Next Article in Journal
Halloysite-TiO2 Nanocomposites for Water Treatment: A Review
Next Article in Special Issue
The Addition of Co into CuO–ZnO Oxides Triggers High Antibacterial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity
Previous Article in Journal
Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Monolayer InSe Calculated by Machine Learning Potential
Previous Article in Special Issue
Cyan Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots with Amino Derivatives for the Visual Detection of Copper (II) Cations in Sea Water
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Nanomaterials
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/nano13091577
nanomaterials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.)

by
Andrey Blinov
1,
Alexey Gvozdenko
1,
Alexey Golik
1,
Shahida A. Siddiqui
2,3,
Fahrettin Göğüş
4,
Anastasiya Blinova
1,
David Maglakelidze
1,
Irina Shevchenko
1,
Maksim Rebezov
5,6 and
Andrey Nagdalian
7,*
1
Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia
2
Department of Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 94315 Straubing, Germany
3
German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), 49610 D-Quakenbrück, Germany
4
Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
5
Biophotonics Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
6
Department of Scientific Research, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, 109240 Moscow, Russia
7
Laboratory of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(9), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091577
Submission received: 14 March 2023 / Revised: 28 April 2023 / Accepted: 5 May 2023 / Published: 8 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical, Agricultural, and Environmental Applications: Prospects and Uncertainties)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The aim of this research was to study the effect of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine on the morphofunctional characteristics of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine were synthesized using potassium permanganate and L-methionine. We established that MnxOy nanoparticles have a diameter of 15 to 30 nm. According to quantum chemical modeling and IR spectroscopy, it is shown that the interaction of MnxOy nanoparticles with L-methionine occurs through the amino group. It is found that MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine have positive effects on the roots and seedling length, as well as the seed germination energy. The effect of MnxOy nanoparticles on Hordeum vulgare L. seeds is nonlinear. At a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, there was a statistically significant increase in the length of seedlings by 68% compared to the control group. We found that the root lengths of samples treated with MnxOy nanoparticle sols with a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL were 62.8%, 32.7%, and 158.9% higher compared to samples treated with L-methionine, KMnO4, and the control sample, respectively. We have shown that at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, the germination energy of seeds increases by 50.0% compared to the control sample, by 10.0% compared to the samples treated with L-methionine, and by 13.8% compared to the samples treated with KMnO4.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Manganese oxide nanoparticles attract the interest of researchers due to unique physical, chemical, biological, and photocatalytic properties [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], ensuring its widespread use for the production of components applied in supercapacitors [11,12,13] as catalysts for the degradation of organic dyes [14,15,16] and for removal of heavy metal ions from water [17,18]. Manganese oxide nanoparticles and composites are widely used in medicine for the detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer cells [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27], and targeted chemotherapy [28]. Nanoparticles of manganese and its oxides (MnxOy) can also be used in fertilizer components [29] and as bactericide preparation [30].
Another important area of application of nanomaterials, in particular, manganese nanoparticles and their oxides, is agriculture [31,32,33]. A large number of research papers are devoted to the study of the influence of nanoscale oxide forms on the morphofunctional characteristics of agricultural plants [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. For example, the work of Margenot et al. [49] shows that the addition of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles increases the diameter of the roots of lettuce seedlings by 52% and the diameter of carrot seedlings by 26%. However, another form of this microelement did not show any significant effect. The effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the growth and antioxidant activity of chickpea seeding of the Cicer arietinum L. var. HC-1 culture was studied by Burman et al. [50]. It is shown that the addition of ZnO nanoparticles has a positive effect on the dry weight of shoots in comparison to the control sample microparticles of the inorganic form of zinc (ZnSO4), at a concentration of 1.5 ppm.
According to the FAO, there are about 1750 gene banks (seed banks) in the world, containing a total of 7.4 million agricultural seed samples [51]. These seeds have been stored for more than 10 years. At the same time, a number of studies have shown that these seeds have reduced germination energy and other morphofunctional characteristics during storage. For example, Maryam et al. proved that the germination percentage, germination energy, dry weight of seedlings and seed weight decrease significantly as seeds age [52]. Walters et al. studied wild and cultivated species from the collections of the gene bank of the US Department of Agriculture [53]. The study included 276 different species (codes W1–W276) with a total of 41,286 specimens collected from 1963 to 1968. The seeds were stored for 30–60 years, until 1977, at a temperature of +5 °C, and after that at −18 °C. The initial germination percentage, the actual germination percentage, and the number of years of storage were recorded and the half-life was calculated. The authors found that the germination percentage of old seeds averages from 40% to 60%.
Nanoparticles can be used to solve this problem. Younes et al. described the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the germination of seven-year-old Vicia faba seeds [54]. The authors investigated the genotoxic effects associated with seed aging and were able to achieve an increase in root length and germination percentage of Vicia faba seeds. It is shown that when seeds are treated with 10 pm Ag NPs, there is an increase in the viability of seedlings of Vicia faba seeds. Yang et al. showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles significantly increase the viability of old seeds and the formation of chlorophyll, stimulate the activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and enhance photosynthesis, thereby accelerating the growth and development of plants [55].
It is known that manganese-containing nanoparticles can be used in agriculture as fertilizers and for plant stress management [38,56,57,58,59,60]. Pradhan et al. [59] noted that manganese nanoparticles are the best source of the trace element Mn and have less toxicity to the Vigna radiata culture compared to the inorganic form (MnSO4). The use of Mn nanoparticles leads to an increase in the length of roots and sprouts by 40–70% compared to seeds treated with MnSO4 solution. Ye et al. [61] evaluated the effect of manganese nanoparticles on the germination of Capsicum annuum L. seeds in conditions of salt stress. It has been established that under salt stress, manganese nanoparticles behave as an important factor in the control of oxidative stress, contributing to the redistribution of trace elements between roots and shoots. Kasote et al. found that manganese oxide nanoparticles have lower phytotoxicity compared to other manganese-containing forms (KMnO4 and Mn2O3), change the chlorophyll and antioxidant profiles of seedlings, and had a noticeable effect on phenolic acids and phytohormones of watermelon seedlings at a concentration of 20 mg/L [62].
The purpose of this work was the synthesis and characterization of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine, as well as the study of their effect on the morphofunctional characteristics of agricultural barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds stored for more than 10 years. The choice of seeds with reduced morphofunctional characteristics is also due to the presence of a large amount of literature that uses standard seeds with normative and permissible morphofunctional characteristics to study the phytotoxicity of manganese compounds. However, at low manganese concentrations, as shown by Kasote et al. [62], Varaprasad et al. [63], and Wali et al. [64], toxic properties are not exhibited and metabolic processes are not normalized, being the main part of many manganese-containing enzymes, thus improving the morphofunctional parameters of seeds and young plants.

2. Materials and Methods

Reagent grade chemicals and grade A glassware were used in the present study. Conductivity of distilled water used was less than 1 µS/cm. All experiments were carried out in three-fold repetitions.

2.1. Synthesis of MnxOy Nanoparticles

The synthesis of nanoscale MnxOy stabilized with methionine was carried out according to the method presented in previous work [65]. Potassium permanganate, methionine, and distilled water were used for the synthesis. First, 0.005 g of L-methionine was weighed on analytical scales and put into 200 mL flask with distilled water. The resulting solution was stirred for a minute on an electromagnetic stirrer. In the second stage, the same process was completed with 0.005 g of potassium permanganate. At the third stage, two prepared solutions were mixed and stirred for 15 min. To study the effect of MnxOy nanoparticles on the seeds, only freshly prepared solutions were used. For research using diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy, the MnxOy samples were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min and dried at 50 °C (2 h).

2.2. Samples Measurement

Hydrodynamic radius of synthesized MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine was measured with photon correlation spectrometer Photocor Complex (Photocor, Moscow, Russia).
The morphology of MnxOy particles was studied using a Mira-LMH scanning electron microscope (Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic). On a standard instrument table (12 mm), a double-sided conductive carbon tape was set. A thoroughly mixed MnxOy sample was taken from a dry powder ground in a mortar and applied to the tape. Then, carbon deposition of the order of 10 nm was performed on the QR 150 sputtering system and gas (nitrogen) was introduced into the microscope system by opening the balloon.
Parameters of the measurement:
  • Accelerating voltage 10 kV;
  • Working distance (WD) 4.9 mm;
  • In-beam secondary electron detector.
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted using X-ray diffractometer Empyrean (PANalytical, Almeo, The Netherlands) to determine the crystalline structure of nanoparticles.
Parameters of the measurement:
  • Copper cathode;
  • Emission wavelength 1.54 A;
  • Current 35 mA;
  • Voltage 40 kV;
  • 2θ measurement range 10–90°;
  • 2θ sampling frequency: 0.01°;
The determination of the gelation point was carried out on a rotary viscometer “Fungilab Expert” (“Fungilab S. A.”, Barselona, Spain), the action of which is based on the use of viscous friction arising in a layer of liquid flowing in the annular gap between the rotating and stationary cylinders.
Parameters of the measurement:
  • Cylinder TL 1–8;
  • Temperature 25 °C;
  • The rotation speed of 0.1–200 rpm [66].
The molecular simulation was carried out in the IQmol molecular editor, and the quantum-chemical calculations of the models were carried out using the QChem software with the following parameters: Calculation—Energy, method—B3LYP, Basis—6–31G*, Convergence—5, Force field—Chemical [67].
To study functional groups in the obtained samples, IR spectroscopy was used. IR spectra were recorded on an FSM-1201 IR-spectrometer with Fourier transform. The measurement range was 400–4400 cm−1.
The ζ-potential and active acidity of the medium was determined by acoustic and electroacoustic spectroscopy on a DT-1202 setup (Dispersion Technology, NY, USA) [68]. The method of preparation of solutions with an accurate pH is presented in the previous published work [69].

2.3. Treatment of the Hordeum vulgare L. Seeds

In the experiment, seeds of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture used were stored for more than 10 years, with reduced morphological and functional characteristics. The seeds of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture were collected and identified on the basis of the Stavropol Research Institute of Agriculture (SNIISH, Stavropol, Russian) in 2011. The samples were stored in the biological collection of grain ears, sorghum crops, perennial fodder, and medicinal plants at the Stavropol Research Institute of Agriculture. Seed collection was carried out according to Russian national standard GOST 12036-85 “Seeds of agricultural crops. Acceptance rules and sampling methods”. Appropriate permission has been obtained for the collection of seeds samples.
Previously, the seeds were not subjected to further processing. The seeds were treated with solutions of MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine, L-methionine, and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) at various concentrations (0.0005; 0.005; 0.05; 0.5; 5 mg/mL). In the control sample, the seeds were treated with distilled water.
Hordeum vulgare L. seeds treated with solutions of various concentrations were placed in a thermostat at a constant temperature of 20 °C without illumination. Each sample contained 100 seeds. A total of 72 h after treatment, the percentage of germinated seeds (germination energy) was calculated, lengths of root and seedling were measured, and the obtained data were compared with the control.

2.4. Statistical Data Processing

Statistical processing of the experimental results was carried out using Statistica 12.0 software (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). To assess the significance of dressing agent’s concentration as a factor affecting the seeds germination percentage, the length of roots, and shoots length, intragroup and intergroup analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. The nature of the distribution of quantitative characteristics was determined using the Shapiro–Wilk test, the equality of variances was determined using the Leuven test. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to determine the significant difference between the samples. To compare quantitative characteristics in the intergroup analysis of variance, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used. Quantitative values were assessed using the median (Me) and the 25th and 75th percentiles. The critical level of significance (p) was taken equal to 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. MnxOy Nanoparticles Characterization

In the first stage of the research, dried samples of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder diffractometry. The data obtained are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The SEM micrographs of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine (Figure 1) showed the presence of homogeneous aggregates of spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 15–30 nm.
Analysis and interpretation of the diffractogram (Figure 2) showed the presence of low-intensity broadened peaks indicating the existence of an amorphous MnO2 phase with a tetragonal crystal lattice having spatial group I4/m (unit cell parameters: a—9.8150 Å, b—9.8150 Å, c—2.8470 Å) [70]. The existence of the second phase Mn3O4, with a tetragonal crystal lattice having spatial group I41/amd (unit cell parameters: a—5.7574 Å, b—5.7574 Å, c—9.4239 Å) is also established [71].
To study the mechanism of stabilization of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine, quantum chemical modeling was carried out in the QChem software [72,73,74]. According to the literature data [75], methionine is oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (Figure 3).
At the first stage of quantum chemical modeling, the models of methionine sulfoxide, MnO2 and Mn3O4 were considered separately. The manganese dioxide and double manganese oxide molecules are represented by sequences of three manganese atoms connected to a certain number of oxygen atoms, which correlates with the valencies of these Mn atoms and, taking into account the coordination field, the free bonds are hydrogenated. The obtained models, electron density distributions, electron density distribution gradients, and molecular orbitals are presented in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6.
From the data analysis, it was found that the interaction of methionine sulfoxide with manganese oxides can occur through the oxygen of the sulfogroup, the amino group and the carboxyl group. In the next stage of modeling, the variants of the interaction of methionine sulfoxide with manganese oxides are considered. The obtained models and the results of quantum chemical calculations are presented in Table 1 and in the Supplementary (Figures S1–S12).
According to references [76,77,78,79], the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are the main orbitals describing the chemical stability of the system. HOMO is directly related to the concept of “ionization potential”. LUMO is related to the concept of “electron affinity”. The energy difference between the LUMO and HOMO orbitals is called the energy gap (ΔE). Based on the data obtained, the value of the chemical hardness (η) was calculated. The chemical hardness characterizes the stability of the system. The chemical hardness is calculated as follows:
η = 1 2 × ( E LUMO − E HOMO )
where ELUMO—LUMO energy; EHOMO—HOMO energy.
The analysis of the obtained data showed that the interaction of methionine sulfoxide with manganese oxides is an energetically advantageous process, as evidenced by a decrease in the total energy (E). The interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide with MnO2 and Mn3O4 was found to be the most energetically advantageous (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
To confirm the quantum chemical modeling data, IR spectroscopy of the obtained samples of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine was performed. The obtained data are presented in Figure 9.
The analysis of IR spectra of L-methionine and MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine showed that in the range from 2500 cm−1 to 3600 cm−1 the presence of bands of valence vibrations of bonds is observed as follows: from 2518 cm−1 to 2675 cm−1—-S-, at 2727 cm−1—-CH2, from 2882 cm−1 to 2858 cm−1—-CH3, from 2912 cm−1 to 2924 cm−1—-CH, at 2942 cm−1 —-OH, from 3452 cm−1 to 3473 cm−1—-N-H [80,81].
In the IR–spectrum of L-methionine, characteristic bands of bond deformation vibrations in the range of 400 cm−1 to 2200 cm−1 are observed as follows: at 880 cm−1—deformation vibrations of -C-C- bonds, 930 cm−1—vibrations of the ionized thiol group-SH; at 961 cm−1—symmetric deformation vibrations of the carboxyl group COO−; at 1001 cm−1—vibrations of the CH2 bond; at 1045 cm−1—deformation pendulum vibrations of the ionized amino group NH3+; at 1082 cm−1—symmetric vibrations of the OH− group, the band range from 1101 to 1159 cm−1 corresponds to the vibrations of the CH bond; at 1219 cm−1—deformation pendulum vibrations of the -CH bond; at 1275 cm−1—fan vibrations of the -CH2 bond; at 1314 cm−1—symmetric vibrations of the group OH−; at 1341 cm−1—deformation vibrations of the ionized amino group NH3+; at 1414 cm−1—symmetric vibrations of the carboxyl group COO−; at 1445 cm−1—CH2 bond vibrations, in the band range from 1514 cm−1 to 1609 cm−1 corresponds to symmetric vibrations of the ionized amino group NH3+; at 1624 cm−1—C=C bond vibrations; at 1659 cm−1—asymmetric vibrations of the carboxyl group COO−; at 1715 cm−1—C=O bond vibrations; at 1915 cm−1—-C=C bond vibrations, at the range from 1958 cm−1 to 2182 cm−1 corresponds to the vibrations of the ionized thiol groups -SH [82,83].
In the IR-spectrum of MnxOy nanoparticles, bands characteristic of deformation vibrations are observed in the same range from 400 cm−1 to 2200 cm−1: the range from 439 cm−1 to 779 cm−1 corresponds to vibrations of -CH and -CH2 bonds, at 880 cm−1–vibrations of -C-C bonds, the range from 1281 cm−1 to 1341 cm−1 corresponds to fan vibrations of the -CH2 bond, the range from 1404 cm−1 to 1645 cm−1 corresponds to symmetric vibrations of the ionized amino group NH3+, at 1743 cm−1–asymmetric vibrations of the carboxyl group COO− [84,85]. It is important to note that in the IR spectrum of the sample there are oscillations in the range from 1058 to 1150 cm−1, which are characteristic of scissor oscillations of the S=O group. The presence of this group confirms the oxidation of L-methionine and the formation of methionine sulfoxide [86,87].
It is important to note that in the IR-spectrum of MnxOy nanoparticles, there is a decrease in the intensity of the bands at 1341 cm−1 and 1514–1609 cm−1, which indicates the formation of a chemical bonds and the interaction of MnxOy nanoparticles with L-methionine through the amino group [88,89].
Then, information was obtained on the effect of the MnxOy sol concentration on the gelation process in this colloidal system.
A graph of the dependence of the dynamic viscosity of the nanoscale MnxOy solutions on its concentration is presented in Figure 10. Analysis of Figure 10 showed that the resulting sample can be characterized as a Newtonian liquid with a gelation point of 0.1 mg/mL. The result is that the dynamic viscosity of solutions of nanoscale MnxOy in the concentration range from 0.0005 to 0.1 mg/mL did not change significantly and was 1–3 MPa∙s. This indicates that at these concentrations, the samples are a free-dispersed colloidal systems (sol). When the concentration of nanoscale MnxOy is 0.1 mg/mL, a sharp jump in the dynamic viscosity is observed, which indicates that the gelation point has been reached and the type of colloidal system has changed. At a concentration of nanosized MnxOy ≥ 0.1 mg/mL, bound-dispersed (gel-cohesive) systems are formed, which can be identified as a Newtonian fluid.
To confirm the obtained data, the hydrodynamic radius of MnxOy nanoparticles solutions was studied before the gelation point (0.05 mg/mL) and after (0.5 mg/mL). The resulting histograms are shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12.
As shown in Figure 11, the distribution of hydrodynamic particle radii in MnxOy samples is monomodal with an average value of 25 nm and a dispersion of 10–100 nm. The analysis of Figure 12 showed that the sample has a bimodal distribution and consists of two fractions. The particles of the first fraction have an average hydrodynamic radius of 25 nm and a dispersion of 10–80 nm, while particles of the second fraction have an average hydrodynamic radius of 512 nm and a dispersion of 100–1000 nm. The data obtained are consistent with the works [90,91]. The results obtained are consistent with the SEM microscopy data.
At the next stage, the effect of the pH of the solution on the ζ-potential of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with methionine was investigated. The obtained dependence is shown in Figure 13. It is established that during the transition from an acidic medium to an alkaline one, the nanoparticles “recharge” occurs, i.e., the ζ-potential changes from +48.5 mV to −15.5 mV. It is important to note that an isoelectric point is observed at pH = 8.25. The obtained result is consistent with the work of Neves et al. [92].
As is known, an acidic environment leads to the activation of amino groups of amino acids, and an alkaline environment leads to the activation of carboxyl groups of amino acids [93,94]. Upon protonation of an amino group in an acidic medium, the molecule L-methionine acquires a positive charge (NH3+) and interacts with the MnxOy micelle, as shown above by the simulation results and IR spectroscopy. With a decrease in hydrogen ions concentration (an increase in pH), the speed of the protonation process slows down, and the equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction, and as a result the charge of the amino groups decreases and becomes zero at the isoelectric point. A further increase in the concentration of OH− ions, above the isoelectric point, leads to a change in the charge of the L-methionine molecule, which becomes negative, due to the deprotonization of carboxyl groups. The scheme of the described chemical transformations is shown in Figure 14.
Thus, an increase in the active acidity leads to a loss of NH3+ charge and an increase in the desorption of uncharged L-methionine molecules from the surface of MnxOy nanoparticles. As a result, the particles lose their stabilizing shell and begin to coagulate, forming the spatial structure of the gel, which is shown in Figure 15.

3.2. Investigation of the Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds

The results of the study of the effect of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with methionine on the morphofunctional parameters of seeds germination are presented in Table 2 and Table 3 and in the Supplementary (Figures S13–S15).
The analysis of the obtained data showed that 10 years’ storage has reduced morphofunctional characteristics of barley seeds. It was found that the germination energy of control samples was less than 50%. It was also set that the length of seeding in the concentration range of 0.0005–0.5 mg/mL for MnxOy nanoparticles, potassium permanganate KMnO4, and for L-methionine is higher than that of the control sample. Similarly, it is discovered that when the concentration of L-methionine is 5 mg/mL, the length of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture seeding takes values lower values than the values of the control sample. There was a statistically significant prevalence of seeding length in samples treated with 0.05 mg/mL MnxOy nanoparticles (32.13 ± 3.40 mm) by 68% compared to the control sample (19.1 ± 2.08 mm). Additionally, Table 3 shows that the effect of MnxOy nanoparticles on the root length of Hordeum vulgare L. culture has a nonlinear relation with an extremum at 0.05 mg/mL (34.89 ± 2.34mm). The growth of the root length of samples treated with MnxOy nanoparticles at the point of 0.05 mg/mL is higher by 62.8% (21.43 ± 3.54 mm), 32.7% (26.29 ± 3.22 mm), and 158.9% (13.48 ± 2.66 mm) compared to samples treated with L-methionine, KMnO4, and the control sample, respectively.
Analysis of seed germination energy versus substance concentration showed the predominance of the sample treated with MnxOy nanoparticles at the point of 0.05 mg/mL (66.00 ± 2.55%) by 50.0% compared to the control sample (44.00 ± 1.78%) [95], by 10.0% compared to the sample treated with L-methionine (60.00 ± 1.00%), and by 13.8% compared to the sample treated with KMnO4 (58.00 ± 1.58%). The data obtained are consistent with the data of other authors. For example, Esper Neto et al. describes the effect of Mn2O3 nanoparticles on corn seeds. The authors showed that at the concentration of Mn2O3 nanoparticles of 20 mg/L, the increase in root length was 20% and reached 55 mm [96]. An Iincrease in the root length under the influence of nanoparticles was also observed in the work of Landa et al. [57].
The effect of L-methionine-stabilized MnxOy on the morphological and functional properties of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture is a non-linear dependence (parabolic type) with an extremum at 0.05 mg/mL. (The constructed dependences are presented in the Supplementary (Figures S13–S15). The parabolic type of dependence is due to the fact that at 0.1–5 mg/mL, MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine is a bound-dispersed system (gel), which makes particle diffusion difficult, and the physiological effect on the seeds of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture is minimal. At concentrations from 0.0005 to 0.1 mg/mL, the samples constitute a free-dispersed system (sol), which is characterized by high biological activity and accessibility. The described process is schematically shown in Figure 16. Non-aggregated MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized by L-methionine can normalize the level of reception of the essential trace element Mn in the seeds of the culture of Hordeum vulgare L., thereby activating metabolic processes. The obtained tendency meets the results of other scientists [58,59].

4. Conclusions

In this work, we synthesized of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine and studied their structure and phase composition of the material were studied. As a result of quantum chemical modeling, the model of stabilization of MnxOy with L-methionine was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The result of the study of physico-chemical properties of the colloidal system MnxOy-L-methionine was proposed as a gelation mechanism.
The effect of MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine on the morphofunctional characteristics of seeds of the Hordeum vulgare L. culture is a nonlinear relation with an extremum at 0.05 mg/mL. In our opinion, this effect is related to the correlation of the type of colloidal system of nanoscale MnxOy with the concentration of MnxOy particles. Thus, it was shown that at a concentration of MnxOy < 0.05 mg/mL, the samples are sol-free colloidal systems, and at a concentration of MnxOy > 0.05 mg/mL—gels-cohesive systems.
We found a statistically significant prevalence of seeding length in samples treated with 0.05 mg/mL MnxOy nanoparticles by 68% compared to the control sample. It is shown that the roots growth length of samples treated with MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine at the point of 0.05 mg/mL is higher by 62.8%, 32.7%, and 158.9% compared to samples treated with L-methionine, KMnO4, and the control sample, respectively. It was found that the germination energy of seeds treated with MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL are higher by 50.0% compared to the control sample, by 10.0% compared to the sample treated with L-methionine, and by 13.8% compared to the sample treated with KMnO4.
The results of this research allow us to conclude that the use of MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine in the pre-sowing treatment of unconditioned seeds of agricultural crops with low germination rates will activate its metabolism and thereby increase and improve the growth characteristics of young plants, which is essential for agriculture, especially in extreme conditions with adverse weather conditions and climatic change. It is important to note that the proven effectiveness of MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine allows them to be used not only on seeds with low germination rates, but also for seeds with high varietal qualities.
The data obtained on the positive effect of MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine on seeds germination of seeds of the agricultural crop Hordeum vulgare L. formed the basis for further experimental studies on other crops.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nano13091577/s1, Figure S1. Interaction of the oxygen of the sulfo group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom of MnO2: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S2. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom of MnO2: molecular complex model (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S3. Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom of MnO2: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S4. Interaction of the oxygen of the sulfo group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom of MnO2: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S5. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom of MnO2: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S6. Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom of MnO2: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S7. Interaction of the oxygen of the sulfo group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom of Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S8. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom of Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S9. Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the extreme manganese atom Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S10. Interaction of the oxygen of the sulfogroup of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom of Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S11. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom of Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S12. Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle atom of Mn3O4: model of the molecular complex (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e), Figure S13. Dependence of distribution of length of seeding on concentration of substances (72 h incubation), Figure S14. Dependence of length of roots on concentration of substances (72 h incubation), Figure S15. Dependence of distribution of germination energy on concentration of substances, (72 h incubation).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.B. (Andrey Blinov) and A.N.; methodology, A.G. (Alexey Gvozdenko); software, D.M.; validation, A.B. (Anastasiya Blinova); formal analysis, S.A.S.; investigation, A.G. (Alexey Gvozdenko), A.G. (Alexey Golik), D.M. and I.S.; resources, S.A.S.; data curation, A.B. (Andrey Blinov) and A.N.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G. (Alexey Gvozdenko) and A.B. (Andrey Blinov); writing—review and editing, M.R., F.G. and A.N.; visualization, A.G. (Alexey Golik); supervision, A.B. (Andrey Blinov); project administration, A.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was carried out using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use of the North Caucasus Federal University with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, unique project identifier RF—2296.61321X0029 (agreement No. 075-15-2021-687).

Data Availability Statement

All data are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Gevers, L.E.; Enakonda, L.R.; Shahid, A.; Ould-Chikh, S.; Silva, C.I.Q.; Paalanen, P.P.; Aguilar-Tapia, A.; Hazemann, J.-L.; Hedhili, M.N.; Wen, F.; et al. Unraveling the structure and role of Mn and Ce for NOx reduction in application-relevant catalysts. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Dutta, N.; Miraz, S.M.; Khan, M.U.; Karekar, S.C.; Usman, M.; Khan, S.M.; Amin, U.; Rebezov, M.; Shariati, M.A.; Thiruvengadam, M. Heterologous expression and biophysical characterization of a mesophilic tannase following manganese nanoparticle immobilization. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2021, 207, 112011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Koutani, M.; Hayashi, E.; Kamata, K.; Hara, M. Synthesis and Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis of Mesoporous Todorokite-Type Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Crystallization of Precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 14090–14100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wang, Q.; Liao, C.; Zhao, J.; Zeng, G.; Liu, W.; Gao, P.; Sun, D.; Du, J. Combined Process of Biogenic Manganese Oxide and Manganese-Oxidizing Microalgae for Improved Diclofenac Removal Performance: Two Different Kinds of Synergistic Effects. Toxics 2022, 10, 230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Tsukamoto, Y.; Kakegawa, T. Mineralogical and Genomic Constraints on the Origin of Microbial Mn Oxide Formation in Complexed Microbial Community at the Terrestrial Hot Spring. Life 2022, 12, 816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Srivastava, V.; Beg, M.; Sharma, S.; Choubey, A.K. Application of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized via green route for improved performance of water-based drilling fluids. Appl. Nanosci. 2021, 11, 2247–2260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Kou, L.; Yang, Y.; Fan, Q.; Wang, J. Carboxyl group-assisted uniform growth of MnOx nanospheres on poly(acrylonitrile) fiber for enhanced removal of organic pollutants. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 7, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kerkar, R.D.; Salker, A.V. Highly active nano-composite of cobalt–copper–manganese oxides for room temperature CO oxidation. Appl. Nanosci. 2021, 11, 2861–2867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Pardhiya, S.; Gaharwar, U.S.; Gautam, R.; Priyadarshini, E.; Nirala, J.P.; Rajamani, P. Cumulative effects of manganese nanoparticle and radiofrequency radiation in male Wistar rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2022, 45, 1395–1407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Khan, I.; Sadiq, M.; Khan, I.; Saeed, K. Manganese dioxide nanoparticles/activated carbon composite as efficient UV and visible-light photocatalyst. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 5140–5154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jiang, S.; Liu, F.; Ji, X.; Yu, T.; Qiao, Y.; Yang, B.; Gao, M. An in-plane supercapacitor obtained by facile template method with high performance Mn–Co sulfide-based oxide electrode. Nanotechnology 2022, 33, 485401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Chahal, P.; Madaswamy, S.L.; Lee, S.C.; Wabaidur, S.M.; Dhayalan, V.; Ponnusamy, V.K.; Dhanusuraman, R. Novel manganese oxide decorated polyaniline/graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid material for efficient supercapacitor application. Fuel 2022, 330, 125531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Godlaveeti, S.K.; Jangiti, S.; Somala, A.R.; Maseed, H.; Nagireddy, R.R. Different Phase and Morphology Effect of Manganese Oxide on Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Application. J. Clust. Sci. 2021, 32, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ali, L.I.A.; Ismail, H.K.; Alesary, H.F.; Aboul-Enein, H.Y. A nanocomposite based on polyaniline, nickel and manganese oxides for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 18, 2031–2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Islam, M.A.; Ali, I.; Karim, S.M.A.; Firoz, M.S.H.; Chowdhury, A.-N.; Morton, D.W.; Angove, M.J. Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based materials. J. Water Process. Eng. 2019, 32, 100911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Kim, E.-J.; Oh, D.; Lee, C.-S.; Gong, J.; Kim, J.; Chang, Y.-S. Manganese oxide nanorods as a robust Fenton-like catalyst at neutral pH: Crystal phase-dependent behavior. Catal. Today 2017, 282, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Fayazi, M.; Afzali, D.; Ghanei-Motlagh, R.; Iraji, A. Synthesis of novel sepiolite–iron oxide–manganese dioxide nanocomposite and application for lead(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 18893–18903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Salam, M.A. Coating carbon nanotubes with crystalline manganese dioxide nanoparticles and their application for lead ions removal from model and real water. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2013, 419, 69–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Chen, J.; Meng, H.; Tian, Y.; Yang, R.; Du, D.; Li, Z.; Qu, L.; Lin, Y. Recent advances in functionalized MnO2 nanosheets for biosensing and biomedicine applications. Nanoscale Horiz. 2019, 4, 321–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Wen, J.; Yang, K.; Sun, S. MnO2-Based nanosystems for cancer therapy. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 7065–7079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhang, Z.; Ji, Y. Nanostructured manganese dioxide for anticancer applications: Preparation, diagnosis, and therapy. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 17982–18003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Zhang, S.; Li, W.; Chen, X.; Ren, M.; Zhang, H.; Xing, D.; Qin, H. Manganous-manganic oxide nanoparticle as an activatable microwave-induced thermoacoustic probe for deep-located tumor specific imaging in vivo. Photoacoustics 2022, 26, 100347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Li, H.; Cai, X.; Yi, T.; Zeng, Y.; Ma, J.; Li, L.; Pang, L.; Na Li, N.; Hu, H.; Zhan, Y. Tumor microenvironment responsive Mn3O4 nanoplatform for in vivo real-time monitoring of drug resistance and photothermal/chemodynamic synergistic therapy of gastric cancer. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022, 20, 240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Guo, Z.; Yu, Y.; Shi, L.; Liao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Liu, X.; Lu, X.; Wang, J. Defect Engineering Triggers Exceptional Sonodynamic Activity of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2022, 5, 4232–4243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Xu, W.; Qing, X.; Liu, S.; Yang, D.; Dong, X.; Zhang, Y. Hollow Mesoporous Manganese Oxides: Application in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Small 2022, 18, 2106511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Su, Q.; Liu, C.; Zhu, J.; Ding, M.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Zhang, Q. Albumin-Stabilized Manganese Oxide/Semiconducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Photothermal-Chemodynamic Therapy of Hepatic Carcinoma. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022, 10, 919235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Sun, W.; Xu, Y.; Yao, Y.; Yue, J.; Wu, Z.; Li, H.; Shen, G.; Liao, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhou, W. Self-oxygenation mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles with ultra-high drug loading capacity for targeted arteriosclerosis therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022, 20, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhou, F.; Zheng, T.; Abdel-Halim, E.S.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, J.-J. A multifunctional core–shell nanoplatform for enhanced cancer cell apoptosis and targeted chemotherapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 2887–2894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Dimkpa, C.O.; Singh, U.; Adisa, I.O.; Bindraban, P.S.; Elmer, W.H.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L.; White, J.C. Effects of Manganese Nanoparticle Exposure on Nutrient Acquisition in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomy 2018, 8, 158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ogunyemi, S.O.; Zhang, F.; Abdallah, Y.; Zhang, M.; Wang, Y.; Sun, G.; Qiu, W.; Li, B. Biosynthesis and characterization of magnesium oxide and manganese dioxide nanoparticles using Matricaria chamomilla L. extract and its inhibitory effect on Acidovorax oryzae strain RS-2. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 47, 2230–2239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Hassanisaadi, M.; Barani, M.; Rahdar, A.; Heidary, M.; Thysiadou, A.; Kyzas, G.Z. Role of agrochemical-based nanomaterials in plants: Biotic and abiotic stress with germination improvement of seeds. Plant Growth Regul. 2022, 97, 375–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Parisi, C.; Vigani, M.; Rodríguez-Cerezo, E. Agricultural Nanotechnologies: What are the current possibilities? Nano Today 2015, 10, 124–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Agri, U.; Chaudhary, P.; Sharma, A. In vitro compatibility evaluation of agriusable nanochitosan on beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and maize plant. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 2021, 44, 555–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Nagdalian, A.A.; Blinov, A.V.; Siddiqui, S.A.; Gvozdenko, A.A.; Golik, A.B.; Maglakelidze, D.G.; Rzhepakovsky, I.V.; Kukharuk, M.Y.; Piskov, S.I.; Rebezov, M.B.; et al. Effect of selenium nanoparticles on biological and morphofunctional parameters of barley seeds (Hordéum vulgáre L.). Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 6453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Lowry, G.V.; Avellan, A.; Gilbertson, L.M. Opportunities and challenges for nanotechnology in the agri-tech revolution. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 17, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Yan, X.; Chen, S.; Pan, Z.; Zhao, W.; Rui, Y.; Zhao, L. AgNPs-Triggered Seed Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming Enhanced Rice Salt Tolerance and Blast Resistance. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 492–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Shang, Y.; Hasan, M.K.; Ahammed, G.J.; Li, M.; Yin, H.; Zhou, J. Applications of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Crop Protection: A Review. Molecules 2019, 24, 2558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Ye, Y.; Medina-Velo, I.A.; Cota-Ruiz, K.; Moreno-Olivas, F.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. Can abiotic stresses in plants be alleviated by manganese nanoparticles or compounds? Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 184, 109671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Azarin, K.; Usatov, A.; Minkina, T.; Plotnikov, A.; Kasyanova, A.; Fedorenko, A.; Duplii, N.; Vechkanov, E.; Rajput, V.D.; Mandzhieva, S.; et al. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles and its bulk form on growth, antioxidant defense system and expression of oxidative stress related genes in Hordeum vulgare L. Chemosphere 2022, 287, 132167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Saod, W.M.; Hamid, L.L.; Alaallah, N.J.; Ramizy, A. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of manganese oxide nanoparticles prepared by green tea extract. Biotechnol. Rep. 2022, 34, e00729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Saudy, H.S.; El–Samad, G.A.A.; El–Temsah, M.E.; El–Gabry, Y.A.E. Effect of Iron, Zinc, and Manganese Nano-Form Mixture on the Micronutrient Recovery Efficiency and Seed Yield Response Index of Sesame Genotypes. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2021, 22, 732–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Rani, N.U.; Pavani, P.; Prasad Rao, P.T. Green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles using Kigelia africana (lam.) Benth. Aqueous root extract and influence on chickpea (Cicer arietinum linn.) Seed germination and plant growth. Indian Drugs 2022, 59, 34–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Acharya, P.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Crosby, K.M.; Jifon, J.L.; Patil, B.S. Nanoparticle-Mediated Seed Priming Improves Germination, Growth, Yield, and Quality of Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) at multi-locations in Texas. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 5037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Dimkpa, C.O.; McLean, J.E.; Latta, D.E.; Manangón, E.; Britt, D.; Johnson, W.P.; Boyanov, M.I.; Anderson, A.J. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: Phytotoxicity, metal speciation, and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2012, 14, 1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Galbraith, D.W. Silica breaks through in plants. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 272–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Juhel, G.; Batisse, E.; Hugues, Q.; Daly, D.; van Pelt, F.N.; O’halloran, J.; Jansen, M. Alumina nanoparticles enhance growth of Lemna minor. Aquat. Toxicol. 2011, 105, 328–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Jiang, Y.; Yang, J.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Zhou, P.; Wang, Q.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, G.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, P.; et al. Effect of Silica-Based Nanomaterials on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 4160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Azeem, I.; Adeel, M.; Ahmad, M.A.; Shakoor, N.; Zain, M.; Yousef, N.; Yinghai, Z.; Azeem, K.; Zhou, P.; White, J.C.; et al. Microplastic and Nanoplastic Interactions with Plant Species: Trends, Meta-Analysis, and Perspectives. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9, 482–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Margenot, A.J.; Rippner, D.A.; Dumlao, M.R.; Nezami, S.; Green, P.G.; Parikh, S.J.; McElrone, A.J. Copper oxide nanoparticle effects on root growth and hydraulic conductivity of two vegetable crops. Plant Soil 2018, 431, 333–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Burman, U.; Saini, M.; Kumar, P. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and antioxidant system of chickpea seedlings. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2013, 95, 605–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Allender, C.J. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Exp. Agric. 2011, 47, 574. [Google Scholar]
  52. Maryam, G.G.; Elahe, G.; Mohsen, S.; Zeinab, H.K. The effect of accelerated aging on germination characteristics, seed reserve utilization and malondialdehyde content of two wheat cultivars. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 10, 15–23. [Google Scholar]
  53. Walters, C.; Wheeler, L.M.; Grotenhuis, J.M. Longevity of seeds stored in a genebank: Species characteristics. Seed Sci. Res. 2005, 15, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Younis, M.; Abdel-Aziz, H.; Heikal, Y. Nanopriming technology enhances vigor and mitotic index of aged Vicia faba seeds using chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 125, 393–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Yang, F.; Hong, F.; You, W.; Liu, C.; Gao, F.; Wu, C.; Yang, P. Influences of Nano-anatase TiO2 on the Nitrogen Metabolism of Growing Spinach. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2006, 110, 179–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Elmer, W.; De La Torre-Roche, R.; Pagano, L.; Majumdar, S.; Zuverza-Mena, N.; Dimkpa, C.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.; White, J.C. Effect of Metalloid and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon. Plant Dis. 2018, 102, 1394–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Landa, P.; Cyrusova, T.; Jerabkova, J.; Drabek, O.; Vanek, T.; Podlipna, R. Effect of Metal Oxides on Plant Germination: Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles, Bulk Materials, and Metal Ions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2016, 227, 448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Liu, R.; Zhang, H.; Lal, R. Effects of Stabilized Nanoparticles of Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Iron Oxides in Low Concentrations on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Seed Germination: Nanotoxicants or Nanonutrients? Water Air Soil Pollut. 2016, 227, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Pradhan, S.; Patra, P.; Das, S.; Chandra, S.; Mitra, S.; Dey, K.K.; Akbar, S.; Palit, P.; Goswami, A. Photochemical Modulation of Biosafe Manganese Nanoparticles on Vigna radiata: A Detailed Molecular, Biochemical, and Biophysical Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 13122–13131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Elmer, W.H.; Ma, C.; White, J.C. Nanoparticles for plant disease management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 2018, 6, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Ye, Y.; Cota-Ruiz, K.; Hernández-Viezcas, J.A.; Valdés, C.; Medina-Velo, I.A.; Turley, R.S.; Peralta-Videa, J.R.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. Manganese Nanoparticles Control Salinity-Modulated Molecular Responses in Capsicum annuum L. through Priming: A Sustainable Approach for Agriculture. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 1427–1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Kasote, D.M.; Lee, J.H.J.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Patil, B.S. Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles as Safer Seed Priming Agent to Improve Chlorophyll and Antioxidant Profiles in Watermelon Seedlings. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Varaprasad, D. In vitro effect of chromium, lead and manganese on seed germination, growth and mineral composition of finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Ann. Plant SOIL Res. 2021, 23, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Wali, S.; Syed, L.; Rahim, F.; Tariq, F.; Rahman, K.U. Comparative effects of manganese and iron stress on seed germination and various growth parameters of Phaseolus lunatus L. Pak. J. Bot. 2021, 53, 1193–1197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Blinov, A.V.; Kravtsov, A.A.; Krandievskii, S.O.; Timchenko, V.P.; Gvozdenko, A.A.; Blinova, A.A. Synthesis of MnO2 Nanoparticles Stabilized by Methionine. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2020, 90, 283–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Siddiqui, S.A.; Blinov, A.V.; Serov, A.V.; Gvozdenko, A.A.; Kravtsov, A.A.; Nagdalian, A.A.; Raffa, V.V.; Maglakelidze, D.G.; Blinova, A.A.; Kobina, A.V.; et al. Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Germination of Hordéum Vulgáre Barley Seeds. Coatings 2021, 11, 862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Blinov, A.V.; Siddiqui, S.A.; Nagdalian, A.A.; Blinova, A.A.; Gvozdenko, A.A.; Raffa, V.V.; Oboturova, N.P.; Golik, A.B.; Maglakelidze, D.G.; Ibrahim, S.A. Investigation of the influence of Zinc-containing compounds on the components of the colloidal phase of milk. Arab. J. Chem. 2021, 14, 103229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Kaishev, V.G.; Khramtsov, A.G.; Blinov, A.V.; Gvozdenko, A.A.; Maglakelidze, D.G. Study of the Possibility of Application of Acoustic Spectroscopy in Dairy Products. In Intelligent Biotechnologies of Natural and Synthetic Biologically Active Substances; Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Series; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Gvozdenko, A.A.; Siddiqui, S.A.; Blinov, A.V.; Golik, A.B.; Nagdalian, A.A.; Maglakelidze, D.G.; Statsenko, E.N.; Pirogov, M.A.; Blinova, A.A.; Sizonenko, M.N.; et al. Synthesis of CuO nanoparticles stabilized with gelatin for potential use in food packaging applications. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 12843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Sivakumar, S.; Prabu, L.N. Synthesis and Characterization of α-MnO2 nanoparticles for Supercapacitor application. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 47, 52–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Pandey, V.; Adiba; Munjal, S.; Ahmad, T. Optical properties and spectroscopic investigation of single phase tetragonal Mn3O4 nanoparticles. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 26, 1181–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Gvozdenko, A.A.; Blinov, A.V.; Yasnaya, M.A.; Golik, A.B.; Raffa, V.V.; Kramarenko, V.N.; Maglakelidze, D.G.; Shevchenko, I.M. Computer quantum-chemical simulation of multicomponent SiO2-MexOy systems. Phys. Chem. Asp. Study Clust. Nanostruct. Nanomater. 2020, 12, 394–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Blinov, A.; Gvozdenko, A.; Kravtsov, A.; Krandievsky, S.; Blinova, A.; Maglakelidze, D.; Vakalov, D.; Remizov, D.; Golik, A. Synthesis of nanosized manganese methahydroxide stabilized by cystine. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021, 265, 124510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Gilbert, A. Introduction to IQmol; QChem: New York, NY, USA, 2015; Volume 7, pp. 1–34. [Google Scholar]
  75. McBride, M.B. Adsorption and Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds by Iron and Manganese Oxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1987, 51, 1466–1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Minsky, A.; Meyer, A.Y.; Rabinovitz, M. Paratropicity and antiaromaticity: Role of the homo-lumo energy gap. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 785–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Whangbo, M.-H.; Gordon, E.E.; Xiang, H.; Koo, H.-J.; Lee, C. Prediction of Spin Orientations in Terms of HOMO–LUMO Interactions Using Spin–Orbit Coupling as Perturbation. Accounts Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 3080–3087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Li, X.; Li, Y.; Shi, Y.; Gutman, I. Note on the HOMO-LUMO Index of Graphs. Match 2013, 70, 85–96. [Google Scholar]
  79. Brédas, J.L. Organic Electronics: Does a Plot of the HOMO–LUMO Wave Functions Provide Useful Information? Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 477–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Ai, Z.; Zhang, L.; Kong, F.; Liu, H.; Xing, W.; Qiu, J. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of MnO2 nanoplates with environmental catalytic activity. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2008, 111, 162–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Zhang, L.; Liu, Z.-H.; Tang, X.; Wang, J.; Ooi, K. Synthesis and characterization of β-MnO2 single crystals with novel tetragonous morphology. Mater. Res. Bull. 2007, 42, 1432–1439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Alzahrani, S.A.; Al-Thabaiti, S.A.; Al-Arjan, W.S.; Malik, M.A.; Khan, Z. Preparation of ultra long α-MnO2 and Ag@MnO2 nanoparticles by seedless approach and their photocatalytic performance. J. Mol. Struct. 2017, 1137, 495–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Ghaemi, M.; Ataherian, F.; Zolfaghari, A.; Jafari, S. Charge storage mechanism of sonochemically prepared MnO2 as supercapacitor electrode: Effects of physisorbed water and proton conduction. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 4607–4614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Yousefi, T.; Golikand, A.N.; Mashhadizadeh, M.H.; Aghazadeh, M. Template-free synthesis of MnO2 nanowires with secondary flower like structure: Characterization and supercapacitor behavior studies. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2012, 12, 193–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Zhu, S.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, D.; Wang, H. Synthesis of mesoporous amorphous MnO2 from SBA-15 via surface modification and ultrasonic waves. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006, 95, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Corbi, P.P.; Cagnin, F.; Sabeh, L.P.; Massabni, A.C.; Costa-Neto, C.M. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological analysis of a new palladium(II) complex with methionine sulfoxide. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2006, 66, 1171–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  87. Mazumder, M.A.J. Synthesis of Polymers Containing Residues of Biogenic Amino Acid Methionine, Methionine Sulfoxide and Methionine Sulfone and Their Application as Inhibitors of Mild Steel Corrosion. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2019, 14, 1040–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Yu, C.; Li, G.; Wei, L.; Fan, Q.; Shu, Q.; Yu, J.C. Fabrication, characterization of β-MnO2 microrod catalysts and their performance in rapid degradation of dyes of high concentration. Catal. Today 2014, 224, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Wu, Z.-L.; Li, C.-K.; Yu, J.-G.; Chen, X.-Q. MnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons: Facile hydrothermal preparation and their application in amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2017, 239, 544–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Su, L.; Mosquera, J.; Mabesoone, M.F.J.; Schoenmakers, S.M.C.; Muller, C.; Vleugels, M.E.J.; Dhiman, S.; Wijker, S.; Palmans, A.R.A.; Meijer, E.W. Dilution-induced gel-sol-gel-sol transitions by competitive supramolecular pathways in water. Science 2022, 377, 213–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Gila-Vilchez, C.; Rodriguez-Arco, L.; Mañas-Torres, M.C.; de Cienfuegos, L.; Lopez-Lopez, M.T. Self-assembly in magnetic supramolecular hydrogels. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 62, 101644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Neves, H.R.; Bini, R.A.; Barbosa, J.H.O.; Salmon, C.E.G.; Varanda, L.C. Dextran-Coated Antiferromagnetic MnO Nanoparticles for a T1-MRI Contrast Agent with High Colloidal Stability. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2016, 33, 167–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Ragupathy, P.; Vasan, H.N.; Munichandraiah, N. Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-MnO2 for Electrochemical Supercapacitor Studies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, A34–A40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Gürer, F.; Kargl, R.; Bračič, M.; Makuc, D.; Thonhofer, M.; Plavec, J.; Mohan, T.; Kleinschek, K.S. Water-based carbodiimide mediated synthesis of polysaccharide-amino acid conjugates: Deprotection, charge and structural analysis. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 267, 118226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Radoviciu, E.M.; Tomulescu, I.M.; Merca, V.V. Effects Induced Following the Treatments With Copper, Manganese and Zinc on Corn Seeds Germination (Carrera, Turda 200 and Hd-160). An. Univ. Din Oradea Fasc. Biol. 2009, 16, 105–107. [Google Scholar]
  96. Esper Neto, M.; Britt, D.W.; Jackson, K.A.; Coneglian, C.F.; Cordioli, V.R.; Braccini, A.L.; Batista, M.A. Assessments in early growth of corn seedlings after hausmanite (Mn3O4) nanoscale seed priming. J. Plant Nutr. 2021, 44, 1611–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g001 550
Figure 1. SEM-micrograph of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine.
Figure 1. SEM-micrograph of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g001
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g002 550
Figure 2. XRD pattern of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine.
Figure 2. XRD pattern of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionine.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g002
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g003 550
Figure 3. Oxidation of L-methionine.
Figure 3. Oxidation of L-methionine.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g003
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g004 550
Figure 4. Results of quantum chemical modeling of the methionine sulfoxide molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Figure 4. Results of quantum chemical modeling of the methionine sulfoxide molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g004
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g005 550
Figure 5. Results of quantum chemical modeling of MnO2 molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Figure 5. Results of quantum chemical modeling of MnO2 molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g005
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g006a 550Nanomaterials 13 01577 g006b 550
Figure 6. Results of quantum chemical modeling of Mn3O4 molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Figure 6. Results of quantum chemical modeling of Mn3O4 molecule: model of the molecule (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g006aNanomaterials 13 01577 g006b
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g007a 550Nanomaterials 13 01577 g007b 550
Figure 7. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and MnO2: molecular complex model (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Figure 7. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and MnO2: molecular complex model (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g007aNanomaterials 13 01577 g007b
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g008a 550Nanomaterials 13 01577 g008b 550
Figure 8. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and Mn3O4: molecular complex model (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Figure 8. Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and Mn3O4: molecular complex model (a), electron density distribution (b), electron density distribution gradient (c), HOMO molecular orbital (d), LUMO molecular orbital (e).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g008aNanomaterials 13 01577 g008b
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g009 550
Figure 9. IR-spectra of samples: 1—L-methionine, 2—MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionin.
Figure 9. IR-spectra of samples: 1—L-methionine, 2—MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with L-methionin.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g009
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g010 550
Figure 10. Dependence of the dynamic viscosity of MnxOy colloidal solutions on the concentration of MnxOy.
Figure 10. Dependence of the dynamic viscosity of MnxOy colloidal solutions on the concentration of MnxOy.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g010
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g011 550
Figure 11. Histogram of the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of MnxOy stabilized with methionine in sol at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (X-axis—average hydrodynamic radius (nm), Y-axis—intensity).
Figure 11. Histogram of the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of MnxOy stabilized with methionine in sol at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (X-axis—average hydrodynamic radius (nm), Y-axis—intensity).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g011
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g012 550
Figure 12. Histogram of the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of MnxOy stabilized with methionine in gel at concentration of 0.5 mg/mL (X-axis—average hydrodynamic radius (nm), Y-axis—intensity).
Figure 12. Histogram of the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of MnxOy stabilized with methionine in gel at concentration of 0.5 mg/mL (X-axis—average hydrodynamic radius (nm), Y-axis—intensity).
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g012
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g013 550
Figure 13. Dependence of the ζ-potential of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with methionine on the pH of the solution.
Figure 13. Dependence of the ζ-potential of MnxOy nanoparticles stabilized with methionine on the pH of the solution.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g013
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g014 550
Figure 14. Scheme of the effect of active acidity of the medium on the ionization of L-methionine functional groups.
Figure 14. Scheme of the effect of active acidity of the medium on the ionization of L-methionine functional groups.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g014
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g015 550
Figure 15. The scheme of MnxOy gel formation.
Figure 15. The scheme of MnxOy gel formation.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g015
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g016 550
Figure 16. Scheme of diffusion of the MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine in sol-form (a) and gel-form (b) into the plant cell: 1—Plasma membrane; 2—Cellulose microfibril; 3—Pectin; 4—MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine.
Figure 16. Scheme of diffusion of the MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine in sol-form (a) and gel-form (b) into the plant cell: 1—Plasma membrane; 2—Cellulose microfibril; 3—Pectin; 4—MnxOy stabilized with L-methionine.
Nanomaterials 13 01577 g016
Table
Table 1. Results of quantum chemical calculations of the interaction of methionine sulfoxide with MnO2 and Mn3O4.
Table 1. Results of quantum chemical calculations of the interaction of methionine sulfoxide with MnO2 and Mn3O4.
IndexE, kcal/molHOMOLUMOη
Methionine Sulfoxide−875.664−0.186−0.0080.089
MnO2−4200.463−0.087−0.0460.0205
Mn3O4−3825.168−0.115−0.740.205
Interaction of oxygen of the sulfogroup of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxogroup at the extreme manganese atom of Mn3O4−5000.96−0.086−0.0320.027
Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group at the extreme manganese atom in Mn3O4−5075.694−0.109−0.0570.026
Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group at the extreme manganese atom of Mn3O4−5000.273−0.103−0.0560.0235
Interaction of oxygen of the sulfogroup of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxogroup of the middle manganese atom in Mn3O4−5000.835−0.06−0.0350.0125
Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom in Mn3O4−5076.435−0.088−0.0430.225
Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group at the middle atom in Mn3O4−5000.29−0.1−0.0540.023
Interaction of oxygen of the sulfogroup of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxogroup at the extreme manganese atom of MnO2−4624.686−0.103−0.0510.026
Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group at the extreme manganese atom in MnO2−4700.332−0.116−0.0720.022
Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group at the extreme manganese atom of MnO2−4624.352−0.127−0.0570.035
Interaction of oxygen of the sulfogroup of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxogroup of the middle manganese atom in MnO2−4624.778−0.064−0.0330.0155
Interaction of the amino group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom in MnO2−4700.374−0.152−0.0990.0265
Interaction of the carboxyl group of methionine sulfoxide and the hydroxo group of the middle manganese atom in MnO24624.399−0.136−0.0960.02
Table
Table 2. Influence of MnxOy stabilized with methionine, KMnO4, and L-methionine concentrations on morphological and functional characteristics of Hordeum vulgare L. seeds.
Table 2. Influence of MnxOy stabilized with methionine, KMnO4, and L-methionine concentrations on morphological and functional characteristics of Hordeum vulgare L. seeds.
Dressing AgentConcentration (C), mg/mLLength of Seedling, mmLength of Roots, mmGermination Energy, %
MnxOy stabilized with methionineControl19.1 ± 2.08 a13.48 ± 2.66 c44.00 ± 1.78 d
0.000523.13 ± 3.89 ab22.69 ± 3.37 a51.20 ± 3.56 ab
0.00526.25 ± 4.59 b25.75 ± 3.33 b55.00 ± 0.71 bc
0.0532.13 ± 3.40 c34.89 ± 2.34 d66.00 ± 2.55 e
0.525.04 ± 6.16 ab26.15 ± 4.34 b57.00 ± 0.70 c
521.96 ± 6.17 a19.82 ± 2.81 a50.50 ± 0.84 a
KMnO4Control19.1 ± 2.08 a13.48 ± 2.66 a44.00 ± 1.78 b
0.000521.44 ± 2.61 ab22.61 ± 3.05 bc56.00 ± 1.58 a
0.00525.00 ± 4.03 c27.66 ± 3.69 d58.00 ± 1.00 a
0.0526.10 ± 3.99 c26.29 ± 3.22 cd58.00 ± 1.58 a
0.522.35 ± 1.67 b21.47 ± 3.24 b56.00 ± 0.71 a
519.61 ± 3.00 a13.78 ± 4.06 a48.00 ± 1.58 c
L-methionineControl19.1± 2.08 a13.48 ± 2.66 b44.00 ± 1.78 c
0.000520.56 ± 6.56 ab24.26 ± 1.80 a57.2 ± 1.79 ab
0.00523.43 ± 4.92 b22.83± 1.85 a60.00 ± 1.41 a
0.0521.75 ± 8.60 ab21.43 ± 3.54 a60.00 ± 1.00 a
0.518.55 ± 4.67 ac16.38 ± 3.69 b56.00 ± 1.22 b
514.09 ± 2.60 c9.70 ± 2.98 c49.00 ± 0.71 d
The data presented are the mean of three replicates (n = 3) ± standard error. For each dressing agent. Values within the same column marked with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 3. Comparison of the statistical significance of differences in morphological and functional parameters of seed germination in different groups at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (Intergroup ANOVA results).
Table 3. Comparison of the statistical significance of differences in morphological and functional parameters of seed germination in different groups at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (Intergroup ANOVA results).
IndexMnxOy (Group 1)L-Methionine (Group 2)KMnO4 (Group 3)Control (Group 4)
Me2575Me2575Me2575Me2575
Average length of seeding31.69
***
###
●●		29.5035.0022.15
§§§		16.0028.0025.77
***
§§		23.0028.0018.68
§§§
●●●		18.0022.00
Average length of roots34.89
***
###
●●●		33.7535.5021.43
§§§		18.3025.0026.29
***
§§§		25.0029.0013.48
§§§
●●●		12.4015.60
Germination energy66.00
***
###
●●●		64.0068.0060.00
***
§§§		59.0061.0058.00
**
§§§		57.0059.0044.00
§§§
###
●●		42.0046.00
Significant differences from control (group 3) p < 0.01—**, p < 0.001—***, differences from group 1 p < 0.01—§§, p < 0.001—§§§, differences from group 2 p < 0.001—###, differences from group 3 p < 0.01—●●, p < 0.001—●●●. Differences between groups are considered statistically significant at p <0.05.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Blinov, A.; Gvozdenko, A.; Golik, A.; Siddiqui, S.A.; Göğüş, F.; Blinova, A.; Maglakelidze, D.; Shevchenko, I.; Rebezov, M.; Nagdalian, A. Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.). Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091577

AMA Style

Blinov A, Gvozdenko A, Golik A, Siddiqui SA, Göğüş F, Blinova A, Maglakelidze D, Shevchenko I, Rebezov M, Nagdalian A. Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.). Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(9):1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091577

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blinov, Andrey, Alexey Gvozdenko, Alexey Golik, Shahida A. Siddiqui, Fahrettin Göğüş, Anastasiya Blinova, David Maglakelidze, Irina Shevchenko, Maksim Rebezov, and Andrey Nagdalian. 2023. "Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.)" Nanomaterials 13, no. 9: 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091577

APA Style

Blinov, A., Gvozdenko, A., Golik, A., Siddiqui, S. A., Göğüş, F., Blinova, A., Maglakelidze, D., Shevchenko, I., Rebezov, M., & Nagdalian, A. (2023). Effect of MnxOy Nanoparticles Stabilized with Methionine on Germination of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.). Nanomaterials, 13(9), 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091577

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop