave climates, which also determine its specific shape. This work describes the seasonal morphodynamics of the Maspalomas natural cuspate foreland over a period of [...] Read more.

On a cuspate sandy foreland, the cycle of beach erosion and recovery is driven by the bi-directional approaches of wave climates, which also determine its specific shape. This work describes the seasonal morphodynamics of the Maspalomas natural cuspate foreland over a period of six years. This area, located in the south of Gran Canaria Island, consists of two beaches with different shoreline orientation, Maspalomas Beach and El Inglés Beach, converging to La Bajeta Tip at the head of the foreland. Shoreline variability and three-dimensional beach changes were measured and coupled to wave energy and longshore currents. From wave analysis, 112 storm events were identified over the period in focus. These events most frequently came from the northeast and in summer, which is consistent with the strong northeasterly trade winds between April and September. However, the strongest storms from the southwest were found to be the main cause of intense shoreline retreats, of up to 100 and 200 m, at Maspalomas Beach and La Bajeta Tip, respectively. The Maspalomas Beach sector showed interannual variability, with a general trend of erosion, whereas La Bajeta Tip demonstrated faster beach recovery. In contrast, El Inglés Beach sector presented a stable shoreline, in spite of the occurrence of wave storms approaching from northeast or southwest. Consequently, results indicate that energetic waves play a significant role in shoreline dynamics and Maspalomas landform shape. Post-storm sand recovery processes do not only occur during calm periods, but also during energetic events. The findings of this study have improved the understanding of seasonal and multiannual cuspate foreland morphodynamics, setting the groundwork for a potential long-term evolution model of Maspalomas coast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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15 pages, 9641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Transient Overvoltage of Offshore Wind Farm Considering Different Electrical Characteristics of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

by Zikai Zhou, Yaxun Guo, Xiaofeng Jiang, Gang Liu, Wenhu Tang, Honglei Deng, Xiaohua Li and Ming Zheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110415 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3036

Abstract

For the study of transient overvoltage (TOV) in an offshore wind farm (OWF) collector system caused by switching off vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs), a simplified experimental platform of OWF medium-voltage (MV) cable collector system was established in this paper to conduct switching operation [...] Read more.

For the study of transient overvoltage (TOV) in an offshore wind farm (OWF) collector system caused by switching off vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs), a simplified experimental platform of OWF medium-voltage (MV) cable collector system was established in this paper to conduct switching operation tests of VCB and obtain the characteristic parameters for VCB, especially dielectric strength parameters; also, the effectiveness of the VCB reignition model was verified. Then, PSCAD/EMTDC was used to construct the MV collector system of the OWF, and the effects of normal switching and fault switching on TOV amplitude, steepness, and the total number of reignition of the VCB were studied, respectively, with the experimental parameters and traditional parameters of dielectric strength of the VCB. The simulation results show that when the VCB is at the tower bottom, the overvoltage amplitude generated by the normal switching is the largest, which is 1.83 p.u., and the overvoltage steepness of the fault switching is the largest, up to 142 kV/μs. The overvoltage amplitude and steepness caused by switching off VCB at the tower bottom faultily with traditional parameters are about 2 and 1.5 times of the experimental parameters under the same operating condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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23 pages, 6800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sensor Web Prototype for Cabled Seafloor Observatories in the East China Sea

by Yang Yu, Huiping Xu and Changwei Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110414 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3325

Abstract

Seafloor observatories enable continuous power supply and real-time bidirectional data transmission, which marks a new way for marine environment monitoring. As in situ observation produces massive data in a constant way, the research involved with data acquisition, data transmission, data analysis, and user-oriented [...] Read more.

Seafloor observatories enable continuous power supply and real-time bidirectional data transmission, which marks a new way for marine environment monitoring. As in situ observation produces massive data in a constant way, the research involved with data acquisition, data transmission, data analysis, and user-oriented data application is vital to the close-loop operations of seafloor observatories. In this paper, we design and implement a sensor web prototype (ESOSW) to resolve seafloor observatory information processing in a plug-and-play way. A sensor web architecture is first introduced, which is information-oriented and structured into four layers enabling bidirectional information flow of observation data and control commands. Based on the layered architecture, the GOE Control Method and the Hot Swapping Interpretation Method are proposed as the plug-and-play mechanism for sensor control and data processing of seafloor observatory networks. ESOSW was thus implemented with the remote-control system, the data management system, and the real-time monitoring system, supporting managed sensor control and on-demand measurement. ESOSW was tested for plug-and-play enablement through a series of trials and was put into service for the East China Sea Seafloor Observation System. The experiment shows that the sensor web prototype design and implementation are feasible and could be a general reference to related seafloor observatory networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Instruments for Marine Research)

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21 pages, 20287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami Based on the Analysis of Video Footage Recorded on the Coasts of Wakayama, Japan

by Yusuke Yamanaka, Yoshinao Matsuba, Yoshimitsu Tajima, Ryotaro Shibata, Naohiro Hattori, Lianhui Wu and Naoko Okami

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110413 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4155

Abstract

In this study, field surveys along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were first conducted to investigate the coastal damage due to storm surges and storm-induced waves caused by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami. Special focus was placed on the characteristic behavior [...] Read more.

In this study, field surveys along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were first conducted to investigate the coastal damage due to storm surges and storm-induced waves caused by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami. Special focus was placed on the characteristic behavior of nearshore waves through investigation of observed data, numerical simulations, and image analysis of video footage recorded on the coasts. The survey results indicated that inundation, wave overtopping, and drift debris caused by violent storm-induced waves were the dominant factors causing coastal damage. Results of numerical simulations showed that heights of storm-induced waves were predominantly greater than storm surge heights along the entire coast of Wakayama in both typhoons. However, computed gradual alongshore variations in wave and surge heights did not explain locally-concentrated inundation and run-up heights observed along the coasts. These results indicate that complex nearshore hydrodynamics induced by local nearshore bathymetry might have played a significant role in inducing such local wave characteristics and the associated coastal damage. Analysis of video footage recorded during Typhoon Jebi, for example, clearly showed evidence of amplified infragravity wave components, which could enhance inundation and wave run-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observation, Analysis, and Modeling of Nearshore Dynamics)

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25 pages, 5904 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modeling the Impact of Extreme River Discharge on the Nutrient Dynamics and Dissolved Oxygen in Two Adjacent Estuaries (Portugal)

by Vítor H. Oliveira, Magda C. Sousa, Fernando Morgado and João M. Dias

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110412 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4411

Abstract

The Minho and Lima are adjacent estuaries located in the north of Portugal, with high ecological and economic importance. To address gaps in knowledge about changes in nutrient patterns in adjacent estuaries subject to different freshwater inflows, a numerical model, Delft3D, was implemented [...] Read more.

The Minho and Lima are adjacent estuaries located in the north of Portugal, with high ecological and economic importance. To address gaps in knowledge about changes in nutrient patterns in adjacent estuaries subject to different freshwater inflows, a numerical model, Delft3D, was implemented and developed, using a single domain, which allowed physical communication between estuaries. Calibration and validation of the model was successfully performed. Three numerical simulations were carried out, in which only river flows were varied (1st corresponds to a baseline numerical run, the 2nd a flood scenario, and the 3rd a drought scenario). Under flooding conditions, similar patterns were verified in both estuaries, with high fluvial discharges showing to have a reduced impact on both estuarine dynamics. In this case the nutrients were not a limiting factor for the biota, both for summer and winter seasons, since there was no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. For the drought scenario, it was observed that the estuary with the lower inflow of freshwater (Lima) was the most affected, with a significant decrease in the concentration of nutrients and oxygen dissolved in the winter season (decrease of 2 mg O₂/L). In conclusion, this work reveals that it is essential to continuously monitor dam-controlled estuarine systems, as a significant decrease in river discharge will cause significant changes in the variables analysed (O₂, PO₄, and NO₃) and may cause loss of biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Waters Systems Evolution under Climate Changes and Global Warming: An Integrated and Multidisciplinary Approach)

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15 pages, 4749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential in Saturated Sand under Different Drainage Boundary Conditions—An Energy Approach

by Chang-Rui Yao, Bo Wang, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Hao Fan, Fang-Hao Sun and Xin-Hao Chang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110411 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

Drainage conditions are supposed to have significant influence on sand liquefaction behavior. An infiltration device was utilized in cyclic triaxial tests to reproduce different drainage conditions by altering dry density of the within silt. Permeability coefficient ratio (k_p) was utilized [...] Read more.

Drainage conditions are supposed to have significant influence on sand liquefaction behavior. An infiltration device was utilized in cyclic triaxial tests to reproduce different drainage conditions by altering dry density of the within silt. Permeability coefficient ratio (k_p) was utilized for quantifying the drainage boundary effect. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated Fujian standard sand samples. Test results were used to evaluate the liquefaction potential by using the energy approach. It can be concluded that, if k_p increases slightly bigger than zero, excess pore water pressure (EPWP) will respond more fiercely, and the dissipated energy that triggers sand liquefaction will be less. By considering k_p, an energy-based database was built by taking k_p into consideration and different neural network (NN) models were constructed to predict liquefaction potential by energy approaches accurately under different drainage boundary conditions. It was suggested that the neuro-fuzzy (NF)-based NN model has more satisfactory performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI))

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16 pages, 5218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collapse Analysis of ERW Pipe Based on Roll-Forming and Sizing Simulations

by Seong-Wook Han, Yeun Chul Park, Soo-Chang Kang, Sungmoon Jung and Ho-Kyung Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110410 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4502

Abstract

The demand for electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe for deep-water installation has increased, which necessitates a higher degree of accuracy in evaluating the strength of pipe in order to satisfy the design limit state, otherwise referred to as the collapse performance. Since ovality [...] Read more.

The demand for electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe for deep-water installation has increased, which necessitates a higher degree of accuracy in evaluating the strength of pipe in order to satisfy the design limit state, otherwise referred to as the collapse performance. Since ovality and residual stress governs the collapse performance, an accurate evaluation of these factors is needed. An analytical approach using a three-dimensional finite element method was proposed to simulate the roll-forming and sizing processes in manufacturing ERW pipe. To simulate significant plastic deformation during manufacturing, a nonlinear material model that included the Bauschinger effect was incorporated. The manufacturing of ERW pipe made of API 5L X70 steel was simulated and analyzed for collapse performance. Controlling the ovality of the pipe significantly decreased the amount of pressure that would cause a collapse, whereas the effect of residual stress was minor. These two factors could be improved via the use of a proper sizing ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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15 pages, 2399 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Buoyant Jets Discharged from a Rosette-Type Multiport Diffuser

by Xiaohui Yan, Abdolmajid Mohammadian and Xin Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110409 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2976

Abstract

In some outfall systems, wastewaters are discharged into ambient water bodies using rosette-type diffusers in the form of multiple buoyant jets, and it is essential to simulate their mixing characteristics for practical applications and optimal design purposes. The mixing processes of a rosette [...] Read more.

In some outfall systems, wastewaters are discharged into ambient water bodies using rosette-type diffusers in the form of multiple buoyant jets, and it is essential to simulate their mixing characteristics for practical applications and optimal design purposes. The mixing processes of a rosette jet group are more complicated than single jets and multiple horizontal or vertical jets, and thus the existing methods cannot be effectively used to simulate their mixing and dilution properties. With the recent advancements in numerical modeling approaches, numerical simulation of wastewater jets as three-dimensional phenomena can be feasible. The present study deals with a fully three-dimensional numerical simulation for buoyant jets discharged from a rosette-type multiport diffuser, with the standard and re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence models. The simulated results are compared with experimental data, and the results show a good agreement with the experimental data, demonstrating that the numerical model is an efficient and effective tool for simulating rosette jet groups. It was also concluded that the RNG k-ε model leads to better results than the standard k-ε model with a comparable computational cost. The validated model was further utilized to investigate the influences of port inclinations on the mixing behaviors. Full article

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16 pages, 5364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Resilience Potential of Inshore and Offshore Coral Communities in the Western Gulf of Thailand

by Makamas Sutthacheep, Charernmee Chamchoy, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Wanlaya Klinthong and Thamasak Yeemin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110408 - 11 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3891

Abstract

Coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand have experienced severe coral bleaching events and anthropogenic disturbances during the last two decades. This study assessed the resilience potential of coral communities at Ko Losin offshore reef sites and Mu Ko Chumphon nearshore coral reefs, [...] Read more.

Coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand have experienced severe coral bleaching events and anthropogenic disturbances during the last two decades. This study assessed the resilience potential of coral communities at Ko Losin offshore reef sites and Mu Ko Chumphon nearshore coral reefs, in the south of Thailand, by conducting field surveys on the live coral cover, hard substratum composition and diversity and density of juvenile corals. Most study sites had higher percentages of live coral cover compared to dead coral cover. Some inshore and offshore reef sites showed low resilience to coral bleaching events. The total densities of juvenile corals at the study sites were in the range of 0.89–3.73 colonies/m². The density of the juvenile corals at most reef sites was not dependent on the live coral cover of adult colonies in a reef, particularly for the Acropora communities. We suggest that Ko Losin should be established as a marine protected area, and Mu Ko Chumphon National Park should implement its management plans properly to enhance coral recovery and promote marine ecotourism. Other measures, such as shading, should be also applied at some coral reefs during bleaching periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coral Reef Resilience)

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15 pages, 1328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Marine Toxin Domoic Acid on Innate Immune Responses in Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians

by Cheng Chi, Caiyan Zhang, Jiadai Liu and Xiaochuan Zheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110407 - 9 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2827

Abstract

Domoic acid (DA) is an amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin produced by some species of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. This toxin has harmful effects on various species, especially scallops. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA exposure on the immune [...] Read more.

Domoic acid (DA) is an amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin produced by some species of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. This toxin has harmful effects on various species, especially scallops. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA exposure on the immune and physical responses of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. Various immunological and physical parameters were assessed (acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxide (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and the total protein content) in the haemolymph of scallops at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure to DA at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ng/mL). Moreover, the expression of immune-related genes (CLT-6, FREP, HSP90, MT, PGRP, and PrxV) was assessed. The activities of ACP, ALP, and LDH and the total protein content and LPO increased upon exposure to DA at different concentrations, while NO levels were decreased. Furthermore, immune-related genes were assessed upon DA exposure. Our results showed that exposure to DA negatively impacts immune function and disrupts physiological activities in bay scallops. Full article

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20 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Beach Profile Evolution towards Equilibrium from Varying Initial Morphologies

by Sonja Eichentopf, Joep van der Zanden, Iván Cáceres and José M. Alsina

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110406 - 9 Nov 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4297

Abstract

The evolution of different initial beach profiles towards the same final beach configuration is investigated based on large-scale experimental data. The same wave condition was performed three times, each time starting from a different initial profile morphology. The three different initial profiles are [...] Read more.

The evolution of different initial beach profiles towards the same final beach configuration is investigated based on large-scale experimental data. The same wave condition was performed three times, each time starting from a different initial profile morphology. The three different initial profiles are an intermediate energy profile with an offshore bar and a small swash berm, a plane profile and a low energy profile with a large berm. The three cases evolve towards the same final (equilibrium) profile determined by the same wave condition. This implies that the same wave condition generates different sediment transport patterns. Largest beach changes and differences in hydrodynamics occur in the beginning of the experimental cases, highlighting the coupling between morphology and hydrodynamics for beach evolution towards the same profile. The coupling between morphology and hydrodynamics that leads to the same final beach profile is associated with differences in sediment transport in the surf and swash zone, and is explained by the presence of bar and berm features. A large breaker bar and concave profile promote wave energy dissipation and reduce the magnitudes of the mean near-bed flow velocity close to the shoreline limiting shoreline erosion. In contrast, a beach profile with reflective features, such as a large berm and a small or no bar, increases negative velocity magnitudes at the berm toe promoting shoreline retreat. The findings are summarised in a conceptual model that describes how the beach changes towards equilibrium from two different initial morphologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics of the Coastal Zone)

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18 pages, 4435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Design Alternatives and Flow Interference of Tuna Purse Seine by the Numerical Modelling Approach

by Cheng Zhou, Liuxiong Xu, Hao Tang, Fuxiang Hu, Pingguo He, Taisei Kumazawa, Xuefang Wang, Rong Wan and Shuchuang Dong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110405 - 8 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3220

Abstract

Dynamic responses of tuna purse seine to currents were numerically studied with regard to the vertical subsidence and global load distribution, and determinant attributes were identified. We rebuilt the submerged geometry of a purse seine net using the lumped mass method with hydrodynamic [...] Read more.

Dynamic responses of tuna purse seine to currents were numerically studied with regard to the vertical subsidence and global load distribution, and determinant attributes were identified. We rebuilt the submerged geometry of a purse seine net using the lumped mass method with hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from measurements of the prototype material, as well as a mesh grouping method, which corrects the twine diameter and netting material density for the equivalent net by introducing the compensation coefficient. Uneven tension distribution showed that it was vulnerable to high loads in the bunt area at shooting and along the lead line at pursing. High loads were present at the convex sections of net circles in the direction of the current. Higher shooting speeds resulted in well-balanced sinking, while a reduced hanging ratio of netting panels was beneficial to faster sinking. While large mesh sizes reduce water resistance and increase sinking velocity, extensive use should be cautioned in terms of the sensibility to stress. Comparing two options of different proportions of large-mesh panels, mesh sizes doubled for 15 strips versus 5 strips, suggesting that the 15 strip option would pose a higher risk of strand vulnerability, while the 5 strip option may be a more balanced alternative with a lower mesh density and a lower mesh stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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23 pages, 14830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scale Effects on a Tip Rake Propeller Working in Open Water

by Adrian Lungu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110404 - 8 Nov 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4297

Abstract

The scale effect on the accuracy of a numerical simulation in ship hydrodynamics represents an important issue of the propeller numerical analysis. To grasp a better understanding on the influence of this effect, an introspection on the performances of an unconventional propeller is [...] Read more.

The scale effect on the accuracy of a numerical simulation in ship hydrodynamics represents an important issue of the propeller numerical analysis. To grasp a better understanding on the influence of this effect, an introspection on the performances of an unconventional propeller is proposed in the present study. The paper describes an investigation of the performances of a tip rake propeller recently chosen as benchmark by the International Towing Tank Conference organization (ITTC hereafter). The numerical simulation is carried out by making use of the ISIS-CFD solver, part of the Fine™/Marine package available in the NUMECA suite. The solver is based on the finite volume method to build the spatial discretization of the governing equations. The incompressible unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE) are solved in a global approach. Reported solutions are compared with the experimental data provided by Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (SVA) Potsdam GmbH to validate the accuracy of the numerical approach. Since for the full scale the experimental data could not be possible, the ITTC’78 extrapolation method-based proposed by the SVA Potsdam has been taken as a basis for comparisons and discussions. A set of remarks will conclude the paper by providing some guidelines for further approaches in terms of the particulars of the numerics that may be further employed in similar studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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19 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Linear and Non-Linear Programming Techniques for the Optimization of Ship Machinery Systems

by Enrico Baldasso, Mia Elg, Fredrik Haglind and Francesco Baldi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110403 - 8 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4109

Abstract

The selection of a proper machinery system is one of the primary decisions to be taken during the ship design phase. Nonetheless, this selection is made challenging by the presence of a variety of alternatives, and by the limited data availability at the [...] Read more.

The selection of a proper machinery system is one of the primary decisions to be taken during the ship design phase. Nonetheless, this selection is made challenging by the presence of a variety of alternatives, and by the limited data availability at the early stages of the design phase. An optimization framework is presented in this paper, supporting decision making at the earliest stages of the ship design process. The framework is suitable to perform the screening and the selection of optimal machinery configurations for a predefined ship operational profile, and it includes both linear and non-linear optimization routines. The results of the linear and the non-linear approaches are compared, and indications on what conditions are the most suitable for the application of one or the other approach are provided. Both approaches are tested for two case studies, a bulk carrier and a small cruise ship. The results indicate that both optimization approaches lead to the same layout of the machinery system, but to slightly different unit scheduling. This suggests that the use of the linear approach is suitable for design purposes, but less appropriate for operational optimization. In addition, the findings of the work suggest that the trade-off between fuel consumption and volume of the engines should be considered when selecting the machinery system for a ship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 2942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Prediction and Optimization of Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) for an Operating Ship in Varying Environments

by Chao Sun, Haiyan Wang, Chao Liu and Ye Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110402 - 8 Nov 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3750

Abstract

The demands for lower Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) reflect the requirements of international conventions for green shipping. Within this context it is believed that practical solutions for the dynamic optimization of a ship’s main engine and the reduction of EEOI in real [...] Read more.

The demands for lower Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) reflect the requirements of international conventions for green shipping. Within this context it is believed that practical solutions for the dynamic optimization of a ship’s main engine and the reduction of EEOI in real conditions are useful in terms of improving sustainable shipping operations. In this paper, we introduce a model for dynamic optimization of the main engine that can improve fuel efficiency and decrease EEOI. The model considers as input environmental factors that influence overall ship dynamics (e.g., wind speed, wind direction, wave height, water flow speed) and engine revolutions. Fuel consumption rate and ship speed are taken as outputs. Consequently, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the initial connection weight and threshold of nodes of a neural network (NN) that is used to predict fuel consumption rate and ship speed. Navigation data from the training ship “YUMING” are applied to train the network. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize engine revolution and obtain the lowest EEOI. Results show that the optimization method proposed may assist with the prediction of lower EEOI in different environmental conditions and operational speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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27 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Gain in Soil Friction on the Walking Rate of Subsea Pipelines

by Zhaohui Hong, Dengfeng Fu, Wenbin Liu, Zefeng Zhou, Yue Yan and Shuwang Yan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110401 - 8 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

Subsea pipelines are commonly employed in the offshore oil and gas industry to transport high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) hydrocarbons. The phenomenon of pipeline walking is a topic that has drawn a great deal of attention, and is related to the on-bottom stability of [...] Read more.

Subsea pipelines are commonly employed in the offshore oil and gas industry to transport high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) hydrocarbons. The phenomenon of pipeline walking is a topic that has drawn a great deal of attention, and is related to the on-bottom stability of the pipeline, such as directional accumulation with respect to axial movement, which can threaten the security of the entire pipeline system. An accurate assessment of pipeline walking is therefore necessary for offshore pipeline design. This paper reports a comprehensive suite of numerical analyses investigating the performance of pipeline walking, with a focus on the effect of increasing axial soil resistance on walking rates. Three walking-driven modes (steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, downslope, and thermal transient) are considered, covering a wide range of influential parameters. The variation in walking rate with respect to the effect of increased soil friction is well reflected in the development of the effective axial force (EAF) profile. A method based on the previous analytical solution is proposed for predicting the accumulated walking rates throughout the entire service life, where the concept of equivalent soil friction is adopted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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16 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Comparison of Static and Dynamic Failure Criteria of Scour Protections

by Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa, Francisco Taveira-Pinto, Paulo Rosa-Santos and João Chambel

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110400 - 7 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3008

Abstract

The present paper provides a reliability assessment of scour protections applicable to both the static and dynamic stability design. As a case study, Horns Rev 3 hindcast data is used to simulate different failure criteria for an exemplary scour protection suitable for an [...] Read more.

The present paper provides a reliability assessment of scour protections applicable to both the static and dynamic stability design. As a case study, Horns Rev 3 hindcast data is used to simulate different failure criteria for an exemplary scour protection suitable for an offshore monopile foundation. The results show that the probability of failure is influenced by several factors, namely the wave friction factor, the definition of the acceptable damage number or the formulations used to calculate the bed shear-stress. The reliability assessment also indicates that annual probabilities of failure, associated to each criterion, might be comparable with the values presented in reliability standards for marine structures. Based on the results, this paper highlights future recommendations to improve the reliability-based design and analysis of scour protections for offshore foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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23 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends

by Ana Fernández-Guillamón, Kaushik Das, Nicolaos A. Cutululis and Ángel Molina-García

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110399 - 7 Nov 2019

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 12983

Abstract

Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power [...] Read more.

Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power scenarios and roadmaps promote offshore power plants as an alternative and additional power generation source, especially in some regions such as the North and Baltic seas. According to this framework, the present paper discusses and reviews trends and perspectives of offshore wind power plants for massive offshore wind power integration into future power systems. Different offshore trends, including turbine capacity, wind power plant capacity as well as water depth and distance from the shore, are discussed. In addition, electrical transmission high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) solutions are described by considering the advantages and technical limitations of these alternatives. Several future advancements focused on increasing the offshore wind energy capacity currently under analysis are also included in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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17 pages, 7522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Leading-Edge Vortex Effect on Tidal Current Energy Extraction Performance for Chord-Wise Deformable Oscillating Hydrofoil

by Jianan Xu, Haiyang Zhu, Daitao Guan and Yong Zhan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110398 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

To improve the energy extraction performance of the oscillating hydrofoil, the lift force that acts on the oscillating hydrofoil is analyzed. The pressure difference between the oscillating hydrofoil‘s opposing surfaces is dominant to generate the lift force. Forming and shedding of the leading-edge [...] Read more.

To improve the energy extraction performance of the oscillating hydrofoil, the lift force that acts on the oscillating hydrofoil is analyzed. The pressure difference between the oscillating hydrofoil‘s opposing surfaces is dominant to generate the lift force. Forming and shedding of the leading-edge vortex from the hydrofoil surface determines the pressure difference between the opposing surfaces of the oscillating hydrofoil. In this paper, the hydrofoil with different chord flexibility coefficients and maximum offset at the trailing edge are analyzed to obtain the power coefficient, lift coefficient, and moment coefficient of the oscillating hydrofoil. The influence mechanism of chord-wise deformation of the oscillating hydrofoil on the energy extraction performance is explored. According to the Kutta–Joukowsky condition and the Stokes’ theorem, the relationship between the attached vortex on the hydrofoil and the surface pressure of the hydrofoil, the surface pressure difference of the hydrofoil, and the lift force that acts on the hydrofoil are investigated. By quantifying the vortex intensity, the ascending-shedding process of the attached vortex on the hydrofoil is characterized. Finally, the complete influence chain among the chord-wise flexure, the attached vortex on the hydrofoil, and the energy extraction performance of the oscillating hydrofoil is established. Full article

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14 pages, 2051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Techniques for Design and Control of a Waste Heat Recovery System in Marine Natural Gas Propulsion Applications

by Marco Altosole, Ugo Campora, Silvia Donnarumma and Raphael Zaccone

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110397 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2991

Abstract

Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) marine systems represent a valid solution for the ship energy efficiency improvement, especially in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) propulsion applications. Compared to traditional diesel fuel oil, a better thermal power can be recovered from the exhaust gas produced by [...] Read more.

Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) marine systems represent a valid solution for the ship energy efficiency improvement, especially in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) propulsion applications. Compared to traditional diesel fuel oil, a better thermal power can be recovered from the exhaust gas produced by a LNG-fueled engine. Therefore, steam surplus production may be used to feed a turbogenerator in order to increase the ship electric energy availability without additional fuel consumption. However, a correct design procedure of the WHR steam plant is fundamental for proper feasibility analysis, and from this point of view, numerical simulation techniques can be a very powerful tool. In this work, the WHR steam plant modeling is presented paying attention to the simulation approach developed for the steam turbine and its governor dynamics. Starting from a nonlinear system representing the whole dynamic behavior, the turbogenerator model is linearized to carry out a proper synthesis analysis of the controller, in order to comply with specific performance requirements of the power grid. For the considered case study, simulation results confirm the validity of the developed approach, aimed to test the correct design of the whole system in proper working dynamic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Dynamic Simulation)

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14 pages, 5146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thrust Prediction of an Active Flapping Foil in Waves Using CFD

by Rupesh Kumar and Hyunkyoung Shin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110396 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4084

Abstract

A horizontally submerged passive flapping foil can generate thrust force against the wave propagation using wave energy. This renewable method has been used for the design of propulsion and maneuvering systems of ships and other floating structures. Recently, the passive flapping foils were [...] Read more.

A horizontally submerged passive flapping foil can generate thrust force against the wave propagation using wave energy. This renewable method has been used for the design of propulsion and maneuvering systems of ships and other floating structures. Recently, the passive flapping foils were applied to design the station-keeping system of deep-water floaters. Studies proved that the passively flapping foil system was ineffective in short waves and drift of the floater beyond the design limit was recorded. Therefore, an active flapping foil was investigated as a potential solution to this problem. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical tool “ANSYS Workbench 19.2” was used to predict the thrust force generated by the active flapping foil in a short wave. Results proved that the active flapping foil can effectively convert wave energy into propulsive energy in short waves and the magnitude of the thrust force depends on the flapping frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean Wave Energy Extraction and Management)

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20 pages, 10949 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of Dredging Scenarios for a Tidal Inlet in a High-Energy Coast

by Sandra Fernández-Fernández, Caroline C. Ferreira, Paulo A. Silva, Paulo Baptista, Soraia Romão, Ángela Fontán-Bouzas, Tiago Abreu and Xavier Bertin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110395 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3892

Abstract

The high energetic wave climate of the North Atlantic Ocean causes important morphological changes at Figueira da Foz coastal system (W Portugal), which is comprised of sandy beaches and the Mondego estuary-inlet. The submerged sandbar at the inlet mouth is highly dynamic inducing [...] Read more.

The high energetic wave climate of the North Atlantic Ocean causes important morphological changes at Figueira da Foz coastal system (W Portugal), which is comprised of sandy beaches and the Mondego estuary-inlet. The submerged sandbar at the inlet mouth is highly dynamic inducing short waves shoaling and breaking processes that can entail navigation problems towards the local harbor. Therefore, coastal dredging operations are performed to guarantee safe navigation. Nevertheless, these operations have a limited temporal effectiveness and require a high annual budget to be accomplished. The goal of this research is to seek long-life dredging alternatives using modeling tools (i.e., Delft3D model suite). Delft3D model is used to simulate the morphological evolution of five dredging scenarios during a three-month winter period under three wave climate scenarios. The bed level differences at the dredged area and at the inlet mouth for each scenario are analyzed in comparison with numerical solutions obtained in a reference scenario (i.e., no-dredging). Results highlight morphological changes at the dredged inlet and surrounding areas and their effectiveness in extending the operational lifetime of inlet dredged operations on dredging configuration and wave climate conditions. These findings are the basis for selecting the most suitable dredging scenario to this coastal region under current wave climate conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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12 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ex-Situ Immobilization Experiment with Zn, Pb, and Cu in Dredged Marine Sediments from Bohai Bay, China

by Wensi Zhang, Xiao Wang and Baolin Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110394 - 5 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

The remediation of dredged marine sediments contaminated by metals has drawn increasing attention globally. Immobilization was regarded as a promising method for reducing adverse impacts on marine ecosystems. In this study, kaolinite and limestone were used as amendments to immobilize Zn, Pb, and [...] Read more.

The remediation of dredged marine sediments contaminated by metals has drawn increasing attention globally. Immobilization was regarded as a promising method for reducing adverse impacts on marine ecosystems. In this study, kaolinite and limestone were used as amendments to immobilize Zn, Pb, and Cu in dredged marine sediments, which were collected from the coastal zone adjacent to Tianjin Port in Bohai Bay. The sequential extraction procedure was applied to identify the mobility of metals and, further, to evaluate the immobilization effect of the amendments. The physical–chemical properties of the sediments, such as the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, and total organic carbon (TOC), were also measured to better understand their influence on the three metals’ mobility. The results of the sequential extraction procedure indicated that the mobile fractions of the metals were converted into relatively stable fractions because of the two amendments. In addition, the EC, salinity, and TOC decreased moderately, while no obvious variations in the pH of the sediments were observed with the addition of kaolinite and limestone. It was confirmed that both kaolinite and limestone can effectively reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metals, particularly Zn, and limestone generally has a better immobilization effect, compared with kaolinite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Oceanography)

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21 pages, 11140 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Calculated Potential Bedload Versus Real Transported Sands along the Guadiana River Estuary (Spain–Portugal)

by Juan A. Morales, Claudio Lozano and Mouncef Sedrati

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110393 - 5 Nov 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

The Guadiana estuary is a coastal system located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and is the natural border between Portugal and Spain. It is a rock-bounded estuary which extends along more than 40 km and is characterized by a semidiurnal mesotidal [...] Read more.

The Guadiana estuary is a coastal system located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and is the natural border between Portugal and Spain. It is a rock-bounded estuary which extends along more than 40 km and is characterized by a semidiurnal mesotidal regime. This paper represents an approach to the bedload transport across two flow sections located in the fluvial and marine domains. In the fluvial profile, the most frequent bedform is the plane bed. In the marine area the bed of the deep channel is composed of well-sorted sand, while a lateral bar displays partially cohesive sediments with dominant fine sands in a matrix of clayey silts. Data were acquired during spring and neap tides. Near-bottom water velocities were registered by an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Density and bed rugosity were determined in sediment samples. These data were employed using Bagnold’s equation (1963) to quantify the potential bedload (Qb). Further, real bedload values (Sb) were obtained by using Poliakoff traps. The comparison of the results of Qb under both ebb and flood conditions demonstrated a clear river-to-sea net transport in both sectors. The values of Sb were lower than those of Qb in every condition. The sand input across the fluvial estuary cannot supply the potential bedload in the lower domain of the channel, thereby causing a deficit that explains this lack of agreement between potential and real transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Morphodynamics II)

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20 pages, 8343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on the Scale Effect of a Stepped Planing Hull

by Lei Du, Zhuang Lin, Yi Jiang, Ping Li and Yue Dong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110392 - 5 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4093

Abstract

This article discusses the scale effects on a planing boat, utilizing the computational fluid dynamics method. The simulation is compared with a tank test for verification and validation. The planing boat sails use both aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Studying the performances and wave patterns [...] Read more.

This article discusses the scale effects on a planing boat, utilizing the computational fluid dynamics method. The simulation is compared with a tank test for verification and validation. The planing boat sails use both aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Studying the performances and wave patterns of different dimensions of the models is the best way to investigate the scale effect without using experimental data. The resistance is discussed in two parts, namely residuary resistance and friction resistance, and is compared to the calculated data using the international towing tank conference (ITTC) formula. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations of the model are increased by 4.77% on average, and the boat computations are also increased by 3.57%. The computation shows the scale effect in detail. The residuary resistance coefficients at different scales are approximately equal, and the friction resistance coefficients show the scale effect. The scale effect for longitudinal steadiness is also captured for the period of the porpoising behavior. The rational for the full-scaled boat oscillation period and the model is the root of the scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Hydrodynamics)

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21 pages, 4801 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Categorization and Analysis of Relevant Factors for Optimal Locations in Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Plants: A Taxonomic Review

by Isabel C. Gil-García, M. Socorro García-Cascales, Ana Fernández-Guillamón and Angel Molina-García

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110391 - 3 Nov 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4205

Abstract

Wind power is widely considered to be a qualified renewable, clean, ecological and inexhaustible resource that is becoming a leader in the current energy transition process. It is a mature technology solution that was quickly developed and has been massively integrated into power [...] Read more.

Wind power is widely considered to be a qualified renewable, clean, ecological and inexhaustible resource that is becoming a leader in the current energy transition process. It is a mature technology solution that was quickly developed and has been massively integrated into power systems in recent years. Indeed, a remarkable number of renewable integration policies have been promoted by different governments and countries. With the aim of maximizing the power given by wind resources, the locations of both onshore and offshore wind power plants must be optimized following a sort of different criteria. Under this scenario, a number of factors and decision criteria in the evaluation and selection of locations can be identified. Moreover, the relevant wind power increasing in the power generation mix is addressed, along with a standardization of factors and decision criteria in the optimization and selection of such optimal locations. In this context, this paper describes a systematic review and meta-analysis combining most of the contributions and studies proposed during the last decade. Thus, our aim is focused on reviewing and categorizing all factors to be considered for optimal location estimation, pointing out the differences among the selected factors and the decision criteria for onshore and offshore wind power plants. In addition, our review also includes an analysis of the representative key indicators for the contributions, such as the annual frequency of publications, geographical classification, analysis by category, evaluation method and determining factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 7, Issue 11 (November 2019) – 43 articles

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