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Volume 15
Issue 9
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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 15, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 37 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have emerged as a pivotal element in bone tissue engineering due to their favorable properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. This review comprehensively explores innovative fabrication techniques, including 3D printing and surface modifications, to enhance PCL scaffold performance. Emphasis is placed on the integration of biomaterials like hydroxyapatite and graphene oxide to improve cellular behavior and mechanical properties. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing scaffold structures for effective bone regeneration, offering promising directions for future clinical applications. View this paper
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24 pages, 25883 KiB  
Article
Modular Hemipelvic Prosthesis Preserves Normal Biomechanics and Showed Good Compatibility: A Finite Element Analysis
by Yuanrui Luo, Hongtao Sheng, Yong Zhou, Li Min, Chongqi Tu and Yi Luo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090276 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1060
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical compatibility of a modular hemipelvic prosthesis by comparing stress distributions between an implanted pelvis and a healthy pelvis. Finite element analysis was used to simulate bilateral standing loads on both models, analyzing critical regions such as [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical compatibility of a modular hemipelvic prosthesis by comparing stress distributions between an implanted pelvis and a healthy pelvis. Finite element analysis was used to simulate bilateral standing loads on both models, analyzing critical regions such as the sacroiliac joints, iliac crest, acetabulum, and prosthesis connection points. Six models with varied displacements of the hip joint rotational center were also introduced to assess the impact of deviations on stress distribution. The implanted pelvis had a stress distribution closely matching that of the intact pelvis, indicating that the prosthesis design maintained the biomechanical integrity of the pelvis. Stress patterns in displacement models with deviations of less than 10 mm were similar to the standard model, with only minor changes in stress magnitude. However, backward, upward, and inward deviations resulted in stress concentrations, particularly in the prosthesis connection points, increasing the likelihood of mechanical failure. The modular hemipelvic prosthesis demonstrated good biomechanical compatibility with minimal impact on pelvic stress distribution, even with moderate deviations in the hip joint’s rotational center; outward, forward, and downward displacements are preferable to minimize stress concentration and prevent implant failure in cases where minor deviations in the rotational center are unavoidable during surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
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22 pages, 14573 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of New Mg-Zn-Ga Amorphous Alloys for Biomedical Applications
by Viacheslav E. Bazhenov, Mikhail V. Gorobinskiy, Andrey I. Bazlov, Vasiliy A. Bautin, Andrey V. Koltygin, Alexander A. Komissarov, Denis V. Ten, Anna V. Li, Alexey Yu. Drobyshev, Yoongu Kang, In-Ho Jung and Kwang Seon Shin
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090275 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1202
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are considered as promising materials for use as biodegradable implants due to their biocompatibility and similarity to human bone properties. However, their high corrosion rate in bodily fluids limits their use. To address this issue, amorphization can be used to inhibit [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys are considered as promising materials for use as biodegradable implants due to their biocompatibility and similarity to human bone properties. However, their high corrosion rate in bodily fluids limits their use. To address this issue, amorphization can be used to inhibit microgalvanic corrosion and increase corrosion resistance. The Mg-Zn-Ga metallic glass system was investigated in this study, which shows potential for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants. According to clinical tests, it has been demonstrated that Ga ions are effective in the regeneration of bone tissue. The microstructure, phase composition, and phase transition temperatures of sixteen Mg-Zn-Ga alloys were analyzed. In addition, a liquidus projection of the Mg-Zn-Ga system was constructed and validated through the thermodynamic calculations based on the CALPHAD-type database. Furthermore, amorphous ribbons were prepared by rapid solidification of the melt for prospective alloys. XRD and DSC analysis indicate that the alloys with the most potential possess an amorphous structure. The ribbons exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of up to 524 MPa and a low corrosion rate of 0.1–0.3 mm/year in Hanks’ solution. Therefore, it appears that Mg-Zn-Ga metallic glass alloys could be suitable for biodegradable applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
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15 pages, 3322 KiB  
Review
Research Interest in Copper Materials for Caries Management: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Veena Wenqing Xu, Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, John Yun Niu, Ollie Yiru Yu and Chun-Hung Chu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090274 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 862
Abstract
This study examined research interest in copper materials for caries management. We conducted an exhaustive literature search of English publications on copper materials for caries management. We removed duplicate publications and screened the titles and abstracts to identify relevant publications. Then, we analyzed [...] Read more.
This study examined research interest in copper materials for caries management. We conducted an exhaustive literature search of English publications on copper materials for caries management. We removed duplicate publications and screened the titles and abstracts to identify relevant publications. Then, we analyzed the bibliometric data of the publications using the Bibliometrix and VOSviewer programs. This study included 75 laboratory studies, six clinical trials, and 17 reviews. Most of the original research studied copper or copper oxide nanoparticles (45/81, 56%). The materials could be doped into topical agents, restorative fillers, dental adhesives, dental implants, and orthodontic appliances. Since the first paper was published in 1980, publication counts gradually increased and surged in 2019. Among publications on copper materials for caries management, the publication counts and citations from 2019 to 2024 accounted for 65% (64/98) and 74% (1677/2255) over the last 45 years. Cocitation analysis revealed that the two main keywords were nanoparticles and antibacterial activity, and their burst strengths (period) were 3.84 (2021–2024) and 2.21 (2020–2021). The topics of the top two publications with the highest citation burst strength (period) are the antimicrobial effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (3.14, 2021–2022) and the dental application of copper nanoparticles (2.84, 2022–2024). In conclusion, this study revealed a growing interest in copper materials for caries management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Dental Restorations—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 718 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Absorbable Surgical Sutures: A Comparative Study
by Jakub Szabelski and Robert Karpiński
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090273 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 819
Abstract
Surgical sutures play a crucial role in wound closure, facilitating the tissue-healing process across various fields of medicine. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of seasoning time during the initial days/weeks of seasoning in Ringer’s solution on the mechanical [...] Read more.
Surgical sutures play a crucial role in wound closure, facilitating the tissue-healing process across various fields of medicine. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of seasoning time during the initial days/weeks of seasoning in Ringer’s solution on the mechanical properties of five commercial absorbable sutures: SafilQuick+®, Novosyn®, MonosynQuick®, Monosyn® and Monoplus®, each with different absorption periods. The results demonstrated that the SafilQuick+ and MonosynQuick sutures lost strength within 9–12 days, as evidenced by statistically significant changes in tensile strength. In contrast, the Novosyn and Monoplus sutures did not exhibit significant changes in strength during the study period. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in the behaviour of the individual sutures, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate suture material in the context of the specific medical procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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15 pages, 5033 KiB  
Article
Electrospun Silk-ICG Composite Fibers and the Application toward Hemorrhage Control
by Ayesha Siddiqua, Elwin Clutter, Olga Garklavs, Hemalatha Kanniyappan and Rong R. Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090272 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1171
Abstract
In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous [...] Read more.
In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous scaffolds with an electrospinning technique using silk fibroin (SF) and indocyanine green (ICG). The FDA-approved ICG dye has unique photothermal properties. The water permeability, degradability, and biocompatibility of Bombyx mori cocoon-derived SF make it promising for biomedical applications. While as-spun SF-ICG fibers were dissolvable in water, ethanol vapor treatment (EVT) effectively induced secondary structural changes to promote β-sheet formation. This resulted in significantly improved aqueous stability and mechanical strength of the fibers, thereby increasing their fluid uptake capability. The enhanced SF-ICG interaction effectively prevented ICG leaching from the composite fibers, enabling them to generate heat under NIR irradiation due to ICG’s photothermal properties. Our results showed that an SF-ICG 0.4% fibrous matrix can uptake 473% water. When water was replaced by bovine blood, a 25 s NIR irradiation induced complete blood coagulation. However, pure silk did not have the same effect. Additionally, NIR irradiation of the SF-ICG fibers successfully stopped the flow of blood in an in vitro model that mimicked a damaged blood vessel. This novel breakthrough offers a biotextile platform poised to enhance patient outcomes across various medical scenarios, representing a significant milestone in functional biomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)
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8 pages, 384 KiB  
Article
Application of the Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel RADA16 for Hemostasis during Tonsillectomy: A Feasibility Study
by Joshua Michaels, Anna I. Kaleva, Laura Bateman, Oliver Wakelam and Joanna Stephens
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090271 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 795
Abstract
Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure but carries a high risk of readmission for secondary bleeding and pain. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of using the hemostatic self-assembling peptide hydrogel RADA16 (PuraBond, 3-D Matrix SAS; Caluire et Cuire, France) to control [...] Read more.
Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure but carries a high risk of readmission for secondary bleeding and pain. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of using the hemostatic self-assembling peptide hydrogel RADA16 (PuraBond, 3-D Matrix SAS; Caluire et Cuire, France) to control bleeding from the tonsillectomy wound bed. Readmission/re-operation rates were compared between a prospective case series of 21 primarily adult tonsillectomy patients treated with topical RADA16 and an untreated historical Control group of 164 patients who underwent tonsillectomy by 10 surgeons at a single tertiary hospital in the UK between March 2019 and June 2022. Cumulative readmission rates for any reason were 2-fold elevated in Control subjects (18.9%; n = 31/164 subjects) compared to patients treated intra-operatively with RADA16 hemostatic hydrogel (9.5%; n = 2/21) (p = 0.378). Readmission rates for postoperative bleeding were 3-fold higher in Controls (14.6%; n = 24/164 subjects) than in the RADA16-treated group (4.8%; n = 1/21) (p = 0.317). A similar rate of retreatment for pain was recorded in the Control (4.3%; n = 7/164) and RADA16 (4.8%; n = 1/21) groups (p = 0.999). Two Control subjects (1.2%) required re-operation for recalcitrant bleeding; no RADA16 subject (0.0%) required re-operation for any reason. No device-related adverse events occurred in the RADA16 group. Surgeons were pleased with the easy learning curve and technical feasibility associated with intra-operatively administering RADA16 hemostatic hydrogel. Intra-operative hemostasis using RADA16 peptide hydrogel was straightforward and was associated with a trend of 3-fold lower rates of readmission for postoperative bleeding events than untreated Control subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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16 pages, 13656 KiB  
Article
Regeneration of Critical Calvarial Bone Defects Using Bovine Xenograft, Magnesium-Enriched Bovine Xenograft and Autologous Dentin in Rats: Micro-CT, Gene Expression and Immunohistochemical Analysis
by Marija Čandrlić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Hrvoje Omrčen, Barbara Franović, Lara Batičić, Tamara Gulić, Tea Čaljkušić-Mance, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Lucija Malešić, Željka Perić Kačarević and Olga Cvijanović Peloza
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090270 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: BX, BX + Mg, AD and the control group (no intervention). Eight mm CCBDs were created and treated with the respective biomaterials. Healing was assessed 7, 15, 21 and 30 days after surgery by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Micro-CT analysis showed that AD had the highest bone volume and the least amount of residual biomaterial at day 30, indicating robust bone formation and efficient resorption. BX + Mg showed significant bone volume but had more residual biomaterial compared to AD. RT-PCR showed that the expression of osteocalcin (OC), the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and sclerostin (SOST), was highest in the AD group at day 21 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at day 15, indicating increased osteogenesis and angiogenesis in the AD group. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed intense BMP-2/4 and SMAD-1/5/8 expression in the AD group, indicating osteoinductive properties. The favorable gene expression profile and biocompatibility of AD and BX + Mg make them promising candidates for clinical applications in bone tissue engineering. Further research is required to fully exploit their potential in regenerative surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)
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12 pages, 3455 KiB  
Article
Impact of Calcium Lactate Pretreatment on Enamel Fluoride Uptake: A Comparative In Vitro Study of Different Fluoride Types and Concentrations
by Fjolla Kullashi Spahija, Ivana Sutej, Kresimir Basic, Kreshnik Spahija and Kristina Peros
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090269 - 16 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1536
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to establish the effect of calcium lactate enamel pretreatment related to different fluoride types and concentrations on the enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluorides. (2) Materials: In a blind and randomized in vitro study, a total of 60 teeth [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This study aimed to establish the effect of calcium lactate enamel pretreatment related to different fluoride types and concentrations on the enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluorides. (2) Materials: In a blind and randomized in vitro study, a total of 60 teeth are used. The first 30 teeth were cut and randomly allocated into one of the following treatments: (A) calcium lactate pretreatment followed by three different fluoride solutions; (B) the “Fluoride only” group, with slabs treated with three different fluoride solutions; (C) the “Calcium only” group, with slabs treated with calcium lactate solution; (D) slabs treated with deionized water (negative control group). The next 30 teeth underwent all the above described group procedures but were treated with lower fluoride concentrations. Fluoride was extracted from enamel using 1 M KOH solution and analyzed using a fluoride ion-specific electrode. (3) Results: The findings revealed that slabs treated with NaF following calcium lactate pretreatment exhibited significantly greater enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluoride compared to other substrates. This significant effect was not observed at lower fluoride concentrations. (4) Conclusion: The study demonstrates that pretreatment with calcium lactate followed by treatment with NaF at 226 ppm F significantly enhances the uptake of alkali-soluble fluoride in enamel compared to other fluoride types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property, Evaluation and Development of Dentin Materials)
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18 pages, 6028 KiB  
Article
Stress Distribution of Pediatric Zirconia and Stainless Steel Crowns after Pulpotomy Procedure under Vertical Loading: A Patient-Specific Finite Element Analysis
by Özgür Doğan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090268 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 689
Abstract
Aim: With modern dentistry advancements, children and parents have significantly raised aesthetic expectations in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric zirconia crowns (PZCs) provide a superior aesthetic appearance compared with stainless steel crowns (SSCs), making them a popular treatment option. However, a comparison of the compressive [...] Read more.
Aim: With modern dentistry advancements, children and parents have significantly raised aesthetic expectations in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric zirconia crowns (PZCs) provide a superior aesthetic appearance compared with stainless steel crowns (SSCs), making them a popular treatment option. However, a comparison of the compressive stresses caused by these crowns on the roots of primary teeth and alveolar bones has not been conducted. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of an eight-year-old female patient who experienced premature loss of a primary mandibular left second molar were obtained from a dental hospital database. Rhinoceros 4.0 software was used to process and simulate images. Under simulated chewing forces, stress on the PZC, SSC, and intact primary first molars as control groups, as well as their roots and alveolar bone structures, was assessed with finite element analysis. Statistical Analyses: Depending on whether the descriptive data were normally distributed, the Student t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used. Quantitative variables differ between the two categories of qualitative variables. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis H tests were used depending on standard distribution assumptions. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance differences. Results: PZCs, SSCs, and cement layers were stressed according to von Mises values, while roots and alveolar bones were stressed according to maximum and minimum stress values. When assessing crowns, SSCs exhibited the highest von Mises stress values, followed by PZCs and control groups (p < 0.001). In the cement layer, SSCs obtained significantly higher values (p = 0.003). In the root area, minimum principal stress values are more critical. The highest values were obtained from the intact tooth, PZC, and SSC, respectively (p < 0.001). Alveolar bones did not differ significantly in minimum principal stress (p = 0.950). Conclusions: Restorative full-coverage crowns exhibited higher von Mises values than intact teeth, as per current research findings. The von Mises values were highest in SSC, while lowest in PZC. As a result of this condition, the cement layer and root areas had higher von Mises stress and compressive stress. Alveolar bones were not affected regardless of restoration type. PZC transmits higher stress due to its properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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3 pages, 163 KiB  
Editorial
Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties
by John H. T. Luong
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090267 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 679
Abstract
AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to antimicrobial medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
23 pages, 4268 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Wound-Healing Potential of Phenolic and Polysaccharide Extracts of Aloe vera Gel
by Andreea Iosageanu, Elena Mihai, Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Elena Utoiu, Alexandra Gaspar-Pintiliescu, Florentina Gatea, Anisoara Cimpean and Oana Craciunescu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090266 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic extract contained aloin, ferulic, and caffeic acid, as well as quercetin dihydrate, as major compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis indicated the prevalence of mannose and glucose in the polysaccharide extract. Cell culture testing revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic extract at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL through significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines—up to 28% TNF-α and 11% IL-8 secretion—in inflamed THP-1-derived macrophages, while a pro-inflammatory effect was observed at 0.5 mg/mL. The phenolic extract induced 18% stimulation of L929 fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, enhanced the cell migration rate by 20%, and increased collagen type I synthesis by 18%. Moreover, the phenolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant properties by scavenging free DPPH (IC50 of 2.50 mg/mL) and ABTS (16.47 mM TE/g) radicals, and 46% inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was achieved. The polysaccharide extract demonstrated a greater increase in collagen synthesis up to 25%, as well as antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a bacteriostatic effect at 25 mg/mL and a bactericidal one at 50 mg/mL. All these findings indicate that the phenolic extract might be more beneficial in formulations intended for the initial phases of wound healing, such as inflammation and proliferation, while the polysaccharide extract could be more suitable for use during the remodeling stage. Moreover, they might be combined with other biomaterials, acting as efficient dressings with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties for rapid recovery of chronic wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair)
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16 pages, 9164 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Fibrin Gels in Enhancing Cell Migration for Vasculature Formation
by Joana A. Moura, Hugh J. Barlow, Shareen H. Doak, Karl Hawkins, Iris Muller and Martin J. D. Clift
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090265 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 909
Abstract
A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of [...] Read more.
A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of the endothelial cells, the migration area of spheroids formed with the HULEC cell line was measured. The cells were first allowed to form a spheroid using the hanging drop technique before being encapsulated in the fibrin gel. The cells’ migration area was then measured after two days of embedding in the fibrin gel. Various conditions affecting fibrin gel polymerization, such as different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin, were evaluated alongside rheology, porosity, and fiber thickness analysis to understand how these factors influenced cell behavior within the composite biomaterial. Data point toward thrombin’s role in governing fibrin gel polymerization; higher concentrations result in less rigid gels (loss tangent between 0.07 and 0.034) and increased cell migration (maximum concentration tested: 5 U/mL). The herein presented method allows for a more precise determination of the crosslinking conditions of fibrin gel that can be used to stimulate angiogenic sprouting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)
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22 pages, 6976 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Key Properties of Ag-TiO2 and Hydroxyapatite-Ag-TiO2 Coatings on NiTi SMA
by Karolina Dudek, Aleksandra Strach, Daniel Wasilkowski, Bożena Łosiewicz, Julian Kubisztal, Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, Patryk Zioła and Adrian Barylski
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090264 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 799
Abstract
To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and [...] Read more.
To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion kinetics in a simulated body fluid and the mechanisms were analyzed. The coatings exhibited hydrophilic properties and were biocompatible with fibroblast and osteoblast cells while also demonstrating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The coatings adhered strongly to the NiTi substrate, with superior adhesion observed in the hydroxyapatite-doped layers. Conversely, the Ag-TiO2 layers showed enhanced corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)
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21 pages, 8288 KiB  
Article
Effects of Confined Microenvironments with Protein Coating, Nanotopography, and TGF-β Inhibitor on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Migration through Channels
by Xiao Hong, Yuanhao Xu and Stella W. Pang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090263 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the primary cause of unsuccessful treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), suggesting the crucial need to comprehend this process. A tumor related to NPC does not have flat surfaces, but consists of confined microenvironments, proteins, and surface topography. To mimic the [...] Read more.
Distant metastasis is the primary cause of unsuccessful treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), suggesting the crucial need to comprehend this process. A tumor related to NPC does not have flat surfaces, but consists of confined microenvironments, proteins, and surface topography. To mimic the complex microenvironment, three-dimensional platforms with microwells and connecting channels were designed and developed with a fibronectin (FN) coating or nanohole topography. The potential of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibitor (galunisertib) for treating NPC was also investigated using the proposed platform. Our results demonstrated an increased traversing probability of NPC43 cells through channels with an FN coating, which correlated with enhanced cell motility and dispersion. Conversely, the presence of nanohole topography patterned on the platform bottom and the TGF-β inhibitor led to a reduced cell traversing probability and decreased cell motility, likely due to the decrease in the F-actin concentration in NPC43 cells. This study highlights the significant impact of confinement levels, surface proteins, nanotopography, and the TGF-β inhibitor on the metastatic probability of cancer cells, providing valuable insights for the development of novel treatment therapies for NPC. The developed platforms proved to be useful tools for evaluating the metastatic potential of cells and are applicable for drug screening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Biomedical Coating Materials)
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27 pages, 30182 KiB  
Article
Synthetic Extracellular Matrix of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture
by Thi Xuan Thuy Tran, Gyu-Min Sun, Hue Vy An Tran, Young Hun Jeong, Petr Slama, Young-Chae Chang, In-Jeong Lee and Jong-Young Kwak
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090262 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 961
Abstract
An ideal extracellular matrix (ECM) replacement scaffold in a three-dimensional cell (3D) culture should induce in vivo-like interactions between the ECM and cultured cells. Highly hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers disintegrate upon contact with water, resulting in the loss of their fibrous morphology [...] Read more.
An ideal extracellular matrix (ECM) replacement scaffold in a three-dimensional cell (3D) culture should induce in vivo-like interactions between the ECM and cultured cells. Highly hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers disintegrate upon contact with water, resulting in the loss of their fibrous morphology in cell cultures. This can be resolved by using chemical crosslinkers and post-crosslinking. A crosslinked, water-stable, porous, and optically transparent PVA nanofibrous membrane (NM) supports the 3D growth of various cell types. The binding of cells attached to the porous PVA NM is low, resulting in the aggregation of cultured cells in prolonged cultures. PVA NMs containing integrin-binding peptides of fibronectin and laminin were produced to retain the blended peptides as cell-binding substrates. These peptide-blended PVA NMs promote peptide-specific cell adherence and growth. Various cells, including epithelial cells, cultured on these PVA NMs form layers instead of cell aggregates and spheroids, and their growth patterns are similar to those of the cells cultured on an ECM-coated PVA NM. The peptide-retained PVA NMs are non-stimulatory to dendritic cells cultured on the membranes. These peptide-retaining PVA NMs can be used as an ECM replacement matrix by providing in vivo-like interactions between the matrix and cultured cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)
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17 pages, 6755 KiB  
Article
Porcine Cross-Linked Collagen Matrix for Peri-Implant Vertical Soft Tissue Augmentation: A Randomized Prospective Observational Study
by Giorgio Tabanella and Massimiliano Viale
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090261 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 802
Abstract
The mucosa height has always been of interest in modern implant dentistry to obtain biomimetic results. Papilla height, mucosa scalloping, and free mucosal margin level are crucial to achieve “pink aesthetics”. The aim of this study was to investigate the vertical increase in [...] Read more.
The mucosa height has always been of interest in modern implant dentistry to obtain biomimetic results. Papilla height, mucosa scalloping, and free mucosal margin level are crucial to achieve “pink aesthetics”. The aim of this study was to investigate the vertical increase in the peri-implant soft tissues with a porcine cross-linked collagen matrix (Geistlich Fibro-Gide®). Methods: A total of 60 patients were divided into the following three groups: Group 1—patients who received porcine cross-linked collagen matrix for vertical soft tissue augmentation and a cover screw combined with a coronally advanced flap (CAF); Group 2—patients who received the collagen matrix combined with a healing abutment and CAF; Group 3 (control group)—patients who received a traditional surgical approach based on crestal incision and no collagen matrix as well as no CAF. Results: The average horizontal tissue thickness growth after 3 months was more effective for Group 1 (1.35 ± 1.23 mm) compared to Group 2 (0.85 ± 0.67 mm) and the control group (0.20 ± 0.41 mm). The average tissue height growth was 1.05 ± 1.39 mm for Group 1, 0.32 ± 1.28 mm for Group 2, and −0.05 ± 0.39 mm for the control group. Finally, the average increase in the band of keratinized mucosa was 0.60 ± 1.23 mm for Group 1, −0.60 ± 0.94 mm for Group 2, and 0.45 ± 0.60 mm for the control group. Conclusions: The combination of the CAF, porcine cross-linked collagen matrix, and cover screw resulted in better clinical results compared to Group 2 and 3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
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24 pages, 4031 KiB  
Article
Effects of Loading Forces, Loading Positions, and Splinting of Two, Three, or Four Ti-Zr (Roxolid®) Mini-Implants Supporting the Mandibular Overdentures on Peri-Implant and Posterior Edentulous Area Strains
by Nikola Petricevic, Asja Celebic, Dario Puljic, Ognjen Milat, Alan Divjak and Ines Kovacic
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090260 - 9 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 761
Abstract
Clinical indications for the Ti-Zr alloy (Roxolid®) mini-implants (MDIs) in subjects with narrow ridges are still under review. The aim was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area strains dependent on the MDI number, splinting status, loading force, and loading position. [...] Read more.
Clinical indications for the Ti-Zr alloy (Roxolid®) mini-implants (MDIs) in subjects with narrow ridges are still under review. The aim was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area strains dependent on the MDI number, splinting status, loading force, and loading position. Six models were digitally designed and printed. Two, three, or four Ti-Zr MDIs, splinted with a bar or unsplinted (single units), supported mandibular overdentures (ODs), loaded with 50–300 N forces unilaterally, bilaterally, and anteriorly. The artificial mucosa thickness was 2 mm. Strain gauges were bonded on the vestibular and oral peri-implant sides of each MDI, and on the posterior edentulous area under the ODs. Loadings were performed through the metal plate placed on ODs’ artificial teeth (15 times repeated). Arithmetic means with standard deviations and the significance of the differences (MANOVA, Sheffe post hoc) were calculated. Different MDI numbers, loading positions, forces, and splinting elicited different peri-implant microstrains. In the two-MDI models, 300 N force during unilateral loading elicited the highest microstrains (almost 3000 εμ on the loaded side), which can jeopardize bone reparation. On the opposite side, >2500 εμ was registered, which represents high strains. During bilateral loadings, microstrains hardly exceeded 2000 εμ, indicating that bilateral chewers or subjects having lower forces can benefit from the two Ti-Zr MDIs, irrespective of splinting. However, in subjects chewing unilaterally, and inducing higher forces (natural teeth antagonists), or bruxers, only two MDIs may not be sufficient to support the OD. By increasing implant numbers, peri-implant strains decrease in both splinted and single-unit MDI models, far beyond values that can interfere with bone reparation, indicating that splinting is not necessary. When the positions of the loading forces are closer to the implant, higher peri-implant strains are induced. Regarding the distal edentulous area, microstrains reached 2000 εμ only during unilateral loadings in the two-MDI models, and all other strains were lower, below 1500 εμ, confirming that implant-supported overdentures do not lead to edentulous ridge atrophy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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15 pages, 6976 KiB  
Article
Effect of Silica Nanoparticle Treatment on Adhesion between Tissue-like Substrates and In Vivo Skin Wound Sealing
by Yeji Jeon, Tae Ryeol Kim, Eun Seo Park, Jae Hyun Park, Han Sung Youn, Dae Youn Hwang and Sungbaek Seo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090259 - 9 Sep 2024
Viewed by 891
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles are innovative solutions of surgical glue that can readily adhere to various tissue-like substrates without the need for time-consuming chemical reactions or ultraviolet irradiation. Herein, 10 nm-sized silica nanoparticle (SiNP10) treatment exhibited maximum adhesion strength in the porcine heart [...] Read more.
Silica nanoparticles are innovative solutions of surgical glue that can readily adhere to various tissue-like substrates without the need for time-consuming chemical reactions or ultraviolet irradiation. Herein, 10 nm-sized silica nanoparticle (SiNP10) treatment exhibited maximum adhesion strength in the porcine heart tissue model, which was approximately 7.15 times higher than that of the control group of non-treatment. We assessed the effects of silica nanoparticle treatment on in vivo skin wounds by scoring tissue adhesion and inflammation using histological images. Compared to the commercial cyanoacrylate skin adhesive (Dermabond), suppression of inflammatory cytokine levels in the incision wound skin was observed. We further quantified the expression of angiogenic growth factors and connective tissue formation-related proteins. On day 5 after wound closing treatment, the expression levels of PDGF-BB growth factor were significantly higher in SiNP10 treatment (0.64 ± 0.03) compared to Dermabond (0.07 ± 0.05). This stimulated angiogenesis and connective tissue formation in the skin of the incision wound may be associated with the promoting effects of SiNP10 treatment on wound closure and tissue adhesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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30 pages, 8448 KiB  
Review
Advances in Zinc-Containing Bioactive Glasses: A Comprehensive Review
by Fariborz Sharifianjazi, Mohammadjavad Sharifianjazi, Maryam Irandoost, Ketevan Tavamaishvili, Mehdi Mohabatkhah and Maziar Montazerian
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090258 - 8 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1683
Abstract
Bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted significant attention in the biomaterials field due to their ability to promote soft and hard tissue regeneration and their potential for various clinical applications. BGs offer enriched features through the integration of different therapeutic inorganic ions within their [...] Read more.
Bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted significant attention in the biomaterials field due to their ability to promote soft and hard tissue regeneration and their potential for various clinical applications. BGs offer enriched features through the integration of different therapeutic inorganic ions within their composition. These ions can trigger specific responses in the body conducive to a battery of applications. For example, zinc, a vital trace element, plays a role in numerous physiological processes within the human body. By incorporating zinc, BGs can inhibit bacterial growth, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and modify bioactivity, promoting better integration with surrounding tissues when used in scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This article reviews recent developments in zinc-containing BGs (ZBGs), focusing on their synthesis, physicochemical, and biological properties. ZBGs represent a significant advancement in applications extending beyond bone regeneration. Overall, their biological roles hold promise for various applications, such as bone tissue engineering, wound healing, and biomedical coatings. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential benefits of ZBGs and to optimize their properties for diverse clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Medical Applications)
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17 pages, 4057 KiB  
Article
Healing Potential of the Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenan and Ulvan on Second-Degree Burns
by Dimitra Statha, Asimina Papaioannou, Stefanos Kikionis, Maria Kostaki, Ioannis Sfiniadakis, Andreas Vitsos, Jane Anastassopoulou, Efstathia Ioannou, Vassilios Roussis and Michail Christou Rallis
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090257 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 911
Abstract
The treatment of second-degree burn wounds presents a significant clinical challenge, often characterized by prolonged healing times and risk of complications. In this study, the wound healing potential of bioactive marine sulfated polysaccharides ulvan and carrageenan formulated in gels at concentrations of 1.5%, [...] Read more.
The treatment of second-degree burn wounds presents a significant clinical challenge, often characterized by prolonged healing times and risk of complications. In this study, the wound healing potential of bioactive marine sulfated polysaccharides ulvan and carrageenan formulated in gels at concentrations of 1.5%, 5.0%, and 10% w/w was evaluated. Hairless female SKH-hr2 mice (n = 7 per treatment) with burn-inflamed skin were treated with the polysaccharide-based gels, and the therapeutic efficacy was assessed using a comprehensive array of evaluation methods, including a histopathological analysis, clinical observation, photo-documentation, an image analysis, an evaluation of biophysical skin parameters, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our findings indicate that the 10% w/w carrageenan gel exhibited significant enhancement in wound healing, particularly in the early stages of the healing process. This was evidenced by the restoration of the α-helix structure of collagen and the configuration of glycosaminoglycans, as demonstrated by FT-IR absorption bands of the skin both in vivo and ex vivo. Furthermore, the 5% w/w ulvan gel also demonstrated notable efficacy in promoting wound healing, particularly in the later stages of the healing process. These results suggest that carrageenan and ulvan gels hold promise for improving the efficiency of wound healing in second-degree burn wounds. Our study contributes to the understanding of the therapeutic potential of marine polysaccharides and provides insights into their mechanism of action in promoting wound healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Product-Based Biomaterials for Advanced Wound Dressings)
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15 pages, 4330 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Various Surface Treatment Procedures on the Roughness and Susceptibility to Staining of Provisional Prosthodontic Materials
by Satheesh B. Haralur, Abdullah Turki Albarqi, Abdulellah Gharmallah Alamodi, Abdulmajeed Ali Alamri, Saad Awdah Aldail, Mohammed A. Al-Qarni, Saeed M. AlQahtani and Nasser M. Alqahtani
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090256 - 3 Sep 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Esthetically pleasing temporary prostheses are often necessary for extended periods in a variety of clinical scenarios. Adjustments to the occlusion or margins are commonly needed before cementing the temporary prosthesis. Therefore, it is clinically necessary to repolish the rough surface to avoid biological [...] Read more.
Esthetically pleasing temporary prostheses are often necessary for extended periods in a variety of clinical scenarios. Adjustments to the occlusion or margins are commonly needed before cementing the temporary prosthesis. Therefore, it is clinically necessary to repolish the rough surface to avoid biological and esthetic issues associated with rough surfaces. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the impact of various polishing protocols on the surface roughness and color stability of three resin materials used for provisional crowns. A total of 150 specimens were fabricated from auto-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, bis-acryl composite, and Methyl methacrylate-LC resin using a stainless steel mold. Each material group was divided into five groups (n = 10) based on the applied surface treatment: positive control group (G1): no roughening or surface treatment, Negative control group (G2): acrylic bur-roughened surface without any polishing, the different surface treatment groups of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide stone polishing (G3), diamond-coated rubber twist (G4), and Surface Glaze (G5). An optical profilometer was used to assess the surface roughness of all samples. After undergoing 6000 cycles of thermocycling followed by immersion in a coffee solution for 15 days at 37 °C, color parameters were measured using a spectrophotometer both before and after a storage period to evaluate color differences. A two-way ANOVA test with α = 0.05 significance level was carried out to determine the impacts of both the materials utilized and the polishing protocol. Among the three types of resin examined, the bisacryl group exhibited superior surface quality in positive control groups, while PMMA resin demonstrated higher polishability. The diamond-coated rubber twits resulted in lower Ra values of 0.36 (0.01) µm, 0.52 (0.11) µm, and 0.28 (0.05) µm for PMMA, BAMA, and MMLC resins, respectively. The application of photo-polymerized surface glaze led to a plaque accumulation threshold of 0.2 µm across all resin groups. The greatest mean color change occurred in the negative control group, indicating a propensity for more staining on rougher surfaces. The Bisacryl resin exhibited higher ΔE values, whereas PMMA showed better color stability. The lowest ΔE values were found when the surface glaze was applied to all of the provisional crown resins. Untreated Bisacryl resin exhibited the lowest Ra values, while PMMA resins demonstrated superior surface morphology after polishing. PMMA provisional crown resins showed increased resistance to staining. The use of surface glaze enhanced both smoothness and color stability on the surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry)
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2 pages, 610 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Asad et al. Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Potential of Chitin and Chitosan Derived from Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and Termites. J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15, 80
by Khushbakht Asad, Sumaira Shams, Eliana Ibáñez-Arancibia, Patricio R. De los Ríos-Escalante, Farhad Badshah, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Salman Khan and Asar Khan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090255 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 536
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
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18 pages, 7375 KiB  
Review
Bioengineering Approaches and Novel Biomaterials to Enhance Sternal Wound Healing after Cardiac Surgery: A Crosstalk between Innovation and Surgical Practice
by Chiara Ferrisi, Francesco Loreni, Antonio Nenna, Omar Giacinto, Mario Lusini and Massimo Chello
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090254 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1189
Abstract
Median sternotomy and steel wires for sternal closure are the standard approach for cardiac surgery. An incomplete repair associated with chest wall motion, especially in the presence of predisposing factors, can lead to life-threatening deep sternal wound infection, also known as mediastinitis, in [...] Read more.
Median sternotomy and steel wires for sternal closure are the standard approach for cardiac surgery. An incomplete repair associated with chest wall motion, especially in the presence of predisposing factors, can lead to life-threatening deep sternal wound infection, also known as mediastinitis, in 2–5% of cases. Despite current antibiotic and surgical treatments, mediastinitis is associated with a 10–40% mortality rate and a significant increase in morbidity and hospital stay. High mortality and difficult treatment appear to be due to bacterial biofilm, a self-produced extracellular polymeric product that incorporates host tissue and is responsible for the failure of immune defenses and standard antimicrobial therapies. Nanostructures are an effective strategy to enhance the healing process, as they establish a favorable environment for the neosynthesis of the extracellular matrix, supporting tissue development. Synthetic polymers have been proven to exhibit suitable biodegradable and mechanical properties, and their biofunctionalization to enhance cell attachment and interaction with the extracellular matrix is being widely investigated. The use of antibiotic treatments suspended in poly-D,L-lactide and polyethylene oxide and electrospun into nanofibers, or in sponges, has been shown to inhibit bacterial biofilm production. Additionally, growth factors can be incorporated into 3D bioresorbable scaffolds with the aim of constituting a structural and biological framework to organize and expedite the healing process. Therefore, these combined approaches may change the treatment of mediastinitis in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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17 pages, 7437 KiB  
Article
Assessing Microstructural, Biomechanical, and Biocompatible Properties of TiNb Alloys for Potential Use as Load-Bearing Implants
by Eyyup Murat Karakurt, Yan Huang, Yuksel Cetin, Alper Incesu, Huseyin Demirtas, Mehmet Kaya, Yasemin Yildizhan, Merve Tosun and Gulsah Akbas
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090253 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 943
Abstract
Titanium-Niobium (TiNb) alloys are commonly employed in a number of implantable devices, yet concerns exist regarding their use in implantology owing to the biomechanical mismatch between the implant and the host tissue. Therefore, to balance the mechanical performance of the load-bearing implant with [...] Read more.
Titanium-Niobium (TiNb) alloys are commonly employed in a number of implantable devices, yet concerns exist regarding their use in implantology owing to the biomechanical mismatch between the implant and the host tissue. Therefore, to balance the mechanical performance of the load-bearing implant with bone, TiNb alloys with differing porosities were fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with spacer material. Microstructures and phase constituents were characterized with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were tested by uniaxial compression, and the corrosion performance was determined via a potentiodynamic polarization experiment. To evaluate a highly matched potential implant with the host, biocompatibilities such as cell viability and proliferation rate, fibronectin adsorption, plasmid-DNA interaction, and an SEM micrograph showing the cell morphology were examined in detail. The results showed that the alloys displayed open and closed pores with a uniform pore size and distribution, which allowed for cell adherence and other cellular activities. The alloys with low porosity displayed compressive strength between 618 MPa and 1295 MPa, while the alloys with high porosity showed significantly lower strength, ranging from 48 MPa to 331 MPa. The biological evaluation of the alloys demonstrated good cell attachment and proliferation rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)
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13 pages, 4524 KiB  
Article
Novel Chitosan-Gelatin Scaffold with Valproic Acid Augments In Vitro Osteoblast Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
by Maha Alghofaily, Fahd Alsalleeh, Lamees Alssum, Manikandan Muthurangan, Musaad Alfayez, Michael D. Weir and Hockin H. K. Xu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090252 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 859
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a biodegradable scaffold incorporating valproic acid (VPA) for improved human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) proliferation, differentiation, and bone mineral synthesis. A chitosan–gelatin (CH-G) scaffold was fabricated and loaded with varying concentrations of VPA (1, 3, 5 [...] Read more.
The study aimed to develop a biodegradable scaffold incorporating valproic acid (VPA) for improved human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) proliferation, differentiation, and bone mineral synthesis. A chitosan–gelatin (CH-G) scaffold was fabricated and loaded with varying concentrations of VPA (1, 3, 5 mM/L). In vitro studies assessed drug release, cell proliferation, morphology, mineralization, and gene expression. VPA was rapidly released from the scaffold, with over 90% cumulative release within seven days. Cells cultured on VPA-loaded scaffolds exhibited significantly enhanced proliferation and mineralization compared to the control. VPA treatment upregulated osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) expression, key markers of osteogenic differentiation. The CH-G scaffold, particularly with 1 mM/L VPA, demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and promotes hBMSC-mediated bone regeneration. This novel approach holds promise for future applications in bone tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering Applications)
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28 pages, 4286 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Methacrylation Process on the Usefulness of Chitosan as a Biomaterial Component for 3D Printing
by Marta Klak, Katarzyna Kosowska, Milena Czajka, Magdalena Dec, Sylwester Domański, Agnieszka Zakrzewska, Paulina Korycka, Kamila Jankowska, Agnieszka Romanik-Chruścielewska and Michał Wszoła
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090251 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue [...] Read more.
Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue models. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of biomaterials containing chitosan (BCH) and its methacrylated equivalent (BCM) in order to identify differences in their usefulness in 3D bioprinting technology. It has been shown that the BCM material containing methacrylic chitosan is three times more viscous than its non-methacrylated BCH counterpart. Additionally, the BCM material is characterized by stability in a larger range of stresses, as well as better printability, resolution, and fiber stability. The BCM material has higher mechanical parameters, both mechanical strength and Young’s modulus, than the BCH material. Both materials are ideal for bioprinting, but BCM has unique rheological properties and significant mechanical resistance. In addition, biological tests have shown that the addition of chitosan to biomaterials increases cell proliferation, particularly in 3D-printed models. Moreover, modification in the form of methacrylation encourages reduced toxicity of the biomaterial in 3D constructs. Our investigation demonstrates the suitability of a chitosan-enhanced biomaterial, specifically methacrylate-treated, for application in tissue engineering, and particularly for tissues requiring resistance to high stress, i.e., vascular or cartilage models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterials Manufacturing)
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3 pages, 557 KiB  
Editorial
Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications
by Christie Ying Kei Lung
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090250 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 639
Abstract
Active biomedical materials are designed to heal and restore the functions of people recovering after injuries or diseases [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)
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13 pages, 6742 KiB  
Article
Dihydromyricetin Nanoparticles Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Decreasing Inflammation and Cell Apoptosis via the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway
by Hongmei Yin, Qiaohua Yan, Yinglun Li and Huaqiao Tang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090249 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1204
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most severe and fatal complication of sepsis resulting from infectious trauma. Currently, effective treatment options are still lacking. Dihydromyricetin is the main component extracted from Vine tea (Ampelopsis megalophylla Diels et Gilg). In our previous [...] Read more.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most severe and fatal complication of sepsis resulting from infectious trauma. Currently, effective treatment options are still lacking. Dihydromyricetin is the main component extracted from Vine tea (Ampelopsis megalophylla Diels et Gilg). In our previous research, chitosan–tripolyphosphate-encapsulated nanoparticles of dihydromyricetin (CS-DMY-NPs) have been proven to have potential protective effects against cisplatin-induced AKI. Here, we investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of DMY and its nano-formulations against LPS-induced AKI by assessing pathological and inflammatory changes in mice. In mice with LPS-AKI treated with 300 mg/kg CS-DMY-NPs, the levels of creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and KIM-1 were significantly reduced by 56%, 49%, and 88%, respectively. CS-DMY-NPs can upregulate the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT by 47%, 7%, and 14%, respectively, to inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, CS-DMY-NPs decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 by 31%, 49%, and 35%, respectively, to alleviate the inflammatory response. TUNEL and immunohistochemistry showed that CS-DMY-NPs reduced the number of apoptotic cells, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio by 30%, and attenuated renal cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis of renal tissue indicated that CS-DMY-NPs inhibited TLR4 expression and downregulated the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and IκBα. In summary, DMY prevented LPS-induced AKI by increasing antioxidant capacity, reducing inflammatory responses, and blocking apoptosis, and DMY nanoparticles were shown to have a better protective effect for future applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)
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14 pages, 4138 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Biomechanical and Microstructural Properties of Aortic Graft Materials in Aortic Repair Surgeries
by Haoliang Sun, Zirui Cheng, Xiaoya Guo, Hongcheng Gu, Dalin Tang and Liang Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090248 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 822
Abstract
Mechanical mismatch between native aortas and aortic grafts can induce graft failure. This study aims to compare the mechanical and microstructural properties of different graft materials used in aortic repair surgeries with those of normal and dissected human ascending aortas. Five types of [...] Read more.
Mechanical mismatch between native aortas and aortic grafts can induce graft failure. This study aims to compare the mechanical and microstructural properties of different graft materials used in aortic repair surgeries with those of normal and dissected human ascending aortas. Five types of materials including normal aorta (n = 10), dissected aorta (n = 6), human pericardium (n = 8), bovine pericardium (n = 8) and Dacron graft (n = 5) were collected to perform uniaxial tensile testing to determine their material stiffness, and ultimate strength/stretch. The elastin and collagen contents in four tissue groups except for Dacron were quantified by histological examinations, while the material ultrastructure of five material groups was visualized by scanning electron microscope. Statistical results showed that three graft materials including Dacron, human pericardium and bovine pericardium had significantly higher ultimate strength and stiffness than both normal and dissected aortas. Human and bovine pericardia had significantly lower ultimate stretch than native aortas. Histological examinations revealed that normal and diseased aortic tissues had a significantly higher content of elastic fiber than two pericardial tissues, but less collagen fiber content. All four tissue groups exhibited lamellar fiber ultrastructure, with aortic tissues possessing thinner lamella. Dacron was composed of densely coalesced polyethylene terephthalate fibers in thick bundles. Aortic graft materials with denser fiber ultrastructure and/or higher content of collagen fiber than native aortic tissues, exhibited higher ultimate strength and stiffness. This information provides a basis to understand the mechanical failure of aortic grafts, and inspire the design of biomimetic aortic grafts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Repair)
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15 pages, 1247 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effectiveness of Curcumin Nanoparticle-Coated Titanium Surfaces in Osteogenesis: A Systematic Review
by Nandita Suresh, Matti Mauramo, Tuomas Waltimo, Timo Sorsa and Sukumaran Anil
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090247 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
(1) Background: This systematic review critically appraises and synthesizes evidence from in vitro studies investigating the effects of curcumin nanoparticles on titanium surface modification, focusing on cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization. (2) Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This systematic review critically appraises and synthesizes evidence from in vitro studies investigating the effects of curcumin nanoparticles on titanium surface modification, focusing on cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization. (2) Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar databases, yielding six in vitro studies that met the inclusion criteria. The search strategy and study selection process followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A qualitative methodological assessment was performed using the SciRAP (Science in Risk Assessment and Policy) method, which evaluated the reporting and methodological quality of the included studies. (3) Results: All six studies consistently demonstrated that curcumin-coated titanium surfaces inhibited osteoclastogenesis and promoted osteogenic activity, evidenced by enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization. The mean reporting quality score was 91.8 (SD = 5.7), and the mean methodological quality score was 85.8 (SD = 10.50), as assessed by the SciRAP method. Half of the studies used hydroxyapatite-coated titanium as a control, while the other half used uncoated titanium, introducing potential variability in baseline comparisons. (4) Conclusions: This systematic review provides compelling in vitro evidence supporting the osteogenic potential of curcumin nanoparticle-coated titanium surfaces. The findings suggest that this surface modification strategy may enhance titanium implants’ biocompatibility and osteogenic properties, potentially improving dental and orthopedic implant outcomes. However, the review highlights significant heterogeneity in experimental designs and a concentration of studies from a single research group. Further research, particularly in vivo studies and clinical trials from diverse research teams, is essential to validate these findings and comprehensively understand the translational potential of this promising surface modification approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)
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