Journal of Functional Biomaterials

14 pages, 2835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Real-Time Release of Doxycycline from PLA-Based Nanofibers

by Noémi-Izabella Farkas, Laura Marincaș, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Réka Barabás and Graziella Liana Turdean

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060331 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

Electrospun mats of PLA and PLA/Hap nanofibers produced by electrospinning were loaded with doxycycline (Doxy) through physical adsorption from a solution with initial concentrations of 3 g/L, 7 g/L, and 12 g/L, respectively. The morphological characterization of the produced material was performed using [...] Read more.

Electrospun mats of PLA and PLA/Hap nanofibers produced by electrospinning were loaded with doxycycline (Doxy) through physical adsorption from a solution with initial concentrations of 3 g/L, 7 g/L, and 12 g/L, respectively. The morphological characterization of the produced material was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release profiles of Doxy were studied in situ using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electrochemical method on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and validated through UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurements. The DPV method has been shown to be a simple, rapid, and advantageous analytical technique for real-time measurements, allowing accurate kinetics to be established. The kinetics of the release profiles were compared using model-dependent and model-independent analyses. The diffusion-controlled mechanism of Doxy release from both types of fibers was confirmed by a good fit to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Polymers for the Delivery of Vaccines and Therapeutics)

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24 pages, 49515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoelectric Freeze-Casting of Biopolymer Blends: Fabrication and Characterization of Large-Size Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering Applications

by Vincent Monfette, William Choinière, Catherine Godbout-Lavoie, Samuel Pelletier, Ève Langelier and Marc-Antoine Lauzon

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060330 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are detrimental to the quality of life of affected individuals. Patients are often left with life-long ailments that affect them physically and psychologically. Autologous nerve transplant is still the gold standard treatment for PNIs despite limited donor site and [...] Read more.

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are detrimental to the quality of life of affected individuals. Patients are often left with life-long ailments that affect them physically and psychologically. Autologous nerve transplant is still the gold standard treatment for PNIs despite limited donor site and partial recovery of nerve functions. Nerve guidance conduits are used as a nerve graft substitute and are efficient for the repair of small nerve gaps but require further improvement for repairs exceeding 30 mm. Freeze-casting is an interesting fabrication method for the conception of scaffolds meant for nerve tissue engineering since the microstructure obtained comprises highly aligned micro-channels. The present work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of large scaffolds (35 mm length, 5 mm diameter) made of collagen/chitosan blends by freeze-casting via thermoelectric effect instead of traditional freezing solvents. As a freeze-casting microstructure reference, scaffolds made from pure collagen were used for comparison. Scaffolds were covalently crosslinked for better performance under load and laminins were further added to enhance cell interactions. Microstructural features of lamellar pores display an average aspect ratio of 0.67 ± 0.2 for all compositions. Longitudinally aligned micro-channels are reported as well as enhanced mechanical properties in traction under physiological-like conditions (37 °C, pH = 7.4) resulting from crosslinking treatment. Cell viability assays using a rat Schwann cell line derived from sciatic nerve (S16) indicate that scaffold cytocompatibility is similar between scaffolds made from collagen only and scaffolds made from collagen/chitosan blend with high collagen content. These results confirm that freeze-casting via thermoelectric effect is a reliable manufacturing strategy for the fabrication of biopolymer scaffolds for future peripheral nerve repair applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

pH-Activated Dissolvable Polymeric Coatings to Reduce Biofouling on Electrochemical Sensors

by Ahmet Uçar, Eva González-Fernández, Matteo Staderini, Alan F. Murray, Andrew R. Mount and Mark Bradley

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060329 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345

Abstract

Implantable electrochemical sensors that enable the real-time detection of significant biomarkers offer huge potential for the enhancement and personalisation of therapies; however, biofouling is a key challenge encountered by any implantable system. This is particularly an issue immediately after implantation, when the foreign [...] Read more.

Implantable electrochemical sensors that enable the real-time detection of significant biomarkers offer huge potential for the enhancement and personalisation of therapies; however, biofouling is a key challenge encountered by any implantable system. This is particularly an issue immediately after implantation, when the foreign body response and associated biofouling processes are at their most active in passivating a foreign object. Here, we present the development of a sensor protection and activation strategy against biofouling, based on coatings consisting of a pH-triggered, dissolvable polymer, that covered a functionalised electrode surface. We demonstrate that reproducible delayed sensor activation can be achieved, and that the length of this delay can be controlled by the optimisation of coating thickness, homogeneity and density through tuning of the coating method and temperature. Comparative evaluation of the polymer-coated and uncoated probe-modified electrodes in biological media revealed significant improvements in their anti-biofouling characteristics, demonstrating that this offers a promising approach to the design of enhanced sensing devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)

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13 pages, 2738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Storing Composite Filling Materials in a Low-pH Artificial Saliva on Their Mechanical Properties—An In Vitro Study

by Abdulaziz Alhotan, Zbigniew Raszewski, Rasha A. Alamoush, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Marcin Mikulewicz and Julfikar Haider

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060328 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

Restorative composites are subjected to various influences in the oral cavity environment, such as high or low temperatures, the mechanical force generated during mastication, colonization of various microorganisms, and low pH, which may result from ingested food and the influence of microbial flora. [...] Read more.

Restorative composites are subjected to various influences in the oral cavity environment, such as high or low temperatures, the mechanical force generated during mastication, colonization of various microorganisms, and low pH, which may result from ingested food and the influence of microbial flora. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a recently developed commercial artificial saliva (pH = 4, highly acidic) on 17 commercially available restorative materials. After polymerization, the samples were stored in an artificial solution for 3 and 60 days and subjected to crushing resistance and flexural strength tests. The surface additions of the materials were examined in terms of the shapes and sizes of the fillers and elemental composition. When stored in an acidic environment, the resistance of the composite materials was reduced by 2–12%. Larger compressive and flexural strength resistance values were observed for composites that could be bonded to microfilled materials (invented before 2000). This may result from the filler structure taking an irregular form, which results in a faster hydrolysis of silane bonds. All composite materials meet the standard requirements when stored for a long period in an acidic environment. However, storage of the materials in an acid environment has a destructive impact on the materials’ properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Resin Composites)

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12 pages, 1154 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Neutrophils in Biomaterial-Based Tissue Repair—Shifting Paradigms

by Ana Beatriz Sousa and Judite N. Barbosa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060327 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2955

Abstract

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are pursuing clinical valid solutions to repair and restore function of damaged tissues or organs. This can be achieved in different ways, either by promoting endogenous tissue repair or by using biomaterials or medical devices to replace damaged [...] Read more.

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are pursuing clinical valid solutions to repair and restore function of damaged tissues or organs. This can be achieved in different ways, either by promoting endogenous tissue repair or by using biomaterials or medical devices to replace damaged tissues. The understanding of the interactions of the immune system with biomaterials and how immune cells participate in the process of wound healing are critical for the development of successful solutions. Until recently, it was thought that neutrophils participate only in the initial steps of an acute inflammatory response with the role of eliminating pathogenic agents. However, the appreciation that upon activation the longevity of neutrophils is highly increased and the fact that neutrophils are highly plastic cells and can polarize into different phenotypes led to the discovery of new and important actions of neutrophils. In this review, we focus on the roles of neutrophils in the resolution of the inflammatory response, in biomaterial–tissue integration and in the subsequent tissue repair/regeneration. We also discuss the potential of neutrophils for biomaterial-based immunomodulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Functional Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Vitro and In Vivo Applications of Magnesium-Enriched Biomaterials for Vascularized Osteogenesis in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review of Literature

by Jie Hu, Jiahui Shao, Gan Huang, Jieyuan Zhang and Shuting Pan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060326 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and the ability of magnesium (Mg) to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis has been widely studied. The aim of bone tissue engineering is to repair bone tissue defects and restore its normal function. Various Mg-enriched materials that can [...] Read more.

Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and the ability of magnesium (Mg) to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis has been widely studied. The aim of bone tissue engineering is to repair bone tissue defects and restore its normal function. Various Mg-enriched materials that can promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis have been made. Here, we introduce several types of orthopedic clinical uses of Mg; recent advances in the study of metal materials releasing Mg ions (pure Mg, Mg alloy, coated Mg, Mg-rich composite, ceramic, and hydrogel) are reviewed. Most studies suggest that Mg can enhance vascularized osteogenesis in bone defect areas. Additionally, we summarized some research on the mechanisms related to vascularized osteogenesis. In addition, the experimental strategies for the research of Mg-enriched materials in the future are put forward, in which clarifying the specific mechanism of promoting angiogenesis is the crux. Full article

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17 pages, 4732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Controlled Shape Silver Nanostructures and Their Peroxidase, Catalytic Degradation, and Antibacterial Activity

by Ayesha Shafiq, Aarti R. Deshmukh, Khaled AbouAitah and Beom-Soo Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060325 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2359

Abstract

Nanoparticles with unique shapes have garnered significant interest due to their enhanced surface area-to-volume ratio, leading to improved potential compared to their spherical counterparts. The present study focuses on a biological approach to producing different silver nanostructures employing Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Phytoextract [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles with unique shapes have garnered significant interest due to their enhanced surface area-to-volume ratio, leading to improved potential compared to their spherical counterparts. The present study focuses on a biological approach to producing different silver nanostructures employing Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Phytoextract provides metabolites, serving as reducing and stabilizing agents in the reaction. Two different silver nanostructures, dendritic (AgNDs) and spherical (AgNPs), were successfully formed by adjusting the phytoextract concentration with and without copper ions in the reaction system, resulting in particle sizes of ~300 ± 30 nm (AgNDs) and ~100 ± 30 nm (AgNPs). These nanostructures were characterized by several techniques to ascertain their physicochemical properties; the surface was distinguished by functional groups related to polyphenols due to plant extract that led to critical controlling of the shape of nanoparticles. Nanostructures performance was assessed in terms of peroxidase-like activity, catalytic behavior for dye degradation, and antibacterial activity. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that AgNDs demonstrated significantly higher peroxidase activity compared to AgNPs when evaluated using chromogenic reagent 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Furthermore, AgNDs exhibited enhanced catalytic degradation activities, achieving degradation percentages of 92.2% and 91.0% for methyl orange and methylene blue dyes, respectively, compared to 66.6% and 58.0% for AgNPs. Additionally, AgNDs exhibited superior antibacterial properties against Gram-negative E. coli compared to Gram-positive S. aureus, as evidenced by the calculated zone of inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of the green synthesis method in generating novel nanoparticle morphologies, such as dendritic shape, compared with the traditionally synthesized spherical shape of silver nanostructures. The synthesis of such unique nanostructures holds promise for various applications and further investigations in diverse sectors, including chemical and biomedical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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38 pages, 5295 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium-Based Temporary Implants: Potential, Current Status, Applications, and Challenges

by Sankaranarayanan Seetharaman, Dhivya Sankaranarayanan and Manoj Gupta

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060324 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4790

Abstract

Biomedical implants are important devices used for the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues or organs. The success of implantation depends on various factors, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the materials used. Recently, magnesium (Mg)-based materials have emerged [...] Read more.

Biomedical implants are important devices used for the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues or organs. The success of implantation depends on various factors, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the materials used. Recently, magnesium (Mg)-based materials have emerged as a promising class of temporary implants due to their remarkable properties, such as strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research works summarizing the above-mentioned properties of Mg-based materials for use as temporary implants. The key findings from in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical trials are also discussed. Further, the potential applications of Mg-based implants and the applicable fabrication methods are also reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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12 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Novel Pre-Polymerized BisGMA/Silica Nanocomposites: Physio-Mechanical Considerations

by Ali Alrahlah, Rawaiz Khan, Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni, Waseem Sharaf Saeed, Leonel S. Bautista, Sajjad Haider, Merry Angelyn Tan De Vera and Abdulrahman Alshabib

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060323 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

Resin composite mimics tooth tissues both in structure and properties, and thus, they can withstand high biting force and the harsh environmental conditions of the mouth. Various inorganic nano- and micro-fillers are commonly used to enhance these composites’ properties. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Resin composite mimics tooth tissues both in structure and properties, and thus, they can withstand high biting force and the harsh environmental conditions of the mouth. Various inorganic nano- and micro-fillers are commonly used to enhance these composites’ properties. In this study, we adopted a novel approach by using pre-polymerized bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) ground particles (XL-BisGMA) as fillers in a BisGMA/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) resin system in combination with SiO₂ nanoparticles. The BisGMA/TEGDMA/SiO₂ mixture was filled with various concentrations of XL-BisGMA (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.%). The XL-BisGMA added composites were evaluated for viscosity, degree of conversion (DC), microhardness, and thermal properties. The results demonstrated that the addition of a lower concentration of XL-BisGMA particles (2.5 wt.%) significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) the complex viscosity from 374.6 (Pa·s) to 170.84. (Pa·s). Similarly, DC was also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) by the addition of 2.5 wt.% XL-BisGMA, with the pristine composite showing a DC of (62.19 ± 3.2%) increased to (69.10 ± 3.4%). Moreover, the decomposition temperature has been increased from 410 °C for the pristine composite (BT-SB0) to 450 °C for the composite with 10 wt.% of XL-BisGMA (BT-SB10). The microhardness has also been significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) from 47.44 HV for the pristine composite (BT-SB0) to 29.91 HV for the composite with 2.5 wt.% of XL-BisGMA (BT-SB2.5). These results suggest that a XL-BisGMA could be used to a certain percentage as a promising filler in combination with inorganic fillers to enhance the DC and flow properties of the corresponding resin-based dental composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 4778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PEGylated Paclitaxel Nanomedicine Meets 3D Confinement: Cytotoxicity and Cell Behaviors

by Wenhai Lin, Yuanhao Xu, Xiao Hong and Stella W. Pang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060322 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1601

Abstract

Investigating the effect of nanomedicines on cancer cell behavior in three-dimensional (3D) platforms is beneficial for evaluating and developing novel antitumor nanomedicines in vitro. While the cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on cancer cells has been widely studied on two-dimensional flat surfaces, there is little [...] Read more.

Investigating the effect of nanomedicines on cancer cell behavior in three-dimensional (3D) platforms is beneficial for evaluating and developing novel antitumor nanomedicines in vitro. While the cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on cancer cells has been widely studied on two-dimensional flat surfaces, there is little work using 3D confinement to assess their effects. This study aims to address this gap by applying PEGylated paclitaxel nanoparticles (PEG-PTX NPs) for the first time to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC43) cells in 3D confinement consisting of microwells with different sizes and a glass cover. The cytotoxicity of the small molecule drug paclitaxel (PTX) and PEG-PTX NPs was studied in microwells with sizes of 50 × 50, 100 × 100, and 150 × 150 μm² both with and without a concealed top cover. The impact of microwell confinement with varying sizes and concealment on the cytotoxicity of PTX and PEG-PTX NPs was analyzed by assessing NPC43 cell viability, migration speed, and cell morphology following treatment. Overall, microwell isolation was found to suppress drug cytotoxicity, and differences were observed in the time-dependent effects of PTX and PEG-PTX NPs on NPC43 cells in isolated and concealed microenvironments. These results not only demonstrate the effect of 3D confinement on nanomedicine cytotoxicity and cell behaviors but also provide a novel method to screen anticancer drugs and evaluate cell behaviors in vitro. Full article

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14 pages, 2983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteoblastic and Bacterial Response of Hybrid Dental Implants

by Daniel Robles, Aritza Brizuela, Manuel Fernández-Domínguez and Javier Gil

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060321 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Bacterial infections in dental implants generate peri-implantitis disease that causes bone loss and the mobility of the dental implant. It is well known that specific ranges of roughness favor the proliferation of bacteria, and it is for this reason that new dental implants [...] Read more.

Bacterial infections in dental implants generate peri-implantitis disease that causes bone loss and the mobility of the dental implant. It is well known that specific ranges of roughness favor the proliferation of bacteria, and it is for this reason that new dental implants called hybrids have appeared. These implants have a smooth area in the coronal part and a rough surface in the apical part. The objective of this research is the physico-chemical characterization of the surface and the osteoblastic and microbiological behavior. One-hundred and eighty discs of titanium grade 3 with three different surfaces (smooth, smooth–rough, and completely rough) were studied. The roughness was determined by white light interferometry, and the wettability and surface energy by the sessile drop technique and the application of Owens and Wendt equations. Human osteoblast SaOS-2 was cultured to determine cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Microbiological studies were performed with two common bacterial strains in oral infection, E. faecalis and S. gordonii, at different times of culture. The roughness obtained for the smooth surface was Sa = 0.23 and for the rough surface it was 1.98 μm. The contact angles were more hydrophilic for the smooth surface (61.2°) than for the rough surface (76.1°). However, the surface energy was lower for the rough surface (22.70 mJ/m²) in both its dispersive and polar components than the smooth surface (41.77 mJ/m²). Cellular activity in adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation was much higher on rough surfaces than on smooth surfaces. After 6 h of incubation, the osteoblast number in rough surfaces was more than 32% higher in relation to the smooth surface. The cell area in smooth surfaces was higher than rough surfaces. The proliferation increased and the alkaline phosphatase presented a maximum after 14 days, with the mineral content of the cells being higher in rough surfaces. In addition, the rough surfaces showed greater bacterial proliferation at the times studied and in the two strains used. Hybrid implants sacrifice the good osteoblast behavior of the coronal part of the implant in order to obstruct bacterial adhesion. The following fact should be considered by clinicians: there is a possible loss of bone fixation when preventing peri-implantitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)

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26 pages, 5501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomedical Applications of Electrets: Recent Advance and Future Perspectives

by Xinyuan Zhang, Jiulong Zhao, Pei Xie and Shige Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060320 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3101

Abstract

Recently, electrical stimulation, as a non-pharmacological physical stimulus, has been widely exploited in biomedical and clinical applications due to its ability to significantly enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. As a kind of dielectric material with permanent polarization characteristics, electrets have demonstrated tremendous potential [...] Read more.

Recently, electrical stimulation, as a non-pharmacological physical stimulus, has been widely exploited in biomedical and clinical applications due to its ability to significantly enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. As a kind of dielectric material with permanent polarization characteristics, electrets have demonstrated tremendous potential in this field owing to their merits of low cost, stable performance, and excellent biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in electrets and their biomedical applications. We first provide a brief introduction to the development of electrets, as well as typical materials and fabrication methods. Subsequently, we systematically describe the recent advances of electrets in biomedical applications, including bone regeneration, wound healing, nerve regeneration, drug delivery, and wearable electronics. Finally, the present challenges and opportunities have also been discussed in this emerging field. This review is anticipated to provide state-of-the-art insights on the electrical stimulation-related applications of electrets. Full article

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14 pages, 5092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macrophage Cell Membrane Coating on Piperine-Loaded MIL-100(Fe) Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Treatment

by Christian Rafael Quijia, Geovana Navegante, Rafael Miguel Sábio, Valeria Valente, Alberto Ocaña, Carlos Alonso-Moreno, Regina Célia Galvão Frem and Marlus Chorilli

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060319 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2457

Abstract

Piperine (PIP), a compound found in Piper longum, has shown promise as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer. However, its inherent toxicity has limited its application. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed PIP@MIL-100(Fe), an organic metal–organic framework (MOF) that encapsulates [...] Read more.

Piperine (PIP), a compound found in Piper longum, has shown promise as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer. However, its inherent toxicity has limited its application. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed PIP@MIL-100(Fe), an organic metal–organic framework (MOF) that encapsulates PIP for breast cancer treatment. Nanotechnology offers further treatment options, including the modification of nanostructures with macrophage membranes (MM) to enhance the evasion of the immune system. In this study, the researchers aimed to evaluate the potential of MM-coated MOFs encapsulated with PIP for breast cancer treatment. They successfully synthesized MM@PIP@MIL-100(Fe) through impregnation synthesis. The presence of MM coating on the MOF surface was confirmed through SDS-PAGE analysis, which revealed distinct protein bands. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrated the existence of a PIP@MIL-100(Fe) core with a diameter of around 50 nm, surrounded by an outer lipid bilayer layer measuring approximately 10 nm in thickness. Furthermore, the researchers evaluated the cytotoxicity indices of the nanoparticles against various breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, BT-549, SKBR-3, and MDA. The results demonstrated that the MOFs exhibited between 4 and 17 times higher cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) in all four cell lines compared to free PIP (IC₅₀ = 193.67 ± 0.30 µM). These findings suggest that MM@PIP@MIL-100(Fe) holds potential as an effective treatment for breast cancer. The study’s outcomes highlight the potential of utilizing MM-coated MOFs encapsulated with PIP as an innovative approach for breast cancer therapy, offering improved cytotoxicity compared to free PIP alone. Further research and development are warranted to explore the clinical translation and optimize the efficacy and safety of this treatment strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanocompounds for Cancer Therapy)

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11 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decellularized Porcine Conjunctiva in Treating Severe Symblepharon

by Fengmei Shan, Xueying Feng, Jie Li, Sha Yang, Fuhua Wang, Weiyun Shi, Long Zhao and Qingjun Zhou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060318 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of decellularized porcine conjunctiva (DPC) in the management of severe symblepharon. Sixteen patients with severe symblepharon were enrolled in this study. After symblepharon lysis and Mitomycin C (MMC) application, tarsus defects were covered with residual [...] Read more.

This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of decellularized porcine conjunctiva (DPC) in the management of severe symblepharon. Sixteen patients with severe symblepharon were enrolled in this study. After symblepharon lysis and Mitomycin C (MMC) application, tarsus defects were covered with residual autologous conjunctiva (AC), autologous oral mucosa (AOM), or DPC throughout the fornix, and DPC was used for all the exposed sclera. The outcomes were classified as complete success, partial success, or failure. Six symblepharon patients had chemical burns and ten had thermal burns. Tarsus defects were covered with DPC, AC, and AOM in two, three, and eleven cases, respectively. After an average follow-up of 20.0 ± 6 months, the anatomical outcomes observed were complete successes in twelve (three with AC+DPC, four with AC+AOM+DPC, and five with AOM+DPC) (75%) cases, partial successes in three (one with AOM+DPC and two with DPC+DPC) (18.75%) cases, and failure in one (with AOM+DPC) (6.25%) case. Before surgery, the depth of the narrowest part of the conjunctival sac was 0.59 ± 0.76 mm (range, 0–2 mm), tear fluid quantity (Schirmer II tests) was 12.5 ± 2.26 mm (range, 10–16 mm), and the distance of the eye rotation toward the opposite direction of the symblepharon was 3.75 ± 1.39 mm (range, 2–7 mm). The fornix depths increased to 7.53 ± 1.64 mm (range, 3–9 mm), eye movement was significantly improved, and the distance of eye movement reaching 6.56 ± 1.24 mm (range, 4–8 mm) 1 month after the operation; the postoperative Schirmer II test (12.06 ± 2.90 mm, range, 6–17 mm) was similar to that before surgery. Goblet cells were finally found in fifteen patients by conjunctival impression cytology in the transplantation area of DPC, except for one patient who failed. DPC could be considered an alternative for ocular surface reconstruction of severe symblepharon. Covering tarsal defects with autologous mucosa is necessary for extensive reconstruction of the ocular surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Ophthalmology)

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16 pages, 6805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Sterilization on Methacrylated Gelatin/Hyaluronan Hydrogels

by Christiane Heinemann, Frauke Buchner, Poh Soo Lee, Anne Bernhardt, Benjamin Kruppke, Hans-Peter Wiesmann and Vera Hintze

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060317 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

Biopolymer hydrogels have become an important group of biomaterials in experimental and clinical use. However, unlike metallic or mineral materials, they are quite sensitive to sterilization. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of gamma irradiation and supercritical carbon dioxide [...] Read more.

Biopolymer hydrogels have become an important group of biomaterials in experimental and clinical use. However, unlike metallic or mineral materials, they are quite sensitive to sterilization. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of gamma irradiation and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) treatment on the physicochemical properties of different hyaluronan (HA)- and/or gelatin (GEL)-based hydrogels and the cellular response of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC). Hydrogels were photo-polymerized from methacrylated HA, methacrylated GEL, or a mixture of GEL/HA. The composition and sterilization methods altered the dissolution behavior of the biopolymeric hydrogels. There were no significant differences in methacrylated GEL release but increased methacrylated HA degradation of gamma-irradiated samples. Pore size/form remained unchanged, while gamma irradiation decreased the elastic modulus from about 29 kPa to 19 kPa compared to aseptic samples. HBMSC proliferated and increased alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) particularly in aseptic and gamma-irradiated methacrylated GEL/HA hydrogels alike, while scCO₂ treatment had a negative effect on both proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Thus, gamma-irradiated methacrylated GEL/HA hydrogels are a promising base for multi-component bone substitute materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Materials: Opportunities and Challenges)

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20 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biomimetic Liquid Crystal-Modified Mesoporous Silica−Based Composite Hydrogel for Soft Tissue Repair

by Xiaoling Li, Lei Wan, Taifu Zhu, Ruiqi Li, Mu Zhang and Haibin Lu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060316 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1592

Abstract

The reconstruction of blood vessels plays a critical role in the tissue regeneration process. However, existing wound dressings in tissue engineering face challenges due to inadequate revascularization induction and a lack of vascular structure. In this study, we report the modification of mesoporous [...] Read more.

The reconstruction of blood vessels plays a critical role in the tissue regeneration process. However, existing wound dressings in tissue engineering face challenges due to inadequate revascularization induction and a lack of vascular structure. In this study, we report the modification of mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) with liquid crystal (LC) to enhance bioactivity and biocompatibility in vitro. This LC modification facilitated crucial cellular processes such as the proliferation, migration, spreading, and expression of angiogenesis−related genes and proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we incorporated LC−modified MSN within a hydrogel matrix to create a multifunctional dressing that combines the biological benefits of LC−MSN with the mechanical advantages of a hydrogel. Upon application to full−thickness wounds, these composite hydrogels exhibited accelerated healing, evidenced by enhanced granulation tissue formation, increased collagen deposition, and improved vascular development. Our findings suggest that the LC−MSN hydrogel formulation holds significant promise for the repair and regeneration of soft tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside)

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17 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Peroxidase-like Nanocomposites as Hydrogen Peroxide-Sensitive Elements in Cholesterol Oxidase-Based Biosensors for Cholesterol Assay

by Olha Demkiv, Wojciech Nogala, Nataliya Stasyuk, Nadiya Grynchyshyn, Bohdan Vus and Mykhailo Gonchar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060315 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730

Abstract

Catalytically active nanomaterials, in particular, nanozymes, are promising candidates for applications in biosensors due to their excellent catalytic activity, stability and cost-effective preparation. Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities are prospective candidates for applications in biosensors. The purpose of the current work is to develop [...] Read more.

Catalytically active nanomaterials, in particular, nanozymes, are promising candidates for applications in biosensors due to their excellent catalytic activity, stability and cost-effective preparation. Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities are prospective candidates for applications in biosensors. The purpose of the current work is to develop cholesterol oxidase-based amperometric bionanosensors using novel nanocomposites as peroxidase (HRP) mimetics. To select the most electroactive chemosensor on hydrogen peroxide, a wide range of nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. Pt NPs were deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in order to improve the conductivity and sensitivity of the nanocomposites. The most HRP-like active bi-metallic CuFe nanoparticles (nCuFe) were placed on a previously nano-platinized electrode, followed by conjugation of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) in a cross-linking film formed by cysteamine and glutaraldehyde. The constructed nanostructured bioelectrode ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE was characterized by CV and chronoamperometry in the presence of cholesterol. The bionanosensor (ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE) shows a high sensitivity (3960 A·M⁻¹·m⁻²) for cholesterol, a wide linear range (2–50 µM) and good storage stability at a low working potential (−0.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl). The constructed bionanosensor was tested on a real serum sample. A detailed comparative analysis of the bioanalytical characteristics of the developed cholesterol bionanosensor and the known analogs is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials and Nanobiosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Medical Application)

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14 pages, 2202 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ex Vivo Osteogenesis Induced by Calcium Silicate-Based Cement Extracts

by Gabriel Kato, Rita Araújo, Cláudia Rodrigues, Pedro Sousa Gomes, Liliana Grenho and Maria Helena Fernandes

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060314 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based cements are used in a variety of clinical conditions affecting the pulp tissue, relying on their inductive effect on tissue mineralization. This work aimed to evaluate the biological response of calcium silicate-based cements with distinct properties—the fast-setting Biodentine™ and TotalFill^® [...] Read more.

Calcium silicate-based cements are used in a variety of clinical conditions affecting the pulp tissue, relying on their inductive effect on tissue mineralization. This work aimed to evaluate the biological response of calcium silicate-based cements with distinct properties—the fast-setting Biodentine™ and TotalFill^® BC RRM™ Fast Putty, and the classical slow-setting ProRoot^® MTA, in an ex vivo model of bone development. Briefly, eleven-day-old embryonic chick femurs were cultured for 10 days in organotypic conditions, being exposed to the set cements’ eluates and, at the end of the culture period, evaluated for osteogenesis/bone formation by combining microtomographic analysis and histological histomorphometric assessment. ProRoot^® MTA and TotalFill^® extracts presented similar levels of calcium ions, although significantly lower than those released from Biodentine^TM. All extracts increased the osteogenesis/tissue mineralization, assayed by microtomographic (BV/TV) and histomorphometric (% of mineralized area; % of total collagen area, and % of mature collagen area) indexes, although displaying distinct dose-dependent patterns and quantitative values. The fast-setting cements displayed better performance than that of ProRoot^® MTA, with Biodentine^TM presenting the best performance, within the assayed experimental model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontic Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reinforcement of Hydrogels with a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) Structure Enhances Cell Numbers and Cartilage ECM Production under Compression

by Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud, Xiongbiao Chen and B. Frank Eames

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060313 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Hydrogels show promise in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) by supporting chondrocytes and maintaining their phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Under prolonged mechanical forces, however, hydrogels can be structurally unstable, leading to cell and ECM loss. Furthermore, long periods of mechanical loading might [...] Read more.

Hydrogels show promise in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) by supporting chondrocytes and maintaining their phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Under prolonged mechanical forces, however, hydrogels can be structurally unstable, leading to cell and ECM loss. Furthermore, long periods of mechanical loading might alter the production of cartilage ECM molecules, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen type 2 (Col2), specifically with the negative effect of stimulating fibrocartilage, typified by collagen type 1 (Col1) secretion. Reinforcing hydrogels with 3D-printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) structures offer a solution to enhance the structural integrity and mechanical response of impregnated chondrocytes. This study aimed to assess the impact of compression duration and PCL reinforcement on the performance of chondrocytes impregnated with hydrogel. Results showed that shorter loading periods did not significantly affect cell numbers and ECM production in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels, but longer periods tended to reduce cell numbers and ECM compared to unloaded conditions. PCL reinforcement enhanced cell numbers under mechanical compression compared to unreinforced hydrogels. However, the reinforced constructs seemed to produce more fibrocartilage-like, Col1-positive ECM. These findings suggest that reinforced hydrogel constructs hold potential for in vivo cartilage regeneration and defect treatment by retaining higher cell numbers and ECM content. To further enhance hyaline cartilage ECM formation, future studies should focus on adjusting the mechanical properties of reinforced constructs and exploring mechanotransduction pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering)

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15 pages, 8994 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Balloon Folding and Inserting Performance for Angioplasty: A Comparison of Two Materials, Polyamide-12 and Pebax

by Tao Li, Zhuo Zhang, Wenyuan Wang, Aijia Mao, Yu Chen, Yan Xiong and Fei Gao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060312 - 5 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2944

Abstract

Background: A balloon dilatation catheter is a vital tool in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Various factors, including the material used, influence the ability of different types of balloons to navigate through lesions during delivery. Objective: Thus far, numerical simulation studies comparing the impacts of [...] Read more.

Background: A balloon dilatation catheter is a vital tool in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Various factors, including the material used, influence the ability of different types of balloons to navigate through lesions during delivery. Objective: Thus far, numerical simulation studies comparing the impacts of different materials on the trackability of balloon catheters has been limited. This project seeks to unveil the underlying patterns more effectively by utilizing a highly realistic balloon-folding simulation method to compare the trackability of balloons made from different materials. Methods: Two materials, nylon-12 and Pebax, were examined for their insertion forces via a bench test and a numerical simulation. The simulation built a model identical to the bench test’s groove and simulated the balloon’s folding process prior to insertion to better replicate the experimental conditions. Results: In the bench test, nylon-12 demonstrated the highest insertion force, peaking at 0.866 N, significantly outstripping the 0.156 N force exhibited by the Pebax balloon. In the simulation, nylon-12 experienced a higher level of stress after folding, while Pebax had demonstrated a higher effective strain and surface energy density. In terms of insertion force, nylon-12 was higher than Pebax in specific areas. Conclusion: nylon-12 exerts greater pressure on the vessel wall in curved pathways when compared to Pebax. The simulated insertion forces of nylon-12 align with the experimental results. However, when using the same friction coefficient, the difference in insertion forces between the two materials is minimal. The numerical simulation method used in this study can be used for relevant research. This method can assess the performance of balloons made from diverse materials navigating curved paths and can yield more precise and detailed data feedback compared to benchtop experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Study and Analysis for Cardiovascular/Skeletal Materials and Devices)

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17 pages, 3390 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Oral Biofilms Related to Patients with and without Periodontal Disease

by Perla Alejandra Hernández-Venegas, Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras, Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo, Juan Carlos Cuevas-González, Nelly Molina-Frechero and León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060311 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial oral disease regularly caused by bacterial biofilms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have offered good antimicrobial activity; moreover, there is no available scientific information related to their antimicrobial effects in biofilms from patients with PD. This [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial oral disease regularly caused by bacterial biofilms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have offered good antimicrobial activity; moreover, there is no available scientific information related to their antimicrobial effects in biofilms from patients with PD. This study reports the bactericidal activity of AgNP against oral biofilms related to PD. Materials and Methods: AgNP of two average particle sizes were prepared and characterized. Sixty biofilms were collected from patients with (30 subjects) and without PD (30 subjects). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of AgNP were calculated and the distribution of bacterial species was defined by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Well-dispersed sizes of AgNP were obtained (5.4 ± 1.3 and 17.5 ± 3.4 nm) with an adequate electrical stability (−38.2 ± 5.8 and −32.6 ± 5.4 mV, respectively). AgNP showed antimicrobial activities for all oral samples; however, the smaller AgNP had significantly the most increased bactericidal effects (71.7 ± 39.1 µg/mL). The most resistant bacteria were found in biofilms from PD subjects (p < 0.05). P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia were present in all PD biofilms (100%). Conclusions: The AgNP showed efficient bactericidal properties as an alternative therapy for the control or progression of PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine)

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12 pages, 4471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure Analysis in Rigid and Flexible Real Arteriovenous Fistula with Thickness Variation In Vitro

by Jonhattan Ferreira Rangel, Willyam Brito de Almeida Santos, Thércio Henrique de Carvalho Costa, Kleiber Lima de Bessa and José Daniel Diniz Melo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060310 - 2 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1307

Abstract

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the access most recommended by several authors. However, its manufacture and use can cause several problems in the short, medium and long term. The study of fluid dynamics related to the structure of the AVF can provide information [...] Read more.

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the access most recommended by several authors. However, its manufacture and use can cause several problems in the short, medium and long term. The study of fluid dynamics related to the structure of the AVF can provide information necessary for the reduction of these problems and a better quality of life for patients. The present study analyzed pressure variation in a rigid and flexible (thickness variation) model of AVFs manufactured based on patient data. A computed tomography was performed from which the geometry of the AVF was removed. This was treated and adapted to the pulsatile flow bench. Bench tests with simulation of systolic–diastolic pulse showed higher pressure peaks in the rigid AVF followed by the flexible model with 1 mm thickness. The inflection of the pressure values of the flexible AVF in relation to the rigid one was observed, being more expressive in the flexible AVF of 1 mm. The 1 mm flexible AVF presented an average pressure close to the physiological one and a smaller pressure drop, showing that this AVF model presents the best condition among the three to serve as a basis for the development of an AVF substitute. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Biomaterials on Vascular Tissue Engineering)

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14 pages, 4743 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of the Effect of Thickness on the Performance of Polymeric Heart Valves

by Jingyuan Zhou, Yijing Li, Tao Li, Xiaobao Tian, Yan Xiong and Yu Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060309 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

Polymeric heart valves (PHVs) are a promising and more affordable alternative to mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Materials with good durability and biocompatibility used for PHVs have always been the research focus in the field of prosthetic heart valves [...] Read more.

Polymeric heart valves (PHVs) are a promising and more affordable alternative to mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Materials with good durability and biocompatibility used for PHVs have always been the research focus in the field of prosthetic heart valves for many years, and leaflet thickness is a major design parameter for PHVs. The study aims to discuss the relationship between material properties and valve thickness, provided that the basic functions of PHVs are qualified. The fluid−structure interaction (FSI) approach was employed to obtain a more reliable solution of the effective orifice area (EOA), regurgitant fraction (RF), and stress and strain distribution of the valves with different thicknesses under three materials: Carbothane PC−3585A, xSIBS and SIBS−CNTs. This study demonstrates that the smaller elastic modulus of Carbothane PC−3585A allowed for a thicker valve (>0.3 mm) to be produced, while for materials with an elastic modulus higher than that of xSIBS (2.8 MPa), a thickness less than 0.2 mm would be a good attempt to meet the RF standard. What is more, when the elastic modulus is higher than 23.9 MPa, the thickness of the PHV is recommended to be 0.l–0.15 mm. Reducing the RF is one of the directions of PHV optimization in the future. Reducing the thickness and improving other design parameters are reliable means to reduce the RF for materials with high and low elastic modulus, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Study and Analysis for Cardiovascular/Skeletal Materials and Devices)

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13 pages, 5575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Employing Indirect Adenosine 2_A Receptors (A_2AR) to Enhance Osseointegration of Titanium Devices: A Pre-Clinical Study

by Maria Jesus Pacheco-Vergara, Ernesto Byron Benalcázar-Jalkh, Vasudev V. Nayak, Edmara T. P. Bergamo, Bruce Cronstein, André Luis Zétola, Fernando Pessoa Weiss, João Ricardo Almeida Grossi, Tatiana Miranda Deliberador, Paulo G. Coelho and Lukasz Witek

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060308 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dipyridamole, an indirect adenosine 2A receptors (A_2AR), on the osseointegration of titanium implants in a large, translational pre-clinical model. Sixty tapered, acid-etched titanium implants, treated with four different coatings ((i) Type I [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dipyridamole, an indirect adenosine 2A receptors (A_2AR), on the osseointegration of titanium implants in a large, translational pre-clinical model. Sixty tapered, acid-etched titanium implants, treated with four different coatings ((i) Type I Bovine Collagen (control), (ii) 10 μM dipyridamole (DIPY), (iii) 100 μM DIPY, and (iv) 1000 μM DIPY), were inserted in the vertebral bodies of 15 female sheep (weight ~65 kg). Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed after 3, 6, and 12 weeks in vivo to assess histological features, and percentages of bone-to-implant contact (%BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (%BAFO). Data was analyzed using a general linear mixed model analysis with time in vivo and coating as fixed factors. Histomorphometric analysis after 3 weeks in vivo revealed higher BIC for DIPY coated implant groups (10 μM (30.42% ± 10.62), 100 μM (36.41% ± 10.62), and 1000 μM (32.46% ± 10.62)) in comparison to the control group (17.99% ± 5.82). Further, significantly higher BAFO was observed for implants augmented with 1000 μM of DIPY (43.84% ± 9.97) compared to the control group (31.89% ± 5.46). At 6 and 12 weeks, no significant differences were observed among groups. Histological analysis evidenced similar osseointegration features and an intramembranous-type healing pattern for all groups. Qualitative observation corroborated the increased presence of woven bone formation in intimate contact with the surface of the implant and within the threads at 3 weeks with increased concentrations of DIPY. Coating the implant surface with dipyridamole yielded a favorable effect with regard to BIC and BAFO at 3 weeks in vivo. These findings suggest a positive effect of DIPY on the early stages of osseointegration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologics and Devices for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Reconstruction)

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18 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessReview

Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Novel Magnesium Membrane: A Literature Review and a Report of Two Cases in Humans

by Marko Blašković, Ivana Butorac Prpić, Dorotea Blašković, Patrick Rider, Matej Tomas, Slavko Čandrlić, David Botond Hangyasi, Marija Čandrlić and Željka Perić Kačarević

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060307 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a common procedure used to rebuild dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge that occur after extraction. In GBR, membranes are used to separate the bone defect from the underlying soft tissue. To overcome the shortcomings of commonly used [...] Read more.

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a common procedure used to rebuild dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge that occur after extraction. In GBR, membranes are used to separate the bone defect from the underlying soft tissue. To overcome the shortcomings of commonly used membranes in GBR, a new resorbable magnesium membrane has been developed. A literature search was performed via MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed in February 2023 for research on magnesium barrier membranes. Of the 78 records reviewed, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. In addition, this paper reports two cases where GBR was performed using a magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation system with immediate and delayed implant placement. No adverse reactions to the biomaterials were detected, and the membrane was completely resorbed after healing. The resorbable fixation screws used in both cases held the membranes in place during bone formation and were completely resorbed. Therefore, the pure magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation screws were found to be excellent biomaterials for GBR, which supports the findings of the literature review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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13 pages, 5013 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ Scaffold and Photobiomodulation Therapy Enhance Bone Repair in Rat Calvarial Defects

by Leticia Faustino Adolpho, Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro, Gileade Pereira Freitas, Helena Bacha Lopes, Maria Paula Oliveira Gomes, Emanuela Prado Ferraz, Rossano Gimenes, Marcio Mateus Beloti and Adalberto Luiz Rosa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060306 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

Background: Tissue engineering and cell therapy have been the focus of investigations on how to treat challenging bone defects. This study aimed to produce and characterize a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with this scaffold [...] Read more.

Background: Tissue engineering and cell therapy have been the focus of investigations on how to treat challenging bone defects. This study aimed to produce and characterize a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with this scaffold and photobiomodulation (PBM) on bone repair. Methods and results: P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ was synthesized using an electrospinning technique and presented physical and chemical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering. This scaffold was implanted in rat calvarial defects (unilateral, 5 mm in diameter) and, 2 weeks post-implantation, MSCs were locally injected into these defects (n = 12/group). Photobiomodulation was then applied immediately, and again 48 and 96 h post-injection. The μCT and histological analyses showed an increment in bone formation, which exhibited a positive correlation with the treatments combined with the scaffold, with MSCs and PBM inducing more bone repair, followed by the scaffold combined with PBM, the scaffold combined with MSCs, and finally the scaffold alone (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold acted synergistically with MSCs and PBM to induce bone repair in rat calvarial defects. These findings emphasize the need to combine a range of techniques to regenerate large bone defects and provide avenues for further investigations on innovative tissue engineering approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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12 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Ability of Different Allografts to Act as Carrier Grafts for Local Drug Delivery

by Nicole Bormann, Aysha Schmock, Anja Hanke, Volker Eras, Norus Ahmed, Maya S. Kissner, Britt Wildemann and Jan C. Brune

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060305 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1556

Abstract

Bone defects and infections pose significant challenges for treatment, requiring a comprehensive approach for prevention and treatment. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the efficacy of various bone allografts in the absorption and release of antibiotics. A specially designed high-absorbency, high-surface-area carrier graft [...] Read more.

Bone defects and infections pose significant challenges for treatment, requiring a comprehensive approach for prevention and treatment. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the efficacy of various bone allografts in the absorption and release of antibiotics. A specially designed high-absorbency, high-surface-area carrier graft composed of human demineralized cortical fibers and granulated cancellous bone (fibrous graft) was compared to different human bone allograft types. The groups tested here were three fibrous grafts with rehydration rates of 2.7, 4, and 8 mL/g (F(2.7), F(4), and F(8)); demineralized bone matrix (DBM); cortical granules; mineralized cancellous bone; and demineralized cancellous bone. The absorption capacity of the bone grafts was assessed after rehydration, the duration of absorption varied from 5 to 30 min, and the elution kinetics of gentamicin were determined over 21 days. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was assessed using a zone of inhibition (ZOI) test with S. aureus. The fibrous grafts exhibited the greatest tissue matrix absorption capacity, while the mineralized cancellous bone revealed the lowest matrix-bound absorption capacity. For F(2.7) and F(4), a greater elution of gentamicin was observed from 4 h and continuously over the first 3 days when compared to the other grafts. Release kinetics were only marginally affected by the varied incubation times. The enhanced absorption capacity of the fibrous grafts resulted in a prolonged antibiotic release and activity. Therefore, fibrous grafts can serve as suitable carrier grafts, as they are able to retain fluids such as antibiotics at their intended destinations, are easy to handle, and allow for a prolonged antibiotic release. Application of these fibrous grafts can enable surgeons to provide longer courses of antibiotic administration for septic orthopedic indications, thus minimizing infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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14 pages, 6460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Surface-Decorated Nanoparticles of Fe₃O₄ with Au and Ag: Study of the Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity

by Álvaro de Jesús Ruíz-Baltazar, Harald Norbert Böhnel, Daniel Larrañaga Ordaz, José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez, Néstor Méndez-Lozano and Simón Yobanny Reyes-López

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060304 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1716

Abstract

This work proposes a sonochemical biosynthesis of magnetoplasmonic nanostructures of Fe₃O₄ decorated with Au and Ag. The magnetoplasmonic systems, such as Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄-Ag, were characterized structurally and magnetically. The structural characterizations reveal [...] Read more.

This work proposes a sonochemical biosynthesis of magnetoplasmonic nanostructures of Fe₃O₄ decorated with Au and Ag. The magnetoplasmonic systems, such as Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄-Ag, were characterized structurally and magnetically. The structural characterizations reveal the magnetite structures as the primary phase. Noble metals, such as Au and Ag, are present in the sample, resulting in a structure-decorated type. The magnetic measurements indicate the superparamagnetic behavior of the Fe₃O₄-Ag and Fe₃O₄-Au nanostructures. The characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Complementarily, antibacterial and antifungal assays were carried out to evaluate the potential properties and future applications in biomedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Coatings and Surfaces for Medical Applications)

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12 pages, 2665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Composite Resin with Myristyltrimethylammonium Bromide (MYTAB) and Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate (α-TCP): Antibacterial and Remineralizing Effect

by Juan Carlos Pontons-Melo, Gabriela de Souza Balbinot, Salvatore Sauro and Fabrício Mezzomo Collares

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060303 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an experimental composite resin with the addition of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MYTAB) and α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) as an antibacterial and remineralizing material. Experimental composite resins composed of 75 wt% Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (BisGMA) and 25 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop an experimental composite resin with the addition of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MYTAB) and α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) as an antibacterial and remineralizing material. Experimental composite resins composed of 75 wt% Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (BisGMA) and 25 wt% Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were produced. Some 1 mol% Trimethyl benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO) was used as a photoinitiator, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BTH) was added as a polymerization inhibitor. Silica (1.5 wt%) and barium glass (65 wt%) particles were added as inorganic fillers. For remineralizing and antibacterial effect, α-TCP (10 wt%) and MYTAB (5 wt%) were incorporated into the resin matrix (α-TCP/MYTAB group). A group without the addition of α-TCP/MYTAB was used as a control. Resins were evaluated for their degree of conversion (n = 3) by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The flexural strength (n = 5) was assessed based on ISO 4049:2019 requirements. Microhardness was assessed to calculate softening in solvent (n = 3) after ethanol immersion. The mineral deposition (n = 3) was evaluated after immersion in SBF, while cytotoxicity was tested with HaCaT cells (n = 5). Antimicrobial activity (n = 3) was analyzed against S. mutans. The degree of conversion was not influenced by the antibacterial and remineralizing compounds, and all groups reached values > 60%. The α-TCP/MYTAB addition promoted increased softening of polymers after immersion in ethanol and reduced their flexural strength and the viability of cells in vitro. A reduction in S. mutans viability was observed for the α-TCP/MYTAB group in biofilm formation and planktonic bacteria, with an antibacterial effect > 3log₁₀ for the developed materials. Higher intensity of phosphate compounds on the sample’s surface was detected in the α-TCP/MYTAB group. The addition of α-TCP and MYTAB promoted remineralizing and antibacterial effects on the developed resins and may be a strategy for bioactive composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Resin Composites)

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21 pages, 5160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Biosilicate^® Addition on Physical–Mechanical and Biological Properties of Dental Glass Ionomer Cements

by Gabriela de Alencar Pinto Magalhães, Joshua J. Thomson, Cristine Smoczer, Laura Ann Young, Adaias O. Matos, Rafael Rocha Pacheco, Maria Trevelin Souza, Edgar Dutra Zanotto and Regina Maria Puppin Rontani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060302 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2613

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of incorporating Biosilicate^® on the physico-mechanical and biological properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). This bioactive glass ceramic (23.75% Na₂O, 23.75% CaO, 48.5% SiO₂, and 4% P₂O₅) was incorporated [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of incorporating Biosilicate^® on the physico-mechanical and biological properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). This bioactive glass ceramic (23.75% Na₂O, 23.75% CaO, 48.5% SiO₂, and 4% P₂O₅) was incorporated by weight (5%, 10%, or 15%) into commercially available GICs (Maxxion R and Fuji IX GP). Surface characterization was made by SEM (n = 3), EDS (n = 3), and FTIR (n = 1). The setting and working (S/W time) times (n = 3) and compressive strength (CS) were analyzed (n = 10) according to ISO 9917-1:2007. The ion release (n = 6) was determined and quantified by ICP OES and by UV-Vis for Ca, Na, Al, Si, P, and F. To verify cell cytotoxicity, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) were exposed to eluates (n = 3, at a ratio of 1.8 cm²/mL) and analyzed 24 h post-exposure. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175, NCTC 10449) was analyzed by direct contact for 2 h (n = 5). The data were submitted for normality and lognormality testing. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were applied for the working and setting time, compressive strength, and ion release data. Data from cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity were submitted for Kruskal–Wallis’ testing and Dunn’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Among all experimental groups, only those with 5% (wt) of Biosilicate^® showed better surface quality. Only M5% showed a comparable W/S time to the original material (p = 0.7254 and p = 0.5912). CS was maintained for all Maxxion R groups (p > 0.0001) and declined for Fuji IX experimental groups (p < 0.0001). The Na, Si, P, and F ions released were significantly increased for all Maxxion R and Fuji IX groups (p < 0.0001). Cytotoxicity was increased only for Maxxion R with 5% and 10% of Biosilicate^®. A higher inhibition of S. mutans growth was observed for Maxxion R with 5% of Biosilicate^® (less than 100 CFU/mL), followed by Maxxion R with 10% of Biosilicate^® (p = 0.0053) and Maxxion R without the glass ceramic (p = 0.0093). Maxxion R and Fuji IX presented different behaviors regarding Biosilicate^® incorporation. The impacts on physico-mechanical and biological properties were different depending on the GIC, but therapeutic ion release was increased for both materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Dental Restorations)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 14, Issue 6 (June 2023) – 43 articles

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