Journal of Functional Biomaterials

13 pages, 2734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crack Propagation and Fatigue Performance of Partial Posterior Indirect Restorations: An Extended Finite Element Method Study

by Mehmet Gökberkkaan Demirel, Reza Mohammadi and Murat Keçeci

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090484 - 21 Sep 2023

Viewed by 2761

Abstract

Dental ceramics are susceptible to slow, progressive crack growth after cyclic loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate the progressive patterns of cracks in two different types of CAD/CAM ceramic materials used with three different partial posterior indirect restoration (PPIR) designs [...] Read more.

Dental ceramics are susceptible to slow, progressive crack growth after cyclic loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate the progressive patterns of cracks in two different types of CAD/CAM ceramic materials used with three different partial posterior indirect restoration (PPIR) designs and to determine the materials’ failure risk using a fatigue test. Standard initial cracks were formed in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files prepared for three different PPIRs. The materials chosen were monolithic lithium disilicate (LS) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs). The extended finite element method (XFEM) was applied, and the fatigue performance was examined by applying a 600 N axial load. The cracks propagated the most in onlay restorations, where the highest displacement was observed. In contrast, the most successful results were observed in overlay restorations. Overlay restorations also showed better fatigue performance. LS materials exhibited more successful results than PICN materials. LS materials, which can be used in PPIRs, yield better results compared to PICN materials. While inlay restorations demonstrated relatively successful results, overlay and onlay restorations can be specified as the most and the least successful PPIR types, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D-Printed Biomaterials for Restorative Dentistry)

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20 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Stem Cell Differentiation Control Using Drug Delivery Systems Based on Porous Functional Materials

by Yun-Sik Eom, Joon-Ha Park and Tae-Hyung Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090483 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3316

Abstract

The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation [...] Read more.

The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation techniques is essential for the effective application of stem cells for various purposes. Ongoing research has sought to induce stem cell differentiation using diverse differentiation factors, including chemicals, proteins, and integrin expression. These differentiation factors play a pivotal role in a variety of applications. However, it is equally essential to acknowledge the potential hazards of uncontrolled differentiation. For example, uncontrolled differentiation can give rise to undesirable consequences, including cancerous mutations and stem cell death. Therefore, the development of innovative methods to control stem cell differentiation is crucial. In this review, we discuss recent research cases that have effectively utilised porous functional material-based drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation. Due to their unique substrate properties, drug delivery systems based on porous functional materials effectively induce stem cell differentiation through the steady release of differentiation factors. These ground-breaking techniques hold considerable promise for guiding and controlling the fate of stem cells for a wide range of biomedical applications, including stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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23 pages, 6681 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyacrylate–Cholesterol Amphiphilic Derivative: Formulation Development and Scale-up for Health Care Applications

by Marco Viola, Claudia Migliorini, Fabio Ziarelli, Stéphane Viel, Claudia Cencetti, Daniel Di Risola, Luciana Mosca, Laura Masuelli, Pietro Matricardi and Chiara Di Meo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090482 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1778

Abstract

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable [...] Read more.

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable oil/water emulsions with vegetable oils, squalene, and ceramides were prepared, as well as hydrophilic medicated films loaded with diclofenac, providing a prolonged drug release. PAAbCH also formed polyelectrolyte hydrogel complexes with chitosan, both at the macro- and nano-scale. The results demonstrate that this polymer has promising potential as an innovative excipient, acting as a solubility enhancer, viscosity enhancer, and emulsifying agent with an easy scale-up transfer process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

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12 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Electrospun Scaffolds as Antimicrobial Herbal Extract Delivery Vehicles for Wound Healing

by Caglar Ersanli, Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou, Athina Tzora, Konstantina Fotou, Dimitrios I. Zeugolis and Ioannis Skoufos

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090481 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1743

Abstract

Herbal extracts have been used in traditional remedies since the earliest myths. They have excellent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities owing to various bioactive components in their structure. However, due to their inability to reach a target and low biostability, their use with [...] Read more.

Herbal extracts have been used in traditional remedies since the earliest myths. They have excellent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities owing to various bioactive components in their structure. However, due to their inability to reach a target and low biostability, their use with a delivery vehicle has come into prominence. For this purpose, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely preferred for the delivery and release of antimicrobial herbal extracts due to the flexibility and operational versatility of the electrospinning technique. Herein, we briefly reviewed the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds as delivery systems for herbal extracts with a particular focus on the preclinical studies for wound-healing applications that have been published in the last five years. We also discussed the indirect effects of herbal extracts on wound healing by altering the characteristics of electrospun mats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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27 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Trend and New Opportunities for Multifunctional Bio-Scaffold Fabrication via High-Pressure Foaming

by María Alejandra Fanovich, Ernesto Di Maio and Aurelio Salerno

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090480 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

Biocompatible and biodegradable foams prepared using the high-pressure foaming technique have been widely investigated in recent decades as porous scaffolds for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. In fact, the foaming process can operate at low temperatures to load bioactive molecules and [...] Read more.

Biocompatible and biodegradable foams prepared using the high-pressure foaming technique have been widely investigated in recent decades as porous scaffolds for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. In fact, the foaming process can operate at low temperatures to load bioactive molecules and cells within the pores of the scaffold, while the density and pore architecture, and, hence, properties of the scaffold, can be finely modulated by the proper selection of materials and processing conditions. Most importantly, the high-pressure foaming of polymers is an ideal choice to limit and/or avoid the use of cytotoxic and tissue-toxic compounds during scaffold preparation. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with the state of the art and current trend in the high-pressure foaming of biomedical polymers and composites towards the design and fabrication of multifunctional scaffolds for tissue engineering. This manuscript describes the application of the gas foaming process for bio-scaffold design and fabrication and highlights some of the most interesting results on: (1) the engineering of porous scaffolds featuring biomimetic porosity to guide cell behavior and to mimic the hierarchical architecture of complex tissues, such as bone; (2) the bioactivation of the scaffolds through the incorporation of inorganic fillers and drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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15 pages, 3353 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Harnessing the Native Extracellular Matrix for Periodontal Regeneration Using a Melt Electrowritten Biphasic Scaffold

by Fanny Blaudez, Saso Ivanovski and Cedryck Vaquette

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090479 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid [...] Read more.

Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid extracellular matrix (ECM) decoration. To this end, a melt electrowritten scaffold was cultured with human osteoblasts for the deposition of bone-specific ECM. In parallel, periodontal ligament cells were used to form a cell sheet, which was later combined with the bone ECM scaffold to form a biphasic PDL–bone construct. The resulting biphasic construct was decellularised to remove all cellular components while preserving the deposited matrix. Decellularisation efficacy was confirmed in vitro, before the regenerative performance of freshly decellularised constructs was compared to that of 3-months stored freeze-dried scaffolds in a rodent periodontal defect model. Four weeks post-surgery, microCT revealed similar bone formation in all groups. Histology showed higher amounts of newly formed cementum and periodontal attachment in the fresh and freeze-dried ECM functionalised scaffolds, although it did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that the positive effect of ECM decoration was preserved after freeze-drying and storing the construct for 3 months, which has important implications for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Periodontal Regeneration)

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15 pages, 28047 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adhesion and Activation of Blood Platelets on Laser-Structured Surfaces of Biomedical Metal Alloys

by Marta Kamińska, Aleksandra Jastrzębska, Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło, Marta Walczyńska, Piotr Komorowski and Bogdan Walkowiak

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090478 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of [...] Read more.

The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of metallic biomaterials after machining were subjected to polishing or laser modification in two different versions. The results of surface modification were documented using SEM imaging and roughness measurement. After modification, the samples were sterilized with dry hot air, then exposed to citrate blood, washed with PBS buffer, fixed with glutaraldehyde, sputtered with a layer of gold and imaged using SEM to enable the quantification of adhered, activated and aggregated platelets on the surface of biomaterial samples. The average total number, counted in the field of view, of adhered platelets on the surfaces of the four tested biomaterials, regardless of the type of modification, did not differ statistically significantly (66 ± 81, 67 ± 75, 61 ± 70 and 57 ± 61 for AISI 316L, CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, respectively) and the average number of platelet aggregates was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) on the surfaces of AISI 316L medical steel (42 ± 53) and of the CoCrMo alloy (42 ± 52) compared to the surfaces of the titanium alloys Ti6Al4V (33 ± 39) and Ti6Al7Nb (32 ± 37). Remaining blood after contact was used to assess spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation in whole blood by flow cytometry. An in-depth analysis conducted on the obtained results as a function of the type of modification indicates small but statistically significant differences in the interaction of platelets with the tested surfaces of metallic biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)

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19 pages, 2624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiolabeled Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Methotrexate and Decorated with Trastuzumab for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

by Meliha Ekinci, Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar, André Moreni Lopes, Ralph Santos-Oliveira and Derya İlem-Özdemir

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090477 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, with millions of new cases diagnosed yearly. Addressing the burden of breast cancer mortality requires a comprehensive approach involving early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and equitable access to healthcare services. [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, with millions of new cases diagnosed yearly. Addressing the burden of breast cancer mortality requires a comprehensive approach involving early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and equitable access to healthcare services. In this direction, nano-radiopharmaceuticals have shown potential for enhancing breast cancer diagnosis by combining the benefits of nanoparticles and radiopharmaceutical agents. These nanoscale formulations can provide improved imaging capabilities, increased targeting specificity, and enhanced sensitivity for detecting breast cancer lesions. In this study, we developed and evaluated a novel nano-radio radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m ([^99mTc]Tc)-labeled trastuzumab (TRZ)-decorated methotrexate (MTX)-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles ([^99mTc]-TRZ-MTX-HSA), for the diagnosis of breast cancer. In this context, HSA and MTX-HSA nanoparticles were prepared. Conjugation of MTX-HSA nanoparticles with TRZ was performed using adsorption and covalent bonding methods. The prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size, PDI value, zeta (ζ) potential, scanning electron microscopy analysis, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity and cytotoxicity on MCF-7, 4T1, and MCF-10A cells. Finally, the nanoparticles were radiolabeled with [^99mTc]Tc using the direct radiolabeling method, and cellular uptake was performed with the nano-radiopharmaceutical. The results showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles, with a particle size of 224.1 ± 2.46 nm, a PDI value of 0.09 ± 0.07, and a ζ potential value of −16.4 ± 0.53 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of MTX was found to be 32.46 ± 1.12%, and the amount of TRZ was 80.26 ± 1.96%. The labeling with [^99mTc]Tc showed a high labeling efficiency (>99%). The cytotoxicity studies showed no effect, and the cellular uptake studies showed 97.54 ± 2.16% uptake in MCF-7 cells at the 120th min and were found to have a 3-fold higher uptake in cancer cells than in healthy cells. In conclusion, [^99mTc]Tc-TRZ-MTX-HSA nanoparticles are promising for diagnosing breast cancer and evaluating the response to treatment in breast cancer patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanocompounds for Cancer Therapy)

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11 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Production of Feline Universal Erythrocytes with Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol

by Hyung Kyu Kim, Dan Bi Ahn, Han Byeol Jang, Jing Ma, Juping Xing, Joo Won Yoon, Kyung Hee Lee, Dong Min Lee, Chang Hyun Kim and Hee Young Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090476 - 18 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1708

Abstract

Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. [...] Read more.

Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. While A-type cats are most common, there is a shortage of feline B-type blood groups in cats. By using methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to protect antigenic epitopes on red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to find the optimal conditions for the production of feline universal RBCs. The surfaces of feline A-type RBCs were treated with mPEG at various molecular weights and concentrations. Agglutination tests showed that the coating of feline A-type RBCs with mPEG of 20 kDa and 2 mM blocked hemagglutination to feline anti-A alloantibodies over 8 h. While no differences in RBC size and shape between intact and mPEG-treated RBCs were seen, coating RBCs with mPEG inhibited the binding of feline anti-A alloantibodies. Furthermore, the mPEG-treated RBCs did not cause spontaneous hemolysis or osmotic fragility, compared to control RBCs. According to a monocyte monolayer assay, mPEG treatment significantly reduced feline anti-A antibody-mediated phagocystosis of RBCs. These results confirm the potential of using activated mPEG on feline A-type RBC to create universal erythrocytes for transfusion to B-type cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

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15 pages, 5189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Performance of Duplex PEO + CNT/PCL Coating on AZ31B Mg Alloy for Orthopedic and Dental Applications

by Morteza Daavari, Masoud Atapour, Marta Mohedano, Endzhe Matykina, Raul Arrabal and Dobrila Nesic

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090475 - 16 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1920

Abstract

To regulate the degradation rate and improve the surface biocompatibility of the AZ31B magnesium alloy, three different coating systems were produced via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): simple PEO, PEO incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEO + CNT), and a duplex coating that included a [...] Read more.

To regulate the degradation rate and improve the surface biocompatibility of the AZ31B magnesium alloy, three different coating systems were produced via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): simple PEO, PEO incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEO + CNT), and a duplex coating that included a polycaprolactone top layer (PEO + CNT/PCL). Surfaces were characterized by chemical content, roughness, topography, and wettability. Biological properties analysis included cell metabolism and adhesion. PEO ± CNT resulted in an augmented surface roughness compared with the base material (BM), while PCL deposition produced the smoothest surface. All surfaces had a contact angle below 90°. The exposure of gFib-TERT and bmMSC to culture media collected after 3 or 24 h did not affect their metabolism. A decrease in metabolic activity of 9% and 14% for bmMSC and of 14% and 29% for gFib-TERT was observed after 3 and 7 days, respectively. All cells died after 7 days of exposure to BM and after 15 days of exposure to coated surfaces. Saos-2 and gFib-TERT adhered poorly to BM, in contrast to bmMSC. All cells on PEO anchored into the pores with filopodia, exhibited tiny adhesion protrusions on PEO + CNT, and presented a web-like spreading with lamellipodia on PEO + CNT/PCL. The smooth and homogenous surface of the duplex PEO + CNT/PCL coating decreased magnesium corrosion and led to better biological functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Manufacturing and Surface Technology)

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12 pages, 2940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Bergenin on Human Gingival Fibroblast Response on Zirconia Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro Study

by John Xiong, Catherine M. Miller and Dileep Sharma

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090474 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1402

Abstract

The poor quality of life associated with the loss of teeth can be improved by the placing of dental implants. However, successful implantation relies on integration with soft tissues or peri-implant inflammatory disease that can lead to the loss of the implant. Pharmacological [...] Read more.

The poor quality of life associated with the loss of teeth can be improved by the placing of dental implants. However, successful implantation relies on integration with soft tissues or peri-implant inflammatory disease that can lead to the loss of the implant. Pharmacological agents, such as antibiotics and antiseptics, can be used as adjunct therapies to facilitate osseointegration; however, they can have a detrimental effect on cells, and resistance is an issue. Alternative treatments are needed. Hence, this study aimed to examine the safety profile of bergenin (at 2.5 μM and 5 μM), a traditional medicine, towards human gingival fibroblasts cultured on acid-etched zirconia implant surfaces. Cellular responses were analysed using SEM, resazurin assay, and scratch wound healing assay. Qualitative assessment was conducted for morphology (day 1) and attachment (early and delayed), and quantitative evaluation for proliferation (day 1, 3, 5 and 7), and migration (0 h, 6 h and 24 h). The concentrations of bergenin at 2.5 μM and 5 μM did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect with regard to any of the cellular responses (p > 0.05) tested. In conclusion, bergenin is non-cytotoxic and is potentially safe to be used as a local pharmacological agent for the management of peri-implant inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Bioengineering in Dentistry)

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20 pages, 1576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Wound Healing—An Animal Study

by Karol Kamil Kłosiński, Radosław Aleksander Wach, Weronika Kruczkowska, Łukasz Duda, Damian Kołat, Żaneta Kałuzińska-Kołat, Piotr Tomasz Arkuszewski and Zbigniew Włodzimierz Pasieka

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090473 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2299

Abstract

Hydrogels have various applications in medicine, for example, in systems for controlled drug release or as wound dressings, where they provide an appropriate environment for healing and constitute a barrier to microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of [...] Read more.

Hydrogels have various applications in medicine, for example, in systems for controlled drug release or as wound dressings, where they provide an appropriate environment for healing and constitute a barrier to microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogels in wound healing therapy in vivo using a laboratory rat model. The hydrogels were formed from aqueous solutions of a CMCS biopolymer via electron beam irradiation, with the presence of a crosslinking agent of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. A histopathological examination of injured tissue, using a model of a hard-to-heal wound, indicated that the CMCS hydrogel supported healing. The new gel dressing, being noncytotoxic, presents great potential in wound treatment, with positive effects on the amount of inflammatory infiltration, young collagen formation, and the degree of epidermalization. A key advantage of the current approach (i.e., using competitive radiation technology for synthesis) is that it includes only one step, with the product being sterilized as it is synthesized. The hydrogel effectively supports wound healing and can serve as a bio-based and biodegradable platform for other medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Skin Wound Healing)

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15 pages, 3926 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cellulose/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Composites with Antibacterial Properties for the Management of Wound Infections

by Valentina Di Matteo, Maria Francesca Di Filippo, Barbara Ballarin, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Francesca Bonvicini, Silvia Panzavolta and Maria Cristina Cassani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090472 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are [...] Read more.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are devised with excellent potential for biomedical applications. In this research, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8), a zinc-based MOF, was selected together with cellulose, an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material produced by nature, to prepare cellulose/ZIF-8 composite flat sheets via an in-situ growing single-step method in aqueous media. The composite materials were characterized by several techniques (IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, ICP, and BET) and their antibacterial activity as well as their biocompatibility in a mammalian model system were investigated. The cellulose/ZIF-8 samples remarkably inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference strains, and, notably, they proved to be effective against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa presenting different antibiotic resistance profiles. As these pathogens are of primary importance in skin diseases and in the delayed healing of wounds, and the cellulose/ZIF-8 composites met the requirements of biological safety, the herein materials reveal a great potential for use as gauze pads in the management of wound infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Evaluation and Biomedical Applications of Novel Biomimetic Systems)

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13 pages, 3048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estrogen Deficiency Impairs Osseointegration in Hypertensive Rats Even Treated with Alendronate Coated on the Implant Surface

by Gabriel Mulinari-Santos, Jaqueline Silva dos Santos, Igor Lebedenco Kitagawa, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista, Paulo Roberto Botacin, Cristina Antoniali, Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho and Roberta Okamoto

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090471 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1404

Abstract

Hypertension and estrogen deficiency can affect bone metabolism and therefore increase the risk of osseointegration. Antihypertensive drugs such as losartan not only control blood pressure but also enhance bone healing. In addition, alendronate sodium is widely used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hence, we [...] Read more.

Hypertension and estrogen deficiency can affect bone metabolism and therefore increase the risk of osseointegration. Antihypertensive drugs such as losartan not only control blood pressure but also enhance bone healing. In addition, alendronate sodium is widely used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hence, we evaluated the effect of systemic antihypertensive and local alendronate coted on implants on osseointegration under hypertensive and estrogen-deficiency conditions. A total of 64 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) treated with losartan were randomly divided according to the estrogen-deficiency induction by ovariectomy (OVX) or not (SHAM), and whether the implant surface was coated with sodium alendronate (ALE) or not, resulting in four groups: SHR SHAM, SHR SHAM ALE, SHR OVX, and SHR OVX ALE. The removal torque, microcomputed tomography, and epifluorescence microscopy were the adopted analyses. The hypertensive and estrogen-deficiency animals presented a lower removal torque even when treated with alendronate on implant surface. The microcomputed tomography revealed a higher bone volume and bone-to-implant contact in the SHRs than the SHR OVX rats. Epifluorescence showed a decreased mineral apposition ratio in the SHR OVX ALE group. The data presented indicate that estrogen deficiency impairs osseointegration in hypertensive rats; in addition, alendronate coated on the implant surface does not fully reverse this impaired condition caused by estrogen deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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15 pages, 5056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility of Ag-Montmorillonite/Chitosan Colloidal Dressing in a Skin Infection Rat Model: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

by Kaining Yang, Lei Shen, Lin Zhang, Wenxin Sun, Yuhong Zou, Yande Ren and Rongchang Zeng

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090470 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1592

Abstract

(1) Background: Traditional dressings can only superficially cover the wound, they have widespread issues with inadequate bacterial isolation and liquid absorption, and it is simple to inflict secondary wound injury when changing dressings. Therefore, it is crucial for wound healing to develop a [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Traditional dressings can only superficially cover the wound, they have widespread issues with inadequate bacterial isolation and liquid absorption, and it is simple to inflict secondary wound injury when changing dressings. Therefore, it is crucial for wound healing to develop a new kind of antimicrobial colloidal dressing with good antibacterial, hygroscopic, and biocompatible qualities. (2) Methods: Ag-montmorillonite/chitosan (Ag-MMT/CS) colloid, a new type of antibacterial material, was prepared from two eco-friendly materials—namely, montmorillonite and chitosan—as auxiliary materials, wherein these materials were mixed with the natural metal Ag, which is an antibacterial agent. The optimum preparation technology was explored, and Ag-MMT/CS was characterized. Next, Staphylococcus aureus, which is a common skin infection bacterium, was considered as the experimental strain, and the in vitro antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the Ag-MMT/CS colloid were investigated through various experiments. Subsequently, a rat skin infection model was established to explore the in vivo antibacterial effect. (3) Results: In vitro studies revealed that the Ag-MMT/CS colloid had a good antibacterial effect on S. aureus, with an inhibition zone diameter of 18 mm and an antibacterial rate of 99.18%. After co-culture with cells for 24 h and 72 h, the cell survival rates were 88% and 94%, respectively. The cells showed normal growth and proliferation, and no evident dead cells were observed under the laser confocal microscope. After applying the colloid to the rat skin infection model, the Ag-MMT/CS treatment group exhibited faster wound healing and better local exudation and absorption in the wound than the control group, suggesting that the Ag-MMT/CS colloid exhibited a better antibacterial effect on the S. aureus. (4) Conclusions: Ag⁺, chitosan, and MMT present in the Ag-MMT/CS colloid dressing exert synergistic effects, and it has good antibacterial effects, cytocompatibility, and hygroscopicity, indicating that this colloid has the potential to become a next-generation clinical antibacterial dressing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibacterial Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Implant Macro-Design, -Length, and -Diameter on Primary Implant Stability Depending on Different Bone Qualities Using Standard Drilling Protocols—An In Vitro Analysis

by Milan Stoilov, Ramin Shafaghi, Helmut Stark, Michael Marder, Dominik Kraus and Norbert Enkling

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090469 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2226

Abstract

(1) Background: Primary implant stability is vital for successful implant therapy. This study explores the influence of implant shape, length, and diameter on primary stability in different bone qualities. (2) Methods: Three implant systems (two parallel-walled and one tapered) with various lengths and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Primary implant stability is vital for successful implant therapy. This study explores the influence of implant shape, length, and diameter on primary stability in different bone qualities. (2) Methods: Three implant systems (two parallel-walled and one tapered) with various lengths and diameters were inserted into polyurethane foam blocks of different densities (35, 25, 15, and 10 PCF) using standard drilling protocols. Primary stability was assessed through insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Optimal ranges were defined for IT (25 to 50 Ncm) and RFA (ISQ 60 to 80). A comparison of implant groups was conducted to determine adherence to the optimal ranges. (3) Results: Implant macro-design, -length, and -diameter and bone block density significantly influenced IT and RFA. Optimal IT was observed in 8/40 and 9/40 groups for the parallel-walled implants, while the tapered implant achieved optimal IT in 13/40 groups (within a 25–50 Ncm range). Implant diameter strongly impacted primary stability, with sufficient stability achieved in only one-third of cases despite the tapered implant’s superiority. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to adapt the drilling protocol based on diverse bone qualities in clinical practice. Further investigations should explore the impact of these adapted protocols on implant outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Oral Implantology)

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16 pages, 6662 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ligand Composition and Coating Density Co-Modulate the Chondrocyte Function on Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate)

by Yue Qin and Rhima M. Coleman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090468 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1381

Abstract

Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal [...] Read more.

Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal for cell attachment and growth due to its relative hydrophobicity compared with natural extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, PGD was coated with various masses of collagen type I or hyaluronic acid, individually or in combination, to generate a cell–material interface with biological cues. The effects of ligand composition and density on the PGD surface properties and shape, metabolic activity, cell phenotype, and ECM production of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were evaluated. Introducing ECM ligands on PGD significantly improved its hydrophilicity and promoted the chondrocyte’s anabolic activity. The morphology and anabolic activity of hACs on PGD were co-modulated by ligand composition and density, suggesting a combinatorial effect of both coating parameters on chondrocyte function during monolayer culture. Hyaluronic acid and its combination with collagen maintained a round cell shape and redifferentiated phenotype. This study demonstrated the complex mechanism of ligand-guided interactions between cell and biomaterial substrate and the potential of PGD as a scaffold material in the field of CTE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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13 pages, 3658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Evaluation of Silver Concentrations in Hydroxyapatite Powders

by Néstor Méndez-Lozano, Miguel Apatiga-Castro, Alvaro de Jesús Ruíz-Baltazar, Miguel de la Luz-Asunción and Eduardo E. Pérez-Ramírez

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090467 - 11 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1520

Abstract

The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of the concentration of silver on the structural and antimicrobial in vitro properties of silver-doped hydroxyapatite powders obtained using the precipitation method. Different concentrations of silver were evaluated to assess the antimicrobial properties. [...] Read more.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of the concentration of silver on the structural and antimicrobial in vitro properties of silver-doped hydroxyapatite powders obtained using the precipitation method. Different concentrations of silver were evaluated to assess the antimicrobial properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the powders. XRD and FTIR showed that the hydroxyapatite structure is not affected by the incorporation of silver; on the other hand, EDS showed the presence of silver in the powders. Antibacterial studies showed the efficiency of hydroxyapatite powders in inhibiting bacterial growth as silver concentration increases. According to the results, silver-doped hydroxyapatite powders are suggested for use in the prevention and treatment of infections in bone and dental tissues. Full article

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26 pages, 3037 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeted EGFR Nanotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Andreea Crintea, Anne-Marie Constantin, Alexandru C. Motofelea, Carmen-Bianca Crivii, Maria A. Velescu, Răzvan L. Coșeriu, Tamás Ilyés, Alexandra M. Crăciun and Ciprian N. Silaghi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090466 - 9 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3570

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as an alternative treatment for NSCLC, showing that EGFR-targeted nanoparticles are efficiently taken up by NSCLC cells, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mouse models. Consequently, we suggest that targeted EGFR nanotherapy could be an innovative treatment strategy for NSCLC; however, further studies are needed to optimize the nanoparticles and evaluate their safety and efficacy in clinical settings and human trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanosciences in Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Treatment)

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17 pages, 8935 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fabrication and Optimization of 3D-Printed Silica Scaffolds for Neural Precursor Cell Cultivation

by Georgia Kastrinaki, Eleftheria-Maria Pechlivani, Ioannis Gkekas, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Evdokia Gkagkari, Spyros Petrakis and Akrivi Asimakopoulou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090465 - 9 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1846

Abstract

The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a [...] Read more.

The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a monolithic silica scaffold specifically designed for the cultivation of neural precursor cells. Initially, a preliminary investigation was conducted to identify the critical parameters pertaining to calcination. This investigation aimed to produce sturdy and uniform scaffolds with a minimal wall-thickness of 0.5 mm in order to mitigate the formation of cracks. Four cubic specimens, with different wall-thicknesses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mm, were 3D-printed and subjected to two distinct calcination profiles. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to examine the freshly printed material, revealing critical temperatures associated with increased mass loss. Isothermal steps were subsequently introduced to facilitate controlled phase transitions and reduce crack formation even at the minimum wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The optimized structure stability was obtained for the slow calcination profile (160 min) then the fast calcination profile (60 min) for temperatures up to 900 °C. In situ X-ray diffraction analysis was also employed to assess the crystal phases of the silicate based material throughout various temperature profiles up to 1200 °C, while scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe micro-scale crack formation. Then, ceramic scaffolds were 3D-printed, adopting a hexagonal and spherical channel structures with channel opening of 2 mm, and subsequently calcined using the optimized slow profile. Finally, the scaffolds were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and differentiation using neural precursor cells (NPCs). These experiments indicated proliferation of NPCs (for 13 days) and differentiation into neurons which remained viable (up to 50 days in culture). In parallel, functionality was verified by expression of pre- (SYN1) and post-synaptic (GRIP1) markers, suggesting that 3D-printed scaffolds are a promising system for biotechnological applications using NPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)

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18 pages, 10162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Filaments Based on Polyhydroxy Butyrate—Micronized Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering Applications

by Matheus F. Celestino, Lais R. Lima, Marina Fontes, Igor T. S. Batista, Daniella R. Mulinari, Alessandra Dametto, Raphael A. Rattes, André C. Amaral, Rosana M. N. Assunção, Clovis A. Ribeiro, Guillermo R. Castro and Hernane S. Barud

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090464 - 9 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. [...] Read more.

In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. Despite the varying concentrations of BC, the biocomposite filaments predominantly contained PHB functional groups, as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analyses (i.e., TG and DTG) of the filaments showed that the peak temperature (T_peak) of PHB degradation decreased as the concentration of BC increased, with the lowest being 248 °C, referring to the biocomposite filament PHB/2.0% BC, which has the highest concentration of BC. Although there was a variation in the thermal behavior of the filaments, it was not significant enough to make printing impossible, considering that the PHB melting temperature was 170 °C. Biological assays indicated the non-cytotoxicity of scaffolds and the provision of cell anchorage sites. The results obtained in this research open up new paths for the application of this innovation in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)

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15 pages, 3478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles in a Staphylococcus-aureus-Infected Galleria mellonella Model Is Tuned by Different Apple-Derived Phytocargos

by Catarina F. Santos, Suzana M. Andrade, Dalila Mil-Homens, M. Fátima Montemor and Marta M. Alves

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090463 - 8 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1596

Abstract

This research investigates pH changes during the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and emphasises its importance in their physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties. Varying the synthesis pH from 8 to 12 using “Bravo de Esmolfe” apple extracts neither affected the [...] Read more.

This research investigates pH changes during the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and emphasises its importance in their physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties. Varying the synthesis pH from 8 to 12 using “Bravo de Esmolfe” apple extracts neither affected the morphology nor crystallinity of ZnO but impacted NP phytochemical loads. This difference is because alkaline hydrolysis of phytochemicals occurred with increasing pH, resulting in BE-ZnO with distinct phytocargos. To determine the toxicity of BE-ZnO NPs, Galleria mellonella was used as an alternative to non-rodent models. These assays showed no adverse effects on larvae up to a concentration of 200 mg/kg and that NPs excess was relieved by faeces and silk fibres. This was evaluated by utilising fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to track NPs’ intrinsic fluorescence. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus was higher for BE-ZnO₁₂ than for BE-ZnO₈; however, a different trend was attained in an in vivo infection model. This result may be related to NPs’ residence in larvae haemocytes, modulated by their phytocargos. This research demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of green synthesis to modulate the biosafety and antibacterial activity of NPs in an advanced G. mellonella infection model. These findings support future strategies to overcome antimicrobial resistance by utilizing distinct phytocargos to modulate NPs’ action over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibacterial Biomaterials)

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23 pages, 5152 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research on the Current Application Status of Magnesium Metal Stents in Human Luminal Cavities

by Xiang Chen, Yan Xia, Sheng Shen, Chunyan Wang, Rui Zan, Han Yu, Shi Yang, Xiaohong Zheng, Jiankang Yang, Tao Suo, Yaqi Gu and Xiaonong Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090462 - 8 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2358

Abstract

The human body comprises various tubular structures that have essential functions in different bodily systems. These structures are responsible for transporting food, liquids, waste, and other substances throughout the body. However, factors such as inflammation, tumors, stones, infections, or the accumulation of substances [...] Read more.

The human body comprises various tubular structures that have essential functions in different bodily systems. These structures are responsible for transporting food, liquids, waste, and other substances throughout the body. However, factors such as inflammation, tumors, stones, infections, or the accumulation of substances can lead to the narrowing or blockage of these tubular structures, which can impair the normal function of the corresponding organs or tissues. To address luminal obstructions, stenting is a commonly used treatment. However, to minimize complications associated with the long-term implantation of permanent stents, there is an increasing demand for biodegradable stents (BDS). Magnesium (Mg) metal is an exceptional choice for creating BDS due to its degradability, good mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Currently, the Magmaris^® coronary stents and UNITY-B^TM biliary stent have obtained Conformité Européene (CE) certification. Moreover, there are several other types of stents undergoing research and development as well as clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the required degradation cycle and the specific properties (anti-inflammatory effect, antibacterial effect, etc.) of BDS in different lumen areas based on the biocompatibility and degradability of currently available magnesium-based scaffolds. We also offer potential insights into the future development of BDS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)

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14 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

3,4-Dihydroxiphenylacetic Acid-Based Universal Coating Technique for Magnetic Nanoparticles Stabilization for Biomedical Applications

by Alevtina Semkina, Aleksey Nikitin, Anna Ivanova, Nelly Chmelyuk, Natalia Sviridenkova, Polina Lazareva and Maxim Abakumov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090461 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1646

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxide attract researchers’ attention due to a wide range of possible applications in biomedicine. As synthesized, most of the magnetic nanoparticles do not form the stable colloidal solutions that are required for the evaluation of their interactions with [...] Read more.

Magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxide attract researchers’ attention due to a wide range of possible applications in biomedicine. As synthesized, most of the magnetic nanoparticles do not form the stable colloidal solutions that are required for the evaluation of their interactions with cells or their efficacy on animal models. For further application in biomedicine, magnetic nanoparticles must be further modified with biocompatible coating. Both the size and shape of magnetic nanoparticles and the chemical composition of the coating have an effect on magnetic nanoparticles’ interactions with living objects. Thus, a universal method for magnetic nanoparticles’ stabilization in water solutions is needed, regardless of how magnetic nanoparticles were initially synthesized. In this paper, we propose the versatile and highly reproducible ligand exchange technique of coating with 3,4-dihydroxiphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), based on the formation of Fe-O bonds with hydroxyl groups of DOPAC leading to the hydrophilization of the magnetic nanoparticles’ surfaces following phase transfer from organic solutions to water. The proposed technique allows for obtaining stable water–colloidal solutions of magnetic nanoparticles with sizes from 21 to 307 nm synthesized by thermal decomposition or coprecipitation techniques. Those stabilized by DOPAC nanoparticles were shown to be efficient in the magnetomechanical actuation of DNA duplexes, drug delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells, and targeted delivery by conjugation with antibodies. Moreover, the diversity of possible biomedical applications of the resulting nanoparticles was presented. This finding is important in terms of nanoparticle design for various biomedical applications and will reduce nanomedicines manufacturing time, along with difficulties related to comparative studies of magnetic nanoparticles with different magnetic core characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)

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23 pages, 18194 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microporous Hydroxyapatite-Based Ceramics Alter the Physiology of Endothelial Cells through Physical and Chemical Cues

by Julie Usseglio, Adeline Dumur, Esther Pagès, Émeline Renaudie, Alice Abélanet, Joël Brie, Éric Champion and Amandine Magnaudeix

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090460 - 5 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1501

Abstract

Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of [...] Read more.

Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of biomaterial surfaces is little documented, although essential. We aimed to characterize in vitro the response of an endothelial cell line, C166, cultivated on the surface CPCs varying either in terms of their chemistry (pure versus silicon-doped HA) or their microstructure (dense versus microporous). Adhesion, metabolic activity, and proliferation were significantly altered on microporous ceramics, but the secretion of the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A increased from 262 to 386 pg/mL on porous compared to dense silicon-doped HA ceramics after 168 h. A tubulogenesis assay was set up directly on the ceramics. Two configurations were designed for discriminating the influence of the chemistry from that of the surface physical properties. The formation of tubule-like structures was qualitatively more frequent on dense ceramics. Microporous ceramics induced calcium depletion in the culture medium (from 2 down to 0.5 mmol/L), which is deleterious for C166. Importantly, this effect might be associated with the in vitro static cell culture. No influence of silicon doping of HA on C166 behavior was detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development and Application of Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)

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17 pages, 5928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fibrinogen-Based Bioink for Application in Skin Equivalent 3D Bioprinting

by Aida Cavallo, Tamer Al Kayal, Angelica Mero, Andrea Mezzetta, Lorenzo Guazzelli, Giorgio Soldani and Paola Losi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090459 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as an attractive technology due to its ability to mimic native tissue architecture using different cell types and biomaterials. Nowadays, cell-laden bioink development or skin tissue equivalents are still at an early stage. The aim of the study is [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as an attractive technology due to its ability to mimic native tissue architecture using different cell types and biomaterials. Nowadays, cell-laden bioink development or skin tissue equivalents are still at an early stage. The aim of the study is to propose a bioink to be used in skin bioprinting based on a blend of fibrinogen and alginate to form a hydrogel by enzymatic polymerization with thrombin and by ionic crosslinking with divalent calcium ions. The biomaterial ink formulation, composed of 30 mg/mL of fibrinogen, 6% of alginate, and 25 mM of CaCl₂, was characterized in terms of homogeneity, rheological properties, printability, mechanical properties, degradation rate, water uptake, and biocompatibility by the indirect method using L929 mouse fibroblasts. The proposed bioink is a homogeneous blend with a shear thinning behavior, excellent printability, adequate mechanical stiffness, porosity, biodegradability, and water uptake, and it is in vitro biocompatible. The fibrinogen-based bioink was used for the 3D bioprinting of the dermal layer of the skin equivalent. Three different normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) densities were tested, and better results in terms of viability, spreading, and proliferation were obtained with 4 × 10⁶ cell/mL. The skin equivalent was bioprinted, adding human keratinocytes (HaCaT) through bioprinting on the top surface of the dermal layer. A skin equivalent stained by live/dead and histological analysis immediately after printing and at days 7 and 14 of culture showed a tissuelike structure with two distinct layers characterized by the presence of viable and proliferating cells. This bioprinted skin equivalent showed a similar native skin architecture, paving the way for its use as a skin substitute for wound healing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterials Manufacturing)

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14 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Computerized Optical Impression Making in Fabrication of Removable Dentures for Partially Edentulous Jaws: An In Vivo Feasibility Study

by Babak Saravi, Julia Ilbertz, Kirstin Vach, Ralf J. Kohal and Sebastian B. M. Patzelt

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090458 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

The use of computerized optical impression making (COIM) for the fabrication of removable dentures for partially edentulous jaws is a rising trend in dental prosthetics. However, the accuracy of this method compared with that of traditional impression-making techniques remains uncertain. We therefore decided [...] Read more.

The use of computerized optical impression making (COIM) for the fabrication of removable dentures for partially edentulous jaws is a rising trend in dental prosthetics. However, the accuracy of this method compared with that of traditional impression-making techniques remains uncertain. We therefore decided to evaluate the accuracy of COIM in the context of partially edentulous jaws in an in vivo setting. Twelve partially edentulous patients with different Kennedy classes underwent both a conventional impression (CI) and a computerized optical impression (COI) procedure. The CI was then digitized and compared with the COI data using 3D analysis software. Four different comparison situations were assessed: Whole Jaw (WJ), Mucosa with Residual Teeth (M_RT), Isolated Mucosa (IM), and Isolated Abutment Teeth (AT). Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate group differences by quantifying the deviation values between the CIs and COIs. The mean deviations between the COIs and CIs varied significantly across the different comparison situations, with mucosal areas showing higher deviations than dental hard tissue. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the maxilla and mandible. Although COIM offers a no-pressure impression method that captures surfaces without irritation, it was found to capture mucosa less accurately than dental hard tissue. This discrepancy can likely be attributed to software algorithms that automatically filter out mobile tissues. Clinically, these findings suggest that caution is required when using COIM for prosthetics involving mucosal tissues as deviations could compromise the fit and longevity of the prosthetic appliance. Further research is warranted to assess the clinical relevance of these deviations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside)

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23 pages, 7866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Biocement/Honey Composites for Bone Regenerative Medicine

by Lubomir Medvecky, Maria Giretova, Radoslava Stulajterova, Tibor Sopcak, Pavlina Jevinova and Lenka Luptakova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090457 - 4 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1599

Abstract

New biocements based on a powdered mixture of calcium phosphate/monetite (TTCPM) modified with the addition of honey were prepared by mixing the powder and honey liquid components at a non-cytotoxic concentration of honey (up to 10% (w/v)). The setting [...] Read more.

New biocements based on a powdered mixture of calcium phosphate/monetite (TTCPM) modified with the addition of honey were prepared by mixing the powder and honey liquid components at a non-cytotoxic concentration of honey (up to 10% (w/v)). The setting process of the cements was not affected by the addition of honey, and the setting time of ~4 min corresponded to the fast setting calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). The cement powder mixture was completely transformed into calcium-deficient nanohydroxyapatite after 24 h of hardening in a simulated body fluid, and the columnar growth of long, needle-like nanohydroxyapatite particles around the original calcium phosphate particles was observed in the honey cements. The compressive strength of the honey cements was reduced with the content of honey in the cement. Comparable antibacterial activities were found for the cements with honey solutions on Escherichia coli, but very low antibacterial activities were found for Staphylococcus aureus for all the cements. The enhanced antioxidant inhibitory activity of the composite extracts was verified. In vitro cytotoxicity testing verified the non-cytotoxic nature of the honey cement extracts, and the addition of honey promoted alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposit production, and the upregulation of osteogenic genes (osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteonectin) by mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrating the positive synergistic effect of honey and CPCs on the bioactivity of cements that could be promising therapeutic candidates for the repair of bone defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Biomimetic Calcium Phosphates 2.0)

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18 pages, 7902 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Manganese-Implanted Titanium Modulates the Crosstalk between Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages to Improve Osteogenesis

by Kuicai Ye, Xianming Zhang, Li Shangguan, Xingdan Liu, Xiaoshuang Nie and Yuqin Qiao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090456 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2044

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, [...] Read more.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, we utilized the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) technique to introduce Mn onto the titanium surface. The results demonstrated that Mn-implanted surfaces stimulated the shift of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and had minimal effects on the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) under mono-culture conditions. However, they promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages and improved the osteogenic activities of mBMSCs under co-culture conditions, indicating the importance of the crosstalk between mBMSCs and macrophages mediated by Mn in osteogenic activities. This study provides a positive incentive for the application of Mn in the field of osteoimmunology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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36 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials for Application in Wound Management

by Sabrina Prete, Marco Dattilo, Francesco Patitucci, Giuseppe Pezzi, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi and Francesco Puoci

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090455 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5665

Abstract

Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and [...] Read more.

Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and mediators such as cytokines, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The combination of biopolymers with wound healing properties may provide opportunities to synthesize matrices that stimulate and trigger target cell responses crucial to the healing process. This review outlines the optimal management and care required for wound treatment with a special focus on biopolymers, drug-delivery systems, and nanotechnologies used for enhanced wound healing applications. Researchers have utilized a range of techniques to produce wound dressings, leading to products with different characteristics. Each method comes with its unique strengths and limitations, which are important to consider. The future trajectory in wound dressing advancement should prioritize economical and eco-friendly methodologies, along with improving the efficacy of constituent materials. The aim of this work is to give researchers the possibility to evaluate the proper materials for wound dressing preparation and to better understand the optimal synthesis conditions as well as the most effective bioactive molecules to load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Reviews in Biomaterials: Development, Applications and Challenges)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 14, Issue 9 (September 2023) – 49 articles

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