Challenges

753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Fields of Solar Cell and Battery Research to Develop High-Performance Anodes for Photoelectrochemical Cells and Metal Ion Batteries

by Sergei Manzhos and Giacomo Giorgi

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 116-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010116 - 20 Jun 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7404

Abstract

Solar-to-electricity energy conversion and large scale electricity storage technologies are key to achieve a sustainable development of society. For energy conversion, photoelectrochemical solar cells were proposed as an economic alternative to the conventional Si-based technology. For energy storage, metal-ion batteries are a very [...] Read more.

Solar-to-electricity energy conversion and large scale electricity storage technologies are key to achieve a sustainable development of society. For energy conversion, photoelectrochemical solar cells were proposed as an economic alternative to the conventional Si-based technology. For energy storage, metal-ion batteries are a very promising technology. Titania (TiO₂) based anodes are widely used in photoelectrochemical cells and have recently emerged as safe, high-rate anodes for metal-ion batteries. In both applications, titania interacts with electrolyte species: molecules and metal ions. Details of this interaction determine the performance of the electrode in both technologies, but no unified theoretical description exists, e.g., there is no systematic description of the effects of Li, Na insertion into TiO₂ on solar cell performance (while it is widely studied in battery research) and no description of effects of surface adsorbents on the performance of battery anodes (while they are widely studied in solar cell research). In fact, there is no systematic description of interactions of electrolyte species with TiO₂ of different phases and morphologies. We propose a computation-focused study that will bridge the two fields that have heretofore largely been developing in parallel and will identify improved anode materials for both photoelectrochemical solar cells and metal-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Alternative Energy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drifting Down the Technologization of Life: Could Choreography-Based Interaction Design Support us in Engaging with the World and our Embodied Living?

by Jaana Parviainen, Kai Tuuri and Antti Pirhonen

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 103-115; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010103 - 10 May 2013

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7133

Abstract

The development of interactive technology is often based on the assumption of need to reduce the physical action and cognitive load of the user. However, recent conceptualizations, supported by research in various fields of science, emphasize human physical action in cognitive processes and [...] Read more.

The development of interactive technology is often based on the assumption of need to reduce the physical action and cognitive load of the user. However, recent conceptualizations, supported by research in various fields of science, emphasize human physical action in cognitive processes and knowledge formation. In fact, physical and closely related imaginary movement can be seen as the quintessence of humanity. Acknowledging this should imply a new approach to the design of interactive technology. In the current study, we propose a choreographic approach for shifting the focal point of interaction design to the aspects of human activity and movement within a technologized context. Hence, the proposed approach does not isolate use-related actions, which traditionally have been emphasized in interaction design, from the other activities of a person. The application of the methodological approach is divided into micro, local and macro levels, thus covering actions from minimal muscular activity of an individual to global movement-relevant issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Interface and Interaction Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Computer is a Medium, Not a Tool: Collaborative Media Challenging Interaction Design

by Jonas Löwgren and Bo Reimer

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 86-102; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010086 - 10 May 2013

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8517

Abstract

Collaborative media entail an emerging set of digitally mediated practices, characterized by collaborative communicative action within organically developing, cross-medial infrastructures. We argue that computers are increasingly turning from tools into (collaborative) media in everyday use, and that this shift poses a significant challenge [...] Read more.

Collaborative media entail an emerging set of digitally mediated practices, characterized by collaborative communicative action within organically developing, cross-medial infrastructures. We argue that computers are increasingly turning from tools into (collaborative) media in everyday use, and that this shift poses a significant challenge to the discipline of interaction design. Particularly prominent aspects of the challenge include the way design processes are conceptualized and structured, and the way in which communicative perspectives take precedence over instrumental ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Interface and Interaction Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

329 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Nanotubes in Electronics: Background and Discussion for Waste-Handling Strategies

by Sergio Manzetti and Otto Andersen

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 75-85; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010075 - 7 May 2013

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8240

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being used in electronics products. CNTs have unique chemical and nanotoxicological properties, which are potentially dangerous to public health and the environment. This report presents the most recent findings of CNTs’ toxicity and discusses aspects related to incineration, [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being used in electronics products. CNTs have unique chemical and nanotoxicological properties, which are potentially dangerous to public health and the environment. This report presents the most recent findings of CNTs’ toxicity and discusses aspects related to incineration, recycling and potential remediation strategies including chemical and biological remediation possibilities. Our analysis shows that recycling CNTs may be challenging given their physiochemical properties and that available strategies such as power-gasification methods, biological degradation and chemical degradation may need to be combined with pre-handling routines for hazardous materials. The discussion provides the background knowledge for legislative measures concerning specialized waste handling and recycling procedures/facilities for electronics products containing CNTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Waste — Impact, Policy and Green Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Happiness versus the Environment—A Case Study of Australian Lifestyles

by Manfred Lenzen and Robert A. Cummins

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 56-74; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010056 - 2 May 2013

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8867

Abstract

Crafting environmental policies that at the same time enhance, or at least not reduce people’s wellbeing, is crucial for the success of government action aimed at mitigating environmental impact. However, there does not yet exist any survey that refers to one and the [...] Read more.

Crafting environmental policies that at the same time enhance, or at least not reduce people’s wellbeing, is crucial for the success of government action aimed at mitigating environmental impact. However, there does not yet exist any survey that refers to one and the same population, and that allows the identifying relationships and trade-offs between subjective wellbeing and the complete environmental impact of households. In order to circumvent the lack of comprehensive survey information, we attempt to integrate two separate survey databases, and describe the challenges associated with this integration. Our results indicate that carbon footprints are likely to increase, but wellbeing levels off with increasing income. Living together with people is likely to create a win-win situation where both climate and wellbeing benefit. Car ownership obviously creates emissions, however personal car ownership enhances subjective wellbeing, but living in an area with high car ownership decreases subjective wellbeing. Finally, gaining educational qualifications is linked with increased emissions. These results indicate that policy-making is challenged in striking a wise balance between individual convenience and the common good. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Industrial Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Concept for Testing Decision Support Tools in Participatory Processes Applied to the ToSIA Tool

by Diana Tuomasjukka, Marcus Lindner and David Edwards

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 34-55; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010034 - 17 Apr 2013

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5683

Abstract

ToSIA (Tool for Sustainability Impact Assessment) offers a transparent and consistent methodological framework to assess impacts of changes (technological, policy, management, etc.) in the forest-based sector. This tool is able to facilitate the decision making process within and between diverse groups of [...] Read more.

ToSIA (Tool for Sustainability Impact Assessment) offers a transparent and consistent methodological framework to assess impacts of changes (technological, policy, management, etc.) in the forest-based sector. This tool is able to facilitate the decision making process within and between diverse groups of stakeholders (e.g., forest managers and policymakers) as it provides a neutral, transparent and data-driven platform for stakeholder interaction and communication. To test these capabilities of ToSIA, a practical approach to test if a decision support system is suitable for participatory processes was developed based on a set of evaluation criteria for participatory processes. ToSIA’s performance was assessed and discussed in different categories against a selection of criteria for successful participatory processes: six criteria were fulfilled by ToSIA, in nine, ToSIA is potentially helpful, in two, criteria ToSIA has no influence, and for three criteria, no experiences exist until now. As a result, ToSIA’s conceptual suitability as a participatory decision support system was confirmed for two interlinked roles: as a decision support system to assess alternative scenarios, and as a communication platform for stakeholder interaction. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Emotional Attachment and Sustainability in Electronic Product Design

by Alex Lobos and Callie W. Babbitt

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 19-33; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010019 - 14 Mar 2013

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10541

Abstract

Current models for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) products encourage frequent product replacement with newer versions that offer only minor incremental improvements. This pattern, named planned obsolescence, diminishes user experience and shortens product lifespan. This paper presents the conceptual basis for a two-part [...] Read more.

Current models for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) products encourage frequent product replacement with newer versions that offer only minor incremental improvements. This pattern, named planned obsolescence, diminishes user experience and shortens product lifespan. This paper presents the conceptual basis for a two-part integrated approach to combating planned obsolescence in ICT devices. First, design for emotional attachment, which creates products that users enjoy, value, and use for longer. Second, technological adaptability, which anticipates product upgrades and repairs as new technologies emerge. A model interdisciplinary design course in industrial design and sustainability, also described herein, trains students to apply this approach to create innovative ICT products with smaller environmental footprints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Waste — Impact, Policy and Green Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

102 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Emeakaroha, A. et al. Challenges in Improving Energy Efficiency in a University Campus through the Application of Persuasive Technology and Smart Sensors. Challenges 2012, 3, 290-318

by Anthony Emeakaroha, Chee Siang Ang and Yong Yan

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 17-18; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010017 - 5 Feb 2013

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4477

Abstract

It has come to our attention that our paper “Challenges in Improving Energy Efficiency in a University Campus through the Application of Persuasive Technology and Smart Sensors” [1] contains some minor errors. Based on that we have done some minor corrections as stated [...] Read more.

It has come to our attention that our paper “Challenges in Improving Energy Efficiency in a University Campus through the Application of Persuasive Technology and Smart Sensors” [1] contains some minor errors. Based on that we have done some minor corrections as stated below. The affiliation information has been changed to: School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NT, UK. [...] Full article

474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Exergetic, Environmental and Economic Effect of the Hydrostatic Design Static Pressure Level on the Pipe Dimensions of Low-Energy District Heating Networks

by Hakan İbrahim Tol and Svend Svendsen

Challenges 2013, 4(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe4010001 - 23 Jan 2013

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6085

Abstract

Low-Energy District Heating (DH) systems, providing great energy savings by means of very low operating temperatures of 55 °C and 25 °C for supply and return respectively, were considered to be the 4th generation of the DH systems for a low-energy future. Low-temperature [...] Read more.

Low-Energy District Heating (DH) systems, providing great energy savings by means of very low operating temperatures of 55 °C and 25 °C for supply and return respectively, were considered to be the 4th generation of the DH systems for a low-energy future. Low-temperature operation is considered to be used in a low-energy DH network to carry the heat produced by renewable and/or low grade energy sources to low-energy Danish buildings. In this study, a comparison of various design considerations with different levels of maximum design static pressures was performed, and their results evaluated in terms of energetic, exergetic, economic, and environmental perspectives. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Challenges, Volume 4, Issue 1 (June 2013) – 9 articles , Pages 1-135

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI