Journal of Functional Biomaterials

14 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanical Properties Using Bone Surface Curvature Distributions

by Pengwei Xiao, Caroline Schilling and Xiaodu Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080239 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Understanding bone surface curvatures is crucial for the advancement of bone material design, as these curvatures play a significant role in the mechanical behavior and functionality of bone structures. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to characterize [...] Read more.

Understanding bone surface curvatures is crucial for the advancement of bone material design, as these curvatures play a significant role in the mechanical behavior and functionality of bone structures. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to characterize bone geometry and have been proposed as key parameters for biomimetic microstructure design and optimization. However, understanding of how bone surface curvature distributions correlate with bone microstructure and mechanical properties remains limited. This study hypothesized that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to predict the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of trabecular bone. To test the hypothesis, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was trained and validated to predict the histomorphometric parameters (e.g., BV/TV, BS, Tb.Th, DA, Conn.D, and SMI), geometric parameters (e.g., plate area PA, plate thickness PT, rod length RL, rod diameter RD, plate-to-plate nearest neighbor distance NND_PP, rod-to-rod nearest neighbor distance NND_RR, plate number PN, and rod number RN), as well as the apparent stiffness tensor of trabecular bone using various bone surface curvature distributions, including maximum principal curvature distribution, minimum principal curvature distribution, Gaussian curvature distribution, and mean curvature distribution. The results showed that the surface curvature distribution-based deep learning model achieved high fidelity in predicting the major histomorphometric parameters and geometric parameters as well as the stiffness tenor of trabecular bone, thus supporting the hypothesis of this study. The findings of this study underscore the importance of incorporating bone surface curvature analysis in the design of synthetic bone materials and implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaffolds and Implants for Bone Regeneration)

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18 pages, 6689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis of Stress Shielding Effects in Screw Spacers Placed in Porcine Spinal Tissue

by Elliot Alonso Alcántara-Arreola, Karla Nayeli Silva-Garcés, Jocabed Mendoza-Martínez, Miguel Antonio Cardoso-Palomares and Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080238 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 591

Abstract

Bone cortical tissues reorganize and remodel in response to tensile forces acting on them, while compressive forces cause atrophy. However, implants support most of the payload. Bones do not regenerate, and stress shielding occurs. The aim is to analyze the biomechanical behavior of [...] Read more.

Bone cortical tissues reorganize and remodel in response to tensile forces acting on them, while compressive forces cause atrophy. However, implants support most of the payload. Bones do not regenerate, and stress shielding occurs. The aim is to analyze the biomechanical behavior of a lumbar cage to study the implant’s stress shielding. The ASTM E-9 standard was used with the necessary adjustments to perform compression tests on lumbar and thoracic porcine spinal vertebrae. Twelve cases were analyzed: six with the metal prosthesis and six with the PEEK implant. A mathematical model based on the Hertz contact theory is proposed to assess the stress shielding for endoprosthesis used in spine pathologies. The lumbar spacer (screw) helps to reduce the stress shielding effect due to the ACME thread. The best interspinous spacer is the PEEK screw. It does not embed in bone. The deformation capability increases by 11.5% and supports 78.6 kg more than a system without any interspinous spacer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Biomechanics Studies in Tissue Engineering)

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12 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Changes (ΔT) in Correlation with Number of Implant Osteotomy Preparations in Human Cadaver Tibiae, Comparing Osseodensification (OD) Burs in Clockwise (CW) versus Counterclockwise (CCW) Mode

by Nikolaos Soldatos, Amanda Heydari, LeRoy Horton, Shayda Sarrami, Luke Nordlie, Dongseok Choi and Robin Weltman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080237 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

(1) Background: OD burs are used in two different modes: (i) CW and (ii) CCW. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ΔT during the preparation of implant osteotomies in a four-way interaction. (2) Methods: Three hundred and sixty osteotomies [...] Read more.

(1) Background: OD burs are used in two different modes: (i) CW and (ii) CCW. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ΔT during the preparation of implant osteotomies in a four-way interaction. (2) Methods: Three hundred and sixty osteotomies were prepared at 12 mm depth in human cadaver tibiae. The ΔT values were calculated similarly to the method used in two previous studies carried out by our group. Four different variables were evaluated for their effect on ΔT. (3) Results: A four-way interaction was observed in the CCW mode, allowing for 1000 RPM to have the least effect in both modes. However, in the CCW mode the use of 3.0 and 4.0 burs after 23 osteotomies showed a statistically significant increase in ΔT, and significant chatter, compared to the CW mode. In the CCW mode, the ΔT was increased significantly as the diameter of the burs increased in 800 and 1200 RPM. (4) Conclusions: The synergistic effect of drills’ diameter, CCW mode, 800 and 1200 RPM, and bur usage (over 23 times) had a significant effect on ΔT, which exceeded 47 °C. One thousand (1000) RPM had the least effect in both modes. The 3.0 and 4.0 burs in the CCW mode drastically increased the temperature and produced significant chatter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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23 pages, 11069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan-Stabilized Selenium Nanoparticles Alleviate High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) by Modulating the Gut Barrier Function and Microbiota

by Yuhang Luo, Shujiang Peng, Jintao Cheng, Hongli Yang, Lin Lin, Guiling Yang, Yuanxiang Jin, Qingchi Wang and Zhengshun Wen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080236 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Low molecular weight chitosan selenium nanoparticles (LCS-SeNPs), a biologically active compound derived from selenium polysaccharides, have demonstrated potential in addressing obesity. However, the mechanism through which LCS-SeNPs alleviate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. Our results elucidated that LCS-SeNPs [...] Read more.

Low molecular weight chitosan selenium nanoparticles (LCS-SeNPs), a biologically active compound derived from selenium polysaccharides, have demonstrated potential in addressing obesity. However, the mechanism through which LCS-SeNPs alleviate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. Our results elucidated that LCS-SeNPs significantly inhibited fat accumulation and markedly improved the intestinal barrier by increasing mucus secretion from goblet cells. Moreover, LCS-SeNPs reshaped intestinal flora composition by increasing the abundance of mucus-associated microbiota (Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Muribaculaceae_unclassified) and decreasing the abundance of obesity-contributed bacterium (Anaerotruncus, Lachnoclostridium, and Proteus). The modulation of intestinal microbiota by LCS-SeNPs influenced several metabolic pathways, including bile acid secretion, purine metabolites, and tryptophan derivation. Meanwhile, glycocholic acid and tauro-beta-muricholic acid were significantly reduced in the LCS-SeNP group. Our study suggests the crucial role of intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism, providing a new theoretical foundation for utilizing selenium polysaccharides in the intervention of HFD-induced NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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13 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lymphatic Regeneration after Popliteal Lymph Node Excision and Implantation of Aligned Nanofibrillar Collagen Scaffolds: An Experimental Rabbit Model

by José Luis Campos, Gemma Pons, Ali M. Al-Sakkaf, Irene Laura Lusetti, Laura Pires, Francisco Javier Vela, Elena Ramos, Verónica Crisóstomo, Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo, Elena Abellán and Jaume Masiá

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080235 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 837

Abstract

Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted [...] Read more.

Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridge^TM) following the induction of secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Thirty rabbits were divided into treatment (G1), prevention (G2), and control (G3) groups. Secondary lymphedema was induced in all groups. BioBridge^TM implantation was performed in G2 and G1 on days 0 and 60, respectively. Follow-ups included hindlimb circumference measurements and indocyanine green lymphography at 0, 60, and 90 days. None of the study rabbits exhibited dermal backflow on day 0 before surgery. At 60 days, the incidence rates of dermal backflow in G1, G2, and G3 were 100%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, at 90 days, the incidence rates were 22.2%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. New linear lymphatic observation was seen in rabbits with resolved dermal backflow. The findings of this study demonstrated the capacity of BioBridge^TM scaffolds to induce new lymphatic vessel formation and reduce dermal backflow in secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 8184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Assessment of Denture Polymers Processing Technologies

by Cristina Modiga, Andreea Stoia, Marius Traian Leretter, Ana Codruţa Chiş, Andreea-Violeta Ardelean, Edward-Ronald Azar, Gabriel Kapor, Daniela-Maria Pop, Mihai Romînu, Cosmin Sinescu, Meda-Lavinia Negruţiu and Emanuela-Lidia Petrescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080234 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1045

Abstract

Background: Removable prostheses have seen a fundamental change recently because of advances in polymer materials, allowing improved durability and performance. Despite these advancements, notable differences still occur amongst various polymer materials and processing technologies, requiring a thorough grasp of their mechanical, physical, and [...] Read more.

Background: Removable prostheses have seen a fundamental change recently because of advances in polymer materials, allowing improved durability and performance. Despite these advancements, notable differences still occur amongst various polymer materials and processing technologies, requiring a thorough grasp of their mechanical, physical, and therapeutic implications. The compressive strength of dentures manufactured using various technologies will be investigated. Methods: Traditional, injection molding, and additive and subtractive CAD/CAM processing techniques, all utilizing Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the main material, were used to construct complete dentures. The specimens underwent a compressive mechanical test, which reveals the differences in compressive strength. Results: All the specimens broke under the influence of a certain force, rather than yielding through flow, as is characteristic for plastic materials. For each specimen, the maximum force (N) was recorded, as well as the breaking energy. The mean force required to break the dentures for each processing technology is as follows: 4.54 kN for traditional packing-press technique, 17.92 kN for the injection molding technique, 1.51 kN for the additive CAD/CAM dentures, and 5.9 kN for the subtractive CAD/CAM dentures. Conclusions: The best results were obtained in the case of the thermoplastic injection system and the worst results were recorded in the case of 3D printed samples. Another important aspect depicted is the standard deviation for each group, which reveal a relatively unstable property for the thermoplastic injected dentures. Good results here in terms of absolute property and stability of the property can be conferred to CAD/CAM milled group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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22 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomaterial Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

by Huanhuan Chen, Guangying Song, Tianmin Xu, Chenda Meng, Yunfan Zhang, Tianyi Xin, Tingting Yu, Yifan Lin and Bing Han

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080233 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2277

Abstract

Advanced periodontitis poses a significant threat to oral health, causing extensive damage and loss of both hard and soft periodontal tissues. While traditional therapies such as scaling and root planing can effectively halt the disease’s progression, they often fail to fully restore the [...] Read more.

Advanced periodontitis poses a significant threat to oral health, causing extensive damage and loss of both hard and soft periodontal tissues. While traditional therapies such as scaling and root planing can effectively halt the disease’s progression, they often fail to fully restore the original architecture and function of periodontal tissues due to the limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. To address this challenge, periodontal tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach. This technology centers on the utilization of biomaterial scaffolds, which function as three-dimensional (3D) templates or frameworks, supporting and guiding the regeneration of periodontal tissues, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingival tissue. These scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native periodontal tissues, aiming to foster cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, the formation of new, functional periodontal structures. Despite the inherent challenges associated with preclinical testing, the intensification of research on biomaterial scaffolds, coupled with the continuous advancement of fabrication technology, leads us to anticipate a significant expansion in their application for periodontal tissue regeneration. This review comprehensively covers the recent advancements in biomaterial scaffolds engineered specifically for periodontal tissue regeneration, aiming to provide insights into the current state of the field and potential directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaffold for Tissue Engineering)

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13 pages, 8233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surgery Combined with Local Implantation of Doxorubicin-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite Halts Tumor Growth and Prevents Bone Destruction in an Aggressive Osteosarcoma

by Yang Liu, Tova Corbascio, Jintian Huang, Jacob Engellau, Lars Lidgren, Magnus Tägil and Deepak Bushan Raina

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080232 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 777

Abstract

Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based local drug delivery platform for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), a cornerstone drug in osteosarcoma treatment. The efficacy of the developed drug delivery system was evaluated in an orthotopic human osteosarcoma xenograft in the proximal tibia of mice. After tumor development, the tumor was surgically resected and the void filled with the following: (1) No treatment (G1); (2) nHA only (G2); (3) DOX-loaded nHA (G3). In-vivo tumor response was assessed by evaluating the tumor-induced osteolysis at 2 weeks using micro-CT followed by in-vivo PET-CT at 3 weeks and ex-vivo micro-CT and histology. Micro-CT imaging revealed complete destruction of the tibial metaphysis in groups G1 and G2, while the metaphysis was protected from osteolysis in G3. PET-CT imaging using ¹⁸F-FDG revealed high metabolic activity in the tumors in G1 and G2, which was significantly reduced in G3. Using histology, we were able to verify that local DOX delivery reduced the bone destruction and the tumor burden compared with G1 and G2. No off-target toxicity in the vital organs could be observed in any of the treatment groups histologically. This study describes a novel local drug adjuvant delivery approach that could potentially improve the prognosis for patients responding poorly to the current osteosarcoma treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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11 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of the Cytocompatibility of Endodontic Bioceramics in Human Periodontal-Ligament-Derived Cells

by Asuka Aka, Takashi Matsuura and Atsutoshi Yoshimura

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080231 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 737

Abstract

The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of F and BG on cytocompatibility. Discs of endodontic bioceramics (diameter = 8 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were prepared with HP, F, and BG. hPDLCs obtained from extracted teeth and cultured for three to five passages were used in the experiment. The prepared discs were placed at the bottom of a 48-well plate, seeded with hPDLCs at 100,000 cells/well, cultured for 7 or 28 days, and subjected to a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. hPDLCs cultured without any discs were used as a negative control (NC) group. Discs made of F or BG mixed in three different consistencies were also used in this experiment. The absorbance values at days 7 and 28 were high in the order of HP > NC > BG > F. Furthermore, F or BG with higher consistency showed higher absorbance values. MTA Repair HP had the highest cytocompatibility among the three materials. Furthermore, it also showed that higher consistency improved cytocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 3519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Proliferation, Chondrogenic Differentiation, and Cartilaginous Tissue Formation in Recombinant Silk Fibroin with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Binding Peptide

by Manabu Yamada, Arata Nakajima, Kayo Sakurai, Yasushi Tamada and Koichi Nakagawa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080230 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 944

Abstract

Regeneration of articular cartilage remains a challenge for patients who have undergone cartilage injury, osteochondritis dissecans and osteoarthritis. Here, we describe a new recombinant silk fibroin with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding peptide, which has a genetically introduced sequence PLLQATLGGGS, named P7. [...] Read more.

Regeneration of articular cartilage remains a challenge for patients who have undergone cartilage injury, osteochondritis dissecans and osteoarthritis. Here, we describe a new recombinant silk fibroin with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding peptide, which has a genetically introduced sequence PLLQATLGGGS, named P7. In this study, we cultured a human mesenchymal cell line derived from bone marrow, UE6E7-16, in wild-type fibroin sponge (FS) and recombinant silk fibroin sponge with P7 peptide (P7 FS). We compared cell proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation and cartilaginous tissue formation between the two types of sponge. After stimulation with bFGF at 3 ng/mL, P7 FS showed significantly higher cell growth (1.2-fold) and higher cellular DNA content (5.6-fold) than did wild-type FS. To promote chondrogenic differentiation, cells were cultured in the presence of TGF-β at 10 ng/mL for 28 days. Immunostaining of P7 FS showed SOX9-positive cells comparable to wild-type FS. Alcian-Blue staining of P7 FS also showed cartilaginous tissue formation equivalent to wild-type FS. A significant increase in cell proliferation in P7 FS implies future clinical application of this transgenic fibroin for regeneration of articular cartilage. To produce cartilaginous tissue efficiently, transgenic fibroin sponges and culture conditions must be improved. Such changes should include the selection of growth factors involved in chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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25 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mannan-Decorated Lipid Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle Vaccine Increased the Antitumor Immune Response by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment

by Liusheng Wu, Lei Yang, Xinye Qian, Wang Hu, Shuang Wang and Jun Yan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080229 - 16 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

With the rapid development of tumor immunotherapy, nanoparticle vaccines have attracted much attention as potential therapeutic strategies. A systematic review and analysis must be carried out to investigate the effect of mannose modification on the immune response to nanoparticles in regulating the tumor [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of tumor immunotherapy, nanoparticle vaccines have attracted much attention as potential therapeutic strategies. A systematic review and analysis must be carried out to investigate the effect of mannose modification on the immune response to nanoparticles in regulating the tumor microenvironment, as well as to explore its potential clinical application in tumor therapy. Despite the potential advantages of nanoparticle vaccines in immunotherapy, achieving an effective immune response in the tumor microenvironment remains a challenge. Tumor immune escape and the overexpression of immunosuppressive factors limit its clinical application. Therefore, our review explored how to intervene in the immunosuppressive mechanism in the tumor microenvironment through the use of mannan-decorated lipid calcium phosphate nanoparticle vaccines to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with tumors and to provide new ideas and strategies for the field of tumor therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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12 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Optical Properties and Fracture Loads of Multilayer Monolithic Zirconia Crowns with Different Yttria Levels

by Chien-Ming Kang, Tzu-Yu Peng, Yan-An Wu, Chi-Fei Hsieh, Miao-Ching Chi, Hsuan-Yu Wu and Zih-Chan Lin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080228 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Multilayer monolithic zirconia, which incorporates polychromatic layers that mimic natural tooth gradients, offers enhanced aesthetics and functionality while reducing debonding risks and improving fabrication efficiency. However, uncertainties remain regarding the fracture characteristics of multilayer monolithic zirconia crowns under occlusal loading, whether composed of [...] Read more.

Multilayer monolithic zirconia, which incorporates polychromatic layers that mimic natural tooth gradients, offers enhanced aesthetics and functionality while reducing debonding risks and improving fabrication efficiency. However, uncertainties remain regarding the fracture characteristics of multilayer monolithic zirconia crowns under occlusal loading, whether composed of uniform or combined yttria levels. The current study investigated how variations in yttria levels and thicknesses affected the optical properties and fracture loads of multilayer monolithic zirconia. Samples of multilayer monolithic zirconia in the Vita A1 shade were used, while employing 3Y (SZ) and 4Y + 5Y (AZ) yttria levels. The optical properties, including the color difference (ΔE_WS) and translucency parameters (TP₀₀), were measured using a digital colorimeter. The fracture loads were analyzed using a universal testing machine, and fractured surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope. Statistical analyses assessed the impacts of the yttria levels and sample thicknesses on the optical properties. The ΔE_WS values of SZ ranged 3.6 to 4.0, while for AZ, ΔE_WS at 0.5 mm was 3.9 and <2.6 for other thicknesses. The TP₀₀ values decreased with an increased thickness, with AZ generally exhibiting greater translucency than SZ. In the fracture load investigations, SZ (>1600 N) generally exceeded AZ (>1260 N), with fracture loads notably increasing with thickness, particularly for premolars (SZ > 3270 N, AZ > 2257 N). SZ predominantly exhibited partial and complete fractures, whereas AZ showed fewer non-fracture categorizations. Complete fractures began with dense, irregular cracks that extended outward to reveal smooth surfaces, while premolars subjected to higher loads exhibited concentric ripple-like structures. Partial fractures revealed radial textures indicative of areas of stress concentration. In summary, higher yttria levels were correlated with increased translucency, while variations in the fracture loads primarily stemmed from differences in the tooth position or thickness. Overall, multilayer monolithic zirconia incorporating combined yttria levels of 4Y + 5Y (AZ) offered high translucency, precise color matching, and substantial fracture resistance, rendering it highly suitable for aesthetic and functional dental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)

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34 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review

by Katja Vasić, Željko Knez and Maja Leitgeb

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080227 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages [...] Read more.

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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27 pages, 3770 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancements in Nanoporous Materials for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics

by Nargish Parvin, Vineet Kumar, Tapas Kumar Mandal and Sang Woo Joo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080226 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1243

Abstract

This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of [...] Read more.

This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of biomedical applications. This review begins by providing an overview of the various types of nanoporous materials, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, and nanoporous gold. The synthesis method for each material, their current research trends, and prospects are discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review delves into the functionalization and surface modification techniques employed to tailor nanoporous materials for specific biomedical imaging applications. This section covers chemical functionalization, bioconjugation strategies, and surface coating and encapsulation methods. Additionally, this review examines the diverse biomedical imaging techniques enabled by nanoporous materials, such as fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging. The mechanisms underlying these imaging techniques, their diagnostic applications, and their efficacy in clinical settings are thoroughly explored. Through an extensive analysis of recent research findings and emerging trends, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanoporous materials in advancing biomedical imaging and diagnostics. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches, innovative synthesis techniques, and functionalization strategies offers promising avenues for the development of next-generation imaging agents and diagnostic tools with enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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25 pages, 5051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanomaterials in Immunology: Bridging Innovative Approaches in Immune Modulation, Diagnostics, and Therapy

by George-Alexandru Croitoru, Diana-Cristina Pîrvulescu, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Dragoș Epistatu, Marius Rădulescu, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu and Carmen-Larisa Nicolae

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080225 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3330

Abstract

The intersection of immunology and nanotechnology has provided significant advancements in biomedical research and clinical applications over the years. Immunology aims to understand the immune system’s defense mechanisms against pathogens. Nanotechnology has demonstrated its potential to manipulate immune responses, as nanomaterials’ properties can [...] Read more.

The intersection of immunology and nanotechnology has provided significant advancements in biomedical research and clinical applications over the years. Immunology aims to understand the immune system’s defense mechanisms against pathogens. Nanotechnology has demonstrated its potential to manipulate immune responses, as nanomaterials’ properties can be modified for the desired application. Research has shown that nanomaterials can be applied in diagnostics, therapy, and vaccine development. In diagnostics, nanomaterials can be used for biosensor development, accurately detecting biomarkers even at very low concentrations. Therapeutically, nanomaterials can act as efficient carriers for delivering drugs, antigens, or genetic material directly to targeted cells or tissues. This targeted delivery improves therapeutic efficacy and reduces the adverse effects on healthy cells and tissues. In vaccine development, nanoparticles can improve vaccine durability and extend immune responses by effectively delivering adjuvants and antigens to immune cells. Despite these advancements, challenges regarding the safety, biocompatibility, and scalability of nanomaterials for clinical applications are still present. This review will cover the fundamental interactions between nanomaterials and the immune system, their potential applications in immunology, and their safety and biocompatibility concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Materials for Drug Targeting, Drug Delivery and Cell Therapy)

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13 pages, 6837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cationic Serine-Based Gemini Surfactant:Monoolein Aggregates as Viable and Efficacious Agents for DNA Complexation and Compaction: A Cytotoxicity and Physicochemical Assessment

by Isabel S. Oliveira, Sandra G. Silva, Andreia C. Gomes, M. Elisabete C. D. Real Oliveira, M. Luísa C. do Vale and Eduardo F. Marques

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080224 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

Cationic gemini surfactants have emerged as potential gene delivery agents as they can co-assemble with DNA due to a strong electrostatic association. Commonly, DNA complexation is enhanced by the inclusion of a helper lipid (HL), which also plays a key role in transfection [...] Read more.

Cationic gemini surfactants have emerged as potential gene delivery agents as they can co-assemble with DNA due to a strong electrostatic association. Commonly, DNA complexation is enhanced by the inclusion of a helper lipid (HL), which also plays a key role in transfection efficiency. The formation of lipoplexes, used as non-viral vectors for transfection, through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is affected by various physicochemical parameters, such as cationic surfactant:HL molar ratio, (+/−) charge ratio, and the morphological structure of the lipoplexes. Herein, we investigated the DNA complexation ability of mixtures of serine-based gemini surfactants, (nSer)₂N5, and monoolein (MO) as a helper lipid. The micelle-forming serine surfactants contain long lipophilic chains (12 to 18 C atoms) and a five CH₂ spacer, both linked to the nitrogen atoms of the serine residues by amine linkages. The (nSer)₂N5:MO aggregates are non-cytotoxic up to 35–90 µM, depending on surfactant and surfactant/MO mixing ratio, and in general, higher MO content and longer surfactant chain length tend to promote higher cell viability. All systems efficaciously complex DNA, but the (18Ser)₂N5:MO one clearly stands as the best-performing one. Incorporating MO into the serine surfactant system affects the morphology and size distribution of the formed mixed aggregates. In the low concentration regime, gemini–MO systems aggregate in the form of vesicles, while at high concentrations the formation of a lamellar liquid crystalline phase is observed. This suggests that lipoplexes might share a similar bilayer-based structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liposomal Nanomedicine: Applications for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy)

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16 pages, 5088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Zirconium Nitride Multilayer Coatings: Crystallinity, In Vitro Oxidation Behaviour and Tribological Properties Deposited via Sputtering and Arc Deposition

by Julius C. Dohm, Susann Schmidt, Ana Laura Puente Reyna, Berna Richter, Antonio Santana and Thomas M. Grupp

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080223 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 829

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate and compare the properties of a biomedical clinically established zirconium nitride (ZrN) multilayer coating prepared using two different techniques: pulsed magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc deposition. The investigation focuses on the crystalline structure, grain size, in-vitro oxidation behaviour [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate and compare the properties of a biomedical clinically established zirconium nitride (ZrN) multilayer coating prepared using two different techniques: pulsed magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc deposition. The investigation focuses on the crystalline structure, grain size, in-vitro oxidation behaviour and tribological performance of these two coating techniques. Experimental findings demonstrate that the sputter deposition process resulted in a distinct crystalline structure and smaller grain size compared to the arc deposition process. Furthermore, in vitro oxidation caused oxygen to penetrate the surface of the sputtered ZrN top layer to a depth of 700 nm compared to 280 nm in the case of the arc-deposited coating. Finally, tribological testing revealed the improved wear rate of the ZrN multilayer coating applied by sputter deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)

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15 pages, 9246 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fibronectin Functionalization: A Way to Enhance Dynamic Cell Culture on Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

by Bianca Zumbo, Benedetta Guagnini, Barbara Medagli, Davide Porrelli and Gianluca Turco

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080222 - 10 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1401

Abstract

Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide [...] Read more.

Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide structural support and mimic the natural bone microenvironment. Following an already published protocol, a 3D porous structure consisting of alginate and hydroxyapatite was prepared after a gelation step and a freezing-drying step. Despite the frequent use of alginate in tissue regeneration, the biological inertness of this polysaccharide hampers proper cell colonization and proliferation. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to enhance the biological properties by promoting the interaction and adhesion between cells and biomaterial with the use of Fibronectin. This extracellular matrix protein was physically adsorbed on the scaffold, and its presence was evaluated with environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM) and the Micro-Bicinchoninic Acid (μBCA) protein assay. The MG-63 cell line was used for both static and dynamic (i.e., in bioreactor) 3D cell culturing on the scaffolds. The use of the bioreactor allowed for a better exchange of nutrients and oxygen and a better removal of cell catabolites from the inner portion of the construct, mimicking the physiological environment. The functionalized scaffolds showed an improvement in cell proliferation and colonization compared to non-functionalized ones; the effect of the addition of Fibronectin was more evident in the dynamic culturing conditions, where the cells clearly adhered on the surface of functionalized scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)

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16 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: An In-Depth Analysis

by Florin Nicolae Blaga, Alexandru Stefan Nutiu, Alex Octavian Lupsa, Nicu Adrian Ghiurau, Silviu Valentin Vlad and Timea Claudia Ghitea

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080221 - 9 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in all medical fields is currently gaining popularity (1). PRP is a biological product that can be defined as a segment of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with a platelet concentration level above the baseline (2). [...] Read more.

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in all medical fields is currently gaining popularity (1). PRP is a biological product that can be defined as a segment of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with a platelet concentration level above the baseline (2). The fact that it has uses in tissue regeneration and wound healing has caught the eye of orthopedic surgeons as well, as intra-articular treatments have continued to evolve. Its benefits in the treatment of different osteoarticular pathologies are of great interest in the evolving orthopedic community, targeting mostly knee osteoarthritis, meniscus and ligament injuries (3). The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the current uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pathology and to provide clinical feedback on its uses in the fields of orthopedic and sports medicine practice (4). We proceeded in studying 180 titles and abstracts eligible for inclusion. Compared to alternative treatments, PRP injections greatly improve the function of the knee joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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20 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomaterials Designed to Modulate Reactive Oxygen Species for Enhanced Bone Regeneration in Diabetic Conditions

by Mingshan Li, Zhihe Zhao and Jianru Yi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080220 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by enduring hyperglycemia, precipitates oxidative stress, engendering a spectrum of complications, notably increased bone vulnerability. The genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, instigates oxidative detriment and impairs bone metabolism in diabetic conditions. This review delves [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by enduring hyperglycemia, precipitates oxidative stress, engendering a spectrum of complications, notably increased bone vulnerability. The genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, instigates oxidative detriment and impairs bone metabolism in diabetic conditions. This review delves into the mechanisms of ROS generation and its impact on bone homeostasis within the context of diabetes. Furthermore, the review summarizes the cutting-edge progress in the development of ROS-neutralizing biomaterials tailored for the amelioration of diabetic osteopathy. These biomaterials are engineered to modulate ROS dynamics, thereby mitigating inflammatory responses and facilitating bone repair. Additionally, the challenges and therapeutic prospects of ROS-targeted biomaterials in clinical application of diabetic bone disease treatment is addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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38 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Cuttlefish-Bone-Derived Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine, Dentistry, and Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review

by Rihab Adel Al-Rawe, Hasan M. AL-Rammahi, Arief Cahyanto, Azman Ma’amor, Yih Miin Liew, Prema Sukumaran and Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080219 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1953

Abstract

Background: Marine ecosystems, covering 70% of Earth’s surface, hold immense biodiversity and potential for biomaterials. Cuttlefish bone (CB) and marine resources have gained attention as eco-friendly biomaterials. Objectives: We aim to comprehensively study biomedical applications of CB-derived materials. By evaluating both in vivo [...] Read more.

Background: Marine ecosystems, covering 70% of Earth’s surface, hold immense biodiversity and potential for biomaterials. Cuttlefish bone (CB) and marine resources have gained attention as eco-friendly biomaterials. Objectives: We aim to comprehensively study biomedical applications of CB-derived materials. By evaluating both in vivo and in vitro investigations, the review seeks to uncover the diverse potential of CB in the biomedical field. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases yielded 51 articles from 2408 studies. These studies encompassed in vivo animal studies and in vitro investigations. Results: In vivo studies employed for bone repair, dorsal subcutaneous defects, thermal wound healing, muscle injections, and avian blood testing. In vitro studies focused on HAp synthesis, scaffold development, dental material enhancement, and antimicrobial properties. Risk of bias assessments revealed varying degrees of methodological quality in both animal and in vitro studies, underscoring the need for standardised reporting and rigorous study design in future research. Conclusions: This review fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the applications of CB-derived materials in the biomedical field. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in sustainable and effective biomaterials for diverse medical purposes, advancing the fields of regenerative medicine and dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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3 pages, 169 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Innovative Biomaterials: The Cornerstone of Next-Generation Medical Solutions

by Cristian Scheau, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu and Constantin Caruntu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080218 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1207

Abstract

Over the past decade, 3D printing has gained traction in the medical field, and research has started to concentrate on discovering and developing new printing techniques and novel materials usable in this complex field [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)

20 pages, 8416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Biocompatibility Assessment of Bioengineered PLA-Hydrogel Core–Shell Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bone Regeneration

by Federica Re, Luciana Sartore, Chiara Pasini, Matteo Ferroni, Elisa Borsani, Stefano Pandini, Andrea Bianchetti, Camillo Almici, Lorena Giugno, Roberto Bresciani, Silvia Mutti, Federica Trenta, Simona Bernardi, Mirko Farina and Domenico Russo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080217 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 3172

Abstract

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their [...] Read more.

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their biocompatibility and remarkable capacity to promote and support bone regeneration and mineralization. The scaffolds were prepared by grafting three different amounts of gelatin–chitosan (CH) hydrogel into a 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) core (PLA-CH), and the mechanical and degradation properties were analyzed. The BM-hMSCs were cultured in the scaffolds with the presence of growth medium (GM) or osteogenic medium (OM) with differentiation stimuli in combination with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human platelet lysate (hPL). The primary objective was to determine the viability, proliferation, morphology, and spreading capacity of BM-hMSCs within the scaffolds, thereby confirming their biocompatibility. Secondly, the BM-hMSCs were shown to differentiate into osteoblasts and to facilitate scaffold mineralization. This was evinced by a positive Von Kossa result, the modulation of differentiation markers (osteocalcin and osteopontin), an expression of a marker of extracellular matrix remodeling (bone morphogenetic protein-2), and collagen I. The results of the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) clearly demonstrate the presence of calcium and phosphorus in the samples that were incubated in OM, in the presence of FBS and hPL, but not in GM. The chemical distribution maps of calcium and phosphorus indicate that these elements are co-localized in the same areas of the sections, demonstrating the formation of hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, our findings show that the combination of BM-hMSCs and PLA-CH, regardless of the amount of hydrogel content, in the presence of differentiation stimuli, can provide a construct with enhanced osteogenicity for clinically relevant bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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21 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Bioactive Strontium Compounds in Dentistry

by Mohamed Mahmoud Abdalla, Osama Sayed, Christie Ying Kei Lung, Vidhyashree Rajasekar and Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080216 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Divalent cations have captured the interest of researchers in biomedical and dental fields due to their beneficial effects on bone formation. These metallic elements are similar to trace elements found in human bone. Strontium is a divalent cation commonly found in various biomaterials. [...] Read more.

Divalent cations have captured the interest of researchers in biomedical and dental fields due to their beneficial effects on bone formation. These metallic elements are similar to trace elements found in human bone. Strontium is a divalent cation commonly found in various biomaterials. Since strontium has a radius similar to calcium, it has been used to replace calcium in many calcium-containing biomaterials. Strontium has the ability to inhibit bone resorption and increase bone deposition, making it useful in the treatment of osteoporosis. Strontium has also been used as a radiopacifier in dentistry and has been incorporated into a variety of dental materials to improve their radiopacity. Furthermore, strontium has been shown to improve the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of dental materials, promote enamel remineralization, alleviate dentin hypersensitivity, and enhance dentin regeneration. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of the applications of strontium in dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)

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13 pages, 12353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteogenic Protection against Fine Dust with Erucic Acid-Induced Exosomes

by Hyunjung Kim and Boyong Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080215 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1253

Abstract

Fine dust causes various disorders, including cardiovascular, neurological, renal, reproductive, motor, systemic, respiratory, and cancerous diseases. Therefore, it is essential to study functional materials to prevent these issues. This study investigated the beneficial effects of erucic acid against fine dust using methods such [...] Read more.

Fine dust causes various disorders, including cardiovascular, neurological, renal, reproductive, motor, systemic, respiratory, and cancerous diseases. Therefore, it is essential to study functional materials to prevent these issues. This study investigated the beneficial effects of erucic acid against fine dust using methods such as miRNA profiling, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, ELISA, and Alizarin O staining. Erucic acid effectively suppresses inflammation and upregulates osteogenic activators in fibroblasts exposed to fine dust. Additionally, erucic acid-induced exosomes (EIEs) strongly counteract the negative effects of fine dust on osteocytic differentiation and inflammation. Despite fine dust exposure, EIEs promoted osteocytic differentiation in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and enhanced osteogenesis and phagocytosis in macrophages. The significant upregulation of RunX2 and BMP7 by EIEs indicates its strong role in osteocytic differentiation and protection against the effects of fine dust. EIEs also boosts immune activity and acts as an osteogenic trigger for macrophages. MicroRNA profiling revealed that EIEs dramatically upregulated miRNAs, including hsa-miRNA-1301-3p, hsa-miRNA-1908-5p, hsa-miRNA-423-5p, and hsa-miRNA-122-5p, which are associated with osteogenic differentiation and immunity. Therefore, EIEs show potential as biomaterials to prevent environment-borne diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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14 pages, 8200 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Artificial Neurons for Neuromodulation

by Qinkai Jiang and Mengwei Liu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080214 - 30 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Driven by the rapid advancement and practical implementation of biomaterials, fabrication technologies, and artificial intelligence, artificial neuron devices and systems have emerged as a promising technology for interpreting and transmitting neurological signals. These systems are equipped with multi-modal bio-integrable sensing capabilities, and can [...] Read more.

Driven by the rapid advancement and practical implementation of biomaterials, fabrication technologies, and artificial intelligence, artificial neuron devices and systems have emerged as a promising technology for interpreting and transmitting neurological signals. These systems are equipped with multi-modal bio-integrable sensing capabilities, and can facilitate the benefits of neurological monitoring and modulation through accurate physiological recognition. In this article, we provide an overview of recent progress in artificial neuron technology, with a particular focus on the high-tech applications made possible by innovations in material engineering, new designs and technologies, and potential application areas. As a rapidly expanding field, these advancements have a promising potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare, human enhancement, and a wide range of other applications, making artificial neuron devices the future of brain-machine interfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)

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17 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing the Antimicrobial Properties of Experimental Resin-Based Dental Composites through the Addition of Quaternary Ammonium Salts

by Joanna Nowak, Maja Zalega, Witold Jakubowski, Monika Domarecka, Jerzy Sokołowski and Kinga Bociong

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080213 - 30 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified [...] Read more.

Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified photo-cured experimental dental composites against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was assessed by using an Accuri C6 flow cytofluorimeter, and then analyzed using BD CSampler software (1.0.264). Bacterial/yeast surface colonization was carried out by using an GX71 inverted-optics fluorescence microscope equipped with a DP 73 digital camera. For bactericidal surface analysis of each sample type, simultaneous standardization was performed using a positive control (live cells) and a negative control (dead cells). A positive correlation between the increasing concentration of CTAB or DODAB and the dead cell ratio of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was revealed. In particular, CTAB at a 2.0 wt% concentration exhibits superior efficiency against pathogens (65.0% dead cells of Escherichia coli, 73.9% dead cells of Streptococcus mutans, and 23.9% dead cells of Candida albicans after 60 min). However, Candida albicans is more resistant to used salts than bacteria. A CTAB- or DODAB-modified experimental dental composite exhibits antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans after 10 and 60 min of incubation, and the antimicrobial efficiency increases with the wt% of QAS in the tested material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dental Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 4477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cuttlefish Bone-Derived Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Have Enhanced Osteogenic Properties

by Boqi Pang, Jiaru Xian, Jiajun Chen, Liqi Ng, Mengting Li, Guangchun Zhao, Yixun E, Xiaorui Wang, Xiaxin Cao, Changze Zhang, Mingjing Zhang and Chaozong Liu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080212 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones [...] Read more.

Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones had a higher degradation capacity, better bone-like apatite formation ability, and higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than commercially available hydroxyapatite. Notably, β-tricalcium phosphate, which had the highest degree of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ dissolution among the bioceramics extracted, can significantly upregulate osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin) and stimulate bone matrix mineralization. Thus, it is a promising bioceramic material for applications in bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis Composites for Biomedical Application)

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12 pages, 6629 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Osteoclast-Driven Polydopamine-to-Dopamine Release: An Upgrade Patch for Polydopamine-Functionalized Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

by Lufei Wang, Huamin Hu and Ching-Chang Ko

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080211 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1512

Abstract

Polydopamine, a mussel-inspired self-adherent polymer of dopamine, has impressive adhesive properties and thus is one of the most versatile approaches to functionalize tissue engineering scaffolds. To date, many types of polydopamine-functionalized scaffolds have been manufactured and extensively applied in bone tissue engineering at [...] Read more.

Polydopamine, a mussel-inspired self-adherent polymer of dopamine, has impressive adhesive properties and thus is one of the most versatile approaches to functionalize tissue engineering scaffolds. To date, many types of polydopamine-functionalized scaffolds have been manufactured and extensively applied in bone tissue engineering at the preclinical stage. However, how polydopamine is biodegraded and metabolized during the bone healing process and the side effects of its metabolite remain largely unknown. These issues are often neglected in the modern manufacture of polydopamine-functionalized materials and restrict them from stepping forward to clinical applications. In this study, using our bioinspired polydopamine-laced hydroxyapatite collagen calcium silicate material as a representative of polydopamine-functionalized tissue engineering scaffolds, we discovered that polydopamine can be metabolized to dopamine specifically by osteoclasts, which we termed “osteoclast-driven polydopamine-to-dopamine release”. The released dopamine showed an osteoinductive effect in vitro and promoted bone regeneration in calvarial critical-sized defects. The concept of “osteoclast-driven polydopamine-to-dopamine release” has considerable application potential. It could be easily adopted by other existing polydopamine-functionalized scaffolds: just by recruiting osteoclasts. Once adopted, scaffolds will obtain a dopamine-releasing function, which enables their modulation of osteoblast activity and hence elevates the osteoinductive effect. Thus, “osteoclast-driven polydopamine-to-dopamine release” serves as an upgrade patch, which is useful for many existing polydopamine-functionalized materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 3694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evaluation of the Trueness of Dental Mastercasts Obtained through Different 3D Printing Technologies

by Lucian Toma Ciocan, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu, Mihaela Pantea, Silviu Mirel Pițuru, Marina Imre, Alexandra Ripszky Totan and Florin Octavian Froimovici

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080210 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1279

Abstract

In contemporary dentistry, several 3D printing techniques, including a stereolithography apparatus (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), liquid crystal display (LCD), and PolyJet 3D inkjet printing technology (PolyJet), are employed for model production. Despite their widespread use, there remains a paucity of the literature [...] Read more.

In contemporary dentistry, several 3D printing techniques, including a stereolithography apparatus (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), liquid crystal display (LCD), and PolyJet 3D inkjet printing technology (PolyJet), are employed for model production. Despite their widespread use, there remains a paucity of the literature regarding the trueness and precision of these devices in dental applications. Existing studies comparing the accuracy of dental models manufactured by different printing technologies yield disparate conclusions regarding dental prosthesis manufacturing. This study aimed to test two null hypotheses: first, that the trueness of various new-generation 3D printers is equivalent, and second, that the trueness of printing by these printers is sufficient for achieving high-precision mastercasts in dental prosthodontics manufacturing. The research focuses on evaluating the trueness of five contemporary dental 3D printers: Anycubic Mono X 6Ks (Hongkong Anycubic Technology Co., Hongkong, China), Asiga Max (Asiga, Sydney, Australia), Creo C5 (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland), Form 3B (Formlabs, Boston, MA, USA), and J5 Dentajet (Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The methodology employed involved the creation of a digital test object using Blender software, adhering meticulously to the dimensions outlined in ISO standard 20896-1. These dimensions were chosen to be both relevant for this study and representative of clinical scenarios. Subsequently, the test object was printed and precise measurements were conducted utilizing a metrology-type Nikon XTH225 ST Reflection target in conjunction with VGStudio MAX analysis software. The results of our investigation revealed clinically negligible deviations in ball dimensions across all printers, with the maximum observed deviations ranging between 1.17% and 2.03% (notably observed in the Creo C5 printer). Transversal distortion exhibited variance based on the linear accuracy of each printer, with Stratasys21 and Formlabs 3B demonstrating superior accuracy among the evaluated printers. Distortions in the analyzed dimensions (specifically, anterior b–c, posterior a–d, and oblique a–c) were found to be uniform. In conclusion, while the first null hypothesis was rejected, indicating variations in trueness among the 3D printers assessed, our findings affirm the suitability of all five analyzed 3D printers for clinical applications. Consequently, these printers can be utilized for the fabrication of high-precision mastercasts in dental prosthodontics manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 15, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 37 articles

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