Nanomaterials

11 pages, 12216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Multi-Atom Doped Black Phosphorene

by Ke Wang, Hai Wang, Min Zhang, Wei Zhao, Yan Liu and Hongbo Qin

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020311 - 25 Feb 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3777

Recently, substitutional doping is proved to be an effective route to induce magnetism to black phosphorene for its application in spintronics. Herein, we investigate the thermodynamic stability, electronic and magnetic properties of doped black phosphorene with multi Al or Cl atoms using first-principles [...] Read more.

Recently, substitutional doping is proved to be an effective route to induce magnetism to black phosphorene for its application in spintronics. Herein, we investigate the thermodynamic stability, electronic and magnetic properties of doped black phosphorene with multi Al or Cl atoms using first-principles calculations. We find these doped phosphorenes are thermodynamically stable at 0 K and the stability first improves and then deteriorates with the number of dopant atom increasing. Corresponding to the variety of stability, the amount of electrons transferred between impurity and neighboring phosphorus atoms also first increase and then reduce. However, the band gap of Al-doped phosphorene reduces monotonically from 0.44 eV to 0.13 eV while that of Cl-doped phosphorene first decreases from 0.10 eV to 0 and then becomes flat, which is a result of the impurity levels emerging and splitting. Besides, in doped phosphorenes with an even number of impurity atoms, the antiferromagnetic order is favored by energy. Through computing the magnetic moment and spin distribution, we further confirm the antiferromagnetic order existing only in the doped phosphorenes with two and four Cl atoms. These results may provide some help for future applications of black phosphorene in spintronics. Full article

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14 pages, 3615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphene Oxide/Ferrocene-Containing Polymer/Gold Nanoparticle Triple Nanocomposite

by Wenhao Qian, Tao Song, Mao Ye, Haiyan Zhang, Chun Feng, Guolin Lu and Xiaoyu Huang

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020310 - 25 Feb 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4266

Abstract

A facile strategy to prepare GO-based nanocomposites with both gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and ferrocene (Fc) moieties was developed. The surface of GO was modified with PFcMAss homopolymer by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of a new methacrylate monomer of 2-((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)disulfanyl)ethyl ferrocene-carboxylate (FcMAss), consisting [...] Read more.

A facile strategy to prepare GO-based nanocomposites with both gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and ferrocene (Fc) moieties was developed. The surface of GO was modified with PFcMAss homopolymer by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of a new methacrylate monomer of 2-((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)disulfanyl)ethyl ferrocene-carboxylate (FcMAss), consisting of disulfide as an anchoring group for stabilizing AuNPs and Fc group as an additional functionality. AuNPs with an average diameter of about 4.1 nm were formed in situ on the surface of PFcMAss-decorated GO (GO-PFcMAss) via Brust-Schiffrin method to give GO-PFcMAss-AuNPs multifunctional nanocomposites bearing GO, AuNPs and Fc groups. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Since disulfide-containing polymers, rather than the commonly used thiol-containing compounds, were employed as ligands to stabilize AuNPs, much more stabilizing groups were attached onto the surface of GO, and thus more AuNPs were able to be introduced onto the surface of GO. Besides, polymeric chains on the surface of GO endowed GO-PFcMAss-AuNPs nanocomposites with excellent colloidal stability, and the usage of a disulfide group provides possibility to efficiently incorporate additional functionalities by easily modifying structure of disulfide-based monomer. Full article

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20 pages, 6445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Assessment of Nanotoxicity Induced by Metal (Silver, Nickel) and Metal Oxide (Cobalt, Chromium) Nanoparticles in Labeo rohita

by Zakia Kanwal, Muhammad Akram Raza, Farkhanda Manzoor, Saira Riaz, Ghazala Jabeen, Shafaq Fatima and Shahzad Naseem

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020309 - 25 Feb 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6936

Abstract

In the present in vivo study, we provide a comparison of toxicological consequences induced by four different types of spherical nanoparticles (NPs)—silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 40 ± 6 nm), nickel (NiNPs, 43 ± 6 nm), cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄NPs, 60 ± [...] Read more.

In the present in vivo study, we provide a comparison of toxicological consequences induced by four different types of spherical nanoparticles (NPs)—silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 40 ± 6 nm), nickel (NiNPs, 43 ± 6 nm), cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄NPs, 60 ± 6 nm), and chromium oxide (Cr₃O₄NPs, 50 ± 5 nm)—on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to NPs (25 mg/L) for 21 days. We observed a NPs type-dependent toxicity in fish. An altered behavior showing signs of stress and a substantial reduction in total leukocyte count was noticed in all NP-treated groups. A low total erythrocyte count in all NP-treated fish except for Co₃O₄NPs was discerned while a low survival rate in the case of Cr₃O₄NP-treated fish was observed. A significant decrease in growth and hemoglobin were noticed in NiNP- and Cr₃O₄NP-treated fish. A considerable total protein elevation was detected in NiNP-, Co₃O₄NP-, and Cr₃O₄NP-treated groups. An upgrading in albumin level was witnessed in Co₃O₄NP- and Cr₃O₄NP-treated groups while a high level of globulin was noted in NiNP- and Co₃O₄NP-exposed groups. In all NP-treated groups, a depleted activity of antioxidative enzymes and pathological lesions in liver and kidney were noticed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-cytotoxic Nanoparticles)

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15 pages, 3787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced and Tunable Electrorheological Capability using Surface Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Modification with Simultaneous Reduction of the Graphene Oxide by Silyl-Based Polymer Grafting

by Erika Kutalkova, Miroslav Mrlik, Marketa Ilcikova, Josef Osicka, Michal Sedlacik and Jaroslav Mosnacek

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020308 - 24 Feb 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3618

Abstract

In this study, a verified process of the "grafting from" approach using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was applied for the modification of a graphene oxide (GO) surface. This approach provides simultaneous grafting of poly(2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMATMS) chains and a controllable reduction [...] Read more.

In this study, a verified process of the "grafting from" approach using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was applied for the modification of a graphene oxide (GO) surface. This approach provides simultaneous grafting of poly(2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMATMS) chains and a controllable reduction of the GO surface. This allows the fine tuning of its electrical conductivity, which is a crucial parameter for applications of such hybrid composite particles in electrorheological (ER) suspensions. The successful coating was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular characteristics of PHEMATMS were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. ER performance was elucidated using a rotational rheometer under various electric field strengths and a dielectric spectroscopy to demonstrate the direct impact of both the relaxation time and dielectric relaxation strength on the ER effectivity. Enhanced compatibility between the silicone oil and polymer-modified GO particles was investigated using contact angle measurements and visual sedimentation stability determination. It was clearly proven that the modification of the GO surface improved the ER capability of the system due to the tunable conductivity during the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) process and the enhanced compatibility of the GO particles, modified by polymer containing silyl structures, with silicone oil. These unique ER properties of this system appear very promising for future applications in the design of ER suspensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Graphene-Based Nanocomposites)

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15 pages, 3412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polypyrrole–Nickel Hydroxide Hybrid Nanowires as Future Materials for Energy Storage

by Agnieszka Brzózka, Krzysztof Fic, Joanna Bogusz, Anna M. Brudzisz, Mateusz M. Marzec, Marta Gajewska and Grzegorz D. Sulka

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020307 - 24 Feb 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5495

Abstract

Hybrid materials play an essential role in the development of the energy storage technologies since a multi-constituent system merges the properties of the individual components. Apart from new features and enhanced performance, such an approach quite often allows the drawbacks of single components [...] Read more.

Hybrid materials play an essential role in the development of the energy storage technologies since a multi-constituent system merges the properties of the individual components. Apart from new features and enhanced performance, such an approach quite often allows the drawbacks of single components to be diminished or reduced entirely. The goal of this paper was to prepare and characterize polymer-metal hydroxide (polypyrrole-nickel hydroxide, PPy-Ni(OH)₂) nanowire arrays demonstrating good electrochemical performance. Nanowires were fabricated by potential pulse electrodeposition of pyrrole and nickel hydroxide into nanoporous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) template. The structural features of as-obtained PPy-Ni(OH)₂ hybrid nanowires were characterized using FE-SEM and TEM analysis. Their chemical composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The presence of nickel hydroxide in the synthesized PPy-Ni(OH)₂ nanowire array was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both FE-SEM and TEM analyses confirmed that the obtained nanowires were composed of a polymer matrix with nanoparticles dispersed within. EDS and XPS techniques confirmed the presence of PPy-Ni(OH)₂ in the nanowire array obtained. Optimal working potential range (i.e., available potential window), charge propagation, and cyclic stability of the electrodes were determined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) at various scan rates. Interestingly, the electrochemical stability window for the aqueous electrolyte at PPy-Ni(OH)₂ nanowire array electrode was remarkably wider (ca. 2 times) in comparison with the non-modified PPy electrode. The capacitance values, calculated from cyclic voltammetry performed at 20 mV s⁻¹, were 25 F cm⁻² for PPy and 75 F cm⁻² for PPy-Ni(OH)₂ array electrodes. The cyclic stability of the PPy nanowire array electrode up to 100 cycles showed a capacitance fade of about 13%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nanowires)

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11 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Microsphere ZnO ALD Coating Dedicated for the Fiber-Optic Refractive Index Sensor

by Paulina Listewnik, Marzena Hirsch, Przemysław Struk, Matthieu Weber, Mikhael Bechelany and Małgorzata Jędrzejewska-Szczerska

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020306 - 23 Feb 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5626

Abstract

We report the fabrication of a novel fiber-optic sensor device, based on the use of a microsphere conformally coated with a thin layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and its use as a refractive index sensor. The microsphere was [...] Read more.

We report the fabrication of a novel fiber-optic sensor device, based on the use of a microsphere conformally coated with a thin layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and its use as a refractive index sensor. The microsphere was prepared on the tip of a single-mode optical fiber, on which a conformal ZnO thin film of 200 nm was deposited using an ALD process based on diethyl zinc (DEZ) and water at 100 °C. The modified fiber-optic microsphere was examined using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Theoretical modeling has been carried out to assess the structure performance, and the performed experimental measurements carried out confirmed the enhanced sensing abilities when the microsphere was coated with a ZnO layer. The fabricated refractive index sensor was operating in a reflective mode of a Fabry–Pérot configuration, using a low coherent measurement system. The application of the ALD ZnO coating enabled for a better measurement of the refractive index of samples in the range of the refractive index allowed by the optical fiber. The proof-of-concept results presented in this work open prospects for the sensing community and will promote the use of fiber-optic sensing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Nanostructured Materials by Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Applications)

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9 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Fluorescence and SPE Adsorption Nanomaterials of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Quantum Dot-Grafted Covalent Organic Frameworks for the High Selectivity and Sensitivity Detection of Ferulic Acid

by Yu Wang, Yuzhen Wang and Huilin Liu

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020305 - 23 Feb 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4872

Abstract

A fluorescence and solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorption nanomaterials of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on quantum dot-grafted covalent organic frameworks (QD-grafted COFs) was prepared by one-pot surface-imprinting synthesis method. Amino groups of silane reagent were at the surface of QDs to coordinate [...] Read more.

A fluorescence and solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorption nanomaterials of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on quantum dot-grafted covalent organic frameworks (QD-grafted COFs) was prepared by one-pot surface-imprinting synthesis method. Amino groups of silane reagent were at the surface of QDs to coordinate COFs efficiently by Schiff-base reactions, providing thermal and chemical stability to MIPs. It also reacted with the phenolic hydroxyl groups of ferulic acid (FA) through non-covalent interactions. The nanomaterials were used as fluorescence sensing and SPE adsorption toward determination of ferulic acid. The MIPs based on QD-grafted COFs had good fluorescence response ability, and quenching linearly at concentrations of ferulic acid from 0.03 to 60 mg kg⁻¹, with a detection limit of 5 µg kg⁻¹. At the same time, it exhibited a good SPE adsorption ability, and the FA extraction was from 1.63 to 3.11 mg kg⁻¹ in grain by-products by SPE coupled with high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The fluorescence and SPE-HPLC/MS were used for the efficient detection of ferulic acid in real samples with recovery values of 88–114% and 90–97%, respectively. Furthermore, the nanomaterials of MIPs based on QD-grafted COFs were used for FA detection with high sensitivity and selectivity, and it also increased the recycling of waste resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Quantum Dots)

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27 pages, 6729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of the Bromide Anions Dissolved in 1-Ethyl-3-Methyl Imidazolium Tetrafluoroborate

by Jaanus Kruusma, Arvo Tõnisoo, Rainer Pärna, Ergo Nõmmiste and Enn Lust

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020304 - 22 Feb 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4056

Abstract

Influence of electrode potential on the electrochemical behavior of a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF₄) solution containing 5 wt % 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMImBr) has been investigated using electrochemical and synchrotron-initiated high-resolution in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. Observation of the Br 3d [...] Read more.

Influence of electrode potential on the electrochemical behavior of a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF₄) solution containing 5 wt % 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMImBr) has been investigated using electrochemical and synchrotron-initiated high-resolution in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. Observation of the Br 3d_5/2 in situ XPS signal, collected in a 5 wt % EMImBr solution at an EMImBF₄–vacuum interface, enabled the detection of the start of the electrooxidation process of the Br⁻ anion to Br₃⁻ anion and thereafter to the Br₂ at the micro-mesoporous carbon electrode, polarized continuously at the high fixed positive potentials. A new photoelectron peak, corresponding to B–O bond formation in the B 1s in situ XPS spectra at E ≤ −1.17 V, parallel to the start of the electroreduction of the residual water at the micro-mesoporous carbon electrode, was observed and is discussed. The electroreduction of the residual water caused a reduction in the absolute value of binding energy vs. potential plot slope twice to ca. dBE dE⁻¹ = −0.5 eV V⁻¹ at E ≤ −1.17 V for C 1s, N 1s, B 1s, F 1s, and Br 3d_5/2 photoelectrons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Synchrotron Radiation Techniques for Nanostructured Materials)

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20 pages, 6702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructured and Degradable Bacterial Cellulose–Gelatin Composite Membranes: Mineralization Aspects and Biomedical Relevance

by Selestina Gorgieva and Silvo Hribernik

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020303 - 22 Feb 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5066

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC)–gelatin (GEL) membranes were processed by successive periodate oxidation and a freeze-thawing/carbodiimide crosslinking procedure, first facilitating a Schiff-base reaction among respective aldehyde and hydroxyl groups, and later GEL stabilization and microstructuring. The formation of highly microporous structures within the GEL portion, [...] Read more.

Bacterial cellulose (BC)–gelatin (GEL) membranes were processed by successive periodate oxidation and a freeze-thawing/carbodiimide crosslinking procedure, first facilitating a Schiff-base reaction among respective aldehyde and hydroxyl groups, and later GEL stabilization and microstructuring. The formation of highly microporous structures within the GEL portion, with significant differences between bottom and top, was elucidated, and pores in the 27.6 ± 3 µm–108 ± 5 µm range were generated, exceeding the threshold value of ~10 µm sufficient for cell trafficking. During a relatively short (6 h) exhaustion procedure in supersaturated simulated body fluid solution, the membranes accommodated the combination of biologically relevant minerals, i.e., flake-like octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and (amorphous) apatite, onto their surface, forming a membrane with intensive swelling (650–1650%) and up to 90% weight loss in a 4-week period. The membranes´ 6-day eluates did not evoke any cytotoxic effects toward human fibroblast, MRC-5 cells. The same type of cells retained their morphology in direct contact with the membrane, attaching to the GEL porous site, while not attaching to the GEL thin-coated BC side, most probably due to combined, ablation effect of dominant β-sheet conformation and carbodiimide crosslinking. Together with arrested proliferation through the BC side, the membranes demonstrated beneficial properties for potential guided tissue regeneration (GTR) applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine and Related Sciences)

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9 pages, 2249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resorcinol Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Colorimetric Detection

by Carlos Martínez-Aquino, Ana M. Costero, Salvador Gil and Pablo Gaviña

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020302 - 22 Feb 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6217

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles functionalized with resorcinol moieties have been prepared and used for detecting formaldehyde both in solution and gas phases. The detection mechanism is based on the color change of the probe upon the aggregation of the nanoparticles induced by the polymerization of [...] Read more.

Gold nanoparticles functionalized with resorcinol moieties have been prepared and used for detecting formaldehyde both in solution and gas phases. The detection mechanism is based on the color change of the probe upon the aggregation of the nanoparticles induced by the polymerization of the resorcinol moieties in the presence of formaldehyde. A limit of detection of 0.5 ppm in solution has been determined. The probe can be deployed for the detection of formaldehyde emissions from composite wood boards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Functionalized Gold Nanosystems)

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20 pages, 2711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Vibrations of Porous Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Nanoshells

by Yun Fei Liu and Yan Qing Wang

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020301 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4375

Abstract

In this work, we aim to study free vibration of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) cylindrical nanoshells with nano-voids. The present model incorporates the small scale effect and thermo-electro-mechanical loading. Two types of porosity distribution, namely, even and uneven distributions, are considered. Based [...] Read more.

In this work, we aim to study free vibration of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) cylindrical nanoshells with nano-voids. The present model incorporates the small scale effect and thermo-electro-mechanical loading. Two types of porosity distribution, namely, even and uneven distributions, are considered. Based on Love’s shell theory and the nonlocal elasticity theory, governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions are established through Hamilton’s principle. Then, natural frequencies of FGPM nanoshells with nano-voids under different boundary conditions are analyzed by employing the Navier method and the Galerkin method. The present results are verified by the comparison with the published ones. Finally, an extensive parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the external electric potential, the nonlocal parameter, the volume fraction of nano-voids, the temperature rise on the vibration of porous FGPM cylindrical nanoshells. Full article

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11 pages, 3876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acidity Levels and Feed Rate on the Porosity of Aerogel Extracted from Rice Husk under Ambient Pressure

by Garram Ban, Sinae Song, Hong Woon Lee and Hee Taik Kim

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020300 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4526

Abstract

Silica aerogels have attracted tremendous interest due to their high specific surface area and the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties as promising materials for thermal insulation, chemical sensors, and energy storage devices. However, large-scale production of silica aerogels remains a challenge due to [...] Read more.

Silica aerogels have attracted tremendous interest due to their high specific surface area and the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties as promising materials for thermal insulation, chemical sensors, and energy storage devices. However, large-scale production of silica aerogels remains a challenge due to costly alkoxide precursors and energy-intensive supercritical drying processes. This paper analyzes the effect of acidity levels and feed rate on the porosity of rice husk aerogels with high specific surface area under ambient pressure. This synthetic approach is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and facilitates recycling. Rice husk ash, which consists of 92% amorphous pure silica, was produced by combustion. A process of solvent exchange and surface modification under ambient pressure at different pH levels was conducted for synthesis of the aerogel. The specific surface area of rice husk aerogel was confirmed as ranging from 385 to 861 m²/g under pH 1 to pH 9 and acid feed rate of 0.5 to 5.0 mL/min. The optimized aerogel had a specific surface area of 861 m²/g, a pore volume of 3.33 cm³/g, and an average pore diameter of 12 nm when synthesized at pH 1 and an acid feed rate of 2.5 mL/min. The aerogel was found to be highly hydrophobic, with a water contact angle of 156° up to about 340 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscience and Health: Tiny Technology Raises Big Questions)

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15 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal-Support Cooperative Effects in Au/VPO for the Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Benzyl Benzoate

by Sebastiano Campisi, Michele Ferri, Carine E. Chan-Thaw, Felipe J. Sanchez Trujillo, Davide Motta, Tommaso Tabanelli, Nikolaos Dimitratos and Alberto Villa

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020299 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4327

Abstract

This paper studies the cooperative effect of Au nanoparticles deposited on vanadyl pyrophosphate oxide (VPO) in the liquid phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol. VPO was prepared using the classical method by thermally treating VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O precursor in reacting atmosphere at [...] Read more.

This paper studies the cooperative effect of Au nanoparticles deposited on vanadyl pyrophosphate oxide (VPO) in the liquid phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol. VPO was prepared using the classical method by thermally treating VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O precursor in reacting atmosphere at 420 °C for a period of 72 h. Au nanoparticles were deposited by incipient wetness method. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TEM, XPS and Raman. The bulk VPO catalyst contains vanadyl pyrophosphate phase ((VO)₂P₂O₇), and a small amount of VOPO₄. The catalytic system exhibits a high activity in the base-free liquid phase oxidation of alcohols compared to Au on activated carbon, classic catalyst used for this type of reaction. Au/VPO showed a high peculiar selectivity to benzyl benzoate (76%), an important product used in the pharmaceutical and perfume industries. This behavior might be ascribed to the presence of strong acid sites of VPO, as determined by liquid phase titration. Stability tests performed on Au/VPO showed a deactivation of 10% after the first run, but a constant conversion along the following five cycles. This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase of mean Au particle size (from 19.1 to 23.4 nm) after recycling tests as well as the partial leaching of Au and V in the reaction media. Moreover, XRD evidenced a modification in the VPO structure with the partial formation of VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis by Metal-Oxide Nanostructures)

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17 pages, 4058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Thermal, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of Feather Keratin/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane Nanocomposite Films by Incorporating Sodium Montmorillonite and TiO₂

by Shufang Wu, Xunjun Chen, Minghao Yi, Jianfang Ge, Guoqiang Yin, Xinming Li and Ming He

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020298 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3841

Abstract

In this study, feather keratin/polyvinyl alcohol/tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (FK/PVA/Tris) bionanocomposite films containing two types of nanoparticles, namely one-dimensional sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) and three-dimensional TiO₂ nanospheres (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), are prepared using solvent casting [...] Read more.

In this study, feather keratin/polyvinyl alcohol/tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (FK/PVA/Tris) bionanocomposite films containing two types of nanoparticles, namely one-dimensional sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) and three-dimensional TiO₂ nanospheres (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), are prepared using solvent casting method. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the completely exfoliated structure of FK/PVA/Tris/MMT nanocomposites. The successful formation of new hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the film matrix and the nanofillers is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and initial degradation temperature of the films are enhanced after MMT and TiO₂ incorporation. The water vapor permeability, oxygen permeability, and light transmittance decrease with increase in TiO₂ and MMT contents. In summary, nanoblending is an effective method to promote the application of FK/PVA/Tris blend films in the packaging field. Full article

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18 pages, 3430 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrical Property of Graphene and Its Application to Electrochemical Biosensing

by Jin-Ho Lee, Soo-Jeong Park and Jeong-Woo Choi

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020297 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 11840

Abstract

Graphene, a single atom thick layer of two-dimensional closely packed honeycomb carbon lattice, and its derivatives have attracted much attention in the field of biomedical, due to its unique physicochemical properties. The valuable physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, [...] Read more.

Graphene, a single atom thick layer of two-dimensional closely packed honeycomb carbon lattice, and its derivatives have attracted much attention in the field of biomedical, due to its unique physicochemical properties. The valuable physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, remarkable biocompatibility and ease of surface functionalization have shown great potentials in the applications of graphene-based bioelectronics devices, including electrochemical biosensors for biomarker analysis. In this review, we will provide a selective overview of recent advances on synthesis methods of graphene and its derivatives, as well as its application to electrochemical biosensor development. We believe the topics discussed here are useful, and able to provide a guideline in the development of novel graphene and on graphene-like 2-dimensional (2D) materials based biosensors in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic and Thermal Properties of Graphene)

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42 pages, 989 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Nanomaterial Applications in Dietary Supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes

by Josef Jampilek, Jiri Kos and Katarina Kralova

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020296 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 132 | Viewed by 14781

Abstract

Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as by various national regulations [...] Read more.

Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as by various national regulations issued most frequently by the Ministry of Health and/or the Ministry of Agriculture of particular countries around the world. They constitute a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants or other compounds with a nutritional or physiological effect contained in the food/feed, alone or in combination, intended for direct consumption in small measured amounts. As nanotechnology provides “a new dimension” accompanied with new or modified properties conferred to many current materials, it is widely used for the production of a new generation of drug formulations, and it is also used in the food industry and even in various types of nutritional supplements. These nanoformulations of supplements are being prepared especially with the purpose to improve bioavailability, protect active ingredients against degradation, or reduce side effects. This contribution comprehensively summarizes the current state of the research focused on nanoformulated human and veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods for special medical purposes, their particular applications in various food products and drinks as well as the most important related guidelines, regulations and directives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials to Enhance Food Quality, Safety, and Health Impact)

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13 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thioredoxin Reductase Activity Predicts Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization Effect

by Sébastien Penninckx, Anne-Catherine Heuskin, Carine Michiels and Stéphane Lucas

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020295 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4273

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to be effective contrast agents for imaging and emerge as powerful radiosensitizers, constituting a promising theranostic agent for cancer. Although the radiosensitization effect was initially attributed to a physical mechanism, an increasing number of studies challenge this [...] Read more.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to be effective contrast agents for imaging and emerge as powerful radiosensitizers, constituting a promising theranostic agent for cancer. Although the radiosensitization effect was initially attributed to a physical mechanism, an increasing number of studies challenge this mechanistic hypothesis and evidence the importance of oxidative stress in this process. This work evidences the central role played by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in the GNP-induced radiosensitization. A cell type-dependent reduction in TrxR activity was measured in five different cell lines incubated with GNPs leading to differences in cell response to X-ray irradiation. Correlation analyses demonstrated that GNP uptake and TrxR activity inhibition are associated to a GNP radiosensitization effect. Finally, Kaplan-Meier analyses suggested that high TrxR expression is correlated to low patient survival in four different types of cancer. Altogether, these results enable a better understanding of the GNP radiosensitization mechanism, which remains a mandatory step towards further use in clinic. Moreover, they highlight the potential application of this new treatment in a personalized medicine context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles)

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12 pages, 2832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology and Kinetics Evolution of Nanoscale Phase in Fe–Cr Alloys under External Strain

by Lihui Zhu, Yongsheng Li, Shujing Shi, Zhengwei Yan, Jing Chen and Shahid Maqbool

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020294 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Uniaxial strain was applied to aging Fe–Cr alloys to study the morphological orientation and kinetics of the nanoscale α′ phase by utilizing phase-field simulation. The effects of applied uniaxial compressive and tensile strain on the two and three-dimensional morphology as well as on [...] Read more.

Uniaxial strain was applied to aging Fe–Cr alloys to study the morphological orientation and kinetics of the nanoscale α′ phase by utilizing phase-field simulation. The effects of applied uniaxial compressive and tensile strain on the two and three-dimensional morphology as well as on the separation kinetics of the α′ phase are quantitatively clarified. Compared with the applied uniaxial tensile strain, the applied uniaxial compressive strain shows a greater effect on the rate of phase separation, lath shape morphology and an increased rate of growth and coarsening in the α′ phase, the boundary of the α + α′ phase region is widened influenced by the applied compressive strain, while the applied tensile strain results in an increase of particle number density and a decrease of particle radius. The peak value of particle size distribution of the α′ phase increases with aging time, while an opposite trend is shown under the applied strain, and there is an obvious deviation from the theoretical distribution of Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner under compressive strain. The orientation morphology and kinetic change show the substantial effects of applied strain on the phase separation and supplies the method for the morphological control of nanoscale particles. Full article

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11 pages, 8296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Frictional Properties of CVD-Grown MoS₂ and Graphene Films under Dry Sliding Conditions

by Dae-Hyun Cho, Jaehyuck Jung, Chan Kim, Jinhwan Lee, Se-Doo Oh, Kwang-Seop Kim and Changgu Lee

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020293 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3948

Abstract

In the present study, dry friction and wear properties of atomically thin CVD-grown graphene and MoS₂ films on SiO₂/Si substrates were compared at low (72 MPa) and high (378 MPa) contact pressures. Analysis of atomic force microscopy images of these [...] Read more.

In the present study, dry friction and wear properties of atomically thin CVD-grown graphene and MoS₂ films on SiO₂/Si substrates were compared at low (72 MPa) and high (378 MPa) contact pressures. Analysis of atomic force microscopy images of these films verified that the MoS₂ films, which were directly grown on the SiO₂/Si substrates, had clean surfaces and made conformal contacts with the substrates. In contrast, the graphene film showed many contaminants on its surface and was loosely bonded with its SiO₂/Si substrate due to its wet transfer from a Cu foil to the substrate. The MoS₂ film exhibited friction and wear properties superior to those of the graphene film both at low and high contact pressures. We found that the clean sliding surface and strong bonding with SiO₂/Si were the main causes of the superiority of the MoS₂ film compared to the graphene film. Mild wear occurred in a layer-by-layer fashion at low contact pressure for the MoS₂ film. At high contact pressure, severe wear occurred due to failure at the boundary between the MoS₂ films and the underlying substrates. At both contact pressures, friction did not increase immediately after the removal of the MoS₂ film from the SiO₂/Si substrate because the film transferred onto the counter sliding surface and served as a lubricant. Full article

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14 pages, 6180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NiS₂@MoS₂ Nanospheres Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide: A Novel Ternary Heterostructure with Enhanced Electromagnetic Absorption Property

by Zhi Zhang, Xuliang Lv, Yiwang Chen, Pin Zhang, Mingxu Sui, Hui Liu and Xiaodong Sun

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020292 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4278

Abstract

For the purposes of strength, military equipment camouflage, and protecting the health of organisms, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have received a lot of attention and are widely studied. In addition to having a strong absorption intensity and a wide effective absorption bandwidth, materials [...] Read more.

For the purposes of strength, military equipment camouflage, and protecting the health of organisms, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have received a lot of attention and are widely studied. In addition to having a strong absorption intensity and a wide effective absorption bandwidth, materials that are lightweight, thermally stable, and antioxidative are also highly desirable. In this study, we fabricated core–shell structured NiS₂@MoS₂ nanospheres anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets (NiS₂@MoS₂/rGO) by a simple two-step hydrothermal method. The combination ratio was adjusted to achieve proper impedance matching. The electromagnetic parameters and the absorption performance were investigated in detail. A composite loaded with 30 wt.% of the sample achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL) value of −29.75 dB and the effective bandwidth (RL value of less than −10 dB) ranged from 4.95 GHz to 18.00 GHz (13.05 GHz), with a thickness ranging from 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm. This study proved that the generated significant interfacial polarization and synergetic interaction between components can result in NiS₂@MoS₂/rGO composites with enhanced electromagnetic absorption performance. Full article

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10 pages, 1488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Optical Studies of Gold Nanoparticle Films

by Anuradha Rout, Ganjaboy S. Boltaev, Rashid A. Ganeev, Yue Fu, Sandeep Kumar Maurya, Vyacheslav V. Kim, Konda Srinivasa Rao and Chunlei Guo

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020291 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5171

Abstract

Gold films are widely used for different applications. We present the results of third- and high-order nonlinear optical studies of the thin films fabricated from Au nanoparticle solutions by spin-coating methods. These nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of bulk gold in pure [...] Read more.

Gold films are widely used for different applications. We present the results of third- and high-order nonlinear optical studies of the thin films fabricated from Au nanoparticle solutions by spin-coating methods. These nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of bulk gold in pure water using 200 ps, 800 nm pulses. The highest values of the nonlinear absorption coefficient (9 × 10⁻⁶ cm W⁻¹), nonlinear refractive index (3 × 10⁻¹¹ cm² W⁻¹), and saturation intensity (1.3 × 10¹⁰ W cm⁻²) were achieved using 35 fs, 400 nm pulses. We also determined the relaxation time constants for transient absorption (220 fs and 1.6 ps) at 400 nm. The high-order harmonic generation was studied during propagation of 35 fs, 800 nm pulses through the plasma during the ablation of gold nanoparticle film and bulk gold. The highest harmonic cutoff (29th order) was observed in the plasma containing gold nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Modification of Nanostructured Thin Films)

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11 pages, 2921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Toluene Removal in a Nonthermal Plasma Catalysis System over Flake-Like HZSM-5 Zeolite with Tunable Pore Size and Evaluation of Its Byproducts

by Weicheng Xu, Kaichun Lin, Daiqi Ye, Xueding Jiang, Junxing Liu and Yangda Chen

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020290 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3501

Abstract

In this study, a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by the chemical liquid-phase deposition method, and low concentration toluene degradation was carried out in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), SEM, [...] Read more.

In this study, a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by the chemical liquid-phase deposition method, and low concentration toluene degradation was carried out in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), SEM, TEM, and N₂ adsorption analysis techniques. In addition, several organic contaminants were used to evaluate the adsorption performance of the prepared catalysts, and the effect of pore size on the removal efficiency of toluene and byproduct formation was also investigated. The unmodified HZSM-5 zeolite (Z0) exhibited good performance in toluene removal and CO₂ selectivity due to the diffusion resistance of ozone and the amounts of active species (OH• and O•). Meanwhile, the time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) result showed that there were more byproducts of the benzene ring in the gas phase under the action of small micropore size catalysts. Moreover, the surface byproducts were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Full article

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10 pages, 3264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Level Cell Properties of a Bilayer Cu₂O/Al₂O₃ Resistive Switching Device

by Jonas Deuermeier, Asal Kiazadeh, Andreas Klein, Rodrigo Martins and Elvira Fortunato

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020289 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4124

Abstract

Multi-level resistive switching characteristics of a Cu₂O/Al₂O₃ bilayer device are presented. An oxidation state gradient in copper oxide induced by the fabrication process was found to play a dominant role in defining the multiple resistance states. The highly [...] Read more.

Multi-level resistive switching characteristics of a Cu₂O/Al₂O₃ bilayer device are presented. An oxidation state gradient in copper oxide induced by the fabrication process was found to play a dominant role in defining the multiple resistance states. The highly conductive grain boundaries of the copper oxide—an unusual property for an oxide semiconductor—are discussed for the first time regarding their role in the resistive switching mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from 6th Dresden Nanoanalysis Symposiumc)

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19 pages, 9178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Characterization and Inhibiting Mechanism on Calcium Leaching of Graphene Oxide Reinforced Cement Composites

by Wu-Jian Long, Tao-Hua Ye, Li-Xiao Li and Gan-Lin Feng

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020288 - 19 Feb 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3644

Abstract

Calcium leaching is a degradation progress inside hardened cement composites, where Ca²⁺ ions in cement pore solution can migrate into the aggressive solution. In this work, calcium leaching of graphene oxide (GO) reinforced cement composites was effectively characterized by combined techniques of [...] Read more.

Calcium leaching is a degradation progress inside hardened cement composites, where Ca²⁺ ions in cement pore solution can migrate into the aggressive solution. In this work, calcium leaching of graphene oxide (GO) reinforced cement composites was effectively characterized by combined techniques of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Inhibiting mechanism of GO on calcium leaching of the composites was also examined. The obtained results show that the diameter of the semi-circle of the Nyquist curves of leached samples with GO addition decreased less than that of controlled samples. After leaching for 35 days, loss rate of model impedance R_CCP of leached samples with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 wt.% GO addition was 94.85%, 84.07%, 79.66%, 75.34%, and 68.75%, respectively. Therefore, GO addition can significantly mitigate calcium leaching of cement composites, since it can absorb Ca²⁺ ions in cement pore solution, as well as improve the microstructure of the composites. In addition, coupling leaching depth and compressive strength loss were accurately predicted by using the impedance R_CCP. Full article

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20 pages, 5058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elaboration of Trans-Resveratrol Derivative-Loaded Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Glioma Treatment

by Fadoua Sallem, Rihab Haji, Dominique Vervandier-Fasseur, Thomas Nury, Lionel Maurizi, Julien Boudon, Gérard Lizard and Nadine Millot

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020287 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5215

Abstract

In this work, new nanohybrids based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were elaborated and discussed for the first time as nanovectors of a derivative molecule of trans-resveratrol (RSV), a natural antioxidant molecule, which can be useful for brain disease treatment. The derivative [...] Read more.

In this work, new nanohybrids based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were elaborated and discussed for the first time as nanovectors of a derivative molecule of trans-resveratrol (RSV), a natural antioxidant molecule, which can be useful for brain disease treatment. The derivative molecule was chemically synthesized (4’-hydroxy-4-(3-aminopropoxy) trans-stilbene: HAPtS) and then grafted onto SPIONs surface using an organosilane coupling agent, which is 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) and based on nucleophilic substitution reactions. The amount of HAPtS loaded onto SPIONs surface was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses at 116 µmol·g⁻¹ SPIONs. The synthesized HAPtS molecule, as well as the associated nanohybrids, were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, TGA, infrared (IR) and UV-visible spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential measurements. The in vitro biological assessment of the synthesized nanohybrid’s efficiency was carried out on C6 glioma cells and showed that the nanovector SPIONs-CPTES-HAPtS do not affect the mitochondrial metabolism (MTT test), but damage the plasma membrane (FDA test), which could contribute to limiting the proliferation of cancerous cells (clonogenic test) at a HAPtS concentration of 50 µM. These nanoparticles have a potential cytotoxic effect that could be used to eliminate cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 3298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Impact of Cu-In-Ga-S Nanoparticles Compactness on Holes Transfer of Perovskite Solar Cells

by Dandan Zhao, Yinghui Wu, Bao Tu, Guichuan Xing, Haifeng Li and Zhubing He

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020286 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4732

Abstract

Although a compact holes-transport-layer (HTL) film has always been deemed mandatory for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the impact their compactness on the device performance has rarely been studied in detail. In this work, based on a device structure of FTO/CIGS/perovskite/PCBM/ZrAcac/Ag, that effect was [...] Read more.

Although a compact holes-transport-layer (HTL) film has always been deemed mandatory for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the impact their compactness on the device performance has rarely been studied in detail. In this work, based on a device structure of FTO/CIGS/perovskite/PCBM/ZrAcac/Ag, that effect was systematically investigated with respect to device performance along with photo-physics characterization tools. Depending on spin-coating speed, the grain size and coverage ratio of those CIGS films on FTO substrates can be tuned, and this can result in different hole transfer efficiencies at the anode interface. At a speed of 4000 r.p.m., the band level offset between the perovskite and CIGS modified FTO was reduced to a minimum of 0.02 eV, leading to the best device performance, with conversion efficiency of 15.16% and open-circuit voltage of 1.04 V, along with the suppression of hysteresis. We believe that the balance of grain size and coverage ratio of CIGS interlayers can be tuned to an optimal point in the competition between carrier transport and recombination at the interface based on the proposed mechanism. This paper definitely deepens our understanding of the hole transfer mechanism at the interface of PSC devices, and facilitates future design of high-performance devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perovskite Materials and Devices–– Progress and Challenges)

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27 pages, 5767 KiB

Open AccessReview

Controlling the Self-Assembly of Biomolecules into Functional Nanomaterials through Internal Interactions and External Stimulations: A Review

by Li Wang, Coucong Gong, Xinzhu Yuan and Gang Wei

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020285 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 114 | Viewed by 14156

Abstract

Biomolecular self-assembly provides a facile way to synthesize functional nanomaterials. Due to the unique structure and functions of biomolecules, the created biological nanomaterials via biomolecular self-assembly have a wide range of applications, from materials science to biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and analytical [...] Read more.

Biomolecular self-assembly provides a facile way to synthesize functional nanomaterials. Due to the unique structure and functions of biomolecules, the created biological nanomaterials via biomolecular self-assembly have a wide range of applications, from materials science to biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and analytical science. In this review, we present recent advances in the synthesis of biological nanomaterials by controlling the biomolecular self-assembly from adjusting internal interactions and external stimulations. The self-assembly mechanisms of biomolecules (DNA, protein, peptide, virus, enzyme, metabolites, lipid, cholesterol, and others) related to various internal interactions, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, DNA base pairing, and ligand–receptor binding, are discussed by analyzing some recent studies. In addition, some strategies for promoting biomolecular self-assembly via external stimulations, such as adjusting the solution conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength), adding organics, nanoparticles, or enzymes, and applying external light stimulation to the self-assembly systems, are demonstrated. We hope that this overview will be helpful for readers to understand the self-assembly mechanisms and strategies of biomolecules and to design and develop new biological nanostructures or nanomaterials for desired applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Assembled Bio-Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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19 pages, 19392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Self-Assembled Composite Films Constructed by Chemically-Modified MXene and Dyes with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Characterization

by Kaiyue Chen, Xiaoya Yan, Junkai Li, Tifeng Jiao, Chong Cai, Guodong Zou, Ran Wang, Mingli Wang, Lexin Zhang and Qiuming Peng

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020284 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 8008

Abstract

The effective functionalization and self-assembly of MXene are of crucial importance for a broad range of nanomaterial applications. In this work, we investigated the aggregates of sulfanilic acid-modified MXene (abbreviated as MXene-SO3H) with three model dyes at the air–water interface and demonstrated the [...] Read more.

The effective functionalization and self-assembly of MXene are of crucial importance for a broad range of nanomaterial applications. In this work, we investigated the aggregates of sulfanilic acid-modified MXene (abbreviated as MXene-SO3H) with three model dyes at the air–water interface and demonstrated the morphological and aggregation changes of composite films, using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technology, as well as excellent uniformity and reproducibility by using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. This research has found that cationic dye molecules were adsorbed onto negatively charged MXene-SO3H particles mainly through electrostatic interaction and the particles induced dyes to form highly ordered nanostructures including H- and/or J-aggregates corresponding to monomers in bulk solution. The surface pressure-area isotherms from different dye sub phases confirmed that the stable composite films have been successfully formed. And the spectral results reveal that different dyes have different types of aggregations. In addition, the SERS spectra indicated that the optimal layers of MXene-SO3H/methylene blue (MB) films was 50 layers using rhodamine 6G (R6G) as probe molecule. And the formed 50 layers of MXene-SO3H/MB films (MXene-SO3H/MB-50) as SERS substrate were proved to possess excellent uniformity and repeatability. Full article

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28 pages, 68731 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transfer Printing and its Applications in Flexible Electronic Devices

by Honglei Zhou, Weiyang Qin, Qingmin Yu, Huanyu Cheng, Xudong Yu and Huaping Wu

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020283 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 13784

Abstract

Flexible electronic systems have received increasing attention in the past few decades because of their wide-ranging applications that include the flexible display, eyelike digital camera, skin electronics, and intelligent surgical gloves, among many other health monitoring devices. As one of the most widely [...] Read more.

Flexible electronic systems have received increasing attention in the past few decades because of their wide-ranging applications that include the flexible display, eyelike digital camera, skin electronics, and intelligent surgical gloves, among many other health monitoring devices. As one of the most widely used technologies to integrate rigid functional devices with elastomeric substrates for the manufacturing of flexible electronic devices, transfer printing technology has been extensively studied. Though primarily relying on reversible interfacial adhesion, a variety of advanced transfer printing methods have been proposed and demonstrated. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of a few representative methods of transfer printing. Next, we will introduce successful demonstrations of each method in flexible electronic devices. Moreover, the potential challenges and future development opportunities for transfer printing will then be briefly discussed. Full article

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17 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smart Nanovector for Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery Based on Graphene Quantum Dots

by Daniela Iannazzo, Alessandro Pistone, Consuelo Celesti, Claudia Triolo, Salvatore Patané, Salvatore V. Giofré, Roberto Romeo, Ida Ziccarelli, Raffaella Mancuso, Bartolo Gabriele, Giuseppa Visalli, Alessio Facciolà and Angela Di Pietro

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020282 - 18 Feb 2019

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 9089

Abstract

Graphene quantum dots (GQD), the new generation members of graphene-family, have shown promising applications in anticancer therapy. In this study, we report the synthesis of a fluorescent and biocompatible nanovector, based on GQD, for the targeted delivery of an anticancer drug with benzofuran [...] Read more.

Graphene quantum dots (GQD), the new generation members of graphene-family, have shown promising applications in anticancer therapy. In this study, we report the synthesis of a fluorescent and biocompatible nanovector, based on GQD, for the targeted delivery of an anticancer drug with benzofuran structure (BFG) and bearing the targeting ligand riboflavin (RF, vitamin B2). The highly water-dispersible nanoparticles, synthesized from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) by prolonged acidic treatment, were linked covalently to the drug by means of a cleavable PEG linker while the targeting ligand RF was conjugated to the GQD by π–π interaction using a pyrene linker. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized drug delivery system (DDS) GQD-PEG-BFG@Pyr-RF was tested on three cancer cell lines and this effect was compared with that exerted by the same nanovector lacking the RF ligand (GQD-PEG-BFG) or the anticancer drug (GQD@Pyr-RF). The results of biological tests underlined the low cytotoxicity of the GQD sample and the cytotoxic activity of the DDS against the investigated cancer cell lines with a higher or similar potency to that exerted by the BFG alone, thus opening new possibilities for the use of this drug or other anticancer agents endowed of cytotoxicity and serious side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Cancer Therapy)

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Nanomaterials, Volume 9, Issue 2 (February 2019) – 180 articles

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